LEMPRIERE’S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY by JOHN LEMPRIERE

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A CLASSICAL DICTIONARY

CONTAINING A COPIOUS ACCOUNT OF ALL THE PROPER NAMES

MENTIONED BY ANCIENT AUTHORS

BY  JOHN LEMPRIERE, D.D.

LONDON: GEORGE ROUTLEDGE AND SONS, Limited

NEW YORK: E. P. DUTTON AND CO.

1904

Printed by Ballantyne, Hanson & Co. At the Ballantyne Press

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PREFACE TO THE ORIGINAL EDITION.

In the following pages it has been the wish of the author to give the most accurate and satisfactory account of all the proper names which occur in reading the Classics, and by a judicious collection of anecdotes and historical facts to draw a picture of ancient times, not less instructive than entertaining. Such a work, it is hoped, will not be deemed a useless acquisition in the hands of the public; and while the student is initiated in the knowledge of history and mythology, and familiarized with the ancient situation and extent of kingdoms and cities that no longer exist, the man of letters may, perhaps, find it not a contemptible companion, from which he may receive information, and be made, a second time, acquainted with many important particulars which time, or more laborious occupations, may have erased from his memory. In the prosecution of his plan, the author has been obliged to tread in the steps of many learned men, whose studies have been directed, and not without success, to facilitate the attainment of classical knowledge, and of the ancient languages. Their compositions have been to him a source of information, and he trusts that their labours have now found new elucidation in his own, and that, by a due consideration of every subject, he has been enabled to imitate their excellences, without copying their faults. Many compositions of the same nature have issued from the press, but they are partial and unsatisfactory. The attempts to be concise, have rendered the labours of one barren and uninstructive, while long and unconnected quotations of passages from Greek and Latin writers, disfigure the page of the other, and render the whole insipid and disgusting. It cannot, therefore, be a discouraging employment now, to endeavour to finish what others have left imperfect, and with the conciseness of Stephens, to add the diffuse researches of Lloyd, Hoffman, Collier, &c. After paying due attention to the ancient poets and historians, from whom the most authentic information can be received, the labours of more modern authors have been consulted, and every composition distinguished for the clearness and perspicuity of historical narration, or geographical descriptions, has been carefully examined. Truly sensible of what he owes to modern Latin and English writers and commentators, the author must not forget to make a public acknowledgment of the assistance he has likewise received from the labours of the French. In the Siècles Payens of l’Abbé Sabatier de Castres he has found all the information which judicious criticism, and a perfect knowledge of heathen mythology, could procure. The compositions of l’Abbé Banier have also been useful; and in the Dictionnaire Historique, of a literary society, printed at Caen, a treasure of original anecdotes, and a candid selection and arrangement of historical facts, have been discovered.

It was the original design of the author of this Dictionary to give a minute explanation of all the names of which Pliny and other ancient geographers make mention; but, upon a second consideration of the subject, he was convinced that it would have increased his volume in bulk, and not in value. The learned reader will be sensible of the propriety of this remark, when he recollects that the names of many places mentioned by Pliny and Pausanias occur nowhere else in ancient authors; and that to find the true situation of an insignificant village mentioned by Strabo, no other writer but Strabo is to be consulted.

This Dictionary being undertaken more particularly for the use of schools, it has been thought proper to mark the quantity of the penultimate of every word, and to assist the student who can receive no fixed and positive rules for pronunciation. In this the authority of Smethius has been followed, as also Leede’s edition of Labbe’s Catholici Indices.

As every publication should be calculated to facilitate literature, and to be serviceable to the advancement of the sciences, the author of this Dictionary did not presume to intrude himself upon the public, before he was sensible that his humble labours would be of some service to the lovers of the ancient languages. The undertaking was for the use of schools, therefore he thought none so capable of judging of its merit, and of ascertaining its utility, as those who preside over the education of youth. With this view, he took the liberty to communicate his intentions to several gentlemen in that line, not less distinguished for purity of criticism, than for their classical abilities, and from them he received all the encouragement which the desire of contributing to the advancement of learning can expect. To them, therefore, for their approbation and friendly communications, he publicly returns his thanks, and hopes that, now his labours are completed, his Dictionary may claim from them that patronage and that support to which, in their opinion, the specimen of the work seemed to be entitled. He has paid due attention to their remarks, he has received with gratitude their judicious observations, and cannot pass over in silence their obliging recommendations, and particularly the friendly advice he has received from the Rev. R. Valpy, master of Reading School.

For the account of the Roman laws, and for the festivals celebrated by the ancient inhabitants of Greece and Italy, he is particularly indebted to the useful collections of Archbishop Potter, of Godwyn, and Kennet. In the tables of ancient coins, weights and measures, which he has annexed to the body of the Dictionary, he has followed the learned calculations of Dr. Arbuthnot. The quoted authorities have been carefully examined, and frequently revised: and, it is hoped, the opinions of mythologists will appear without confusion, and be found divested of all obscurity.

Therefore, with all the confidence which an earnest desire of being useful can command, the author offers the following pages to the public, conscious that they may contain inaccuracies and imperfections. A Dictionary, the candid reader is well aware, cannot be made perfect all at once; it must still have its faults and omissions, however cautious and vigilant the author may have been; and in every page there may be found, in the opinion of some, room for improvement and for addition. Before the candid, therefore, and the impartial, he lays his publication, and for whatever observations the friendly critic may make, he will show himself grateful, and take advantage of the remarks of every judicious reader, should the favours and the indulgence of the public demand a second edition.

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A CLASSICAL DICTIONARY, VOLUME # 1, A – L

SEE VOLUME # 2 FOR M – Z

A

ABA and Abæ, a town of Phocis, famous for an oracle of Apollo, surnamed Abæus. The inhabitants, called Abantes, were of Thracian origin. After the ruin of their country by Xerxes, they migrated to Eubœa, which from them was called Abantis. Some of them passed afterwards from Eubœa into Ionia. Herodotus, bk. 8, ch. 33.—Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 55.――A city of Caria.――Another of Arabia Felix.――A mountain near Smyrna. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 24.—Strabo, bk. 10.

Abacēne, a country of Sicily near Messana. Diodorus, bk. 14.

Abălus, an island in the German ocean, where, as the ancients supposed, the amber dropped from the trees. If a man was drowned there, and his body never appeared above the water, propitiatory sacrifices were offered to his manes during a hundred years. Pliny, bk. 37, ch. 2.

Abāna, a place of Capua. Cicero, De Lege Agraria contra Rullum.

Abantes, a warlike people of Peloponnesus, who built a town in Phocis called Aba, after their leader Abas, whence also their name originated. They afterwards went to Eubœa. See Abantis. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 146.

Abantias and Abantiădes, a patronymic given to the descendants of Abas king of Argos, such as Acrisius, Danae, Perseus, Atalanta, &c. Ovid.

Abantĭdas, made himself master of Sicyon, after he had murdered Clinias the father of Aratus. He was himself soon after assassinated, B.C. 251. Plutarch, Aratus.

Abantis, or Abantias, an ancient name of the island of Eubœa, received from the Abantes, who settled in it from Phocis. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12.――Also a country of Epirus. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 22.

Abarbarea, one of the Naiades, mother of Æsepus and Pedasus by Bucolion, Laomedon’s eldest son. Homer, Iliad, bk. 6, li. 23.

Abarīmon, a country of Scythia, near mount Imaus. The inhabitants were said to have their toes behind their heels, and to breathe no air but that of their native country. Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 2.

Abăris, a man killed by Perseus. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 5, li. 86.――A Rutulian killed by Euryalus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 344.――A Scythian, son of Seuthes, in the age of Crœsus, or the Trojan war, who received a flying arrow from Apollo, with which he gave oracles, and transported himself wherever he pleased. He is said to have returned to the Hyperborean countries from Athens without eating, and to have made the Trojan Palladium with the bones of Pelops. Some suppose that he wrote treatises in Greek; and it is reported, that there is a Greek manuscript of his epistles to Phalaris, in the library of Augsburg. But there were probably two persons of that name. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 36.—Strabo, bk. 7.—Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 33.

Abārus, an Arabian prince, who perfidiously deserted Crassus in his expedition against Parthia. Appian, Parthia.――He is called Mezeres by Florus, bk. 3, ch. 11, and Ariamnes by Plutarch, Crassus.

Abas, a mountain in Syria, where the Euphrates rises.――A river of Armenia Major, where Pompey routed the Albani. Plutarch, Pompey.――A son of Metanira, or Melaninia, changed into a lizard for laughing at Ceres. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 5, fable 7.――The 11th king of Argos, son of Belus, some say of Lynceus and Hypermnestra, was famous for his genius and valour. He was father to Prœtus and Acrisius, by Ocalea, and built Abæ. He reigned 23 years, B.C. 1384. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 16; bk. 10, ch. 35.—Hyginus, fable 170, &c.—Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 2.――One of Æneas’s companions, killed in Italy. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 170.――Another lost in the storm which drove Æneas to Carthage. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 125.――A Latian chief, who assisted Æneas against Turnus, and was killed by Lausus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 170, &c.――A Greek, son of Eurydamus, killed by Æneas during the Trojan war. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 286.—Homer, Iliad, bk. 5, li. 150.――A centaur, famous for his skill in hunting. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12, li. 306.――A soothsayer, to whom the Spartans erected a statue in the temple of Apollo, for his services to Lysander. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 9.――A son of Neptune. Hyginus, fable 157.――A sophist who wrote two treatises, one on history, the other on rhetoric. The time in which he lived is unknown.――A man who wrote an account of Troy. He is quoted by Servius in Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9.

Abāsa, an island in the Red sea, near Æthiopia. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 26.

Abasītis, a part of Mysia in Asia. Strabo.

Abassēna, or Abassinia. See: Abyssinia.

Abassus, a town of Phrygia. Livy, bk. 38, ch. 15.

Abastor, one of Pluto’s horses.

Abătos, an island in the lake near Memphis in Egypt, abounding with flax and papyrus. Osiris was buried there. Lucan, bk. 10, li. 323.

Abdalonīmus, one of the descendants of the kings of Sidon, so poor, that to maintain himself, he worked in a garden. When Alexander took Sidon, he made him king, in the room of Strato the deposed monarch, and enlarged his possessions on account of the great disinterestedness of his conduct. Justin, bk. 11, ch. 10.—Curtius, bk. 4, ch. 1.—Diodorus, bk. 17.

Abdēra, a town of Hispania Bætica, built by the Carthaginians. Strabo, bk. 3.――A maritime city of Thrace, built by Hercules, in memory of Abderus, one of his favourites. The Clazomenians and Teians beautified it. Some suppose that Abdera the sister of Diomedes built it. The air was so unwholesome, and the inhabitants of such a sluggish disposition, that stupidity was commonly called Abderitica mens. It gave birth, however, to Democritus, Protagoras, Anaxarchus, and Hecatæus. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 2.—Cicero, Letters to Atticus, bk. 4, ltr. 16.—Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 186.—Martial, bk. 10, ltr. 25.

Abdēria, a town of Spain. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 5.

Abderītes, a people of Pæonia, obliged to leave their country on account of the great number of rats and frogs which infested it. Justin, bk. 15, ch. 2.

Abdērus, a man of Opus in Locris, arm-bearer to Hercules, torn to pieces by the mares of Diomedes, which the hero had entrusted to his care when going to war against the Bistones. Hercules built a city, which, in honour of his friend, he called Abdera. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 5.—Philostratus, bk. 2, ch. 25.

Abeătæ, a people of Achaia, probably the inhabitants of Abia. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 30.—Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 6.

Abella, a town of Campania, whose inhabitants were called Abellani. Its nuts, called avellanæ, and also its apples, were famous. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 740.—Justin, bk. 20, ch. 5.—Silius Italicus, bk. 8, li. 544.

Abelux, a noble of Saguntum, who favoured the party of the Romans against Carthage. Livy, bk. 22, ch. 22.

Abenda, a town of Caria, whose inhabitants were the first who raised temples to the city of Rome. Livy, bk. 45, ch. 6.

Abia, formerly Ire, a maritime town of Messenia, one of the seven cities promised to Achilles by Agamemnon. It is called after Abia, daughter of Hercules and nurse of Hyllus. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 30.—Strabo, bk. 8.—Homer, Iliad, bk. 9, li. 292.

Abii, a nation between Scythia and Thrace. They lived upon milk, were fond of celibacy, and enemies to war. Homer, Iliad, bk. 13, li. 6.—According to Curtius, bk. 7, ch. 6, they surrendered to Alexander, after they had been independent since the reign of Cyrus.

Abĭla, or Abyla, a mountain of Africa, in that part which is nearest to the opposite mountain called Calpe, on the coast of Spain, only eighteen miles distant. These two mountains are called the columns of Hercules, and were said formerly to be united, till the hero separated them, and made a communication between the Mediterranean and Atlantic seas. Strabo, bk. 3.—Mela, bk. 1, ch. 5; bk. 2, ch. 6.—Pliny, bk. 3.

Abisăres, an Indian prince, who offered to surrender to Alexander. Curtius, bk. 8, ch. 12.

Abisăris, a country beyond the Hydaspes in India. Arrian.

Abisontes, some inhabitants of the Alps. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 20.

Ablētes, a people near Troy. Strabo.

Abnoba, a mountain of Germany. Tacitus, Germania, ch. 1.

Abobrĭca, a town of Lusitania. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 20.――Another in Spain.

Abœcrĭtus, a Bœotian general, killed with a thousand men, in a battle at Chæronea, against the Ætolians. Plutarch, Aratus.

Abolāni, a people of Latium, near Alba. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 5.

Abōlus, a river of Sicily. Plutarch, Timoleon.

Aboniteichos, a town of Galatia. Arrian, Periplus of the Euxine Sea.

Aborāca, a town of Sarmatia.

Aborigĭnes, the original inhabitants of Italy; or, according to others, a nation conducted by Saturn into Latium, where they taught the use of letters to Evander the king of the country. Their posterity was called Latini, from Latinus, one of their kings. They assisted Æneas against Turnus. Rome was built in their country.—The word signifies without origin, or whose origin is not known, and is generally applied to the original inhabitants of any country. Livy, bk. 1, ch. 1, &c.—Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 1, ch. 10.—Justin, bk. 43, ch. 1.—Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 5.—Strabo, bk. 5.

Aborras, a river of Mesopotamia. Strabo, bk. 16.

Abradātes, a king of Susa, who, when his wife Panthea had been taken prisoner by Cyrus, and humanely treated, surrendered himself and his troops to the conqueror. He was killed in the first battle he undertook in the cause of Cyrus, and his wife stabbed herself on his corpse. Cyrus raised a monument on their tomb. Xenophon, Cyropædia, bks. 5, 6, &c.

Abrentius, was made governor of Tarentum by Annibal. He betrayed his trust to the enemy to gain the favours of a beautiful woman, whose brother was in the Roman army. Polyænus, bk. 8.

Abrocŏmas, son of Darius, was in the army of Xerxes, when he invaded Greece. He was killed at Thermopylæ. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 224.—Plutarch, Cleomenes.

Abrodiætus, a name given to Parrhasius the painter, on account of the sumptuous manner of his living. See: Parrhasius.

Abron, an Athenian, who wrote some treatises on the religious festivals and sacrifices of the Greeks. Only the titles of his works are preserved. Suidas.――A grammarian of Rhodes, who taught rhetoric at Rome.――Another who wrote a treatise on Theocritus.――A Spartan, son of Lycurgus the orator. Plutarch, Decem Oratorum.――A native of Argos, famous for his debauchery.

Abronius Silo, a Latin poet in the Augustan age. He wrote some fables. Seneca.

Abronycus, an Athenian, very serviceable to Themistocles in his embassy to Sparta. Thucydides, bk. 1, ch. 91.—Herodotus, bk. 8, ch. 21.

Abrŏta, the wife of Nisus, the youngest of the sons of Ægeus. As a monument to her chastity, Nisus, after her death, ordered the garments which she wore to become the models of fashion in Megara. Plutarch, Quæstiones Græcæ.

Abrotŏnum, the mother of Themistocles. Plutarch, Themistocles.――A town of Africa, near the Syrtes. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 4. ――A harlot of Thrace. Plutarch, Aratus.

Abrus, a city of the Sapæi. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 10.

Abrypŏlis, an ally of Rome, driven from his possessions by Perseus, the last king of Macedonia. Livy, bk. 42, chs. 13 & 41.

Abseus, a giant, son of Tartarus and Terra. Hyginus, preface to fables.

Absinthii, a people on the coasts of Pontus, where there is also a mountain of the same name. Herodotus, bk. 6, ch. 34.

Absŏrus, Absyrtis, Absyrtides, islands in the Adriatic, or near Istria, where Absyrtus was killed, whence their name. Strabo, bk. 7.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9.—Lucan, bk. 3, li. 190.

Absyrtos, a river falling into the Adriatic sea, near which Absyrtus was murdered. Lucan, bk. 3, li. 190.

Absyrtus, a son of Æetes king of Colchis, and Hypsea. His sister Medea, as she fled away with Jason, tore his body to pieces, and strewed his limbs in her father’s way, to stop his pursuit. Some say that she murdered him in Colchis, others, near Istria. It is said by others, that he was not murdered, but that he arrived safe in Illyricum. The place where he was killed has been called Tomos, and the river adjoining to it Absyrtos. Lucan, bk. 3, li. 190.—Strabo, bk. 7.—Hyginus, fable 23.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9.—Flaccus, bk. 8, li. 261.—Ovid, Tristia, bk. 3, poem 9.—Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 3, ch. 19.—Pliny, bk. 3, chs. 21 & 26.

Abulītes, governor of Susa, betrayed his trust to Alexander, and was rewarded with a province. Curtius, bk. 5, ch. 2.—Diodorus, bk. 17.

Abydēnus, a disciple of Aristotle, too much indulged by his master. He wrote some historical treatises on Cyprus, Delos, Arabia, and Assyria. Philo Judæus.—Josephus, Against Apion.

Abȳdos, a town of Egypt, where was the famous temple of Osiris. Plutarch, on De Iside et Osiride.――A city of Asia, opposite Sestos in Europe, with which, from the narrowness of the Hellespont, it seemed, to those who approach it by sea, to form only one town. It was built by the Milesians, by permission of king Gyges. It is famous for the amours of Hero and Leander, and for the bridge of boats which Xerxes built there across the Hellespont. The inhabitants, being besieged by Philip the father of Perseus, devoted themselves to death with their families, rather than fall into the hands of the enemy. Livy, bk. 31, ch. 18.—Lucan, bk. 2, li. 674.—Justin, bk. 2, ch. 13.—Musæus, Hero & Leander.—Flaccus, bk. 1, li. 285.

Abȳla. See: Abila.

Abȳlon, a city of Egypt.

Abyssinia, a large kingdom of Africa, in Upper Æthiopia, where the Nile takes its rise. The inhabitants are said to be of Arabian origin, and were little known to the ancients.

Acacallis, a nymph, mother of Philander and Phylacis by Apollo. These children were exposed to the wild beasts in Crete; but a goat gave them her milk, and preserved their life. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 16.――A daughter of Minos, mother of Cydon by Mercury, and of Amphithemis by Apollo. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 53.—Apollonius, bk. 4, li. 1493.

Acacēsium, a town of Arcadia, built by Acacus son of Lycaon. Mercury, surnamed Acacesius, because brought up by Acacus as his foster-father, was worshipped there. Pausanias, bk. 8, chs. 3, 36, &c.

Acacius, a rhetorician in the age of the emperor Julian.

Acadēmia, a place near Athens surrounded with high trees, and adorned with spacious covered walks, belonging to Academus, from whom the name is derived. Some derive the word from ἑκας δημος, removed from the people. Here Plato opened his school of philosophy, and from this, every place sacred to learning has ever since been called Academia. To exclude from it profaneness and dissipation, it was even forbidden to laugh there. It was called Academia vetus, to distinguish it from the second Academy, founded by Arcesilaus, who made some few alterations in the Platonic philosophy, and from the third which was established by Carneades. Cicero, de Divinatione, bk. 1, ch. 3.—Diogenes Laërtius, bk. 3.—Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 3, ch. 35.

Acadēmus, an Athenian, who discovered to Castor and Pollux where Theseus had concealed their sister Helen, for which they amply rewarded him. Plutarch, Theseus.

Acalandrus, or Acalyndrus, a river falling into the bay of Tarentum. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 11.

Acalle, a daughter of Minos and Pasiphae. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 1.

Acamarchis, one of the Oceanides.

Acămas, son of Theseus and Phædra, went with Diomedes to demand Helen from the Trojans after her elopement from Menelaus. In his embassy he had a son called Munitus, by Laodice the daughter of Priam. He was concerned in the Trojan war, and afterwards built the town of Acamantium in Phrygia, and on his return to Greece called a tribe after his own name at Athens. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 26.—Quintus Smyrnæus, bk. 12.—Hyginus, fable 108.――A son of Antenor in the Trojan war. Homer, Iliad, bk. 11, li. 60, &c.――A Thracian auxiliary of Priam in the Trojan war. Homer, Iliad, bk. 11.

Acampsis, a river of Colchis. Arrian.

Acantha, a nymph loved by Apollo, and changed into the flower Acanthus.

Acanthus, a town near mount Athos, belonging to Macedonia, or, according to others, to Thrace. It was founded by a colony from Andros. Thucydides, bk. 4, ch. 84.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 2.――Another in Egypt near the Nile, called also Dulopolis. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 28.――An island mentioned by Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 32.

Acăra, a town of Pannonia.――Another in Italy.

Acaria, a fountain of Corinth, where Iolas cut off the head of Eurystheus. Strabo, bk. 8.

Acarnania, anciently Curetis, a country of Epirus, at the north of the Ionian sea, divided from Ætolia by the Achelous. The inhabitants reckoned only six months in the year; they were luxurious, and addicted to pleasure, so that porcus Acarnas became proverbial. Their horses were famous. It received its name from Acarnas. Pliny, bk. 2, ch. 90.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 3.—Strabo, bks. 7 & 9.—Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 24.—Lucian, Dialogi Meretricii.

Acarnas and Amphoterus, sons of Alcmæon and Callirhöe. Alcmæon being murdered by the brothers of Alphesibœa his former wife, Callirhöe obtained from Jupiter, that her children, who were still in the cradle, might, by a supernatural power, suddenly grow up to punish their father’s murderers. This was granted. See: Alcmæon. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 24.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 9, fable 10.

Acarnas and Acarnan, a stony mountain of Attica. Seneca, Hippolytus, li. 20.

Acasta, one of the Oceanides. Hesiod, Theogony, li. 356.

Acastus, son of Pelias king of Thessaly by Anaxibia, married Astydamia or Hippolyte, who fell in love with Peleus son of Æacus, when in banishment at her husband’s court. Peleus, rejecting the addresses of Hippolyte, was accused before Acastus of attempts upon her virtue, and soon after, at a chase, exposed to wild beasts. Vulcan, by order of Jupiter, delivered Peleus, who returned to Thessaly, and put to death Acastus and his wife. See: Peleus and Astydamia. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 8, li. 306; Heroides, poem 13, li. 25.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9, &c.――The second archon at Athens.

Acathantus, a bay in the Red sea.—Strabo, bk. 16.

Acca Laurentia, the wife of Faustulus shepherd of king Numitor’s flocks, who brought up Romulus and Remus, who had been exposed on the banks of the Tiber. From her wantonness, she was called Lupa, prostitute, whence the fable that Romulus was suckled by a she-wolf. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 1, ch. 18.—Livy, bk. 1, ch. 4.—Aulus Gellius, bk. 6, ch. 7.――The Romans yearly celebrated certain festivals [See: Laurentalia] in honour of another prostitute of the same name, which arose from this circumstance: the keeper of the temple of Hercules, one day playing at dice, made the god one of the number, on condition that if Hercules was defeated, he should make him a present, but if he conquered he should be entertained with an elegant feast, and share his bed with a beautiful female. Hercules was victorious, and accordingly Acca was conducted to the bed of Hercules, who in reality came to see her, and told her in the morning to go into the streets, and salute with a kiss the first man she met. This was Tarrutius, an old unmarried man, who, not displeased with Acca’s liberty, loved her, and made her the heiress of all his possessions. These, at her death, she gave to the Roman people, whence the honours paid to her memory. Plutarch, Quæstiones Romanæ, Romulus.――A companion of Camilla. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 11, li. 820.

Accia, or Atia, daughter of Julia and Marcus Atius Balbus, was the mother of Augustus, and died about 40 years B.C. Dio Cassius.—Suetonius, Augustus, ch. 4.――Variola, an illustrious female, whose cause was eloquently pleaded by Pliny. Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 33.

Accĭla, a town of Sicily. Livy, bk. 24, ch. 35.

Lucius Accius, a Roman tragic poet, whose roughness of style Quintilian has imputed to the unpolished age in which he lived. He translated some of the tragedies of Sophocles, but of his numerous pieces only some of the names are known; and among these his Nuptiæ, Mercator, Neoptolemus, Phœnice, Medea, Atreus, &c. The great marks of honour which he received at Rome may be collected from this circumstance: that a man was severely reprimanded by a magistrate for mentioning his name without reverence. Some few of his verses are preserved in Cicero and in other writers. He died about 180 years B.C. Horace, bk. 2, ltr. 1, li. 56.—Ovid, Amores, bk. 1, poem 15, li. 19.—Quintilian, bk. 10, ch. 1.—Cicero, Letters to Atticus & Brutus or de Claris Oratoribus, bk. 3, ch. 16.――A famous orator of Pisaurum in Cicero’s age.――Labeo, a foolish poet mentioned Persius, bk. 1, li. 50.――Tullius, a prince of the Volsci, very inimical to the Romans. Coriolanus, when banished by his countrymen, fled to him, and led his armies against Rome. Livy, bk. 2, ch. 37.—Plutarch, Coriolanus.

Acco, a general of the Senones in Gaul. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 6, chs. 4 & 44.――An old woman who fell mad on seeing her deformity in a looking-glass. Hesychius.

Accua, a town in Italy. Livy, bk. 24, ch. 20.

Ace, a town in Phœnicia, called also Ptolemais, now Acre. Cornelius Nepos, Datames, ch. 5.――A place of Arcadia near Megalopolis, where Orestes was cured from the persecution of the furies, who had a temple there. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 34.

Acerātus, a soothsayer, who remained alone at Delphi when the approach of Xerxes frightened away the inhabitants. Herodotus, bk. 8, ch. 37.

Acerbas, a priest of Hercules at Tyre, who married Dido. See: Sichæus. Justin, bk. 18, ch. 4.

Acerīna, a colony of the Brutii in Magna Græcia, taken by Alexander of Epirus. Livy, bk. 8, ch. 24.

Acerræ, an ancient town of Campania, near the river Clanius. It still subsists; and the frequent inundations from the river which terrified its ancient inhabitants, are now prevented by the large drains dug there. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 2, li. 225.—Livy, bk. 8, ch. 17.

Acersecŏmes, a surname of Apollo, which signifies unshorn. Juvenal, satire 8, li. 128.

Aces, a river of Asia. Herodotus, bk. 3, ch. 117.

Acesia, part of the island of Lemnos, which received this name from Philoctetes, whose wound was cured there. Philostratus.

Acesīnes, a river of Sicily. Thucydides, bk. 4, ch. 25.

Acesīnus, or Acesīnes, a river of Persia falling into the Indus. Its banks produce reeds of such an uncommon size, that a piece of them, particularly between two knots, can serve as a boat to cross the water. Justin, bk. 12, ch. 9.—Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12.

Acesius, a surname of Apollo, in Elis and Attica, as god of medicine. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 24.

Acesta, a town of Sicily, called after king Acestes, and known also by the name of Segesta. It was built by Æneas, who left there part of his crew, as he was going to Italy. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 5, li. 746, &c.

Acestes, son of Crinisus and Egesta, was king of the country near Drepanum in Sicily. He assisted Priam in the Trojan war, and kindly entertained Æneas during his voyage, and helped him to bury his father on mount Eryx. In commemoration of this, Æneas built a city there called Acesta, from Acestes. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 5, li. 746.

Acestium, a woman who saw all her relations invested with the sacred office of torch-bearer in the festivals of Ceres. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 37.

Acestodōrus, a Greek historian, who mentions the review which Xerxes made of his forces before the battle of Salamis. Plutarch, Themistocles.

Acestorĭdes, an Athenian archon.――A Corinthian, governor of Syracuse. Diodorus, bk. 19.

Acetes, one of Evander’s attendants. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 11, li. 30.

Achabȳtos, a lofty mountain in Rhodes, where Jupiter had a temple.

Achæa, a surname of Pallas, whose temple in Daunia was defended by dogs which fawned upon the Greeks, but fiercely attacked all other persons. Aristotle, de Mirabilibus.――Ceres was called Achæa, from her lamentations (ἀχεα) at the loss of Proserpine. Plutarch, De Iside et Osiride.

Achæi, the descendants of Achæus, at first inhabited the country near Argos, but being driven by the Heraclidæ, 80 years after the Trojan war, they retired among the Ionians, whose 12 cities they seized and kept. The names of these cities are Pellene, Ægira, Æges, Bura, Tritæa, Ægion, Rhypæ, Olenos, Helice, Patræ, Dyme, and Pharæ. The inhabitants of these three last began a famous confederacy, 284 years B.C., which continued formidable upwards of 130 years, under the name of the Achæan league, and was most illustrious whilst supported by the splendid virtues and abilities of Aratus and Philopœmen. Their arms were directed against the Ætolians for three years, with the assistance of Philip of Macedon, and they grew powerful by the accession of neighbouring states, and freed their country from foreign slavery, till at last they were attacked by the Romans, and, after one year’s hostilities, the Achæan league was totally destroyed, B.C. 147. The Achæans extended the borders of their country by conquest and even planted colonies in Magna Græcia.――The name of Achæi is generally applied to all the Greeks, indiscriminately, by the poets. See: Achaia. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 145; bk. 8, ch. 36.—Statius, Thebaid, bk. 2, li. 164.—Polybius.—Livy, bks. 27, 32, &c.—Plutarch, Philopœmen.—Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 5.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 4, li. 605.—Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 1, &c.――Also a people of Asia on the borders of the Euxine. Ovid, Ex Ponto, bk. 4, poem 10, li. 27.

Achæium, a place of Troas, opposite Tenedos. Strabo, bk. 8.

Achæmĕnes, a king of Persia, among the progenitors of Cyrus the Great; whose descendants were called Achæmenides, and formed a separate tribe in Persia, of which the kings were members. Cambyses, son of Cyrus, on his death-bed, charged his nobles, and particularly the Achæmenides, not to suffer the Medes to recover their former power, and abolish the empire of Persia. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 125; bk. 3, ch. 65; bk. 7, ch. 1.—Horace, bk. 2, ode 12, li. 21.――A Persian, made governor of Egypt by Xerxes, B.C. 484.

Achæmenia, part of Persia, called after Achæmenes. Hence Achæmenius. Horace, Epodes, poem 13, li. 12.

Achæmenĭdes, a native of Ithaca, son of Adramastus, and one of the companions of Ulysses, abandoned on the coast of Sicily, where Æneas, on his voyage to Italy, found him. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 624.—Ovid, Ibis, li. 417.

Achæorum littus, a harbour in Cyprus. Strabo.――In Troas,――in Æolia,――in Peloponnesus,――on the Euxine. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 34.

Achæorum statio, a place on the coast of the Thracian Chersonesus, where Polyxena was sacrificed to the shades of Achilles, and where Hecuba killed Polymnestor, who had murdered her son Polydorus.

Achæus, a king of Lydia, hung by his subjects for his extortion. Ovid, Ibis.――A son of Xuthus of Thessaly. He fled, after the accidental murder of a man, to Peloponnesus; where the inhabitants were called from him, Achæi. He afterwards returned to Thessaly. Strabo, bk. 8.—Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 1.――A tragic poet of Eretria, who wrote 43 tragedies, of which some of the titles are preserved, such as Adrastus, Linus, Cycnus, Eumenides, Philoctetes, Pirithous, Theseus, Œdipus, &c.; of these only one obtained the prize. He lived some time after Sophocles.――Another of Syracuse, author of 10 tragedies.――A river which falls into the Euxine. Arrian, Periplus of the Euxine Sea.――A relation of Antiochus the Great, appointed governor of all the king’s provinces beyond Taurus. He aspired to sovereign power, which he disputed for eight years with Antiochus, and was at last betrayed by a Cretan. His limbs were cut off, and his body, sewed in the skin of an ass, was exposed on a gibbet. Polybius, bk. 8.

Achaia, called also Hellas, a country of Peloponnesus at the north of Elis on the bay of Corinth, which is now part of Livadia. It was originally called Ægialus (shore) from its situation. The Ionians called it Ionia, when they settled there; and it received the name of Achaia, from the Achæi, who dispossessed the Ionians. See: Achæi.――A small part of Phthiotis was also called Achaia, of which Alos was the capital.

Achaicum bellum. See: Achæi.

Achăra, a town near Sardis. Strabo, bk. 14.

Acharenses, a people of Sicily near Syracuse. Cicero, Against Verres, bk. 3.

Acharnæ, a village of Attica. Thucydides, bk. 2, ch. 19.

Achātes, a friend of Æneas, whose fidelity was so exemplary that Fidus Achates became a proverb. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 316.――A river of Sicily.

Achĕlōĭdes, a patronymic given to the Sirens as daughters of Achelous. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 5, fable 15.

Achelorium, a river of Thessaly. Polyænus, bk. 8.

Achelōus, the son of Oceanus or Sol by Terra or Tethys, god of the river of the same name in Epirus. As one of the numerous suitors of Dejanira daughter of Œneus he entered the lists against Hercules and being inferior, changed himself into a serpent, and afterwards into an ox. Hercules broke off one of his horns, and Achelous being defeated, retired in disgrace into his bed of waters. The broken horn was taken up by the nymphs, and filled with fruits and flowers, and after it had for some time adorned the hand of the conqueror, it was presented to the goddess of plenty. Some say that he was changed into a river after the victory of Hercules. This river is in Epirus, and rises in mount Pindus, and after dividing Acarnania from Ætolia, falls into the Ionian sea. The sand and mud which it carries down, have formed some islands at its mouth. This river is said by some to have sprung from the earth after the deluge. Herodotus, bk. 2, ch. 10.—Strabo, bk. 10.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 8, fable 5; bk. 9, fable 1; Amores, bk. 3, poem 6, li. 35.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, chs. 3 & 7; bk. 2, ch. 7.—Hyginus, preface to fables.――A river of Arcadia falling into the Alpheus.――Another flowing from mount Sipylus. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 38.

Acherdus, a tribe of Attica; hence Acherdusius, Demosthenes.

Acherĭmi, a people of Sicily. Cicero, bk. 3, Against Verres.

Achĕron, a river of Thesprotia, in Epirus, falling into the bay of Ambracia. Homer called it, from the dead appearance of its waters, one of the rivers of hell, and the fable has been adopted by all succeeding poets, who make the god of the stream to be the son of Ceres without a father, and say that he concealed himself in hell for fear of the Titans, and was changed into a bitter stream, over which the souls of the dead are at first conveyed. It receives, say they, the souls of the dead, because a deadly languor seizes them at the hour of dissolution. Some make him son of Titan, and suppose that he was plunged into hell by Jupiter, for supplying the Titans with water. The word Acheron is often taken for hell itself. Horace, bk. 1, ode 3, li. 36.—Virgil, Georgics, bk. 2, li. 292; Æneid, bk. 2, li. 295, &c.—Strabo, bk. 7.—Lucan, bk. 3, li. 16.—Silius Italicus, bk. 2.—Sylvæ, poem 6, li. 80.—Livy, bk. 8, ch. 24.――A river of Elis in Peloponnesus.――Another on the Riphæan mountains. Orpheus.――Also a river in the country of the Brutii in Italy. Justin, bk. 12, ch. 2.

Acherontia, a town of Apulia on a mountain, thence called Nidus by Horace, bk. 3, ode 4, li. 14.

Acherūsia, a lake of Egypt near Memphis, over which, as Diodorus, bk. 1, mentions, the bodies of the dead were conveyed, and received sentence according to the actions of their life. The boat was called Baris, and the ferryman Charon. Hence arose the fable of Charon and the Styx, &c., afterwards imported into Greece by Orpheus, and adopted in the religion of the country.――There was a river of the same name in Epirus, and another in Italy in Calabria.

Acherūsias, a place or cave in Chersonesus Taurica, where Hercules, as is reported, dragged Cerberus out of hell. Xenophon, Anabasis, bk. 6.

Achetus, a river of Sicily. Silius Italicus, bk. 14.

Achillas, a general of Ptolemy, who murdered Pompey the Great. Plutarch, Pompey.—Lucan, bk. 8, li. 538.

Achillēa, a peninsula near the mouth of the Borysthenes. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 1.—Herodotus, bk. 4, chs. 55 & 76.――An island at the mouth of the Ister, where was the tomb of Achilles, over which it is said that birds never flew. Pliny, bk. 10, ch. 29.――A fountain of Miletus, whose waters rise salted from the earth, and afterwards sweeten in their course. Athenaeus, bk. 2, ch. 2.

Achilleienses, a people near Macedonia. Xenophon, Hellenica, bk. 3.

Achillēis, a poem of Statius, in which he describes the education and memorable actions of Achilles. This composition is imperfect. The poet’s premature death deprived the world of a valuable history of the life and exploits of this famous hero. See: Statius.

Achilles, the son of Peleus and Thetis, was the bravest of all the ♦Greeks in the Trojan war. During his infancy, Thetis plunged him in the Styx, and made every part of his body invulnerable, except the heel, by which she held him. His education was entrusted to the centaur Chiron, who taught him the art of war and made him master of music, and by feeding him with the marrow of wild beasts, rendered him vigorous and active. He was taught eloquence by Phœnix, whom he ever after loved and respected. Thetis, to prevent him from going to the Trojan war, where she knew he was to perish, privately sent him to the court of Lycomedes, where he was disguised in a female dress, and, by his familiarity with the king’s daughters, made Deidamia mother of Neoptolemus. As Troy could not be taken without the aid of Achilles, Ulysses went to the court of Lycomedes, in the habit of a merchant, and exposed jewels and arms to sale. Achilles, choosing the arms, discovered his sex, and went to the war. Vulcan, at the entreaties of Thetis, made him a strong suit of armour, which was proof against all weapons. He was deprived by Agamemnon of his favourite mistress, Briseis, who had fallen to his lot at the division of the booty of Lyrnessus, and for this affront, he refused to appear in the field till the death of his friend Patroclus recalled him to action, and to revenge. See: Patroclus. He slew Hector the bulwark of Troy, tied the corpse by the heels to his chariot, and dragged it three times round the walls of Troy. After thus appeasing the shades of his friend, he yielded to the tears and entreaties of Priam, and permitted the aged father to ransom and to carry away Hector’s body. In the 10th year of the war, Achilles was charmed with Polyxena; and as he solicited her hand in the temple of Minerva, it is said that Paris aimed an arrow at his vulnerable heel, of which wound he died. His body was buried at Sigæum, and divine honours were paid to him, and temples raised to his memory. It is said, that after the taking of Troy, the ghost of Achilles appeared to the Greeks, and demanded of them Polyxena, who accordingly was sacrificed on his tomb by his son Neoptolemus. Some say that this sacrifice was voluntary, and that Polyxena was so grieved at his death that she killed herself on his tomb. The Thessalians yearly sacrificed a black and a white bull on his tomb. It is reported that he married Helen after the siege of Troy; but others maintain, that this marriage happened after his death, in the island of Leuce, where many of the ancient heroes lived, as in a separate elysium. See: Leuce. When Achilles was young, his mother asked him, whether he preferred a long life, spent in obscurity and retirement, or a few years of military fame and glory? and that, to his honour, he made choice of the latter. Some ages after the Trojan war, Alexander going to the conquest of Persia, offered sacrifices on the tomb of Achilles, and admired the hero who had found a Homer to publish his fame to posterity. Xenophon, On Hunting.—Plutarch, Alexander; De facie in orbe Lunæ; De Musica; De amicorum multitudine; Quæstiones Græcæ.—Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 18, &c.—Diodorus, bk. 17.—Statius, Achilleid.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12, fable 3, &c.; Tristia, bk. 3, poem 5, li. 37, &c.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, lis. 472, 488; bk. 2, li. 275; bk. 6, li. 58, &c.—Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 13.—Hyginus, fables 96 & 110.—Strabo, bk. 14.—Pliny, bk. 35, ch. 15.—Maximus of Tyre, Oration 27.—Horace, bk. 1, ode 8; bk. 2, odes 4 & 16; bk. 4, ode 6; bk. 2, ltr. 2, li. 42.—Homer, Iliad & Odyssey.—Dictys Cretensis, bks. 1, 2, 3, &c.—Dares Phrygius.—Juvenal, satire 7, li. 210.—Apollonius, bk. 4, Argonautica, li. 869.――There were other persons of the same name. The most known were—a man who received Juno when she fled from Jupiter’s courtship――the preceptor of Chiron the centaur――a son of Jupiter and Lamia, declared by Pan to be fairer than Venus――a man who instituted ostracism at Athens――Tatius, a native of Alexandria, in the age of the emperor Claudius, but originally a pagan, converted to Christianity, and made a bishop. He wrote a mixed history of great men, a treatise on the sphere, tactics, a romance on the loves of Clitophon and Leucippe, &c. Some manuscripts of his works are preserved in the Vatican and Palatinate libraries. The best edition of his works is that in 12mo, Leiden, 1640.

♦ ‘Geeeks’ replaced with ‘Greeks’

Achillēum, a town of Troas near the tomb of Achilles, built by the Mityleneans. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 30.

♦Achilleus, or Aquileus, a Roman general in Egypt, in the reign of Diocletian, who rebelled, and for five years maintained the imperial dignity at Alexandria. Diocletian at last marched against him; and because he had supported a long siege, the emperor ordered him to be devoured by lions.

♦ Placed in alphabetical order

Achīvi, the name of the inhabitants of Argos and Lacedæmon before the return of the Heraclidæ, by whom they were expelled from their possessions 80 years after the Trojan war. Being without a home, they drove the Ionians from Ægialus, seized their 12 cities, and called the country Achaia. The Ionians were received by the Athenians. The appellation of Achivi is indiscriminately applied by the ancient poets to all the Greeks. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 1, &c. See: Achaia.

Achladæus, a Corinthian general, killed by Aristomenes. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 19.

Acholōe, one of the Harpies. Hyginus, fable 14.

Acichōrius, a general with Brennus in the expedition which the Gauls undertook against Pæonia. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 10.

Acidālia, a surname of Venus, from a fountain of the same name in Bœotia, sacred to her. The Graces bathed in the fountain. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 720.—Ovid, Fasti, bk. 4, li. 468.

Acidāsa, a river of Peloponnesus, formerly called Jardanus. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 5.

Acilia, a plebeian family at Rome, which traced its pedigree up to the Trojans.――The mother of Lucan.

Acilia lex, was enacted, A.U.C. 556, by Acilius the tribune, for the plantation of five colonies in Italy. Livy, bk. 32, ch. 29.――Another called also Calpurnia, A.U.C. 684, which enacted, that no person convicted of ambitus, or using bribes at elections, should be admitted in the senate, or hold an office.――Another concerning such as were guilty of extortion in the provinces.

Marcus Acilius Balbus, was consul with Portius Cato, A.U.C. 640. It is said that during his consulship, milk and blood fell from heaven. Pliny, bk. 2, ch. 56.――Glabrio, a tribune of the people, who with a legion quelled the insurgent slaves in Etruria. Being consul with Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica, A.U.C. 563, he conquered Antiochus at Thermopylæ, for which he obtained a triumph, and three days were appointed for public thanksgiving. He stood for the censorship against Cato, but desisted on account of the false measures used by his competitor. Justin, bk. 31, ch. 6.—Livy, bk. 30, ch. 40; bk. 31, ch. 50; bk. 33, ch. 10, &c.――The son of the preceding, erected a temple to Piety, which his father had vowed to this goddess when fighting against Antiochus. He raised a golden statue to his father, the first that appeared in Italy. The temple of piety was built on the spot where once a woman had fed with her milk her aged father, whom the senate had imprisoned, and excluded from all aliments. Valerius Maximus, bk. 2, ch. 5.――The enactor of a law against bribery.――A prætor in the time that Verres was accused by Cicero.――A man accused of extortion, and twice defended by Cicero. He was proconsul of Sicily, and lieutenant to Cæsar in the civil wars. Cæsar, Civil War, bk. 3, ch. 15.――A consul, whose son was killed by Domitian, because he fought with wild beasts. The true cause of this murder was, that young Glabrio was stronger than the emperor, and therefore envied. Juvenal, satire 4, li. 94.

Acilla, a town of Africa, near Adrumetum. Some read Acolla. Cæsar, African War, ch. 33.

Acis, a shepherd of Sicily, son of Faunus and the nymph Simæthis. Galatæa passionately loved him; upon which his rival Polyphemus, through jealousy, crushed him to death with a piece of a broken rock. The gods changed Acis into a stream, which rises from mount Ætna. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 13, fable 8.

Acmon, a native of Lyrnessus, who accompanied Æneas into Italy. His father’s name was Clytus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 128.

Acmonĭdes, one of the Cyclops. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 4, li. 288.

Acœtes, the pilot of the ship whose crew found Bacchus asleep, and carried him away. As they ridiculed the god, they were changed into sea monsters, but Acœtes was preserved. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 3, fable 8, &c. See: Acetes.

Acontes, one of Lycaon’s 50 sons. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 8.

Aconteus, a famous hunter changed into a stone by the head of Medusa, at the nuptials of Perseus and Andromeda. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 5, li. 201.――A person killed in the wars of Æneas and Turnus, in Italy. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 11, li. 615.

Acontius, a youth of Cea, who, when he went to Delos to see the sacrifice of Diana, fell in love with Cydippe, a beautiful virgin, and being unable to obtain her, on account of the obscurity of his origin, wrote these verses on an apple, which he threw into her bosom:

Juro tibi sanctæ per mystica sacra Dianæ,

Me tibi venturam comitem, sponsamque futuram.

Cydippe read the verses, and being compelled by the oath she had inadvertently made, married Acontius. Ovid, Heroides, poem 20.――A mountain of Bœotia. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 7.

Acontobūlus, a place of Cappadocia, under Hyppolyte queen of the Amazons. Apollonius, Argonautica, bk. 2.

Acōris, a king of Egypt, who assisted Evagoras king of Cyprus against Persia. Diodorus, bk. 15.

Acra, a town in Italy,――Eubœa,――Cyprus,――Acarnania,――Sicily,――Africa,――Sarmatia, &c.――A promontory of Calabria, now Capo di Leuca.

Acradīna, the citadel of Syracuse, taken by Marcellus the Roman consul. Plutarch, Marcellus.—Cicero, Against Verres, bk. 4.

Acræ, a mountain in Peloponnesus. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 34.

Acræa, a daughter of the river Asterion.――A surname of Diana, from a temple built to her by Melampus, on a mountain near Argos.――A surname of Juno. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 17.

Acræphnia, a town in Bœotia; whence Apollo is called Acraæphnius. Herodotus, bk. 8, ch. 135.

Acragallĭdæ, a dishonest nation living anciently near Athens. Æschines, Against Ctesiphon.

Acrăgas. See: Agragas.

Acrātus, a freedman of Nero, sent into Asia to plunder the temples of the gods. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 15, ch. 45; bk. 16, ch. 23.

Acrias, one of Hippodamia’s suitors. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 21.――He built Acriæ, a town of Laconia. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 21.

Acridophăgi, an Æthiopian nation, who fed upon locusts, and lived not beyond their 40th year. At the approach of old age swarms of winged lice attacked them, and gnawed their belly and breast, till the patient, by rubbing himself, drew blood, which increased their number, and ended in his death. Diodorus, bk. 3.—Pliny, bk. 11, ch. 29.—Strabo, bk. 16.

Acrīon, a Pythagorean philosopher of Locris. Cicero, De Finibus, bk. 5, ch. 29.

Acrisioneus, a patronymic applied to the Argives, from Acrisius, one of their ancient kings, or from Acrisione, a town of Argolis, called after a daughter of Acrisius of the same name. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 410.

Acrisioniădes, a patronymic of Perseus, from his grandfather Acrisius. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 5, li. 70.

Acrisius, son of Abas king of Argos, by Ocalea daughter of Mantineus. He was born at the same birth as Prœtus, with whom it is said that he quarrelled even in his mother’s womb. After many dissensions, Prœtus was driven from Argos. Acrisius had Danae by Eurydice daughter of Lacedæmon; and being told by an oracle, that his daughter’s son would put him to death, he confined Danae in a brazen tower, to prevent her becoming a mother. She, however, became pregnant, by Jupiter changed into a golden shower; and though Acrisius ordered her, and her infant called Perseus, to be exposed on the sea, yet they were saved; and Perseus soon after became so famous for his actions, that Acrisius, anxious to see so renowned a grandson, went to Larissa. Here Perseus, wishing to show his skill in throwing a quoit, killed an old man who proved to be his grandfather, whom he knew not, and thus the oracle was unhappily fulfilled. Acrisius reigned about 31 years. Hyginus, fable 63.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 4, fable 16.—Horace, bk. 3, ode 16.—Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 2, &c.—Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 16, &c.—See: Danae, Perseus, Polydectes.

Acrītas, a promontory of Messenia, in Peloponnesus. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 5.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 3.

Acroāthon, or Acrothoos, a town on the top of mount Athos, whose inhabitants lived to an uncommon old age. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 2.—Pliny, bk. 8, ch. 10.

Acroceraunium, a promontory of Epirus, with mountains called Acroceraunia, which project between the Ionian and Adriatic seas. The word comes from ἀκρος, high, and κεραυνος, thunder; because, on account of their great height, they were often struck with thunder. Lucretius, bk. 6, li. 420.—Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 1.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 506.—Strabo, bk. 6.—Horace, bk. 1, ode 3, li. 20.

Acrocorinthus, a lofty mountain on the isthmus of Corinth, taken by Aratus, B.C. 243. There is a temple of Venus on the top, and Corinth is built at the bottom. Strabo, bk. 8.—Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 4.—Plutarch, Aratus.—Statius, Thebiad, bk. 7, li. 106.

Acron, a king of Cenina, killed by Romulus in single combat, after the rape of the Sabines. His spoils were dedicated to Jupiter Feretrius. Plutarch, Romulus.――A physician of Agrigentum, B.C. 430, educated at Athens with Empedocles. He wrote physical treatises in the Doric dialect, and cured the Athenians of a plague by lighting a fire near the houses of the infected. Pliny, bk. 29, ch. 1.—Plutarch, De Iside et Osiride.――One of the friends of Æneas, killed by Mezentius. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 719.

Acropātos, one of Alexander’s officers, who obtained part of Media after the king’s death. Justin, bk. 13, ch. 4.

Acropŏlis, the citadel of Athens, built on a rock, and accessible only on one side. Minerva had a temple at the bottom. Pausanias, Atticus.

Acrotătus, son of Cleomenes king of Sparta, died before his father, leaving a son called Areus. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 13; bk. 3, ch. 6.――A son of Areus, who was greatly loved by Chelidonis wife of Cleonymus. This amour displeased her husband, who called Pyrrhus the Epirot to avenge his wrongs. When Sparta was besieged by Pyrrhus, Acrotatus was seen bravely fighting in the middle of the enemy, and commended by the multitude, who congratulated Chelidonis on being mistress to such a warlike lover. Plutarch, Pyrrhus.

Acrothoos. See: Acroathon.

Acta, or Acte, a country of Attica. This word signifies shore, and is applied to Attica, as being near the sea. It is derived by some writers from Actæus, a king, from whom the Athenians have been called Actæi. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 1, li. 312.—Virgil, Eclogues, poem 2, li. 23.

Acta, a place near mount Athos, on the Ægean sea. Thucydides, bk. 4, ch. 109.

Actæa, one of the Nereides. Hesiod, Theogony, li. 250.—Homer, Iliad, bk. 18, li. 41.――A surname of Ceres.――A daughter of Danaus. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 1.

Actæon, a famous huntsman, son of Aristæus and Autonoe daughter of Cadmus, whence he is called Autonoeius heros. He saw Diana and her attendant, bathing near Gargaphia, for which he was changed into a stag, and devoured by his own dogs. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 2.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 3, fable 3.――A beautiful youth, son of Melissus of Corinth, whom Archias, one of the Heraclidæ, endeavoured to debauch and carry away. He was killed in the struggle which in consequence of this happened between his father and ravisher. Melissus complained of the insult, and drowned himself; and soon after, the country being visited by a pestilence, Archias was expelled. Plutarch, Amatoriæ narrationes.

Actæus, a powerful person who made himself master of a part of Greece, which he called Attica. His daughter Agraulos married Cecrops, whom the Athenians called their first king, though Actæus reigned before him. Pausanias, bk. 1, chs. 2 & 14.――The word is of the same signification as Atticus, an inhabitant of Attica.

Acte, a mistress of Nero, descended from Attalus. Suetonius, Nero, ch. 28.――One of the Horæ. Hyginus, fable 183.

Actia, the mother of Augustus. As she slept in the temple of Apollo, she dreamt that a dragon had lain with her. Nine months after she brought forth, having previously dreamt that her bowels were scattered all over the world. Suetonius, Augustus, ch. 94.――Games sacred to Apollo, in commemoration of the victory of Augustus over Marcus Antony at Actium. They were celebrated every third, sometimes fifth, year, with great pomp, and the Lacedæmonians had the care of them. Plutarch, Antonius.—Strabo, bk. 7.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 280; bk. 8, li. 675.――A sister of Julius Cæsar. Plutarch, Cicero.

Actis, son of Sol, went from Greece into Egypt, where he taught astrology, and founded Heliopolis. Diodorus, bk. 5.

Actisănes, a king of Æthiopia who conquered Egypt, and expelled king Amasis. He was famous for his equity, and his severe punishment of robbers, whose noses he cut off, and whom he banished to a desert place, where they were in want of all aliment, and lived only upon crows. Diodorus, bk. 1.

Actium, now Azio, a town and promontory of Epirus, famous for the naval victory which Augustus obtained over Antony and Cleopatra, the 2nd of September, B.C. 31, in honour of which the conqueror built there the town of Nicopolis, and instituted games. See: Actia. Plutarch, Antonius.—Suetonius, Augustus.――A promontory of Corcyra. Cicero, Letters to Atticus, bk. 7, ltr. 2.

Actius, a surname of Apollo, from Actium, where he had a temple. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 8, li. 704.――A poet. See: Accius.――A prince of the Volsci. See: Accius.

Actius Navius, an augur, who cut a loadstone in two with a razor, before Tarquin and the Roman people, to convince them of his skill as an augur. Florus, bk. 1, ch. 5.—Livy, bk. 1, ch. 36.――Labeo. See: Labeo.

Actor, a companion of Hercules in his expedition against the Amazons.――The father of Menœtius by Ægina, whence Patroclus is called Actorides. Ovid, Tristia, bk. 1, poem 8.――A man called also Aruncus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 12, li. 93.――One of the friends of Æneas. Æneid, bk. 9, li. 500.――A son of Neptune by Agameda. Hyginus, fable 14.――A son of Deion and Diomede. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9.――The father of Eurytus, and brother of Augeas. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 7.――A son of Acastus, one of the Argonauts. Hyginus, fable 14.――The father of Astyoche. Homer, Iliad, bk. 2.—Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 37.――A king of Lemnos. Hyginus, fable 102.

Actorĭdes, a patronymic given to Patroclus grandson of Actor. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 13, fable 1.――Also to Erithus son of Actor. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 5, fable 3.――Two brothers so fond of each other, that in driving a chariot, one generally held the reins, and the other the whip; whence they are represented with two heads, four feet, and one body. Hercules conquered them. Pindar.

Actŏris, a maid of Ulysses. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 23.

Marcus Actorius Naso, a Roman historian. Suetonius, Julius, ch. 9.

Caius Aculeo, a Roman lawyer celebrated as much for the extent of his understanding, as for his knowledge of law. He was uncle to Cicero. Cicero, On Oratory, bk. 1, ch. 43.

Acūphis, an ambassador from India to Alexander. Plutarch, Alexander.

Acusilāus and Damagētus, two brothers of Rhodes, conquerors at the Olympic games. The Greeks strewed flowers upon Diagoras their father, and called him happy in having such worthy sons. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 7.

Acusilāus, an historian of Argos, often quoted by Josephus. He wrote on genealogies, in a style simple and destitute of all ornament. Cicero, On Oratory, bk. 2, ch. 29.—Suidas.――An Athenian who taught rhetoric at Rome under Galba.

M. Acutĭcus, an ancient comic writer whose plays were known under the names of Leones, Gemini, Anus, Bœotia, &c.

Ada, a sister of queen Artemisia, who married Hidricus. After her husband’s death, she succeeded to the throne of Caria; but being expelled by her younger brother, she retired to Alindæ, which she delivered to Alexander after adopting him as her son. Curtius, bk. 2, ch. 8.—Strabo, bk. 14.

Adad, a deity among the Assyrians, supposed to be the sun.

Adæus, a native of Mitylene, who wrote a Greek treatise on statuaries. Athenæus, bk. 13.

Adamantæa, Jupiter’s nurse in Crete, who suspended him in his cradle to a tree, that he might be found neither in the earth, the sea, nor in heaven. To drown the infant’s cries, she had drums beat and cymbals sounded around the tree. Hyginus, fable 139.

Adămas, a Trojan prince, killed by Merion. Homer, Iliad, bk. 13, li. 560.――A youth who raised a rebellion on being emasculated by Cotys king of Thrace. Aristotle, Politics, bk. 5, ch. 10.

Adamastus, a native of Ithaca, father of Achæmenides. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 614.

Adaspii, a people at the foot of mount Caucasus. Justin, bk. 12, ch. 5.

Addephagia, a goddess of the Sicilians. Ælian, bk. 1, Varia Historia, ch. 27.

Addua, now Adda, a river of Cisalpine Gaul, falling into the Po near Cremona. Pliny, bk. 2, ch. 103.

Adelphius, a friend of Marcus Antoninus, whom he accompanied in his expedition into Parthia, of which he wrote the history. Strabo, bk. 11.

Adēmon, raised a sedition in Mauritania to avenge his master Ptolemy, whom Caligula had put to death. Suetonius, Caligula, ch. 35.

Ades, or Hades, the god of hell among the Greeks, the same as the Pluto of the Latins. The word is derived from α and ειδειν [non videre], because hell is deprived of light. It is often used for hell itself by the ancient poets.

Adgandestrius, a prince of Gaul who sent to Rome for poison to destroy Arminius, and was answered by the senate, that the Romans fought their enemies openly, and never used perfidious measures. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 2, ch. 88.

Adherbal, son of Micipsa, and grandson of Masinissa, was besieged at Cirta, and put to death by Jugurtha, after vainly imploring the aid of Rome, B.C. 112. Sallust, Jugurthine War.

Adherbas, the husband of Dido. See: Sichæus.

Adiante, a daughter of Danaus. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 11.

Adiatōrix, a governor of Galatia, who, to gain Antony’s favour, slaughtered, in one night, all the inhabitants of the Roman colony of Heraclea, in Pontus. He was taken at Actium, led in triumph by Augustus, and strangled in prison. Strabo, bk. 12.

Adimantus, a commander of the Athenian fleet, taken by the Spartans. All the men of the fleet were put to death, except Adimantus, because he had opposed the designs of his countrymen, who intended to mutilate all the Spartans. Xenophon, Hellenica. Pausanias says, bk. 4, ch. 17; bk. 10, ch. 9, that the Spartans had bribed him.――A brother of Plato. Laërtius, bk. 3.――A Corinthian general who reproached Themistocles with his exile.――A king struck with thunder for saying that Jupiter deserved no sacrifices. Ovid, Ibis, li. 337.

Admēta, a daughter of Eurystheus, was priestess of Juno’s temple at Argos. She expressed a wish to possess the girdle of the queen of the Amazons, and Hercules obtained it for her. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 23.――One of the Oceanides. Hesiod, Theogony, li. 349.

Admētus, son of Pheres and Clymene, king of Pheræ in Thessaly, married Theone daughter of Thestor, and, after her death, Alceste daughter of Pelias. Apollo when banished from heaven, is said to have tended his flocks for nine years, and to have obtained from the Parcæ, that Admetus should never die, if another person laid down his life for him; a proof of unbounded affection, which his wife Alceste cheerfully exhibited by devoting herself voluntarily to death. Admetus was one of the Argonauts, and was at the hunt of the Calydonian boar. Pelias promised his daughter in marriage only to him who could bring him a chariot drawn by a lion and a wild boar; and Admetus effected this by the aid of Apollo, and obtained Alceste’s hand. Some say that Hercules brought him back Alceste from hell. Seneca, Medeâ.—Hyginus, fables 50, 51, & 243.—Ovid, Amores, bk. 3.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, chs. 8 & 9, &c.—Tibullus, bk. 2, poem 3.—Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 17.――A king of the Molossi, to whom Themistocles fled for protection. Cornelius Nepos, Themistocles, ch. 8.――An officer of Alexander, killed at the siege of Tyre. Diodorus, bk. 17.

Adōnia, festivals in honour of Adonis, first celebrated at Byblos in Phœnicia. They lasted two days, the first of which was spent in howlings and lamentations, the second in joyful clamours, as if Adonis was returned to life. In some towns of Greece and Egypt they lasted eight days; the one half of which was spent in lamentations, and the other in rejoicings. Only women were admitted, and such as did not appear were compelled to prostitute themselves for one day; and the money obtained by this shameful custom was devoted to the service of Adonis. The time of the celebration was supposed to be very unlucky. The fleet of Nicias sailed from Athens to Sicily on that day, whence many unfortunate omens were drawn. Plutarch, Nicias.—Ammianus, bk. 22, ch. 9.

Adōnis, son of Cinyras by his daughter Myrrha [See: Myrrha], was the favourite of Venus. He was fond of hunting, and was often cautioned by his mistress not to hunt wild beasts, for fear of being killed in the attempt. This advice he slighted, and at last received a mortal bite from a wild boar which he had wounded, and Venus, after shedding many tears at his death, changed him into a flower called anemone. Proserpine is said to have restored him to life, on condition that he should spend six months with her, and the rest of the year with Venus. This implies the alternate return of summer and winter. Adonis is often taken for Osiris, because the festivals of both were generally begun with mournful lamentations, and finished with a revival of joy as if they were returning to life again. Adonis had temples raised to his memory, and is said by some to have been beloved by Apollo and Bacchus. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 14.—Propertius, bk. 2, poem 13, li. 53.—Virgil, Eclogues, poem 10, li. 18.—Bion, Adonis.—Hyginus, fables 58, 164, 248, &c.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 10, fable 10.—Musæus, Hero & Leander.—Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 20; bk. 9, ch. 41.――A river of Phœnicia, which falls into the Mediterranean, below Byblus.

Adramyttium, an Athenian colony on the sea coast of Mysia, near the Caycus. Strabo, bk. 13.—Thucydides, bk. 5, ch. 1.

Adrāna, a river in Germany. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 1, ch. 56.

Adrānum, a town of Sicily, near Ætna, with a river of the same name. The chief deity of the place was called Adranus, and his temple was guarded by 1000 dogs. Plutarch, Timoleon.

Adrasta, one of the Oceanides who nursed Jupiter. Hyginus, fable 182.

Adrastia, a fountain of Sicyon. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 15.――A mountain. Plutarch, Lucullus.――A country near Troy called after Adrastus, who built there a temple to Nemesis. Here Apollo had an oracle. Strabo, bk. 13.――A daughter of Jupiter and Necessity. She is called by some Nemesis, and is the punisher of injustice. The Egyptians placed her above the moon, whence she looked down upon the actions of men. Strabo, bk. 13.――A daughter of Melisseus, to whom some attribute the nursing of Jupiter. She is the same as Adrasta. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 1.

Adrastii Campi, a plain near the Granicus, where Alexander first defeated Darius. Justin, bk. 11, ch. 6.

Adrastus, son of Talaus and Lysimache, was king of Argos. Polynices, being banished from Thebes by his brother Eteocles, fled to Argos, where he married Argia daughter of Adrastus. The king assisted his son-in-law, and marched against Thebes with an army headed by seven of his most famous generals. All perished in the war except Adrastus, who, with a few men saved from slaughter, fled to Athens, and implored the aid of Theseus against the Thebans, who opposed the burying of the Argives slain in battle. Theseus went to his assistance, and was victorious. Adrastus, after a long reign, died through grief, occasioned by the death of his son Ægialeus. A temple was raised to his memory at Sicyon, where a solemn festival was annually celebrated. Homer, Iliad, bk. 5.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 480.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 3, ch. 7.—Statius, Thebiad, bks. 4 & 5.—Hyginus, fables 68, 69, & 70.—Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 39; bk. 8, ch. 25; bk. 10; ch. 90.—Herodotus, bk. 5, ch. 67, &c.――A peripatetic philosopher, disciple to Aristotle. It is supposed that a copy of his treatise on harmonics is preserved in the Vatican.――A Phrygian prince, who having inadvertently killed his brother, fled to Crœsus, where he was humanely received, and entrusted with the care of his son Atys. In hunting a wild boar, Adrastus slew the young prince, and in his despair, killed himself on his grave. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 35, &c.――A Lydian, who assisted the Greeks against the Persians. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 5.――A soothsayer in the Trojan war, son of Merops. Homer, Iliad, bks. 2 & 6.—The father of Eurydice, who married Ilus the Trojan. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 12.――A king of Sicyon, who reigned four years, B.C. 1215.――A son of Hercules. Hyginus, fable 242.

Adria, Adriānum, or Adriatĭcum mare, a sea lying between Illyricum and Italy, now called the gulf of Venice, first made known to the Greeks by the discoveries of the Phocæans. Herodotus, bk. 1.—Horace, bk. 1, ode 33; bk. 3, odes 3 & 9.—Catullus, poems 4, 6.

Adrianopŏlis, a town of Thrace on the Hebrus.――Another in Ætolia,――in Pisidia,――and Bithynia.

Adriānus, or Hadrianus, the 15th emperor of Rome. He is represented as an active, learned, warlike, and austere general. He came to Britain, where he built a wall between the modern towns of Carlisle and Newcastle, 80 miles long, to protect the Britons from the incursions of the Caledonians. He killed in battle 500,000 Jews who had rebelled, and built a city on the ruins of Jerusalem, which he called Ælia. His memory was so retentive, that he remembered every incident of his life, and knew all the soldiers of his army by name. He was the first emperor who wore a long beard, and this he did to hide the warts on his face. His successors followed his example, not through necessity but for ornament. Adrian went always bare-headed, and in long marches generally travelled on foot. In the beginning of his reign, he followed the virtues of his adopted father and predecessor Trajan; he remitted all arrears due to his treasury for 16 years, and publicly burnt the account-books, that his word might not be suspected. His peace with the Parthians proceeded from a wish of punishing the other enemies of Rome, more than from the effects of fear. The travels of Adrian were not for the display of imperial pride, but to see whether justice was distributed impartially: and public favour was courted by a condescending behaviour, and the meaner familiarity of bathing with the common people. It is said that he wished to enrol Christ among the gods of Rome; but his apparent lenity towards the Christians was disproved, by the erection of a statue to Jupiter on the spot where Jesus rose from the dead, and one to Venus on mount Calvary. The weight of diseases became intolerable. Adrian attempted to destroy himself; and when prevented, he exclaimed, that the lives of others were in his hands, but not his own. He wrote an account of his life, and published it under the name of one of his domestics. He died of a dysentery at Baiæ, July 10, A.D. 138, in the 72nd year of his age, after a reign of 21 years. Dio Cassius.――An officer of Lucullus. Plutarch, Lucullus.――A rhetorician of Tyre in the age of Marcus Antoninus, who wrote seven books of metamorphoses, besides other treatises now lost.

Adrimētum, a town of Africa, on the Mediterranean, built by the Phœnicians. Sallust, Jugurthine War.

Aduataca, a town of Belgic Gaul, now Tongres, on the Maese.

Adŭla, a mountain among the Rhætian Alps, near which the Rhine takes its rise, now St. Gothard.

Adulis, a town of Upper Egypt.

Adyrmachīdæ, a maritime people of Africa, near Egypt. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 168.

Æa, a huntress changed into an island of the same name by the gods, to rescue her from the pursuit of her lover, the river Phasis. It had a town called Æa, which was the capital of Colchis. Flaccus, bk. 5, li. 420.――A town of Thessaly,――of Africa.――A fountain of Macedonia near Amydon.

Æacēa, games at Ægina, in honour of Æacus.

Æacĭdas, a king of Epirus, son of Neoptolemus and brother to Olympias. He was expelled by his subjects for his continual wars with Macedonia. He left a son, Pyrrhus, only two years old, whom Chaucus king of Illyricum educated. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 11.

Æacĭdes, a patronymic of the descendants of Æacus, such as Achilles, Peleus, Telamon, Pyrrhus, &c. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 103, &c.

Æăcus, son of Jupiter by Ægina daughter of Asopus, was king of the island of Œnopia, which he called by his mother’s name. A pestilence having destroyed all his subjects, he entreated Jupiter to repeople his kingdom; and according to his desire, all the ants which were in an old oak were changed into men, and called by Æacus myrmidons, from μυρμηξ, an ant. Æăcus married Endeis, by whom he had Telamon and Peleus. He afterwards had Phocus by Psamathe, one of the Nereids. He was a man of such integrity that the ancients have made him one of the judges of hell, with Minos and Rhadamanthus. Horace, bk. 2, ode 13; bk. 4, ode 8.—Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 44; bk. 2, ch. 29.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 7, fable 25; bk. 13, li. 25.—Propertius, bk. 4, poem 12.—Plutarch, de Consolatio ad Apollonium.—Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 12.—Diodorus, bk. 4.

Ææ, Æa, or Ææa, an island of Colchis, in the Phasis. See: Æa. Apollonius, bk. 3.

Ææa, a name given to Circe, because born at Ææ. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 386.

Æantēum, a city of Troas, where Ajax was buried. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 30. ――An island near the Thracian Chersonesus. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12.

Æantĭdes, a tyrant of Lampsacus, intimate with Darius. He married a daughter of Hippias tyrant of Athens. Thucydides, bk. 6, ch. 59.――One of the seven poets called Pleiades.

Æantis, an Athenian tribe. Plutarch, Convivium Septem Sapientium, ch. 2.

Æas, a river of Epirus falling into the Ionian sea. In the fable of Io, Ovid describes it as falling into the Peneus, and meeting other rivers at Tempe. This some have supposed to be a geographical mistake of the poet. Lucan, bk. 6, li. 361.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 1, li. 580.

Æātus, son of Philip, and brother of Polyclea, was descended from Hercules. An oracle having said that whoever of the two touched the land after crossing the Achelous, should obtain the kingdom, Polyclea pretended to be lame, and prevailed upon her brother to carry her across on his shoulders. When they came near the opposite side, Polyclea leaped ashore from her brother’s back, exclaiming that the kingdom was her own. Æatus joined her in her exclamation, and afterwards married her, and reigned conjointly with her. Their son Thessalus gave his name to Thessaly. Polyænus, bk. 8.

Æchmacŏras, a son of Hercules by Phyllone daughter of Alcimedon. When the father heard that his daughter had had a child, he exposed her and the infant in the woods to wild beasts, where Hercules, conducted by the noise of a magpie which imitated the cries of a child, found and delivered them. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 12.

Æchmis, succeeded his father Polymnestor on the throne of Arcadia, in the reign of Theopompus of Sparta. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 5.

Ædepsum, a town of Eubœa. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12.—Strabo, bk. 10.

Ædessa, or Edessa, a town near Pella. Caranus king of Macedonia took it by following goats that sought shelter from the rain, and called it from that circumstance (αἰγας, capras) Ægeas. It was the burying place of the Macedonian kings; and an oracle had said, that as long as the kings were buried there, so long would their kingdom subsist. Alexander was buried in a different place; and on that account some authors have said that the kingdom became extinct. Justin, bk. 7, ch. 1.

Ædicŭla Ridiculi, a temple raised to the god of mirth, from the following circumstance: after the battle of Cannæ, Hannibal marched to Rome, whence he was driven back by the inclemency of the weather; which caused so much joy in Rome, that the Romans raised a temple to the god of mirth. This deity was worshipped at Sparta. Plutarch, Lycurgus, Agis, & Cleomenes. Pausanias also mentions a θεος γελωτος.

Ædīles, Roman magistrates, that had the care of all buildings, baths, and aqueducts, and examined the weights and measures, that nothing might be sold without its due value. There were three different sorts: the Ædiles Plebeii, or Minores; the Majores Ædiles, and the Ædiles Cereales. The plebeian ediles were two, first created with the tribunes; they presided over the more minute affairs of the state, good order, and the reparation of the streets. They procured all the provisions of the city, and executed the decrees of the people. The Majores and Cereales had greater privileges, though they at first shared in the labour of the plebeian ediles; they appeared with more pomp, and were allowed to sit publicly in ivory chairs. The office of an edile was honourable, and was always the primary step to greater dignities in the republic. The ediles were chosen from the plebeians for 127 years, till A.U.C. 338. Varro, De Lingua Latina, bk. 4, ch. 14.—Cicero, De Legibus, bk. 3.

Ædipsus, a town in Eubœa, now Dipso, abounding in hot baths.

Valerius Ædituus, a Roman poet before the age of Cicero, successful in amorous poetry and epigrams.

Ædon, daughter of Pandarus, married Zethus brother to Amphion, by whom she had a son called Itylus. She was so jealous of her sister Niobe, because she had more children than herself, that she resolved to murder the elder, who was educated with Itylus. She by mistake killed her own son, and was changed into a goldfinch as she attempted to kill herself. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 19, li. 518.

Ædui, or Hedui, a powerful nation of Celtic Gaul, known for their valour in the wars of Cæsar. When their country was invaded by this celebrated general, they were at the head of a faction in opposition to the Sequani and their partisans, and they had established their superiority in frequent battles. To support their cause, however, the Sequani obtained the assistance of Ariovistus king of Germany, and soon defeated their opponents. The arrival of Cæsar changed the face of affairs; the Ædui were restored to the sovereignty of the country, and the artful Roman, by employing one faction against the other, was enabled to conquer them all, though the insurrection of Ambiorix, and that more powerfully supported by Vercingetorix, shook for a while the dominion of Rome in Gaul, and checked the career of the conqueror. Cæsar, Gallic War.

Æēta, or Æētes, king of Colchis, son of Sol and Perseis daughter of Oceanus, was father of Medea, Absyrtus, and Chalciope, by Idya, one of the Oceanides. He killed Phryxus son of Athamas, who had fled to his court on a golden ram. This murder he committed to obtain the fleece of the golden ram. The Argonauts came against Colchis, and recovered the golden fleece by means of Medea, though it was guarded by bulls that breathed fire, and by a venomous dragon. Their expedition has been celebrated by all the ancient poets. See: Jason, Medea, and Phryxus. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 7, fable 1, &c.—Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 3.—Justin, bk. 42, ch. 2.—Flaccus & Orpheus, Argonautica.

Æetias, a patronymic given to Medea, as daughter of Æetes. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 7, li. 9.

Æga, an island of the Ægean sea, between Tenedos and Chios.

Ægēas, a town whose inhabitants are called Ægeates. See: Ædessa.

Ægæ, a city of Macedonia, the same as Ædessa. Some writers make them different, but Justin proves this to be erroneous, bk. 7, ch. 1.—Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 10.――A town of Eubœa, whence Neptune is called Ægæus. Strabo, bk. 9.

Ægææ, a town and seaport of Cilicia. Lucan, bk. 3, li. 227.

Ægæon, one of Lycaon’s 50 sons. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 8.――The son of Cœlus, or of Pontus and Terra, the same as Briareus. See: Briareus. It is supposed that he was a notorious pirate, chiefly residing at Æga, whence his name; and that the fable about his 100 hands arises from his having 100 men to manage his oars in his piratical excursions. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 565.—Hesiod, Theogony, li. 149.—Homer, Iliad, bk. 10, li. 404.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 2, li. 10.

Ægæum mare, now Archipelago, part of the Mediterranean, dividing Greece from Asia Minor. It is full of islands, some of which are called Cyclades, others Sporades, &c. The word Ægæum is derived by some from Ægæ, a town of Eubœa; or from the number of islands which it contains, that appear above the sea, as αἰγες, goats; or from the promontory Æga, or from Ægea, a queen of the Amazons; or from Ægeus, who is supposed to have drowned himself there. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 11.—Strabo, bk. 7.

Ægæus, a surname of Neptune, from Ægæ in Eubœa. Strabo, bk. 9.――A river of Corcyra.――A plain in Phocis.

Ægaleos, or Ægaleum, a mountain of Attica opposite Salamis, on which Xerxes sat during the engagement of his fleet with the Grecian ships in the adjacent sea. Herodotus, bk. 8, ch. 90.—Thucydides, bk. 2, ch. 19.

Ægan [Greek αἰγαν or αἰγαων], the Ægean sea. Statius, Thebiad, bk. 5, li. 56.

Ægas, a place of Eubœa.――Another near Daunia in Italy. Polybius, bk. 3.

Ægātes, a promontory of Æolia.――Three islands opposite Carthage, called Aræ by Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, near which the Romans under Catulus, in the first Punic war, defeated the Carthaginian fleet under Hanno, 242 B.C. Livy, bk. 21, chs. 10 & 41; bk. 22, ch. 54.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.—Silius Italicus, bk. 1, li. 61.

Ægēleon, a town of Macedonia taken by king Attalus. Livy, bk. 31, ch. 46.

Ægēria. See: Egeria.

Ægesta, the daughter of Hippotes, and mother of Ægestus, called Acestes. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 554.――An ancient town of Sicily near mount Eryx, destroyed by Agathocles. It was sometimes called Segesta and Acesta. Diodorus, bk. 10.

Ægeus, king of Athens, son of Pandion, being desirous of having children, went to consult the oracle, and in his return, stopped at the court of Pittheus king of Trœzene, who gave him his daughter Æthra in marriage. He left her pregnant, and told her, that if she had a son, to send him to Athens as soon as he could lift a stone under which he had concealed his sword. By this sword he was to be known to Ægeus, who did not wish to make any public discovery of a son, for fear of his nephews, the Pallantides, who expected his crown. Æthra became mother of Theseus, whom she accordingly sent to Athens with his father’s sword. At the time, Ægeus lived with Medea the divorced wife of Jason. When Theseus came to Athens, Medea attempted to poison him; but he escaped, and upon showing Ægeus the sword he wore, discovered himself to be his son. When Theseus returned from Crete after the death of the Minotaur, he forgot, agreeably to the engagement made with his father, to hoist up white sails as a signal of his success: and Ægeus, at the sight of black sails, concluding that his son was dead, threw himself from a high rock into the sea; which, from him, as some suppose, has been called the Ægean. Ægeus reigned 48 years, and died B.C. 1235. He is supposed to have first introduced into Greece the worship of Venus Urania, to render the goddess propitious to his wishes in having a son. See: Theseus, Minotaurus, and Medea. Apollodorus, bk. 1, chs. 8, 9; bk. 3, ch. 15.—Pausanias, bk. 1, chs. 5, 22, 38; bk. 4, ch. 2.—Plutarch, Theseus.—Hyginus, fables 37, 43, 79, & 173.

Ægiăle, one of Phaeton’s sisters changed into poplars, and their tears into amber. They are called Heliades.――A daughter of Adrastus, by Amphitea daughter of Pronax. She married Diomedes, in whose absence, during the Trojan war, she prostituted herself to her servants, and chiefly to Cometes, whom the king had left master of his house. At his return, Diomedes, being told of his wife’s wantonness, went to settle in Daunia. Some say that Venus implanted those vicious and lustful propensities in Ægiale, to revenge herself on Diomedes, who had wounded her in the Trojan war. Ovid, Ibis, li. 350.—Homer, Iliad, bk. 5, li. 412.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9.—Statius, bk. 3, Sylvæ, poem 5, li. 48.

Ægiălea, an island near Peloponnesus, in the Cretan sea.――Another in the Ionian sea, near the Echinades. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12.—Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 107.――The ancient name of Peloponnesus. Strabo, bk. 12.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.

Ægialeus, son of Adrastus by Amphitea or Demoanassa, was one of the Epigoni, i.e. one of the sons of those generals who were killed in the first Theban war. They went against the Thebans, who had refused to give burial to their fathers, and were victorious. They all returned home safe, except Ægialeus, who was killed. That expedition is called the war of the Epigoni. Pausanias, bk. 1, chs. 43, 44; bk. 2, ch. 20; bk. 9, ch. 5.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 3, ch. 7.――The same as Absyrtus brother to Medea. Justin, bk. 42, ch. 3.—Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 3.—Diodorus, bk. 4.

Ægiălus, son of Phoroneus, was entrusted with the kingdom of Achaia by king Apis going to Egypt. Peloponnesus was called Ægialea from him.――A man who founded the kingdom of Sicyon, 2091 before the christian era, and reigned 52 years.

Ægialus, a name given to part of Peloponnesus. See: Achaia. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 1; bk. 7, ch. 1.――An inconsiderable town of Pontus.――A city of Asia Minor.――A city of Thrace near the river Strymon.――A mountain of Galatia.――Another in Æthiopia.

Ægīdes, a patronymic of Theseus. Homer, Iliad, bk. 1, li. 265.

Ægĭla, a place in Laconia, where Aristomenes was taken prisoner by a crowd of religious women whom he had attacked. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 17.

Ægilia, an island between Crete and Peloponnesus.――A place in Eubœa. Herodotus, bk. 6, ch. 101.

Ægimius, an old man who lived, according to Anacreon, 200 years. Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 48.――A king of Doris, whom Hercules assisted to conquer the Lapithæ. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 7.

Ægimōrus, or Ægimūrus, an island near Libya, supposed by some to be the same which Virgil mentions under the name of Aræ. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 7.

Ægīna, daughter of Asopus, had Æacus by Jupiter changed into a flame of fire. She afterwards married Actor son of Myrmidon, by whom she had some children, who conspired against their father. Some say that she was changed by Jupiter into the island which bears her name. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12.—Strabo, bk. 8.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 3, ch. 12.—Pausanias, bk. 2, chs. 5 & 29.――An island formerly called Œnopia, and now Engia, in a part of the Ægean sea, called Saronicus Sinus, about 22 miles in circumference. The inhabitants were once destroyed by a pestilence, and the country was repeopled by ants changed into men by Jupiter, at the prayer of king Æacus. They were once a very powerful nation by sea, but they cowardly gave themselves up to Darius when he demanded submission from all the Greeks. The Athenians under Pericles made war against them; and after taking 70 of their ships in a naval battle, they expelled them from Ægina. The fugitives settled in Peloponnesus, and after the ruin of Athens by Lysander, they returned to their country, but never after rose to their former power or consequence. Herodotus, bks. 5, 6, & 7.—Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 29; bk. 8, ch. 44.—Strabo, bk. 8.—Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 12, ch. 10.

Æginēta Paulus, a physician born in Ægina. He flourished in the 3rd, or, according to others, the 7th century, and first deserved to be called man-midwife. He wrote De Re Medicâ, in seven books.

Ægīnētes, a king of Arcadia, in whose age Lycurgus instituted his famous laws. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 5.

Ægiŏchus, a surname of Jupiter, from his being brought up by the goat Amalthæa, and using her skin instead of a shield, in the war of the Titans. Diodorus, bk. 5.

Ægĭpan, a name of Pan, because he had goat’s feet.

Ægīra, a town between Ætolia and Peloponnesus.――A town of Achaia. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 26.—Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 145.

Ægiroessa, a town of Ætolia. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 149.

Ægis, the shield of Jupiter, ἀπο της αἰγος, a goat’s skin. This was the goat Amalthæa, with whose skin he covered his shield. The goat was placed among the constellations. Jupiter gave this shield to Pallas, who placed upon it Medusa’s head, which turned into stones all those who fixed their eyes upon it. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 8, lis. 352 & 435.

Ægisthus, king of Argos, was son of Thyestes by his daughter Pelopea. Thyestes being at variance with his brother Atreus, was told by the oracle that his wrongs could be revenged only by a son born of himself and his daughter. To avoid such an incest, Pelopea had been consecrated to the service of Minerva by her father, who some time after met her in a wood, and ravished her, without knowing who she was. Pelopea kept the sword of her ravisher, and finding it to be her father’s, exposed the child she had brought forth. The child was preserved, and when grown up presented with the sword of his mother’s ravisher. Pelopea soon after this melancholy adventure had married her uncle Atreus, who received into his house her natural son. As Thyestes had debauched the first wife of Atreus, Atreus sent Ægisthus to put him to death; but Thyestes, knowing the assassin’s sword, discovered that he was his own son, and fully to revenge his wrongs, sent him back to murder Atreus. After this murder Thyestes ascended the throne, and banished Agamemnon and Menelaus, the sons, or as others say, the grandsons of Atreus. These children fled to Polyphidus of Sicyon; but as he dreaded the power of their persecutors, he permitted the protection of them to Œneus king of Ætolia. By their marriage with the daughters of Tyndarus king of Sparta, they were empowered to recover the kingdom of Argos, to which Agamemnon succeeded, while Menelaus reigned in his father-in-law’s place. Ægisthus had been reconciled to the sons of Atreus; and when they went to the Trojan war, he was left guardian of Agamemnon’s kingdom, and of his wife Clytemnestra. Ægisthus fell in love with Clytemnestra, and lived with her. On Agamemnon’s return, these two adulterers murdered him, and, by a public marriage, strengthened themselves on the throne of Argos. Orestes, Agamemnon’s son, would have shared his father’s fate, had not his sister Electra privately sent him to his uncle Strophius king of Phocis, where he contracted the most intimate friendship with his cousin Pylades. Some time after, Orestes came to Mycenæ the residence of Ægisthus, and resolved to punish the murderers of his father, in conjunction with Electra, who lived in disguise in the tyrant’s family. To effect this more effectually, Electra publicly declared that her brother Orestes was dead; upon which Ægisthus and Clytemnestra went to the temple of Apollo to return thanks to the god for his death. Orestes, who had secretly concealed himself in the temple, attacked them, and put them both to death, after a reign of seven years. They were buried without the city walls. See: Agamemnon, Thyestes, Orestes, Clytemnestra, Pylades, and Electra. Ovid, de Remedia Amoris, li. 161; Tristia, bk. 2, li. 396.—Hyginus, fables 87 & 88.—Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 12, ch. 42.—Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 16, &c.—Sophocles, Electra.—Aeschylus & Seneca, Agamemnon.—Homer, Odyssey, bks. 3 & 11.—Lactantius [Placidus] on [Statius’] Thebaid, bk. 1, li. 684.――Pompey used to call Julius Cæsar, Ægisthus, on account of his adultery with his wife Mutia, whom he repudiated after she had borne him three children. Suetonius, Julius Cæsar, ch. 50.

Ægĭtum, a town of Æolia, on a mountain eight miles from the sea. Thucydides. Bk. 3, ch. 97.

Ægium, a town on the Corinthian isthmus, where Jupiter was said to have been fed by a goat, whence the name. Strabo, bk. 8.—Livy, bk. 28, ch. 7.

Ægle, the youngest daughter of Æsculapius and Lampetie.――A nymph, daughter of Sol and Neæra. Virgil, Eclogues, poem 6, li. 20.――A nymph, daughter of Panopeus, beloved by Theseus after he had left Ariadne. Plutarch, Theseus.――One of the Hesperides.――One of the Graces.――A prostitute. Martial, bk. 1, ltr. 95.

Ægles, a Samian wrestler, born dumb. Seeing some unlawful measures pursued in a contest, he broke the string which held his tongue, through the desire of speaking, and ever after spoke with ease. Valerius Maximus, bk. 1, ch. 8.

Æglētes, a surname of Apollo.

Æglŏge, a nurse of Nero. Suetonius, Nero, ch. 50.

Ægobolus, a surname of Bacchus at Potnia, in Bœotia.

Ægocĕros, or Capricornus, an animal into which Pan transformed himself when flying before Typhon in the war with the giants. Jupiter made him a constellation. Lucretius, bk. 1, li. 613.

Ægon, a shepherd. Virgil, Eclogues.—Theocritus, Idylls.――A promontory of Lemnos.――A name of the Ægean sea. Flaccus, bk. 1, li. 628.――A boxer of Zacynthus, who dragged a large bull by the heel from a mountain into the city. Theocritus, Idylls, poem 4.

Ægospotămos, i.e. the goat’s river, a town in the Thracian Chersonesus, with a river of the same name, where the Athenian fleet, consisting of 180 ships, was defeated by Lysander, on the 13th Dec., B.C. 405, in the last year of the Peloponnesian war. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 2.—Pliny, bk. 2, ch. 58.—Pausanias, bk. 3, chs. 8 & 11.

Ægosāgæ, an Asiatic nation under Attalus, with whom he conquered Asia, and to whom he gave a settlement near the Hellespont. Polybius, bk. 5.

Ægus and Roscillus, two brothers amongst the Allobroges, who deserted from Cæsar to Pompey. Cæsar, Civil War, bk. 3, ch. 59.

Ægūsa, the middle island of the Ægates, near Sicily.

Ægy, a town near Sparta, destroyed because its inhabitants were suspected by the Spartans of favouring the Arcadians. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 2.

Ægypānes, a nation in the middle of Africa, whose body is human above the waist, and that of a goat below. Mela, bk. 1, chs. 4 & 8.

Ægypsus, a town of the Getæ, near the Danube. Ovid, ex Ponto, bk. 1, ltr. 8; bk. 4, ltr. 7.

Ægypta, a freedman of Cicero. Letters to Atticus, bk. 8.

Ægyptii, the inhabitants of Egypt. See: Ægyptus.

Ægyptium mare, that part of the Mediterranean sea which is on the coast of Egypt.

Ægyptus, son of Belus, and brother to Danaus, gave his 50 sons in marriage to the 50 daughters of his brother. Danaus, who had established himself at Argos, and was jealous of his brother, who, by following him from Egypt into Greece, seemed envious of his prosperity, obliged all his daughters to murder their husbands the first night of their nuptials. This was executed; but Hypermnestra alone spared her husband Lynceus. Even Ægyptus was killed by his niece Polyxena. See: Danaus, Danaides, Lynceus. Ægyptus was king, after his father, of a part of Africa, which from him has been called Ægyptus. Hyginus, fables 168, 170.—Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 1.—Ovid, Heroides, poem 14.—Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 21.――An extensive country of Africa, watered by the Nile, bounded on the east by Arabia, and on the west by Libya. Its name is derived from Ægyptus brother to Danaus. Its extent, according to modern calculation, is 180 leagues from north to south, and it measures 120 leagues on the shore of the Mediterranean; but at the distance of 50 leagues from the sea, it diminishes so much as scarce to measure seven or eight leagues between the mountains on the east and west. It is divided into lower, which lies near the Mediterranean, and upper, which is towards the south. Upper Egypt was famous for the town of Thebes, but Lower Egypt was the most peopled, and contained the Delta, a number of large islands, which, from their form, have been called after the fourth letter of the Greek alphabet. This country has been the mother of arts and sciences. The greatest part of Lower Egypt has been formed by the mud and sand carried down by the Nile. The Egyptians reckoned themselves the most ancient nation in the universe [See: Psammetichus], but some authors make them of Æthiopian origin. They were remarkable for their superstition; they paid as much honour to the cat, the crocodile, the bull, and even to onions, as to Isis. Rain never or seldom falls in this country; the fertility of the soil originates in the yearly inundations of the Nile, which rises about 25 feet above the surface of the earth, and exhibits a large plain of waters, in which are scattered here and there the towns and villages, as the Cyclades in the Ægean sea. The air is not wholesome, but the population is great, and the cattle very prolific. It is said that Egypt once contained 20,000 cities, the most remarkable of which were Thebes, Memphis, Alexandria, Pelusium, Coptos, Arsinoe, &c. It was governed by kings who have immortalized themselves by the pyramids they have raised and the canals they have opened. The priests traced the existence of the country for many thousand years, and fondly imagined that the gods were their first sovereigns, and that their monarchy had lasted 11,340 years according to Herodotus. According to the calculation of Constantine Manasses, the kingdom of Egypt lasted 1663 years from its beginning under Misraim the son of Ham, 2188 B.C., to the conquest of Cambyses, 525 B.C. Egypt revolted afterwards from the Persian power, B.C. 414, and Amyrtæus then became king. After him succeeded Psammetichus, whose reign began 408 B.C.: Nephereus, 396: Acoris, 389: Psammuthis, 376: Nepherites, 4 months, and Nectanebis, 375: Tachos, or Teos, 363: Nectanebus, 361. It was conquered by Ochus, 350 B.C.; and after the conquest of Persia by Alexander, Ptolemy refounded the kingdom, and began to reign 323 B.C.: Philadelphus, 284: Evergetes, 246: Philopater, 221: Epiphanes, 204: Philomater, 180 and 169, conjointly with Evergetes II. or Physcon, for six years: Evergetes II. 145: Lathurus Soter, and his mother Cleopatra, 116: Alexander of Cyprus, and Cleopatra, 106: Lathurus Soter restored, 88: Cleopatra II. six months, with Alexander II. 19 days, 81: Ptolemy, surnamed Alexander III. 80: Dionysius, surnamed Auletes, 65: Dionysius II. with Cleopatra III. 51: Cleopatra III. with young Ptolemy, 46, and in 30 B.C. it was reduced by Augustus into a Roman province. The history of Egypt, therefore, can be divided into three epochas: the first beginning with the foundation of the empire, to the conquest of Cambyses; the second ends at the death of Alexander; and the third comprehends the reign of the Ptolemies, and ends at the death of Cleopatra, in the age of Augustus.—Justin, bk. 1.—Hirtius, Alexandrine War, ch. 24.—Macrobius, Somnium Scipionis, bk. 1, chs. 19 & 21.—Herodian, bk. 4, ch. 9.—Strabo, bk. 17.—Herodotus, bks. 2, 3, & 7.—Theocritus, Idylls, poem 17, li. 79.—Polybius, bk. 15.—Diodorus, bk. 1.—Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 1; bk. 14, ch. 7.—Marcellinus, bk. 22, ch. 40.—Justin, bk. 1.—Cornelius Nepos, Pausanias, bk. 3; Iphicrates; Datames, ch. 3.—Curtius, bk. 4, ch. 1.—Juvenal, satire 15, li. 175.—Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 14.—Plutarch, de Facie in Orbe Lunæ; de Iside et Osiride; Ptolemy, Alexander.—Mela, bk. 1, ch. 9.—Apollodorus, bk. 2, chs. 1 & 5.――A minister of Mausolus king of Caria. Polyænus, bk. 6.――The ancient name of the Nile. Homer, Odyssey, ♦bk. 14, li. 258.—Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 40.

♦ ‘ξ’ replaced with ‘bk. 14’

Ægys. See: Ægy.

Ægysthus. See: Ægisthus.

Ælia, the wife of Sylla. Plutarch, Sulla.――The name of some towns built or repaired by the emperor Adrian.

Ælia lex, enacted by Ælius Tubero the tribune, A.U.C. 559, to send two colonies into the country of the Brutii. Livy, bk. 34, ch. 53.――Another A.U.C. 568, ordaining that, in public affairs, the augurs should observe the appearance of the sky, and the magistrates be empowered to postpone the business.――Another called Ælia Sexta, by Ælius Sextus, A.U.C. 756, which enacted, that all slaves who bore any marks of punishment received from their masters, or who had been imprisoned, should be set at liberty, but not rank as Roman citizens.

Ælia Petina, of the family of Tubero, married Claudius Cæsar, by whom she had a son. The emperor divorced her to marry Messalina. Suetonius, Claudius, ch. 26.

Æliānus Claudus, a Roman sophist of Præneste, in the reign of Adrian. He first taught rhetoric at Rome; but being disgusted with his profession, he became author, and published treatises on animals in 17 books, on various history in 14 books, &c., in Greek, a language which he preferred to Latin. In his writings he shows himself very fond of the marvellous, and relates many stories which are often devoid of elegance and purity of style; though Philostratus has commended his language as superior to what could be expected from a person who was neither born nor educated in Greece. Ælian died in the 60th year of his age, A.D. 140. The best editions of his works collected together are that of Conrad Gesner, folio, printed Tigurii, 1556, though now seldom to be met with, and that of Kuenius, 2 vols., 8vo, Lipscomb, 1780. Some attribute the treatise on the tactics of the Greeks to another Ælian.

Ælius and Ælia, a family in Rome, so poor that 16 lived in a small house, and were maintained by the produce of a little field. Their poverty continued till Paulus conquered Perseus king of Macedonia, and gave his son-in-law Æl. Tubero five pounds of gold from the booty. Valerius Maximus, bk. 4, ch. 4.

Ælius Adriānus, an African, grandfather to the emperor Adrian.――Gallus, a Roman knight, the first who invaded Arabia Felix. He was very intimate with Strabo the geographer, and sailed on the Nile with him to take a view of the country. Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 28.――Publius, one of the first questors chosen from the plebeians at Rome. Livy, bk. 4, ch. 54.――Quintus Ælius Pætus, son of Sextus or Publius. As he sat in the senate house, a woodpecker perched on his head; upon which a soothsayer exclaimed, that if he preserved the bird, his house would flourish, and Rome decay; and if he killed it, the contrary must happen. Hearing this, Ælius, in the presence of the senate, bit off the head of the bird. All the youths of his family were killed at Cannæ, and the Roman arms were soon attended with success. Valerius Maximus, bk. 5, ch. 6.――Saturninus, a satirist, thrown down from the Tarpeian rock for writing verses against Tiberius.――Sejānus. See: Sejanus.――Sextus Catus, censor with Marcus Cethegus. He separated the senators from the people in the public spectacles. During his consulship, the ambassadors of the Ætolians found him feasting in earthen dishes, and offered him silver vessels, which he refused, satisfied with the earthen cups, &c., which, for his virtues, he had received from his father-in-law, Lucius Paulus, after the conquest of Macedonia. Pliny, bk. 33, ch. 11.—Cicero, On Oratory, bk. 1.――Spartiānus, wrote the lives of the emperors Adrian, Antoninus Pius, and Marcus Aurelius. He flourished A.D. 240.――Tubero, grandson of Lucius Paulus, was austere in his morals, and a formidable enemy to the Gracchi. His grandson was accused before Cæsar, and ably defended by Cicero. Cicero, Letters to Brutus.――Verus Cæsar, the name of Lucius Ceionius Commodus Verus, after Adrian had adopted him. He was made pretor and consul by the emperor, who was soon convinced of his incapacity in the discharge of public duty. He killed himself by drinking an antidote; and Antoninus, surnamed Pius, was adopted in his place. Ælius was father to Antoninus Verus, whom Pius adopted.――A physician mentioned by Galen.――Lucius Gallus, a lawyer, who wrote 12 books concerning the signification of all law words.――Sextus Pætus, a lawyer, consul at Rome, A.U.C. 566. He is greatly commended by Cicero for his learning, and called cordatus homo by Ennius for his knowledge of law. Cicero, On Oratory, bk. 1, ch. 48; Brutus, ch. 20.――Stilo, a native of Lanuvium, master to Marcus Terentius Varro, and author of some treatises.――Lamia. Lamia.

Aello, one of the Harpies (from ἑλουσα ἀλλο, alienum tollens, or ἀελλα, tempestas). Flaccus, bk. 4, li. 450.—Hesiod, Theogony, li. 267.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 13, li. 710.――See: One of Actæon’s dogs. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 3, li. 220.

Ælurus (a cat), a deity worshipped by the Egyptians; and after death embalmed and buried in the city of Bubastis. Herodotus, bk. 2, ch. 66, &c.—Diodorus, bk. 1.—Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 1.—Aulus Gellius, bk. 20, ch. 7.—Plutarch, Pyrrhus.

Æmathion and Æmathia. See: Emathion.

Æmilia lex, was enacted by the dictator Æmilius, A.U.C. 309. It ordained that the censorship, which was before quinquennial, should be limited to one year and a half. Livy, bk. 9, ch. 33.――Another in the second consulship of Æmilius Mamercus, A.U.C. 391. It gave power to the eldest pretor to drive a nail in the capitol on the ides of September. Livy, bk. 7, ch. 3.—The driving of a nail was a superstitious ceremony, by which the Romans supposed that a pestilence could be stopped, or an impending calamity averted.

Æmiliānus C. Julius, a native of Mauritania, proclaimed emperor after the death of Decius. He marched against Gallus and Valerian, but was informed that they had been murdered by their own troops. He soon after shared their fate.――One of the thirty tyrants who rebelled in the reign of Gallienus.

Æmilius. See: Æmylius.

Æmnestus, tyrant of Enna, was deposed by Dionysius the elder. Diodorus, bk. 14.

Æmon. See: Hæmon.

Æmŏna, a large city of Asia. Cicero, for Flaccus.

Æmŏnia, a country of Greece which received its name from Æmon, or Æmus, and was afterwards called Thessaly. Achilles is called Æmonius, as being born there. Ovid, Tristia, bk. 3, poem 11; bk. 4, poem 1.—Horace, bk. 1, ode 37. It was also called Pyrrha, from Pyrrha, Deucalion’s wife, who reigned there.――The word has been indiscriminately applied to all Greece by some writers. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 7.

Æmŏnĭdes, a priest of Apollo in Italy, killed by Æneas. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 537.

Æmus, an actor in Domitian’s reign. Juvenal, satire 6, li. 197.

Æmylia, a noble family in Rome, descended from Mamercus son of Pythagoras, who, for his humanity, was called Αἱμυλος, blandus.――A vestal who rekindled the fire of Vesta, which was extinguished, by putting her veil over it. Valerius Maximus, bk. 1, ch. 1.—Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 2.――The wife of Africanus the elder, famous for her behaviour to her husband, when suspected of infidelity. Valerius Maximus, bk. 6, ch. 7.――Lepĭda, daughter of Lepidus, married Drusus the younger, whom she disgraced by her wantonness. She killed herself when accused of adultery with a slave. Tacitus, bk. 6, ch. 40.――A part of Italy, called also Flaminia. Martial, bk. 6, ltr. 85.――A public road leading from Placentia to Ariminum; called after the consul Æmylius, who is supposed to have made it. Martial, bk. 3, ltr. 4.

Æmyliānus, a name of Africanus the younger, son of Publius Æmylius. In him the families of the Scipios and Æmylii were united. Many of that family bore the same name. Juvenal, satire 8, li. 2.

Æmylii, a noble family in Rome, descended from Æmylius the son of Ascanius. Plutarch says, that they are descended from Mamercus the son of Pythagoras, surnamed Æmylius from the sweetness of his voice, in Numa & Aemilius Paulus.—The family was distinguished in the various branches of the Lepidi, Mamerci, Mamercini, Barbulæ, Pauli, and Scauri.

Æmylius, a beautiful youth of Sybaris, whose wife met with the same fate as Procris. See: Procris.――Censorinus, a cruel tyrant of Sicily, who liberally rewarded those who invented new ways of torturing. Paterculus gave him a brazen horse for this purpose, and the tyrant made the first experiment upon the donor. Plutarch, de Fortuna Romanorum.――Lepidus, a youth who had a statue in the capitol, for saving the life of a citizen in a battle. Valerius Maximus, bk. 4, ch. 1.――A triumvir with Octavius. See: Lepidus.――Macer, a poet of Verona in the Augustan age. He wrote some poems upon serpents, birds, and, as some suppose, on bees. See: Macer.――Marcus Scaurus, a Roman who flourished about 100 B.C., and wrote three books concerning his own life. Cicero, Brutus.――A poet in the age of Tiberius, who wrote a tragedy called Atheus, and destroyed himself.――Sura, another writer on the Roman year.――Mamercus, three times dictator, conquered the Fidenates, and took their city. He limited to one year and a half the censorship which before his time was exercised during five years. Livy, bk. 4, chs. 17, 19, &c.――Papiniānus, son of Hostilius Papiniānus, was in favour with the emperor Severus, and was made governor to his sons Geta and Caracalla. Geta was killed by his brother, and Papiniānus, for upbraiding him, was murdered by his soldiers. From his school the Romans have had many able lawyers, who were called Papiniānists.――Pappus, a censor, who banished from the senate Publius Cornelius Ruffinus, who had been twice consul, because he had at his table 10 pounds of silver plate, A.U.C. 478. Livy, bk. 14.――Porcina, an elegant orator. Cicero, Brutus.――Rectus, a severe governor of Egypt under Tiberius. Dio Cassius.――Regillus, conquered the general of Antiochus at sea, and obtained a naval triumph. Livy, bk. 37, ch. 31.――Scaurus, a noble but poor citizen of Rome. His father, to maintain himself, was a coal-merchant. He was edile, and afterwards pretor, and fought against Jugurtha. His son Marcus was son-in-law to Sylla, and in his edileship he built a very magnificent theatre. Pliny, bk. 36, ch. 15.――A bridge at Rome, called also Sublicius. Juvenal, satire 6, li. 22.

Ænăria, an island in the bay of Puteoli, abounding with cypress trees. It received its name from Æneas, who is supposed to have landed there on his way to Latium. It is called Pithecusa by the Greeks, and now Ischia, and was famous once for its mineral waters. Livy, bk. 8, ch. 22.—Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 6; bk. 31, ch. 2.—Statius, bk. 3, Sylvæ, poem 5, li. 104.

Ænarium, a forest near Olenos in Achaia, sacred to Jupiter.

Ænasius, one of the Ephori at Sparta. Thucydides, bk. 9, ch. 2.

Ænēa, or Æneia, a town of Macedonia, 15 miles from Thessalonica, founded by Æneas. Livy, bk. 40, ch. 4; bk. 44, ch. 10.

Æneădes, a town of Chersonesus, built by Æneas. Cassander destroyed it, and carried the inhabitants to Thessalonica, lately built. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 1.

Ænĕădæ, a name given to the friends and companions of Æneas by Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 161.

Ænēas, a Trojan prince, son of Anchises and the goddess Venus. The opinions of authors concerning his character are different. His infancy was intrusted to the care of a nymph, and at the age of five he was recalled to Troy. He afterwards improved himself in Thessaly under Chiron, a venerable sage whose house was frequented by the young princes and heroes of the age. Soon after his return home he married Creusa, Priam’s daughter by whom he had a son called Ascanius. During the Trojan war he behaved with great valour, in defence of his country, and came to an engagement with Diomedes and Achilles. Yet Strabo, Dictys of Crete, Dionysius of Halicarnassus, and Dares of Phrygia accuse him of betraying his country to the Greeks, with Antenor, and of preserving his life and fortune by this treacherous measure. He lived at variance with Priam, because he received not sufficient marks of distinction from the king and his family, as Homer, Iliad, bk. 13, says. This might have provoked him to seek revenge by perfidy. Authors of credit report, that when Troy was in flames, he carried away upon his shoulders his father Anchises, and the statues of his household gods, leading in his hand his son Ascanius, and leaving his wife to follow behind. Some say that he retired to mount Ida, where he built a fleet of 20 ships, and set sail in quest of a settlement. Strabo and others maintain that Æneas never left his country, but rebuilt Troy, where he reigned, and his posterity after him. Even Homer, who lived 400 years after the Trojan war, says, Iliad, bk. 20, li. 30, &c., that the gods destined Æneas and his posterity to reign over the Trojans. This passage Dionysius of Halicarnassus explained, by saying that Homer meant the Trojans who had gone over to Italy with Æneas, and not the actual inhabitants of Troy. According to Virgil and other Latin authors, who, to make their court to the Roman emperors, traced their origin up to Æneas, and described his arrival into Italy as indubitable, he with his fleet first came to the Thracian Chersonesus, where Polymnestor, one of his allies, reigned. After visiting Delos, the Strophades, and Crete, where he expected to find the empire promised him by the oracle, as in the place where his progenitors were born, he landed in Epirus, and Drepanum, the court of king Acestes, in Sicily, where he buried his father. From Sicily he sailed for Italy, but was driven on the coasts of Africa and kindly received by Dido queen of Carthage, to whom, on his first interview he gave one of the garments of the beautiful Helen. Dido, being enamoured of him, wished to marry him; but he left Carthage by order of the gods. In his voyage he was driven to Sicily, and from thence he passed to Cumæ, where the Sibyl conducted him to hell, that he might hear from his father the fates which attended him and all his posterity. After a voyage of seven years, and the loss of 13 ships, he came to the Tyber. Latinus, the king of the country, received him with hospitality, and promised him his daughter Lavinia, who had been before betrothed to king Turnus by her mother Amata. To prevent this marriage, Turnus made war against Æneas: and after many battles, the war was decided by a combat between the two rivals, in which Turnus was killed. Æneas married Lavinia, in whose honour he built the town of Lavinium, and succeeded his father-in-law. After a short reign Æneas was killed in a battle against the Etrurians. Some say that he was drowned in the Numicus, and his body weighed down by his armour; upon which the Latins, not finding their king, supposed that he had been taken up to heaven, and therefore offered him sacrifices as to a god. Dionysius of Halicarnassus fixes the arrival of Æneas in Italy in the 54th olympiad. Some authors suppose that Æneas after the siege of Troy, fell to the share of Neoptolemus, together with Andromache, and that he was carried to Thessaly, whence he escaped to Italy. Others say that, after he had come to Italy, he returned to Troy, leaving Ascanius king in Latium. Æneas has been praised for his piety, and submission to the will of the gods. Homer, Iliad, bks. 13 & 20; Hymn to Aphrodite.—Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 12.—Diodorus, bk. 3.—Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 33; bk. 3, ch. 22; bk. 10, ch. 25.—Plutarch, Romulus & Coriolanus; Quæstiones Romanæ.—Valerius Maximus, bk. 1, ch. 8.—Florus, bk. 1, ch. 1.—Justin, bk. 20, ch. 1; bk. 31, ch. 8; bk. 43, ch. 1.—Dictys Cretensis, bk. 5.—Dares Phrygius, ch. 6.—Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 1, ch. 11.—Strabo, bk. 13.—Livy, bk. 1, ch. 1.—Virgil, Æneid.—Aurelius Victor.—Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 8, ch. 22.—Propertius, bk. 4, poem 1, li. 42.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 14, fable 3, &c.; Tristia, bk. 4, li. 798.――A son of Æneas and Lavinia, called Sylvius, because his mother retired with him into the woods after his father’s death. He succeeded Ascanius in Latium, though opposed by Julius the son of his predecessor. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 770.—Livy, bk. 1, ch. 3.――An ambassador sent by the Lacedæmonians to Athens, to treat of peace, in the 8th year of the Peloponnesian war.――An ancient author who wrote on tactics, besides other treatises, which, according to Ælian, were epitomized by Cineas the friend of Pyrrhus.――A native of Gaza, who, from a Platonic philosopher, became a Christian, A.D. 485, and wrote a dialogue called Theophrastus, on the immortality of the soul and the resurrection.

Ænēia, or Ænia, a place near Rome, afterwards called Janiculum.――A city of Troas. Strabo, bk. 17.――A city of Macedonia. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 1.

Æneides, a patronymic given to Ascanius, as son of Æneas. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 653.

Ænēis, a poem of Virgil, which has for its subject the settlement of Æneas in Italy. The great merit of this poem is well known. The author has imitated Homer, and, as some say, Homer is superior to him only because he is more ancient, and is an original. Virgil died before he had corrected it, and at his death desired it might be burnt. This was happily disobeyed, and Augustus saved from the flames a poem which proved his family to be descended from the kings of Troy. The Æneid had engaged the attention of the poet for 11 years, and in the first six books it seems that it was Virgil’s design to imitate Homer’s Odyssey, and in the last the Iliad. The action of the poem comprehends eight years, one of which only, the last, is really taken up by action, as the seven first are merely episodes, such as Juno’s attempts to destroy the Trojans, the loves of Æneas and Dido, the relation of the fall of Troy, &c. In the first book of the Æneid, the hero is introduced, in the seventh year of his expedition, sailing in the Mediterranean, and shipwrecked on the African coast, where he is received by Dido. In the second, Æneas, at the desire of the Phœnician queen, relates the fall of Troy, and his flight through the general conflagration to mount Ida. In the third, the hero continues his narration, by a minute account of the voyage through the Cyclades, the places where he landed, and the dreadful storm with the description of which the poem opened. Dido, in the fourth book, makes public her partiality to Æneas, which is slighted by the sailing of the Trojans from Carthage, and the book closes with the suicide of the disappointed queen. In the fifth book, Æneas sails to Sicily, where he celebrates the anniversary of his father’s death, and thence pursues his voyage to Italy. In the sixth, he visits the Elysian fields, and learns from his father the fate which attends him and his descendants, the Romans. In the seventh book, the hero reaches the destined land of Latium, and concludes a treaty with the king of the country, which is soon broken by the interference of Juno, who stimulates Turnus to war. The auxiliaries of the enemy are enumerated; and in the eighth book, Æneas is assisted by Evander, and receives from Venus a shield wrought by Vulcan, on which are represented the future glory and triumphs of the Roman nation. The reader is pleased, in the ninth book, with the account of battles between the rival armies, and the immortal friendship of Nisus and Euryalus. Jupiter, in the tenth, attempts a reconciliation between Venus and Juno, who patronized the opposite parties; the fight is renewed, Pallas killed, and Turnus saved from the avenging hand of Æneas, by the interposition of Juno. The eleventh book gives an account of the funeral of Pallas, and of the meditated reconciliation between Æneas and Latinus, which the sudden appearance of the enemy defeats. Camilla is slain, and the combatants separated by the night. In the last book, Juno prevents the single combat agreed upon by Turnus and Æneas. The Trojans are defeated in the absence of their king; but on the return of Æneas, the battle assumes a different turn, a single combat is fought by the rival leaders, and the poem is concluded by the death of king Turnus. Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 30, &c.

Ænesidēmus, a brave general of Argos. Livy, bk. 32, ch. 25.――A Cretan philosopher, who wrote eight books on the doctrine of his master Pyrrho. Diogenes Laërtius, Pyrrhonists.

Ænēsius, a surname of Jupiter from mount Ænum.

Ænētus, a victor at Olympia, who, in the moment of victory, died through excess of joy. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 18.

Ænia. See: Æneia.

Ænicus, a comic writer at Athens.

Æniŏchi, a people of Asiatic Sarmatia. Lucan, bk. 2, li. 591.

Ænobarbus, or Ahenobarbus, the surname of Domitius. When Castor and Pollux acquainted him with a victory, he discredited them; upon which they touched his chin and beard, which instantly became of a brazen colour, whence the surname given to himself and his descendants.

Ænŏcles, a writer of Rhodes. Athenæus.

Ænos, now Eno, an independent city of Thrace, at the eastern mouth of the Hebrus, confounded with Æneia, of which Æneas was the founder. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 2.

Ænum, a town of Thrace――of Thessaly.――A mountain in Cephallenia. Strabo, bk. 7.――A river and village near Ossa.――A city of Crete, built by Æneas.

Ænȳra, a town of Thasos. Herodotus, bk. 6, ch. 47.

Æŏlia, a name given to Arne. Sappho is called Æolia puella, and lyric poetry Æolium carmen, because of Alcæus and Sappho, natives of Lesbos in Æolia. Horace, bk. 4, ode 3, li. 12, and ode 9, li. 12.

Æŏlia, or Æolis, a country of Asia Minor, near the Ægean sea. It has Troas at the north, and Ionia at the south. The inhabitants were of Grecian origin, and were masters of many of the neighbouring islands. They had 12, others say 30, considerable cities, of which Cumæ and Lesbos were the most famous. They received their name from Æolus son of Hellenus. They migrated from Greece about 1124 B.C., 80 years before the migration of the Ionian tribes. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 26, &c.—Strabo, bks. 1, 2, & 6.—Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 30.—Mela, bk. 1, chs. 2 & 18.――Thessaly has been anciently called Æolia. Bœotus son of Neptune, having settled there, called his followers Bœotians, and their country Bœotia.

Æoliæ and Æolĭdes, seven islands between Sicily and Italy, called Lipara, Hiera, Strongyle, Didyme, Ericusa, Phœnicusa, and Euonymos. They were the retreat of the winds; and Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 56, calls them Æolia, and the kingdom of Æolus the god of storms and winds. They sometimes bear the name of Vulcaniæ and Hephæstides, and are known now among the moderns under the general appellation of Lipari islands. Lucan, bk. 5, li. 609.—Justin, bk. 4, ch. 1.

Æolĭda, a city of Tenedos.――Another near Thermopylæ. Herodotus, bk. 8, ch. 35.

Æolĭdes, a patronymic of Ulysses, from Æolus; because Anticlea, his mother, was pregnant by Sisyphus the son of Æolus, when she married Laertes. It is also given to Athamas and Misenus, as sons of Æolus. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 4, li. 511; bk. 13, li. 31.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, lis. 164 & 529.

Æŏlus, the king of storms and winds, was the son of Hippotas. He reigned over Æolia; and because he was the inventor of sails, and a great astronomer, the poets have called him the god of the wind. It is said that he confined in a bag, and gave Ulysses all the winds that could blow against his vessel, when he returned to Ithaca. The companions of Ulysses untied the bag, and gave the winds their liberty. Æolus was indebted to Juno for his royal dignity, according to Virgil. The name seems to be derived from αἰολος, varius, because the winds, over which he presided, are ever varying.――There were two others, a king of Etruria, father to Macareus and Canace, and a son of Hellenus, often confounded with the god of the winds. This last married Enaretta, by whom he had seven sons and five daughters. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 7.—Homer, Odyssey, bk. 10, li. 1.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 11, li. 478; bk. 14, li. 224.—Apollonius, bk. 4, Argonautica.—Flaccus, bk. 1, li. 556.—Diodorus, bks. 4 & 5.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 56, &c.

Æōra, a festival at Athens, in honour of Erigone.

Æpālius, a king of Greece, restored to his kingdom by Hercules, whose son Hyllus he adopted. Strabo, bk. 9.

Æpēa, a town of Crete, called Solis, in honour of Solon. Plutarch, Solon.

Æpŭlo, a general of the Istrians, who drank to excess, after he had stormed the camp of Acidinus Manlius the Roman general. Being attacked by a soldier, he fled to a neighbouring town, which the Romans took, and killed himself for fear of being taken. Florus, bk. 2, ch. 10.

Æpy, a town of Elis, under the dominion of Nestor. Statius, bk. 4, Thebiad, li. 180.

Æpy̆tus, king of Mycenæ, son of Chresphontes and Merope, was educated in Arcadia with Cypselus his mother’s father. To recover his kingdom, he killed Polyphontes, who had married his mother against her will, and usurped the crown. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 6.—Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 8.――A king of Arcadia, son of Elatus.――A son of Hippothous, who forcibly entered the temple of Neptune, near Mantinea, and was struck blind by the sudden eruption of salt water from the altar. He was killed by a serpent in hunting. Pausanias, bk. 8, chs. 4 & 5.

Æqui, or Æquicŏli, a people of Latium, near Tibur. They were great enemies to Rome in its infant state, and were conquered with much difficulty. Florus, bk. 1, ch. 11.—Livy, bk. 1, ch. 32; bk. 2, ch. 30; bk. 3, ch. 2, &c.—Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 4.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 747; bk. 9, li. 684.—Ovid, Fasti, bk. 3, li. 93.—Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 2, ch. 19.

Æquimelium, a place in Rome where the house of Melius stood, who aspired to sovereign power, for which crime his habitation was levelled to the ground. Livy, bk. 4, ch. 16.

Ærias, an ancient king of Cyprus, who built the temple of Paphos. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 2, ch. 3.

Ærŏpe, wife of Atreus, committed adultery with Thyestes her brother-in-law, and had by him twins, who were placed as food before Atreus. Ovid, Tristia, bk. 2, li. 391.――A daughter of Cepheus, ravished by Mars. She died in child-bed: her child was preserved, and called Æropus. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 44.

Ærŏpus, a general of Epirus in the reign of Pyrrhus.――A person appointed regent to Orestes the infant son of Archelaus king of Macedonia.――An officer of king Philip, banished for bringing a singer into his camp. Polyænus, bk. 4, ch. 2.――A mountain of Chaonia. Livy, bk. 31, ch. 5.

Æsăcus, a river of Troy, near Ida.――A son of Priam by Alexirhoo: or according to others by Arisba. He became enamoured of Hesperia, whom he pursued into the woods. The nymph threw herself into the sea, and was changed into a bird. Æsacus followed her example, and was changed into a cormorant by Tethys. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 11, fable 11.

Æsāpus, a river of Mysia in Asia, falling into the Hellespont. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 32.

Æsar, or Æsāras, a river of Magna Græcia, falling into the sea near Crotona. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 15, li. 28.

Æschĭnes, an Athenian orator, who flourished about 342 B.C., and distinguished himself by his rivalship with Demosthenes. His father’s name was Atrometus, and he boasted of his descent from a noble family, though Demosthenes reproached him as being the son of a courtesan. The first open signs of enmity between the rival orators appeared at the court of Philip, where they were sent as ambassadors; but the character of Æschines was tarnished by the acceptance of a bribe from the Macedonian prince, whose tyranny had hitherto been the general subject of his declamation. When the Athenians wished to reward the patriotic labours of Demosthenes with a golden crown, Æschines impeached Ctesiphon, who proposed it; and to their subsequent dispute we are indebted for the two celebrated orations de coronâ. Æschines was defeated by his rival’s superior eloquence, and banished to Rhodes; but as he retired from Athens, Demosthenes ran after him, and nobly forced him to accept a present of silver. In his banishment, the orator repeated to the Rhodians what he had delivered against Demosthenes; and after receiving much applause, he was desired to read the answer of his antagonist. It was received with greater marks of approbation; but, exclaimed Æschines, how much more would your admiration have been raised, had you heard Demosthenes himself speak it! Æschines died in the 75th year of his age, at Rhodes, or, as some suppose, at Samos. He wrote three orations, and nine epistles, which, from their number, received the name, the first of the graces, and the last of the muses. The orations alone are extant, generally found collected with those of Lysias. An oration which bears the name of Deliaca lex, is said not to be his production, but that of Æschines, another orator of that age. Cicero, On Oratory, bk. 1, ch. 24; bk. 2, ch. 53; Brutus, ch. 17.—Plutarch, Demosthenes.—Diogenes Laërtius, bks. 2 & 3.—Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 30. Diogenes Laërtius mentions seven more of the same name.――A philosopher, disciple of Socrates, who wrote several dialogues, some of which bore the following titles: Aspasia, Phædon, Alcibiades, Draco, Erycia, Polyænus, Telauges, &c. The dialogue entitled Axiochus, and ascribed to Plato, is supposed to be his composition. The best editions are that of Leovard, 1718, with the notes of Horræus, in 8vo, and that of Fischer, 8vo, Lipscomb, 1766.――A man who wrote on oratory.――An Arcadian.――A Mitylenean.――A disciple of Melanthius.――A Milesian writer.――A statuary.

Æschrion, a Mitylenean poet, intimate with Aristotle. He accompanied Alexander in his Asiatic expedition.――An Iambic poet of Samos. Athenæus.――A physician commended by Galen. A treatise of his own husbandry has been quoted by Pliny.――A lieutenant of Archagathus, killed by Hanno. Diodorus, bk. 20.

Æschylīdes, a man who wrote a book on agriculture. Ælian, Nature of Animals, bk. 15.

Æschy̆lus, an excellent soldier and poet of Athens, son of Euphorion, and brother to Cynægirus. He was in the Athenian army at the battles of Marathon, Salamis, and Platæa. But the most solid fame he has obtained, is the offspring less of his valour in the field of battle than of his writings. Of 90 tragedies, however, the fruit of his ingenious labours, 40 of which were rewarded with the public prize, only seven have come safe to us: Prometheus vinctus, Septem duces apud Thebas, Persæ, Agamemnon, Chœphori, Eumenides, Supplices. Æschylus is the first who introduced two actors on the stage, and clothed them with dresses suitable to their character. He likewise removed murder from the stage. It is said that, when he composed, his countenance betrayed the greatest ferocity; and according to one of his scholiasts, when his Eumenides were represented, many children died through fear, and several pregnant women actually miscarried in the house, at the sight of the horrible masks that were introduced. The imagination of the poet was strong and comprehensive, but disorderly and wild: fruitful in prodigies, but disdaining probabilities. His style is obscure, and the labours of an excellent modern critic have pronounced him the most difficult of all the Greek classics. A few expressions of impious tendency in one of his plays, nearly proved fatal to Æschylus; he was condemned to death, but his brother Amynias, it is reported, reversed his sentence, by uncovering an arm, of which the hand had been cut off at the battle of Salamis in the service of his country, and the poet was pardoned. Æschylus has been accused of drinking to excess, and of never composing except when in a state of intoxication. In his old age he retired to the court of Hiero in Sicily. Being informed that he was to die by the fall of a house, he became dissatisfied with the fickleness of his countrymen, and withdrew from the city into the fields, where he sat down. An eagle, with a tortoise in her bill, flew over his bald head, and supposing it to be a stone, dropped her prey upon it to break the shell, and Æschylus instantly died of the blow, in the 69th year of his age, 456 B.C. It is said that he wrote an account of the battle of Marathon, in elegiac verses. The best editions of his works are that of Stanley, folio, London, 1663, that of Glasgow, 2 vols. in 12mo, 1746, and that of Schutz, 2 vols., 8vo, Halæ, 1782.—Horace, Art of Poetry, li. 278.—Quintilian, bk. 10, ch. 1.—Pliny, bk. 10, ch. 3.—Valerius Maximus, bk. 9, ch. 12.――The 12th perpetual archon of Athens.――A Corinthian, brother-in-law to Timophanes, intimate with Timoleon. Plutarch, Timoleon.――A Rhodian set over Egypt with Peucestes of Macedonia. Curtius, bk. 4, ch. 8.――A native of Cnidus, teacher of rhetoric to Cicero. Cicero, Brutus.

Æsculāpius, son of Apollo by Coronis, or as some say, by Larissa daughter of Phlegias, was god of medicine. After his union with Coronis, Apollo set a crow to watch her, and was soon informed that she admitted the caresses of Ischys of Æmonia. The god, in a fit of anger, destroyed Coronis with lightning, but saved the infant from her womb, and gave him to be educated to Chiron, who taught him the art of medicine. Some authors say, that Coronis left her father to avoid the discovery of her pregnancy, and that she exposed her child near Epidaurus. A goat of the flocks of Aresthanas gave him her milk, and the dog which kept the flock stood by him to shelter him from injury. He was found by the master of the flock, who went in search of his stray goat, and saw his head surrounded with resplendent rays of light. Æsculapius was physician to the Argonauts, and considered so skilled in the medicinal power of plants, that he was called the inventor as well as the god of medicine. He restored many to life, of which Pluto complained to Jupiter, who struck Æsculapius with thunder, but Apollo, angry at the death of his son, killed the Cyclops who made the thunderbolts. Æsculapius received divine honours after death, chiefly at Epidaurus, Pergamus, Athens, Smyrna, &c. Goats, bulls, lambs, and pigs were sacrificed on his altars, and the cock and the serpent were sacred to him. Rome, A.U.C. 462, was delivered of a plague, and built a temple to the god of medicine, who, as was supposed, had come there in the form of a serpent, and hid himself among the reeds in an island of the Tyber. Æsculapius was represented with a large beard, holding in his hand a staff, round which was wreathed a serpent: his other hand was supported on the head of a serpent. Serpents are more particularly sacred to him, not only as the ancient physicians used them in their prescriptions; but because they were the symbols of prudence and foresight, so necessary in the medical profession. He married Epione, by whom he had two sons, famous for their skill in medicine, Machaon and Podalirus; and four daughters, of whom Hygiea, goddess of health, is the most celebrated. Some have supposed that he lived a short time after the Trojan war. Hesiod makes no mention of him. Homer, Iliad, bk. 4, li. 193; Hymn to Æsculapius.—Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 10.—Apollonius, bk. 4, Argonautica.—Hyginus, fable 49.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 2, fable 8.—Pausanias, bk. 2, chs. 11 & 27; bk. 7, ch. 23, &c.—Diodorus, bk. 4.—Pindar, Pythian, poem 3.—Lucian, Dialogi de Saltatione.—Valerius Maximus, bk. 1, ch. 8.—Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 3, ch. 22, says there were three of this name; the first, a son of Apollo, worshipped in Arcadia; second, a brother of Mercury; third, a man who first taught medicine.

Æsēpus, a son of Bucolion. Homer, Iliad, bk. 6, li. 21.――A river. See: Æsapus.

Æsernia, a city of the Samnites, in Italy. Livy, bk. 27, ch. 12.—Silius Italicus, bk. 8, li. 567.

Æsīon, an Athenian, known for his respect for the talents of Demosthenes. Plutarch, Demosthenes.

Æsis, a river of Italy, which separates Umbria from Picenum.

Æson, son of Cretheus, was born at the same birth as Pelias. He succeeded his father in the kingdom of Iolchos, but was soon exiled by his brother. He married Alcimeda, by whom he had Jason, whose education he entrusted to Chiron, being afraid of Pelias. When Jason was grown up, he demanded his father’s kingdom from his uncle, who gave him evasive answers, and persuaded him to go in quest of the golden fleece. See: Jason. At his return, Jason found his father very infirm; and Medea [See: Medea], at his request, drew the blood from Æson’s veins, and refilled them with the juice of certain herbs which she had gathered, and immediately the old man recovered the vigour and bloom of youth. Some say that Æson killed himself by drinking bull’s blood, to avoid the persecution of Pelias. Diodorus, bk. 4.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 7, li. 285.—Hyginus, fable 12.――A river of Thessaly, with a town of the same name.

Æsŏnĭdes, a patronymic of Jason, as being descended from Æson.

Æsōpus, a Phrygian philosopher, who, though originally a slave, procured his liberty by the sallies of his genius. He travelled over the greatest part of Greece and Egypt, but chiefly resided at the court of Crœsus king of Lydia, by whom he was sent to consult the oracle of Delphi. In this commission Æsop behaved with great severity, and satirically compared the Delphians to floating sticks, which appear large at a distance, but are nothing when brought near. The Delphians, offended with his sarcastic remarks, accused him of having secreted one of the sacred vessels of Apollo’s temple, and threw him down from a rock, 561 B.C. Maximus Planudes has written his life in Greek; but no credit is to be given to the biographer, who falsely asserts that the mythologist was short and deformed. Æsop dedicated his fables to his patron Crœsus; but what appears now under his name, is no doubt a compilation of all the fables and apologues of wits before and after the age of Æsop, conjointly with his own. Plutarch, Solon.—Phædras, bk. 1, fable 2; bk. 2, fable 9.――Claudus, an actor on the Roman stage, very intimate with Cicero. He amassed an immense fortune. His son, to be more expensive, melted precious stones to drink at his entertainments. Horace, bk. 2, satire 3, li. 239.—Valerius Maximus, bk. 8, ch. 10; bk. 9, ch. 1.—Pliny, bk. 9, ch. 35; bk. 10, ch. 51.――An orator. Diogenes Laërtius.――An historian in the time of Anaximenes. Plutarch, Solon.――A river of Pontus. Strabo, bk. 12.――An attendant of Mithridates, who wrote a treatise on Helen, and a panegyric on his royal master.

Æstria, an island in the Adriatic. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.

Æsŭla, a town on a mountain between Tibur and Præneste. Horace, bk. 3, ode 29.

Æsyetes, a man from whose tomb Polites spied what the Greeks did in their ships during the Trojan war. Homer, Iliad, bk. 2, li. 793.

Æsymnētes, a surname of Bacchus. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 21.

Æsymnus, a person of Megara, who consulted Apollo to know the best method of governing his country. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 43.

Æthalia, or Ætheria, now Elba, an island between Etruria and Corsica. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 6; bk. 6, ch. 30.

Æthalĭdes, a herald, son of Mercury, to whom it was granted to be amongst the dead and the living at stated times. Apollonius, Argonautica, bk. 1, li. 641.

Æthion, a man slain at the nuptials of Andromeda. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 5, li. 146.

Æthiŏpia, an extensive country of Africa, at the south of Egypt, divided into east and west by the ancients, the former division lying near Meroe, and the latter near the Mauri. The country, properly now called Abyssinia, as well as the inhabitants, were little known to the ancients, though Homer has styled them the justest of men and the favourites of the gods. Diodorus, bk. 4, says, that the Æthiopians were the first inhabitants of the earth. They were the first who worshipped the gods, for which, as some suppose, their country has never been invaded by a foreign enemy. The inhabitants are of a dark complexion. The country is inundated for five months every year, and their days and nights are almost of an equal length. The ancients have given the name of Æthiopia to every country whose inhabitants are of a black colour. Lucan, bk. 3, li. 253; bk. 9, li. 651.—Juvenal, satire 2, li. 23.—Virgil, [Eclogues], poem 6, li. 68.—Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 29.—Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 33.—Homer, Odyssey, bk. 1, li. 22; Iliad, bk. 1, li. 423.

Æthlius, son of Jupiter by Protogenia, was father of Endymion. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 7.

Æthon, a horse of the sun. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 2, fable 1.――A horse of Pallas, represented as shedding tears at the death of his master, by Virgil, Æneid, bk. 11, li. 89.――A horse of Hector. Homer, Iliad, bk. 8, li. 185.

Æthra, daughter of Pittheus king of Trœzene, had Theseus by Ægeus. See: Ægeus. She was carried away by Castor and Pollux, when they recovered their sister Helen, whom Theseus had stolen, and intrusted to her care. See: Helena. She went to Troy with Helen. Homer, Iliad, bk. 3, li. 144.—Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 31; bk. 5, ch. 19.—Hyginus, fables 37 & 79.—Plutarch, Theseus.—Ovid, Heroides, poem 10, li. 131.――One of the Oceanides, wife to Atlas. She is more generally called Pleione.

Æthūsa, a daughter of Neptune by Amphitrite, or Alcyone, mother by Apollo of Eleuthere and two sons. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 20.――An island near Lilybæum. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 8.

Ætia, a poem of Callimachus, in which he speaks of sacrifices, and of the manner in which they were offered. Martial, bk. 10, ltr. 4.

Ætion, or Eetion, the father of Andromache, Hector’s wife. He was killed at Thebes, with his seven sons, by the Greeks.――A famous painter. He drew a painting of Alexander going to celebrate his nuptials with Roxane. This piece was much valued, and was exposed to public view at the Olympic games, where it gained so much applause that the president of the games gave the painter his daughter in marriage. Cicero, Brutus, ch. 18.

Ætna, a mountain of Sicily, now called Gibello, famous for its volcano, which, for about 3000 years, has thrown out fire at intervals. It is two miles in perpendicular height, and measures 180 miles round at the base, with an ascent of 30 miles. Its crater forms a circle about 3½ miles in circumference, and its top is covered with snow and smoke at the same time, whilst the sides of the mountain, from the great fertility of the soil, exhibit a rich scenery of cultivated fields and blooming vineyards. Pindar is the first who mentions an eruption of Ætna; and the silence of Homer on the subject is considered as a proof that the fires of the mountain were unknown in his age. From the time of Pythagoras, the supposed date of the first volcanic appearance, to the battle of Pharsalia, it is computed that Ætna had 100 eruptions. The poets supposed that Jupiter had confined the giants under this mountain, and it was represented as the forge of Vulcan, where his servants the Cyclops fabricated thunderbolts, &c. Hesiod, Theogony, li. 860.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 570.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 5, fable 6; bk. 15, li. 340.—Silius Italicus, bk. 14, li. 59.

Ætōlia, a country bounded by Epirus, Acarnania, and Locris, supposed to be about the middle of Greece. It received its name from Ætolus. The inhabitants were covetous and illiberal, and were little known in Greece, till after the ruin of Athens and Sparta they assumed consequence in the country, and afterwards made themselves formidable as the allies of Rome, and as its enemies, till they were conquered by Fulvius. Livy, bk. 26, ch. 24, &c.—Florus, bk. 2, ch. 9.—Strabo, bks. 8 & 10.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 3.—Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 2.—Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 18.—Plutarch, Titus Flamininus.

Ætōlus, son of Endymion of Elis and Iphianassa, married Pronoe, by whom he had Pleuron and Calydon. Having accidentally killed Apis son of Phoroneus, he left his country, and came to settle in that part of Greece which has been called from him Ætolia. Apollodorus, bk. 1, chs. 7 & 9.—Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 1.

Æx, a rocky island between Tenedos and Chios. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 11.――A city in the country of the Marsi.――The nurse of Jupiter changed into a constellation.

Afer, an inhabitant of Africa.――An informer under Tiberius and his successors. He became also known as an orator, and as the preceptor of Quintilian, and was made consul by Domitian. He died A.D. 59.

Afrānia, a Roman matron, who frequented the forum, forgetful of female decency. Valerius Maximus, bk. 8, ch. 3.

Lucius Afrānius, a Latin comic poet in the age of Terence, often compared to Menander, whose style he imitated. He is blamed for the unnatural gratifications which he mentions in his writings, some fragments of which are to be found in the Corpus Poetarum. Quintilian, bk. 10, ch. 1.—Suetonius, Nero, ch. 11.—Horace, bk. 2, ltr. 1, li. 57.—Cicero, de Finibus, bk. 1, ch. 3.—Aulus Gellius, bk. 13, ch. 8.――A general of Pompey, conquered by Cæsar in Spain. Suetonius, Julius Cæsar, ch. 34.—Plutarch, Pompey.――Quintianus, a man who wrote a severe satire against Nero, for which he was put to death in the Pisonian conspiracy. Tacitus.――Potitus, a plebeian, who said before Caligula, that he would willingly die if the emperor could recover from the distemper he laboured under. Caligula recovered, and Afranius was put to death that he might not forfeit his word. Dio Cassius.

Afrĭca, called Libya by the Greeks, one of the three parts of the ancient world, and the greatest peninsula of the universe, is bounded on the east by Arabia and the Red sea, on the north by the Mediterranean, south and west by the ocean. In its greatest length it extends 4300 miles, and in its greatest breadth it is 3500 miles. It is joined on the east to Asia, by an isthmus 60 miles long, which some of the Ptolemies endeavoured to cut, in vain, to join the Red and Mediterranean seas. It is so immediately situate under the sun, that only the maritime parts are inhabited, and the inland country is mostly barren and sandy, and infested with wild beasts. The ancients, through ignorance, peopled the southern parts of Africa with monsters, enchanters, and chimeras; errors which begin to be corrected by modern travellers. See: Libya. Mela, bk. 1, ch. 4, &c.—Diodorus, bks. 3, 4, & 20.—Herodotus, bk. 2, chs. 17, 26, & 32; bk. 4, ch. 41, &c.—Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 1, &c.――There is a part of Africa called Propria, which lies about the middle, on the Mediterranean, and has Carthage for its capital.

Africānus, a blind poet, commended by Ennius.――A christian writer, who flourished A.D. 222. In his chronicle, which was universally esteemed, he reckoned 5500 years from the creation of the world to the age of Julius Cæsar. Nothing remains of this work but what Eusebius has preserved. In a letter to Origen, Africanus proved that the history of Susanna is supposititious; and in another to Aristides, still extant, he endeavours to reconcile the seeming contradictions that appear in the genealogies of Christ in St. Matthew and Luke. He is supposed to be the same who wrote nine books, in which he treats of physic, agriculture, &c.――A lawyer, disciple to Papinian, and intimate with the emperor Alexander.――An orator mentioned by Quintilian.――The surname of the Scipios, from the conquest of Africa. See: Scipio.

Afrĭcum mare, is that part of the Mediterranean which is on the coast of Africa.

Agăgriāne portæ, gates at Syracuse, near which the dead were buried. Cicero, Tusculanæ Disputationes.

Agalasses, a nation of India, conquered by Alexander. Diodorus, bk. 17.

Agalla, a woman of Corcyra, who wrote a treatise upon grammar. Athenæus, bk. 1.

Agamēdes and Trophonius, two architects who made the entrance of the temple of Delphi, for which they demanded of the god whatever gift was most advantageous for a man to receive. Eight days after they were found dead in their bed. Plutarch, Consolatio ad Apollonium.—Cicero, Tusculanæ Disputationes, bk. 1, ch. 47.—Pausanias, bk. 9, chs. 11 & 37, gives a different account.

Agamemnon, king of Mycenæ and Argos, was brother to Menelaus, and son of Plisthenes the son of Atreus. Homer calls them sons of Atreus, which is false, upon the authority of Hesiod, Apollodorus, &c. See: Plisthenes. When Atreus was dead, his brother Thyestes seized the kingdom of Argos, and removed Agamemnon and Menelaus, who fled to Polyphidus king of Sicyon, and hence to Œneus king of Ætolia, where they were educated. Agamemnon married Clytemnestra, and Menelaus Helen, both daughters of Tyndarus king of Sparta, who assisted them to recover their father’s kingdom. After the banishment of the usurper to Cythera, Agamemnon established himself at Mycenæ, whilst Menelaus succeeded his father-in-law at Sparta. When Helen was stolen by Paris, Agamemnon was elected commander-in-chief of the Grecian forces going against Troy; and he showed his zeal in the cause by furnishing 100 ships, and lending 60 more to the people of Arcadia. The fleet was detained at Aulis, where Agamemnon sacrificed his daughter to appease Diana. See: Iphigenia. During the Trojan war, Agamemnon behaved with much valour; but his quarrel with Achilles, whose mistress he took by force, was fatal to the Greeks. See: Briseis. After the ruin of Troy, Cassandra fell to his share, and foretold him that his wife would put him to death. He gave no credit to this, and returned to Argos with Cassandra. Clytemnestra, with her adulterer Ægisthus [See: Ægisthus], prepared to murder him; and as he came from the bath, to embarrass him, she gave him a tunic, whose sleeves were sewed together, and while he attempted to put it on, she brought him to the ground with a stroke of a hatchet, and Ægisthus seconded her blows. His death was revenged by his son Orestes. See: Clytemnestra, Menelaus, and Orestes. Homer, Iliad, bks. 1, 2, &c.; Odyssey, bk. 4, &c.—Ovid, Remedia Amoris, li. 777; Metamorphoses, bk. 12, li. 30.—Hyginus, fables 88 & 97.—Strabo, bk. 8.—Thucydides, bk. 1, ch. 9.—Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 4, ch. 26.—Dictys Cretensis, bks. 1, 2, &c.—Dares Phrygius.—Sophocles, Electra.—Euripides, Orestes.—Seneca, Agamemnon.—Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 6; bk. 9, ch. 40, &c.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 838.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 3.

Agamemnonius, an epithet applied to Orestes, as son of Agamemnon. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 4, li. 471.

Agamētor, an athlete of Mantinea. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 10.

Agamnestor, a king of Athens.

Aganippe, a celebrated fountain of Bœotia, at the foot of mount Helicon. It flows into the Permessus, and is sacred to the muses, who, from it, were called Aganippedes. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 29.—Propertius, bk. 2, poem 3.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 5, li. 312.—Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 7.

Agapēnor, the commander of Agamemnon’s fleet. Homer, Iliad, bk. 2.――The son of Ancæus, and grandson of Lycurgus, who, after the ruin of Troy, was carried by a storm into Cyprus, where he built Paphos. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 5.—Homer, Iliad, bk. 2.

Agar, a town of Africa. Hirtius, African War, ch. 76.

Agarēni, a people of Arabia. Trajan destroyed their city, called Agarum. Strabo, bk. 16.

Agarista, daughter of Clisthenes, was courted by all the princes of Greece. She married Megacles. Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 12, ch. 24.—Herodotus, bk. 6, ch. 126, &c.――A daughter of Hippocrates, who married Xantippus. She dreamed that she had brought forth a lion, and some time after became mother of Pericles. Plutarch, Pericles.—Herodotus, bk. 6, ch. 131.

Agasĭcles, king of Sparta, was son of Archidamus, and one of the Proclidæ. He used to say that a king ought to govern his subjects as a father governs his children. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 7.—Plutarch, Apophthegmata Laconica.

Agassæ, a city of Thessaly. Livy, bk. 45, ch. 27.

Agasthĕnes, father to Polyxenus, was, as one of Helen’s suitors, concerned in the Trojan war. Homer, Iliad, bk. 2.—Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 11.――A son of Augeas, who succeeded as king of Elis. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 3.

Agrastrŏphus, a Trojan, wounded by Diomedes. Homer, Iliad, bk. 11, li. 338.

Agasthus, an archon of Athens.

Agăsus, a harbour on the coast of Apulia. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 11.

Agătha, a town of France near Agde, in Languedoc. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 5.

Agatharchĭdas, a general of Corinth in the Peloponnesian war. Thucydides, bk. 2, ch. 83.――A Samian philosopher and historian, who wrote a treatise on stones, and a history of Persia and Phœnice, besides an account of the Red sea, of Europe and Asia. Some make him a native of Cnidus, and add that he flourished about 177 B.C. Josephus, Against Apion.

Agatharchus, an officer in the Syracusan fleet. Thucydides, bk. 7, ch. 27.――A painter in the age of Zeuxis. Plutarch, Pericles.

Agathias, a Greek historian of Æolia.――A poet and historian in the age of Justinian, of whose reign he published the history in five books. Several of his epigrams are found in the Anthologia. His history is a sequel of that of Procopius. The best edition is that of Paris, folio, 1660.

Agătho, a Samian historian, who wrote an account of Scythia.――A tragic poet, who flourished 406 B.C. The name of some of his tragedies are preserved, such as Telephus, Thyestes, &c.――A comic poet who lived in the same age. Plutarch, Parallela minora.――A son of Priam. Homer, Iliad, bk. 24.――A governor of Babylon. Curtius, bk. 5, ch. 1.――A Pythagorean philosopher. Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 13, ch. 4.――A learned and melodious musician, who first introduced songs in tragedy. Aristotle, Poetics.――A youth of Athens, loved by Plato. Diogenes Laërtius, bk. 3, ch. 32.

Agathŏclēa, a beautiful courtesan of Egypt. One of the Ptolemies destroyed his wife Eurydice to marry her. She, with her brother, long governed the kingdom, and attempted to murder the king’s son. Plutarch, Cleomenes.—Justin, bk. 30, ch. 1.

Agathŏcles, a lascivious and ignoble youth, son of a potter, who, by entering in the Sicilian army, arrived to the greatest honours, and made himself master of Syracuse. He reduced all Sicily under his power, but being defeated at Himera by the Carthaginians, he carried the war into Africa, where, for four years, he extended his conquests over his enemies. He afterwards passed into Italy, and made himself master of Crotona. He died in his 72nd year, B.C. 289, after a reign of 28 years of mingled prosperity and adversity. Plutarch, Apophthegmata Laconica.—Justin, bks. 22 & 23.—Polybius, bk. 15.—Diodorus, bk. 18, &c.――A son of Lysimachus, taken prisoner by the Getæ. He was ransomed, and married Lysandra daughter of Ptolemy Lagus. His father, in his old age, married Arsinoe the sister of Lysandra. After her husband’s death, Arsinoe, fearful for her children, attempted to murder Agathocles. Some say that she fell in love with him, and killed him because he slighted her. When Agathocles was dead, 283 B.C., Lysandra fled to Seleucus. Strabo, bk. 13.—Plutarch, Pyrrhus & Demetrius.—Pausanias, bk. 1, chs. 9 & 10.――A Grecian historian of Babylon, who wrote an account of Cyzicus. Cicero, de Divinatione, bk. 1, ch. 24.――A Chian who wrote on husbandry. Varro.――A Samian writer.――A physician.――An Athenian archon.

Agăthon. See: Agatho.

Agathonȳmus, wrote a history of Persia. Plutarch, de Fluviis.

Agathosthĕnes, a poet, &c.

Agathyllus, an elegiac poet of Arcadia. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 1.

Agathynum, a town of Sicily.

Agathyrsi, an effeminate nation of Scythia, who had their wives in common. They received their name from Agathyrsus son of Hercules. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 10.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 4, li. 146.

Agāve, daughter of Cadmus and Hermione, married Echion, by whom she had Pentheus, who was torn to pieces by the Bacchanals. See: Pentheus. She is said to have killed her husband in celebrating the orgies of Bacchus. She received divine honours after death, because she had contributed to the education of Bacchus. Theocritus, poem 26.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 3, li. 725.—Lucan, bk. 1, li. 574.—Statius, Thebiad, bk. 11, li. 318.—Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 4.――One of the Nereides. Apollodorus, bk. 1.――A tragedy of Statius. Juvenal, satire 7, li. 87, &c.

Agaui, a northern nation who lived upon milk. Homer, Iliad, bk. 13.

Agāvus, a son of Priam. Homer, Iliad, bk. 24.

Agdestis, a mountain of Phrygia, where Atys was buried. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 4.――A surname of Cybele.

Agelades, a statuary of Argos. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 8; bk. 7, ch. 23.

Agelastus, a surname of Crassus, the grandfather of the rich Crassus. He only laughed once in his life, and this, it is said, was upon seeing an ass eat thistles. Cicero, de Finibus, bk. 5.—Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 19.――The word is also applied to Pluto, from the sullen and melancholy appearance of his countenance.

Agelāus, a king of Corinth, son of Ixion.――One of Penelope’s suitors. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 20.――A son of Hercules and Omphale, from whom Crœsus was descended. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 7.――A servant of Priam, who preserved Paris when exposed on mount Ida. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 12.

Agendīcum, now Sens, a town of Gaul, the capital of the Senones. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 6, ch. 44.

Agēnor, king of Phœnicia, was son of Neptune and Libya, and brother to Belus. He married Telephassa, by whom he had Cadmus, Phœnix, Cilix, and Europa. Hyginus, fable 6.—Silius Italicus, bk. 1, li. 15; bk. 17, li. 58.—Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 1; bk. 3, ch. 1.――A son of Jasus and father of Argus. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 10.――A son of Ægyptus. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 1.――A son of Phlegeus. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 7.――A son of Pleuron, father to Phineus. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 7.――A son of Amphion and Niobe. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 4.――A king of Argos, father to Crotopus.――A son of Antenor. Homer, Iliad, bk. 21, li. 579.――A Mitylenean, who wrote a treatise on music.

Agenŏrĭdes, a patronymic applied to Cadmus, and the other descendants of Agenor. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 3, li. 8.

Agerīnus, a freedman of Agrippina, accused of attempting Nero’s life. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 14, ch. 16.

Agesander, a sculptor of Rhodes under Vespasian, who made a representation of Laocoon’s history, which now passes for the best relict of all ancient sculpture.

Agesias, a Platonic philosopher who taught the immortality of the soul. One of the Ptolemies forbade him to continue his lectures, because his doctrine was so prevalent that many of his auditors committed suicide.

Agesilāus, king of Sparta, of the family of the Agidæ, was son of Doryssus and father of Archelaus. During his reign Lycurgus instituted his famous laws. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 204.—Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 2.――A son of Archidamus, of the family of the Proclidæ, made king in preference to his nephew Leotychides. He made war against Artaxerxes king of Persia with success; but in the midst of his conquests in Asia, he was recalled home to oppose the Athenians and Bœotians, who desolated his country; and his return was so expeditious that he passed, in 30 days, over that tract of country which had taken up a whole year of Xerxes’ expedition. He defeated his enemies at Coronea; but sickness prevented the progress of his conquests, and the Spartans were beat in every engagement, especially at Leuctra, till he appeared at their head. Though deformed, small of stature, and lame, he was brave, and a greatness of soul compensated all the imperfections of nature. He was as fond of sobriety as of military discipline; and when he went, in his 80th year, to assist Tachus king of Egypt, the servants of the monarch could hardly be persuaded that the Lacedæmonian general was eating with his soldiers on the ground, bare-headed, and without any covering to repose upon. Agesilaus died on his return from Egypt, after a reign of 36 years, 362 B.C., and his remains were embalmed and brought to Lacedæmon. Justin, bk. 6, ch. 1.—Plutarch & Cornelius Nepos, Lives of Distinguished Romans.—Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 9.—Xenophon, Oratation for Agesilaus.――A brother of Themistocles, who was sent as a spy into the Persian camp, where he stabbed Mardonius instead of Xerxes. Plutarch, Parallela minora.――A surname of Pluto.――A Greek who wrote a history of Italy.

Agesipŏlis I., king of Lacedæmon, son of Pausanias, obtained a great victory over the Mantineans. He reigned 14 years, and was succeeded by his brother Cleombrotus, B.C. 380. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 5; bk. 8, ch. 8.—Xenophon, bk. 3, Hellenica.

Agesipŏlis II., son of Cleombrotus king of Sparta, was succeeded by Cleomenes II., B.C. 370. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 13; bk. 3, ch. 5.

Agesistrăta, the mother of king Agis. Plutarch, Agis.

Agesistrătus, a man who wrote a treatise entitled, De arte machinali.

Aggrammes, a cruel king of the Gangarides. His father was a hair-dresser, of whom the queen became enamoured, and whom she made governor of the king’s children, to gratify her passion. He killed them to raise Aggrammes, his son by the queen, to the throne. Curtius, bk. 9, ch. 2.

Aggrīnæ, a people near mount Rhodope. Cicero, Against Piso, ch. 37.

Agĭdæ, the descendants of Eurysthenes, who shared the throne of Sparta with the Proclidæ. The name is derived from Agis son of Eurysthenes. The family became extinct in the person of Cleomenes son of Leonidas. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 8, li. 682.

Agilāus, king of Corinth, reigned 36 years.――One of the Ephori, almost murdered by the partisans of Cleomenes. Plutarch, Cleomenes.

Agis, king of Sparta, succeeded his father Eurysthenes, and, after a reign of one year, was succeeded by his son Echestratus, B.C. 1058. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 2.――Another king of Sparta, who waged bloody wars against Athens, and restored liberty to many Greek cities. He attempted to restore the laws of Lycurgus at Sparta, but in vain; the perfidy of friends, who pretended to second his views, brought him to difficulties, and he was at last dragged from a temple, where he had taken refuge, to a prison, where he was strangled by order of the Ephori. Plutarch, Agis.――Another, son of Archidamus, who signalized himself in the war which the Spartans waged against Epidaurus. He obtained a victory at Mantinea, and was successful in the Peloponnesian war. He reigned 27 years. Thucydides, bks. 3 & 4.—Pausanias, bk. 3, chs. 8 & 10.――Another, son of Archidamus king of Sparta, who endeavoured to deliver Greece from the empire of Macedonia, with the assistance of the Persians. He was conquered in the attempt, and slain by Antipater, Alexander’s general, and 5300 Lacedæmonians perished with him. Curtius, bk. 6, ch. 1.—Diodorus, bk. 17.—Justin, bk. 12, ch. 1, &c.――Another, son of Eudamidas, killed in a battle against the Mantineans. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 10.――An Arcadian in the expedition of Cyrus against his father Artaxerxes. Polyænus, bk. 7, ch. 18.――A poet of Argos, who accompanied Alexander into Asia, and said that Bacchus and the sons of Leda would give way to his hero, when a god. Curtius, bk. 8, ch. 5.――A Lycian, who followed Æneas into Italy, where he was killed. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 751.

Aglāia, one of the Graces, called sometimes Pasiphae. Her sisters were Euphrosyne and Thalia, and they were all daughters of Jupiter and Eurynome. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 35.

Aglaonīce, daughter of Hegemon, was acquainted with astronomy and eclipses, whence she boasted of her power to draw down the moon from heaven. Plutarch, de Defectu Oraculorum.

Aglaŏpe, one of the Sirens.

Aglaŏphon, an excellent Greek painter. Pliny, bk. 35, ch. 8.

Aglaosthĕnes, wrote a history of Naxos. Strabo, bk. 6.

Aglauros, or Agraulos, daughter of Erechtheus the oldest king of Athens, was changed into a stone by Mercury. Some make her daughter of Cecrops. See: Herse. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 2, fable 12.

Aglaus, the poorest man of Arcadia, pronounced by the oracle more happy than Gyges king of Lydia. Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 46.—Valerius Maximus, bk. 7, ch. 1.

Agna, a woman in the age of Horace, who, though deformed, had many admirers. Horace, bk. 1, satire 3, li. 40.

Agno, one of the nymphs who nursed Jupiter. She gave her name to a fountain on mount Lycæus. When the priest of Jupiter, after a prayer, stirred the waters of this fountain with a bough, a thick vapour arose, which was soon dissolved into a plentiful shower. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 31, &c.

Agnodĭce, an Athenian virgin, who disguised her sex to learn medicine. She was taught by Hierophilus the art of midwifery, and when employed always discovered her sex to her patients. This brought her into so much practice, that the males of her profession, who were now out of employment, accused her, before the Areopagus, of corruption. She confessed her sex to the judges, and a law was immediately made to empower all free-born women to learn midwifery. Hyginus, fable 274.

Agnon, son of Nicias, was present at the taking of Samos by Pericles. In the Peloponnesian war he went against Potidæa, but abandoned his expedition through disease. He built Amphipolis, whose inhabitants rebelled to Brasidas, whom they regarded as their founder, forgetful of Agnon. Thucydides, bks. 2, 3, &c.――A writer. Quintilian, bk. 2, ch. 17.――One of Alexander’s officers. Pliny, bk. 33, ch. 3.

Agnonĭdes, a rhetorician of Athens, who accused Phocion of betraying the Piræus to Nicanor. When the people recollected what services Phocion had rendered them, they raised him statues, and put to death his accuser. Plutarch & Cornelius Nepos, Phocion.

Agōnālia and Agonia, festivals in Rome, celebrated three times a year in honour of Janus, or Agonius. They were instituted by Numa, and on the festive days the chief priest used to offer a ram. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 1, li. 317.—Varro, de Lingua Latina, bk. 5.

Agōnes Capitolīni, games celebrated every fifth year upon the Capitoline hill. Prizes were proposed for agility and strength, as well as for poetical and literary compositions. The poet Statius publicly recited there his Thebaid, which was not received with much applause.

Agonis, a woman in the temple of Venus, on mount Eryx. Cicero, Against Verres, bk. 1.

Agonius, a Roman deity, who presided over the actions of men. See: Agonalia.

Agoracrĭtus, a sculptor of Pharos, who made a statue of Venus for the people of Athens, B.C. 150.

Agoranŏmi, ten magistrates at Athens, who watched over the city and port, and inspected whatever was exposed to sale.

Agorānis, a river falling into the Ganges. Arrian, de Indica.

Agoræa, a name of Minerva at Sparta. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 11.

Agoreus, a surname of Mercury among the Athenians, from his presiding over the markets. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 15.

Agra, a place of Bœotia where the Ilissus rises. Diana was called Agræa, because she hunted there.――A city of Susa――of Arcadia――and of Arabia.

Agræi and Agrenses, a people of Arabia. Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 28.――Of Ætolia. Livy, bk. 42, ch. 34.

Agrāgas, or Acragras, a river, town, and mountain of Sicily; called also Agrigentum. The town was built by the people of Gela, who were a Rhodian colony. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 703.—Diodorus, bk. 11.

Agraria lex, was enacted to distribute among the Roman people all the lands which they had gained by conquest. It was first proposed A.U.C. 268, by the consul Spurius Cassius Vicellinus, and rejected by the senate. This produced dissensions between the senate and the people, and Cassius, upon seeing the ill success of the new regulations he proposed, offered to distribute among the people the money which was produced from the corn of Sicily, after it had been brought and sold in Rome. This act of liberality the people refused, and tranquillity was soon after re-established in the state. It was proposed a second time A.U.C. 269, by the tribune Licinius Stolo, but with no better success; and so great were the tumults which followed, that one of the tribunes of the people was killed, and many of the senators fined for their opposition. Mutius Scævola, A.U.C. 620, persuaded the tribune Tiberius Gracchus to propose it a third time; and though Octavius, his colleague in the tribuneship, opposed it, yet Tiberius made it pass into a law, after much altercation, and commissioners were authorized to make a division of the lands. This law at last proved fatal to the freedom of Rome under Julius Cæsar. Florus, bk. 3, chs. 3 & 13.—Cicero, on the Agrarian Law.—Livy, bk. 2, ch. 41.

Agraule, a tribe of Athens. Plutarch, Themistocles.

Agraulia, a festival at Athens in honour of Agraulos. The Cyprians also observed these festivals, by offering human victims.

Agraulos, a daughter of Cecrops. See: Aglauros.――A surname of Minerva.

Agrauonītæ, a people of Illyria. Livy, bk. 45, ch. 26.

Agre, one of Actæon’s dogs. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 3, li. 213.

Agriānes, a river of Thrace. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 9.――A people that dwelt in the neighbourhood of that river. Herodotus, bk. 5, ch. 16.

Agricŏla, the father-in-law of the historian Tacitus, who wrote his life. He was eminent for his public and private virtues. He was governor of Britain, and first discovered it to be an island. Domitian envied his virtues; he recalled him from the province he had governed with equity and moderation, and ordered him to enter Rome in the night, that no triumph might be granted him. Agricola obeyed, and without betraying any resentment, he retired to peaceful solitude, and to the enjoyment of the society of a few friends. He died in his 56th year, A.D. 93. Tacitus, Agricola.

Agrigentum, now Girgenti, a town of Sicily, 18 stadia from the sea, on mount Agragas. It was founded by a Rhodian, or, according to some, by an Ionian colony. The inhabitants were famous for their hospitality, and for their luxurious manner of living. In its flourishing situation Agrigentum contained 200,000 inhabitants, who submitted with reluctance to the superior power of Syracuse. The government was monarchical, but afterwards a democracy was established. The famous Phalaris usurped the sovereignty, which was also for some time in the hands of the Carthaginians. Agrigentum can now boast of more venerable remains of antiquity than any other town in Sicily. Polybius, bk. 9.—Strabo, bk. 6.—Diodorus, bk. 13.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 707.—Silius Italicus, bk. 14, li. 211.

Agrinium, a city of Acarnania. Polybius, bk. 6.

Agriōnia, annual festivals in honour of Bacchus, celebrated generally in the night. They were instituted, as some suppose, because the god was attended with wild beasts.

Agriopas, a man who wrote the history of all those who had obtained the public prize at Olympia. Pliny, bk. 8, ch. 22.

Agriōpe, the wife of Agenor king of Phœnicia.

Marcus Agrippa Vipsanius, a celebrated Roman, who obtained a victory over Sextus Pompey, and favoured the cause of Augustus at the battles of Actium and Philippi, where he behaved with great valour. He advised his imperial friend to re-establish the republican government at Rome, but he was overruled by Mecænas. In his expeditions in Gaul and Germany, he obtained several victories, but refused the honours of a triumph, and turned his liberality towards the embellishing of Rome and the raising of magnificent buildings, one of which, the Pantheon, still exists. After he had retired for two years to Mitylene, in consequence of a quarrel with Marcellus, Augustus recalled him, and, as a proof of his regard, gave him his daughter Julia in marriage, and left him the care of the empire during an absence of two years employed in visiting the Roman provinces of Greece and Asia. He died, universally lamented, at Rome in the 51st year of his age, 12 B.C., and his body was placed in the tomb which Augustus had prepared for himself. He had been married three times: to Pomponia daughter of Atticus, to Marcella daughter of Octavia, and to Julia, by whom he had five children—Caius, and Lucius Cæsares, Posthumus Agrippa, Agrippina, and Julia. His son, Caius Cæsar Agrippa, was adopted by Augustus, and made consul, by the flattery of the Roman people at the age of 14 or 15. This promising youth went to Armenia on an expedition against the Persians, where he received a fatal blow from the treacherous hand of Lollius, the governor of one of the neighbouring cities. He languished for a little time and died in Lycia. His younger brother, Lucius Cæsar Agrippa, was likewise adopted by his grandfather Augustus; but he was soon after banished to Campania, for using seditious language against his benefactor. In the seventh year of his exile he would have been recalled had not Livia and Tiberius, jealous of the partiality of Augustus for him, ordered him to be assassinated in his 26th year. He has been called ferocious and savage; and he gave himself the name of Neptune, because he was fond of fishing. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 8, li. 682.—Horace, bk. 1, ode 6.――One of the servants of the murdered prince assumed his name and raised commotions. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 2, ch. 39.――Sylvius, a son of Tiberius Sylvius king of Latium. He reigned 33 years, and was succeeded by his son Romulus Sylvius. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 1, ch. 8.――A consul who conquered the Æqui.――A philosopher. Diogenes Laërtius.――Herodes, a son of Aristobulus, grandson of the Great Herod, who became tutor to the grandchild of Tiberius, and was soon after imprisoned by the suspicious tyrant. When Caligula ascended the throne his favourite was released, presented with a chain of gold as heavy as that which had lately confined him, and made king of Judæa. He was a popular character with the Jews: and it is said, that while they were flattering him with the appellation of God, an angel of God struck him with the lousy disease, of which he died, A.D. 43. His son, of the same name, was the last king of the Jews, deprived of his kingdom by Claudius, in exchange for other provinces. He was with Titus at the celebrated siege of Jerusalem, and died A.D. 94. It was before him that St. Paul pleaded, and made mention of his incestuous commerce with his sister Berenice. Juvenal, satire 6, li. 156.—Tacitus, bk. 2, Histories, ch. 81.――Menenius, a Roman general, who obtained a triumph over the Sabines, appeased the populace of Rome by the well-known fable of the belly and the limbs, and erected the new office of tribunes of the people, A.U.C. 261. He died poor, but universally regretted: his funeral was at the expense of the public from which also his daughters received dowries. Livy, bk. 2, ch. 32.—Florus, bk. 1, ch. 23.――A mathematician in the reign of Domitian; he was a native of Bithynia.

Agrippīna, a wife of Tiberius. The emperor repudiated her to marry Julia. Suetonius, Tiberias, ch. 7.――A daughter of Marcus Agrippa, and granddaughter to Augustus. She married Germanicus, whom she accompanied in Syria; and when Piso poisoned him, she carried his ashes to Italy, and accused his murderer, who stabbed himself. She fell under the displeasure of Tiberius, who exiled her in an island, where she died A.D. 26, for want of bread. She left nine children, and was universally distinguished for intrepidity and conjugal affection. Tacitus, bk. 1, Annals, ch. 2, &c.—Suetonius, Tiberias, ch. 52.――Julia, daughter of Germanicus and Agrippina, married Domitius Ænobarbus, by whom she had Nero. After her husband’s death she married her uncle the emperor Claudius, whom she destroyed to make Nero succeed to the throne. After many cruelties and much licentiousness she was assassinated by order of her son, and as she expired she exclaimed, “Strike the belly which could give birth to such a monster.” She died A.D. 59, after a life of prostitution and incestuous gratifications. It is said that her son viewed her dead body with all the raptures of admiration, saying, he never could have believed his mother was so beautiful a woman. She left memoirs which assisted Tacitus in the composition of his annals. The town which she built, where she was born, on the borders of the Rhine, and called Agrippina Colonia, is the modern Cologne. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 4, ch. 75; bk. 12, chs. 7, 22, &c.

Agrisius. See: Acrisius.

Agrisope, or Agriope, the mother of Cadmus. Hyginus, fable 6.

Agrius, son of Parthaon drove his brother Œneus from the throne. He was afterwards expelled by Diomedes the grandson of Œneus, upon which he killed himself. Hyginus, fables 175 & 242.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 7.—Homer, Iliad, bk. 14, li. 117.――A giant.――A centaur killed by Hercules. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 5.――A son of Ulysses by Circe. Hesiod, Theogony, li. 1013.――The father of Thersites. Ovid, ex Ponto, bk. 3, poem 9, li. 9.

Agrŏlas, surrounded the citadel of Athens with walls, except that part which afterwards was repaired by Cimon. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 28.

Agron, king of Illyria, who, after conquering the Ætolians, drank to such excess that he died instantly, B.C. 231. Polybius, bk. 2, ch. 4.

Agrotas, a Greek orator of Marseilles.

Agrotĕra, an anniversary sacrifice of goats offered to Diana at Athens. It was instituted by Callimachus the Polemarch, who vowed to sacrifice to the goddess so many goats as there might be enemies killed in a battle which he was going to fight against the troops of Darius, who had invaded Attica. The quantity of the slain was so great, that a sufficient number of goats could not be procured; therefore they were limited to 500 every year, till they equalled the number of Persians slain in battle.――A temple of Ægira in Peloponnesus, erected to the goddess under this name. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 26.

Agyleus and Agyieus from ἀγυια, a street, a surname of Apollo, because sacrifices were offered to him in the public streets of Athens. Horace, bk. 4, ode 6.

Agylla, a town of Etruria, founded by a colony of Pelasgians, and governed by Mezentius when Æneas came to Italy. It was afterwards called Cære, by the Lydians, who took possession of it. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 652; bk. 8, li. 479.

Agyllæus, a gigantic wrestler of Cleonæ, scarce inferior to Hercules in strength. Statius, Thebiad, bk. 6, li. 837.

Agyrium, a town of Sicily, where Diodorus the historian was born. The inhabitants were called Agyrinenses. Diodorus, bk. 14.—Cicero, Against Verres, bk. 2, ch. 65.

Agyrius, an Athenian general who succeeded Thrasybulus. Diodorus, bk. 14.

Agyrtes, a man who killed his father. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 5, li. 148.――A piper. ♦Statius, bk. 2, Achilleis, li. 50.

♦ ‘Sil.’ replaced with ‘Statius’

Agȳrus, a tyrant of Sicily, assisted by Dionysius against the Carthaginians. Diodorus, bk. 14.

Ahāla, the surname of the Servilii at Rome.

Ahenobarbus. See: Ænobarbus.

Ajax, the son of Telamon by Peribœa or Eribœa daughter of Alcathous, was, next to Achilles, the bravest of all the Greeks in the Trojan war. He engaged Hector, with whom at parting he exchanged arms. After the death of Achilles, Ajax and Ulysses disputed their claim to the arms of the dead hero. When they were given to the latter, Ajax was so enraged that he slaughtered a whole flock of sheep, supposing them to be the sons of Atreus, who had given the preference to Ulysses, and stabbed himself with his sword. The blood which ran to the ground from the wound, was changed into the flower hyacinth. Some say that he was killed by Paris in battle, others that he was murdered by Ulysses. His body was buried at Sigæum, some say on mount Rhœtus, and his tomb was visited and honoured by Alexander. Hercules, according to some authors, prayed to the gods that his friend Telamon, who was childless, might have a son, with a skin as impenetrable as the skin of the Nemæan lion which he then wore. His prayers were heard. Jupiter, under the form of an eagle, promised to grant the petition; and when Ajax was born, Hercules wrapped him up in the lion’s skin, which rendered his body invulnerable, except that part which was left uncovered by a hole in the skin, through which Hercules hung his quiver. This vulnerable part was in his breast, or as some say behind the neck. Quintus Calaber [Smyrnæus], bks. 1 & 4.—Apollodorus, bk. 3, chs. 10 & 13.—Philostratus, Heroicus, ch. 12.—Pindar, Isthmean, ode 6.—Homer, Iliad, bk. 1, &c.; Odyssey, bk. 11.—Dictys Cretensis, bk. 5.—Dares Phrygius, ch. 9.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 13.—Horace, bk. 2, satire 3, li. 197.—Hyginus, fables 107 & 242.—Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 35; bk. 5, ch. 19.――The son of Oileus king of Locris, was surnamed Locrian, in contradistinction to the son of Telamon. He went with 40 ships to the Trojan war, as being one of Helen’s suitors. The night that Troy was taken, he offered violence to Cassandra, who fled into Minerva’s temple; and for this offence, as he returned home, the goddess, who had obtained the thunders of Jupiter, and the power of tempests from Neptune, destroyed his ship in a storm. Ajax swam to a rock, and said that he was safe in spite of all the gods. Such impiety offended Neptune, who struck the rock with his trident, and Ajax tumbled into the sea with part of the rock and was drowned. His body was afterwards found by the Greeks, and black sheep offered on his tomb. According to Virgil’s account, Minerva seized him in a whirlwind, and dashed him against a rock, where he expired, consumed by thunder. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 43, &c.—Homer, Iliad, bks. 2, 13, &c.; Odyssey, bk. 4.—Hyginus, fables 116 & 273.—Philostratus, Imagines, bk. 2, ch. 13.—Seneca, Agamemnon.—Horace, Epodes, poem 10, li. 13.—Pausanias, bk. 10, chs. 26 & 31.――The two Ajaces were, as some suppose, placed after death in the island of Leuce, a separate place reserved only for the bravest heroes of antiquity.

Aidōneus, a surname of Pluto.――A king of the Molossi, who imprisoned Theseus, because he and Pirithous attempted to ravish his daughter Proserpine, near the Acheron; whence arose the well-known fable of the descent of Theseus and Pirithous into hell. Plutarch, Theseus.――A river near Troy. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 12.

Aimy̆lus, son of Ascanius, was, according to some, the progenitor of the noble family of the Æmylii in Rome.

Aius Locutius, a deity to whom the Romans erected an altar, from the following circumstance: one of the common people, called Ceditius, informed the tribunes, that as he passed one night through one of the streets of the city, a voice more than human, issuing from above Vesta’s temple, told him that Rome would soon be attacked by the Gauls. His information was neglected; but his veracity was proved by the event; and Camillus, after the conquest of the Gauls, built a temple to that supernatural voice which had given Rome warning of the approaching calamity, under the name of Aius Locutius.

Alabanda, æ, or orum, an inland town of Caria, abounding with scorpions. The name is derived from Alabandus, a deity worshipped there. Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 3, ch. 16.—Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 195.—Strabo, bk. 14.

Alabastrum, a town of Egypt. Pliny, bk. 36, ch. 7.

Alăbus, a river in Sicily.

Alæa, a surname of Minerva in Peloponnesus. Her festivals are also called Alæa. Pausanias, bk. 8, chs. 4 & 7.

Alæi, a number of islands in the Persian gulf, abounding in tortoises. Arrian, Periplus of the Euxine Sea.

Alæsa, a city on a mountain in Sicily.

Alæus, the father of Auge, who married Hercules.

Alagōnia, a city of Laconia. Pausanias, bk. 3, chs. 21 & 26.

Alāla, the goddess of war, sister to Mars. Plutarch, de gloria Atheniensium.

Alalcomĕnæ, a city of Bœotia, where some suppose that Minerva was born. Plutarch, Quæstiones Græcæ.—Statius, Thebiad, bk. 7, li. 330.

Alalia, a town of Corsica, built by a colony of Phocæans, destroyed by Scipio, 262 B.C., and afterwards rebuilt by Sylla. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 165.—Florus, bk. 2, ch. 2.

Alamānes, a statuary at Athens, disciple of Phidias.

Alamanni, or Alemanni, a people of Germany, near the Hercynian forest. They were very powerful and inimical to Rome.

Alāni, a people of Sarmatia, near the Palus Mœotis, who were said to have 26 different languages. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12.—Strabo.

Alăres, a people of Pannonia. Tacitus, bk. 15, Annals, ch. 10.

Alarīcus, a famous king of the Goths, who plundered Rome in the reign of Honorius. He was greatly respected for his military valour, and during his reign he kept the Roman empire in continual alarms. He died after a reign of 13 years, A.D. 410.

Alarōdii, a nation near Pontus. Herodotus, bk. 3, ch. 94.

Alastor, a son of Neleus and Chloris. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9.――An arm-bearer to Sarpedon king of Lycia, killed by Ulysses. Homer, Iliad, bk. 5, li. 677.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 13, li. 257.――One of Pluto’s horses when he carried away Proserpine. Claudian, de Raptu Proserpinæ, bk. 1, li. 286.

Alaudæ, soldiers of one of Cæsar’s legions in Gaul. Suetonius, Julius Cæsar, ch. 24.

Alazon, a river flowing from mount Caucasus into the Cyrus, and separating Albania from Iberia. Flaccus, bk. 6, li. 101.

Alba Sylvius, son of Latinus Sylvius, succeeded his father in the kingdom of Latium, and reigned 36 years. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 14, li. 612.――Longa, a city of Latium, built by Ascanius, B.C. 1152, on the spot where Æneas found, according to the prophecy of Helenus (Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 390, &c.), and of the god of the river (Æneid, bk. 8, li. 43), a white sow with 30 young ones. It was called longa because it extended along the hill Albinus. The descendants of Æneas reigned there in the following order: 1. Ascanius, son of Æneas, with little intermission, eight years. 2. Sylvius Posthumus, 29 years. 3. Æneas Sylvius, 31 years. 4. Latinus, five years. 5. Alba, 36 years. 6. Atys, or Capetus, 26 years. 7. Capys, 28 years. 8. Calpetus, 13 years. 9. Tiberinus, eight years. 10. Agrippa, 33 years. 11. Remulus, 19 years. 12. Aventinus, 37 years. 13. Procas, 13 years. 14. Numitor and Amulius. Alba, which had long been the powerful rival of Rome, was destroyed by the Romans, 665 B.C., and the inhabitants were carried to Rome. Livy.—Florus.—Justin, &c.――A city of the Marsi in Italy.――Pompeia, a city of Liguria. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 5.

Albāni and Albenses, names applied to the inhabitants of the two cities of Alba. Cicero, Rhetorica ad Herennium, bk. 2, ch. 28.

Albānia, a country of Asia, between the Caspian sea and Iberia. The inhabitants are said to have their eyes all blue. Some maintain that they followed Hercules from mount Albanus in Italy, when he returned from the conquest of Geryon. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 1, ch. 15.—Justin, bk. 42, ch. 3.—Strabo, bk. 11.—Pliny, bk. 8, ch. 40.—Mela, bk. 3, ch. 5.――The Caspian sea is called Albanum, as being near Albania. Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 13.

Albānus, a mountain with a lake in Italy, 16 miles from Rome, near Alba. It was on this mountain that the Latinæ feriæ were celebrated with great solemnity. Horace, bk. 2, ltr. 1, li. 27. The word, taken adjectively, is applied to such as are natives of, or belong to, the town of Alba.

Albia Terennia, the mother of Otho. Suetonius.

Albīci, a people of Gallia Aquitania. Cæsar, Civil War, bk. 1, ch. 34.

Albiētæ, a people of Latium. Dionysius of Halicarnassus.

Albigaunum, a town of Liguria. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 4.

Albīni, two Roman orators of great merit, mentioned by Cicero in Brutus. This name is common to many tribunes of the people. Livy, bk. 2, ch. 33; bk. 6, ch. 30. Sallust, Jugurthine War.

Albinovānus Celsus. See: Celsus.――Pedo, a poet contemporary with Ovid. He wrote elegies, epigrams, and heroic poetry in a style so elegant that he merited the epithet of divine. Ovid, ex Ponto, bk. 4, poem 10.—Quintilian, bk. 10, ch. 5.

Albintemēlium, a town of Liguria. Tacitus, bk. 2, Histories, ch. 13.

Albīnus, was born at Adrumetum in Africa, and made governor of Britain by Commodus. After the murder of Pertinax, he was elected emperor by the soldiers in Britain. Severus had also been invested with the imperial dignity by his own army; and these two rivals, with about 50,000 men each, came into Gaul to decide the fate of the empire. Severus was conqueror, and he ordered the head of Albinus to be cut off, and his body to be thrown into the Rhone, A.D. 198. Albinus, according to the exaggerated account of a certain writer called Codrus, was famous for his voracious appetite, and sometimes ate for breakfast no less than 500 figs, 100 peaches, 20 pounds of dry raisins, 10 melons, and 400 oysters.――A pretorian sent to Sylla, as ambassador from the senate during the civil wars. He was put to death by Sylla’s soldiers. Plutarch, Sulla.――An usurer. Horace.――A Roman plebeian who received the vestals into his chariot in preference to his family, when they fled from Rome, which the Gauls had sacked. Valerius Maximus, bk. 1, ch. 1.—Livy, bk. 5, ch. 40.—Florus, bk. 1, ch. 13.――Aulus Posthumus, consul with Lucullus, A.U.C. 603, wrote a history of Rome in Greek.

Albion, son of Neptune by Amphitrite, came into Britain, where he established a kingdom, and first introduced astrology and the art of building ships. He was killed at the mouth of the Rhone, with stones thrown by Jupiter, because he opposed the passage of Hercules. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 5.――The greatest island of Europe, now called Great Britain. It is called after Albion, who is said to have reigned there; or from its chalky white (albus) rocks, which appear at a great distance. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 16.—Tacitus, Agricola. The ancients compared its figure to a long buckler, or to the iron of a hatchet.

Albis, a river of Germany falling into the German ocean, and now called the Elbe. Lucan, bk. 2, li. 52.

Albius, a man, father to a famous spendthrift. Horace, bk. 1, satire 4.――A name of the poet Tibullus. Horace, bk. 1, ode 33, li. 1.

Albucilla, an immodest woman. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 6, ch. 47.

Albŭla, the ancient name of the river Tiber. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 8, li. 332.—Livy, bk. 1, ch. 3.

Albŭnea, a wood near Tibur, and the river Anio, sacred to the muses. It received its name from a Sibyl, called also Albunea, worshipped as a goddess at Tibur, whose temple still remains. Near Albunea there was a small lake of the same name, whose waters were of a sulphureous smell, and possessed some medicinal properties. This lake fell, by a small stream called Albula, into the river Anio, with which it soon lost itself in the Tiber. Horace, bk. 1, ode 7, li. 12.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 83.

Alburnus, a lofty mountain of Lucania, where the Tanager takes its rise. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 3, li. 147.

Albus Pagus, a place near Sidon, where Antony waited for the arrival of Cleopatra.

Albūtius, a prince of Celtiberia, to whom Scipio restored his wife. Arrian.――A sordid man, father to Canidia. He beat his servants before they were guilty of any offence, “lest,” said he, “I should have no time to punish them when they offend.” Horace, bk. 2, satire 2.――A rhetorician in the age of Seneca.――An ancient satirist. Cicero, Brutus.――Titus, an epicurean philosopher, born at Rome; so fond of Greece and Grecian manners, that he wished not to pass for a Roman. He was made governor of Sardinia; but he grew offensive to the senate and was banished. It is supposed that he died at Athens.

Alcæus, a celebrated lyric poet of Mitylene in Lesbos, about 600 years before the christian era. He fled from a battle, and his enemies hung up, in the temple of Minerva, the armour which he left in the field, as a monument of his disgrace. He is the inventor of alcaic verses. He was contemporary to the famous Sappho, to whom he paid his addresses. Of all his works, nothing but a few fragments remain, found in Athenæus. Quintilian, bk. 10, ch. 1.—Herodotus, bk. 5, ch. 95.—Horace, bk. 4, ode 9.—Cicero, bk. 4, Tusculanæ Disputationes, ch. 33.――A poet of Athens, said by Suidas to be the inventor of tragedy.――A writer of epigrams.――A comic poet.――A son of Androgeus, who went with Hercules into Thrace, and was made king of part of the country. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 5.――A son of Hercules by a maid of Omphale.――A son of Perseus, father of Amphitryon and Anaxo. From him Hercules has been called Alcides. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 4.—Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 14.

Alcamĕnes, one of the Agidæ, king of Sparta, known by his apophthegms. He succeeded his father Teleclus, and reigned 37 years. The Helots rebelled in his reign. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 2; bk. 4, chs. 4 & 5.――A general of the Achæans. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 15.――A statuary, who lived 448 B.C., and was distinguished for his statues of Venus and Vulcan. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 10.――The commander of a Spartan fleet, put to death by the Athenians. Thucydides, bk. 4, ch. 5, &c.

Alcander, an attendant of Sarpedon, killed by Ulysses. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 13, li. 257.――A Lacedæmonian youth, who accidentally put out one of the eyes of Lycurgus, and was generously forgiven by the sage. Plutarch, Lycurgus.—Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 18.――A Trojan killed by Turnus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 767.

Alcandre, the wife of Polybius, a rich Theban. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 4, li. 672.

Alcānor, a Trojan of mount Ida, whose sons Pandarus and Bitias followed Æneas into Italy. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 672.――A son of Phorus, killed by Æneas. Æneid, bk. 10, li. 338.

Alcăthoe, a name of Megara, in Attica, because rebuilt by Alcathous son of Pelops. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 8, li. 8.

Alcăthous, a son of Pelops, who, being suspected of murdering his brother Chrysippus, came to Megara, where he killed a lion which had destroyed the king’s son. He succeeded to the kingdom of Megara, and in commemoration of his services, festivals, called Alcathoia, were instituted at Megara. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 41, &c.――A Trojan, who married Hippodamia daughter of Anchises. He was killed in the Trojan war by Idomeneus. Homer, Iliad, bk. 12, li. 93.――A son of Parthaon, killed by Tydeus. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 7, &c.――A friend of Æneas, killed in the Rutulian war. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 747.

Alce, one of Actæon’s dogs. Ovid.――A town of Spain which surrendered to Gracchus, now Alcazar, a little above Toledo. Livy, bk. 40, ch. 47.

Alcēnor, an Argive, who, along with Chromius, survived the battle between 300 of his countrymen and 300 Lacedæmonians. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 82.

Alceste, or Alcestis, daughter of Pelias and Anaxibia, married Admetus. She, with her sisters, put to death her father, that he might be restored to youth and vigour by Medea, who, however, refused to perform her promise. Upon this the sisters fled to Admetus, who married Alceste. They were soon pursued by an army headed by their brother Acastus; and Admetus, being taken prisoner, was redeemed from death by the generous offer of his wife, who was sacrificed in his stead to appease the shades of her father. Some say that Alceste, with an unusual display of conjugal affection, laid down her life for her husband, when she had been told by an oracle that he could never recover from a disease, except some one of his friends died in his stead. According to some authors, Hercules brought her back from hell. She had many suitors while she lived with her father. See: Admetus. Juvenal, satire 6, li. 651.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9.—Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 17.—Hyginus, fable 251.—Euripides, Alcestis.

Alcĕtas, a king of the Molossi, descended from Pyrrhus the son of Achilles. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 11.――A general of Alexander’s army, brother to Perdiccas.――The eighth king of Macedonia, who reigned 29 years.――An historian, who wrote an account of everything that had been dedicated in the temple of Delphi. Athenæus.――A son of Arybas king of Epirus. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 11.

Alchĭdas, a Rhodian, who became enamoured of a naked Cupid of Praxiteles. Pliny, bk. 36, ch. 5.

Alchimăchus, a celebrated painter. Pliny, bk. 35, ch. 11.

Alcibiădes, an Athenian general famous for his enterprising spirit, versatile genius, and natural foibles. He was disciple to Socrates, whose lessons and example checked for a while his vicious propensities. In the Peloponnesian war he encouraged the Athenians to make an expedition against Syracuse. He was chosen general in that war, and in his absence his enemies accused him of impiety, and confiscated his goods. Upon this he fled, and stirred up the Spartans to make war against Athens, and when this did not succeed he retired to Tissaphernes, the Persian general. Being recalled by the Athenians, he obliged the Lacedæmonians to sue for peace; made several conquests in Asia, and was received in triumph at Athens. His popularity was of short duration; the failure of an expedition against Cyme exposed him again to the resentment of the people, and he fled to Pharnabazus, whom he almost induced to make war upon Lacedæmon. This was told to Lysander the Spartan general, who prevailed upon Pharnabazus to murder Alcibiades. Two servants were sent for that purpose, and they set on fire the cottage where he was, and killed him with darts as he attempted to make his escape. He died in the 46th year of his age, 404 B.C., after a life of perpetual difficulties. If the fickleness of his countrymen had known how to retain among them the talents of a man who distinguished himself, and was admired wherever he went, they might have risen to greater splendour, and to the sovereignty of Greece. His character has been cleared from the aspersions of malevolence, by the writings of Thucydides, Timæus, and Theopompus; and he is known to us as a hero, who, to the principles of the debauchee, added the intelligence and sagacity of the statesman, the cool intrepidity of the general, and the humanity of the philosopher. Plutarch & Cornelius Nepos, Alcibiades.—Thucydides, bks. 5, 6, & 7.—Xenophon, Hellenica, bk. 1, &c.—Diodorus, bk. 12.

Alcidămas, of Cos, was father to Ctesilla, who was changed into a dove. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 7, fable 12.――A celebrated wrestler. Statius, Thebiad, bk. 10, li. 500.――A philosopher and orator, who wrote a treatise on death. He was pupil to Gorgias, and flourished B.C. 424. Quintilian, bk. 3, ch. 1.

Alcidamēa, was mother of Bunus by Mercury.

Alcidamĭdas, a general of the Messenians, who retired to Rhegium, after the taking of Ithome by the Spartans, B.C. 723. Strabo, bk. 6.

Alcidămus, an Athenian rhetorician, who wrote an eulogy on death, &c. Cicero, bk. 1, Tusculanæ Disputationes, ch. 48.—Plutarch, Lives of the Ten Orators.

Alcīdas, a Lacedæmonian, sent with 23 galleys against Corcyra, in the Peloponnesian war. Thucydides, bk. 3, ch. 16, &c.

Alcīdes, a name of Hercules, from his strength, ἀλκος, or from his grandfather Alcæus.――A surname of Minerva in Macedonia. Livy, bk. 42, ch. 51.

Alcidĭce, the mother of Tyro, by Salmoneus. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9.

Alcimăchus, an eminent painter. Pliny, bk. 35, ch. 11.

Alcimĕde, the mother of Jason by Æson. Flaccus, bk. 1, li. 296.

Alcimĕdon, a plain of Arcadia, with a cave the residence of Alcimedon, whose daughter Phillo was ravished by Hercules. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 12.――An excellent carver. Virgil, Eclogues, poem 3.――A sailor, &c. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 4, fable 10.

Alcimĕnes, a tragic poet of Megara.――A comic writer of Athens.――An attendant of Demetrius. Plutarch, Demetrius.――A man killed by his brother Bellerophon. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 3.

Alcĭmus, an historian of Sicily, who wrote an account of Italy.――An orator. Diogenes Laërtius.

Alcinoe, a daughter of Sthenelus son of Perseus. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 4.

Alcĭnor. See: Alcenor.

Alcinous, son of Nausithous and Peribœa, was king of Phæacia, and is praised for his love of agriculture. He married his niece Arete, by whom he had several sons and a daughter, Nausicaa. He kindly entertained Ulysses, who had been shipwrecked on his coast, and heard the recital of his adventures; whence arose the proverb of the stories of Alcinous to denote improbability. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 7.—Orpheus, Argonautica.—Virgil, Georgics, bk. 2, li. 87.—Statius, bk. 1, Sylvæ, poem 3, li. 81.—Juvenal, satire 5, li. 151.—Ovid, Amores, bk. 1, poem 10, li. 56.—Plato, Republic, bk. 10.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9.――A son of Hippocoon. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 10.――A man of Elis. Pausanias.――A philosopher in the second century, who wrote a book de Doctriná Platonis, the best edition of which is the 12mo, printed Oxford, 1667.

Alcioneus, a man killed by Perseus. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 5, fable 4.

Alciphron, a philosopher of Magnesia, in the age of Alexander. There are some epistles in Greek that bear his name, and contain a very perfect picture of the customs and manners of the Greeks. They are by some supposed to be the production of a writer of the fourth century. The only edition is that of Leipzig, 12mo, 1715, cum notis Bergleri.

Alcippe, a daughter of the god Mars, by Agraulos. She was ravished by Halirrhotius. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 14.――The wife of Metion and mother to Eupalamus. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 16.――The daughter of Œnomaus, and wife of Evenus, by whom she had Marpessa.――A woman who brought forth an elephant. Pliny, bk. 7.――A country-woman. Virgil, Eclogues, poem 7.

Alcippus, a reputed citizen of Sparta, banished by his enemies. He married Democrite, of whom Plutarch, Amatoriæ narrationes.

Alcis, a daughter of Ægyptus. Apollodorus.

Alcithoe, a Theban woman, who ridiculed the orgies of Bacchus. She was changed into a bat, and the spindle and yarn with which she worked, into a vine and ivy. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 4, fable 1.

Alcmæon, was son of the prophet Amphiaraus and Eriphyle. His father going to the Theban war, where, according to an oracle, he was to perish, charged him to revenge his death upon Eriphyle, who had betrayed him. See: Eriphyle. As soon as he heard of his father’s death, he murdered his mother, for which crime the Furies persecuted him till Phlegeus purified him and gave him his daughter Alphesibœa in marriage. Alcmæon gave her the fatal collar which his mother had received to betray his father, and afterwards divorced her, and married Callirhoe the daughter of Achelous, to whom he promised the necklace which he had given to Alphesibœa. When he attempted to recover it, Alphesibœa’s brothers murdered him on account of the treatment which he had shown their sister, and left his body a prey to dogs and wild beasts. Alcmæon’s children by Callirhoe revenged their father’s death by killing his murderers. See: Alphesibœa, Amphiaraus. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 17; bk. 6, ch. 18; bk. 8, ch. 24.—Plutarch, de Exilio.—Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 7.—Hyginus, fables 73 & 245.—Statius, Thebiad, bks. 2 & 4.—Ovid, Fasti, bk. 2, li. 44; Metamorphoses, bk. 9, fable 10.――A son of Ægyptus, the husband of Hippomedusa. Apollodorus.――A philosopher, disciple to Pythagoras, born in Crotona. He wrote on physic, and he was the first who dissected animals to examine into the structure of the human frame. Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 6, ch. 27.――A son of the poet Æschylus, the 13th archon of Athens.――A son of Syllus, driven from Messenia with the rest of Nestor’s family, by the Heraclidæ. He came to Athens, and from him the Alcmæonidæ were descended. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 18.

Alcmæŏnĭdæ, a noble family of Athens, descended from Alcmæon. They undertook for 300 talents to rebuild the temple of Delphi, which had been burnt, and they finished the work in a more splendid manner than was required, in consequence of which they gained popularity, and by their influence the Pythia prevailed upon the Lacedæmonians to deliver their country from the tyranny of the Pisistratidæ. Herodotus, bks. 5 & 6.—Thucydides, bk. 6, ch. 59.—Plutarch, Solon.

Alcman, a very ancient lyric poet, born in Sardinia, and not at Lacedæmon, as some suppose. He wrote in the Doric dialect six books of verses, besides a play called Colymbosas. He flourished B.C. 670, and died of the lousy disease. Some of his verses are preserved by Athenæus and others. Pliny, bk. 11, ch. 33.—Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 41; bk. 3, ch. 15.—Aristotle, History of Animals, bk. 5, ch. 31.

Alcmēna, was daughter of Electryon king of Argos, by Anaxo, whom Plutarch, ♦Theseus calls Lysidice, and Diodorus, bk. 2, Eurymede. Her father promised his crown and his daughter to Amphitryon, if he would revenge the death of his sons, who had been all killed, except Licymnius, by the Teleboans, a people of Ætolia. While Amphitryon was gone against the Ætolians, Jupiter, who was enamoured of Alcmena, resolved to introduce himself into her bed. The more effectually to insure success in his amour, he assumed the form of Amphitryon, declared that he had obtained a victory over Alcmena’s enemies, and even presented her with a cup, which he said he had preserved from the spoils for her sake. Alcmena yielded to her lover what she had promised to her future husband; and Jupiter, to delay the return of Amphitryon, ordered his messenger, Mercury, to stop the rising of Phœbus, or the sun, so that the night he passed with Alcmena was prolonged to three long nights. Amphitryon returned the next day; and after complaining of the coldness with which he was received, Alcmena acquainted him with the reception of a false lover the preceding night, and even showed him the cup which she had received. Amphitryon was perplexed at the relation, and more so upon missing the cup from among his spoils. He went to the prophet Tiresias, who told him of Jupiter’s intrigue; and he returned to his wife proud of the dignity of his rival. Alcmena became pregnant by Jupiter, and afterwards by her husband; and when she was going to bring forth, Jupiter boasted in heaven that a child was to be born that day to whom he would give absolute power over his neighbours, and even over all the children of his own blood. Juno, who was jealous of Jupiter’s amours with Alcmena, made him swear by the Styx, and immediately prolonged the travails of Alcmena, and hastened the bringing forth of the wife of Sthenelus king of Argos, who, after a pregnancy of seven months, had a son called Eurystheus. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 8, fable 5, &c., says that Juno was assisted by Lucina to put off the bringing forth of Alcmena, and that Lucina, in the form of an old woman, sat before the door of Amphitryon with her legs and arms crossed. This posture was the cause of infinite torment to Alcmena, till her servant, Galanthis, supposing the old woman to be a witch, and to be the cause of the pains of her mistress, told her that she had brought forth. Lucina retired from her posture, and immediately Alcmena brought forth twins, Hercules conceived by Jupiter, and Iphiclus by Amphitryon. Eurystheus was already born, and therefore Hercules was subjected to his power. After Amphitryon’s death, Alcmena married Rhadamanthus, and retired to Ocalea, in Bœotia. This marriage, according to some authors, was celebrated in the island of Leuce. The people of Megara said that she died ♠on her way from Argos to Thebes, and that she was buried in the temple of Jupiter Olympius. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 41; bk. 5, ch. 18; bk. 9, ch. 16.—Plutarch, ♦Theseus & Romulus.—Homer, Odyssey, bk. 11; Iliad, bk. 19.—Pindar, Pythian, ♣poem 4.—Lucian, Dialogi Deorum.—Diodorus, bk. 4.—Hyginus, fable 29.—Apollodorus, bk. 2, chs. 4, 7; bk. 3, ch. 1.—Plautus, Amphitruo.—Herodotus, bk. 2, chs. 43 & 45.――See: Amphitryon, Hercules, Eurystheus.

♦ ‘de Reb. Græc.’ replaced with ‘Theseus’

♠ ‘in’ replaced with ‘on’

♣ ‘9’ replaced with ‘4’

Alcon, a famous archer, who one day saw his son attacked by a serpent, and aimed at him so dexterously that he killed the beast without hurting his son.――A silversmith. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 13, fable 5.――A son of Hippocoon. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 14.――A surgeon under Claudius, who gained much money by his profession, in curing hernias and fractures.――A son of Mars.――A son of Amycus. These two last were at the chase of the Calydonian boar. Hyginus, fable 173.

♦Alcyŏna, a pool of Greece, whose depth the emperor Nero attempted in vain to find. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 37.

♦ Resorted into proper alphabetical order

Alcyŏne, or Halcyŏne, daughter of Æolus, married Ceyx, who was drowned as he was going to Claros to consult the oracle. The gods apprised Alcyone in a dream of her husband’s fate; and when she found, on the morrow, his body washed on the sea-shore, she threw herself into the sea, and was with her husband changed into birds of the same name, who keep the waters calm and serene, while they build and sit on their nests on the surface of the sea, for the space of 7, 11, or 14 days. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 1, li. 399.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 7.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 11, fable 10.—Hyginus, fable 65.――One of the Pleiades, daughter of Atlas. She had Arethusa by Neptune, and Eleuthera by Apollo. She, with her sisters, was changed into a constellation. See: Pleiades. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 30; bk. 3, ch. 18.—Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 10.—Hyginus, fable 157.――The daughter of Evenus, carried away by Apollo after her marriage. Her husband pursued the ravisher with his bow and arrows, but was not able to recover her. Upon this, her parents called her Alcyone, and compared her fate to that of the wife of Ceyx. Homer, Iliad, bk. 9, li. 558.――The wife of Meleager. Hyginus, fable 174.――A town of Thessaly, where Philip, Alexander’s father, lost one of his eyes.

Alcyŏneus, a youth of exemplary virtue, son to Antigonus. Plutarch, Pyrrhus.—Diogenes Laërtius, bk. 4.――A giant, brother to Porphyrion. He was killed by Hercules. His daughters, mourning his death, threw themselves into the sea, and were changed into Alcyons by Amphitrite. Claudian, De Raptu Proserpinæ.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 6.

Aldescus, a river of European Sarmatia, rising from the Riphæan mountains, and falling into the northern sea. Dionysius Periegetes.

Alduăbis. See: Dubis.

Alea, a surname of Minerva, from her temple built by Aleus son of Aphidas, at Tegæa in Arcadia. The statue of the goddess made of ivory was carried by Augustus to Rome. Pausanias, bk. 8, chs. 4 & 46.――A town of Arcadia, built by Aleus. It had three famous temples, those of Minerva, Bacchus, and Diana the Ephesian. When the festivals of Bacchus were celebrated, the women were whipped in the temple. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 23.

Alēbas, a tyrant of Larissa, killed by his own guards for his cruelties. Ovid, Ibis, li. 323.

Alēbion and Dercynus, sons of Neptune, were killed by Hercules for stealing his oxen in Africa. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 5.

Alecto, one of the Furies (a, ληγω, non desino), is represented with flaming torches, her head covered with serpents, and breathing vengeance, war, and pestilence. See: Eumenides. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 324, &c.; bk. 10, li. 41.

Alector, succeeded his father Anaxagoras in the kingdom of Argos, and was father to Iphis and Capaneus. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 18.—Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 6.

Alectryon, a youth whom Mars, during his amours with Venus, stationed at the door to watch against the approach of the sun. He fell asleep, and Apollo came and discovered the lovers, who were exposed by Vulcan, in each other’s arms, before all the gods. Mars was so incensed that he changed Alectryon into a cock, which, still mindful of his neglect, early announces the approach of the sun. Lucian, Alectryon [Gallus].

Alectus, a tyrant of Britain, in Diocletian’s reign, &c. He died 296 A.D.

Alēius Campus, a place in Lycia, where Bellerophon fell from the horse Pegasus, and wandered over the country till the time of his death. Homer, Iliad, bk. 6, li. 201.—Dionysius Periegetes, li. 872.—Ovid, Ibis, li. 257.

Alemanni, or Alamanni, a people of Germany. They are first mentioned in the reign of Caracalla, who was honoured with the surname of Alemannicus for a victory over them.

Alēmon, the father of Myscellus. He built Crotona in Magna Græcia. Myscellus is often called Alemonides. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 15, lis. 19 & 26.

Alemusii, inhabitants of Attica, in whose country there was a temple of Ceres and of Proserpine. Pausanias, Attica.

Alens, a place in the island of Cos.

Aleon, or Ales, a river of Ionia, near Colophon. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 5; bk. 8, ch. 28.

Alēse, a town of Sicily, called afterwards Achronidion, after the founder. The Romans made it an independent city.

Alēsia, or Alexia, now Alise, a famous city of the Mandubii in Gaul, founded by Hercules, as he returned from Iberia, on a high hill. Julius Cæsar conquered it. Florus, bk. 3, ch. 10.—Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 7, ch. 68.

Alēsium, a town and mountain of Peloponnesus. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 10.

Aletes, a son of Ægisthus, murdered by Orestes. Hyginus, fable 122.

Alēthes, the first of the Heraclidæ, who was king of Corinth. He was son of Hippotas. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 4.――A companion of Æneas, described as a prudent and venerable old man. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 125; bk. 9, li. 246.

Alethia, one of Apollo’s nurses.

Aletĭdas (from ἀλαομαι, to wander), certain sacrifices at Athens, in remembrance of Erigone, who wandered with a dog after her father Icarius.

Aletrium, a town of Latium, whose inhabitants are called Aletrinates. Livy, bk. 9, ch. 42.

Alētum, a tomb near the harbour of Carthage in Spain. Polybius, bk. 10.

Aleuādæ, a royal family of Larissa in Thessaly, descended from Aleuas king of that country. They betrayed their country to Xerxes. The name is often applied to the Thessalians without distinction. Diodorus, bk. 16.—Herodotus, bk. 7, chs. 6, 172.—Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 8; bk. 7, ch. 10.—Ælian, De Natura Animalium, bk. 8, ch. 11.

Alēus, a son of Aphidas king of Arcadia, famous for his skill in building temples. Pausanias, bk. 8, chs. 4 & 53.

Alex, a river in the country of the Brutii. Dionysius Periegetes.

Alexamēnus, an Ætolian, who killed Nabis tyrant of Lacedæmon, and was soon after murdered by the people. Livy, bk. 35, ch. 34.

Alexander I., son of Amyntas, was the tenth king of Macedonia. He killed the Persian ambassadors for their immodest behaviour to the women of his father’s court, and was the first who raised the reputation of the Macedonians. He reigned 43 years, and died 451 B.C. Justin, bk. 7, ch. 3.—Herodotus, bks. 5, 7, 8, & 9.

Alexander II., son of Amyntas II., king of Macedonia, was treacherously murdered, B.C. 370, by his younger brother Ptolemy, who held the kingdom for four years, and made way for Perdiccas and Philip. Justin, bk. 7, ch. 5, says Eurydice, the wife of Amyntas, was the cause of his murder.

Alexander III., surnamed the Great, was son of Philip and Olympias. He was born B.C. 355, that night on which the famous temple of Diana at Ephesus was burnt by Erostratus. This event, according to the magicians, was an early prognostic of his future greatness, as well as the taming of Bucephalus, a horse which none of the king’s courtiers could manage; upon which Philip said, with tears in his eyes, that his son must seek another kingdom, as that of Macedonia would not be sufficiently large for the display of his greatness. Olympias, during her pregnancy, declared that she was with child by a dragon; and the day that Alexander was born, two eagles perched for some time on the house of Philip, as if foretelling that his son would become master of Europe and Asia. He was pupil to Aristotle during five years, and he received his learned preceptor’s instructions with becoming deference and pleasure, and ever respected his abilities. When Philip went to war, Alexander, in his 15th year, was left governor of Macedonia, where he quelled a dangerous sedition, and soon after followed his father to the field, and saved his life in a battle. He was highly offended when Philip divorced Olympias to marry Cleopatra, and he even caused the death of Attalus, the new queen’s brother. After this he retired from court to his mother Olympias, but was recalled; and when Philip was assassinated, he punished his murderers; and, by his prudence and moderation, gained the affections of his subjects. He conquered Thrace and Illyricum, and destroyed Thebes; and after he had been chosen chief commander of all the forces of Greece, he declared war against the Persians, who under Darius and Xerxes had laid waste and plundered the noblest of the Grecian cities. With 32,000 foot and 5000 horse, he invaded Asia, and after the defeat of Darius at the Granicus, he conquered all the provinces of Asia Minor. He obtained two other celebrated victories over Darius at Issus and Arbela, took Tyre after an obstinate siege of seven months, and the slaughter of 2000 of the inhabitants in cold blood, and made himself master of Egypt, Media, Syria, and Persia. From Egypt he visited the temple of Jupiter Ammon, and bribed the priests, who saluted him as the son of their god, and enjoined his army to pay him divine honours. He built a town which he called Alexandria, on the western side of the Nile, near the coast of the Mediterranean, an eligible situation which his penetrating eye marked as best entitled to become the future capital of his immense dominions, and to extend the commerce of his subjects from the Mediterranean to the Ganges. His conquests were spread over India, where he fought with Porus, a powerful king of the country; and after he had invaded Scythia, and visited the Indian ocean, he retired to Babylon loaded with the spoils of the east. His entering the city was foretold by the magicians as fatal, and their prediction was fulfilled. He died at Babylon the 21st of April, in the 32nd year of his age, after a reign of 12 years and 8 months of brilliant and continued success, 323 B.C. His death was so premature that some have attributed it to the effects of poison, and excess of drinking. Antipater has been accused of causing the fatal poison to be given him at a feast; and perhaps the resentment of the Macedonians, whose services he seemed to forget, by entrusting the guard of his body to the Persians, was the cause of his death. He was so universally regretted, that Babylon was filled with tears and lamentations; and the Medes and Macedonians declared that no one was able or worthy to succeed him. Many conspiracies were formed against him by the officers of his army, but they were all seasonably suppressed. His tender treatment of the wife and mother of king Darius, who were taken prisoners, has been greatly praised; and the latter, who had survived the death of her son, killed herself when she heard that Alexander was dead. His great intrepidity more than once endangered his life; he always fought as if sure of victory, and the terror of his name was often more powerfully effectual than his arms. He was always forward in every engagement, and bore the labours of the field as well as the meanest of his soldiers. During his conquests in Asia, he founded many cities, which he called Alexandria, after his own name. When he had conquered Darius, he ordered himself to be worshipped as a god; and Callisthenes, who refused to do it, was shamefully put to death. He also murdered at a banquet, his friend Clitus, who had once saved his life in a battle, because he enlarged upon the virtues and exploits of Philip, and preferred them to those of his son. His victories and success increased his pride; he dressed himself in the Persian manner, and, giving himself up to pleasure and dissipation, he set on fire the town of Persepolis in a fit of madness and intoxication, encouraged by the courtesan Thais. Yet, among all his extravagances, he was fond of candour and of truth; and when one of his officers read to him, as he sailed on the Hydaspes, a history which he had composed of his wars with Porus, and in which he had too liberally panegyrized him, Alexander snatched the book from his hand, and threw it into the river, saying, “What need is there of such flattery? Are not the exploits of Alexander sufficiently meritorious in themselves, without the colourings of falsehood?” He in like manner rejected a statuary, who offered to cut mount Athos like him, and represent him as holding a town in one hand, and pouring a river from the other. He forbade any statuary to make his statue except Lysippus, and any painter to draw his picture except Apelles. On his death-bed he gave his ring to Perdiccas, and it was supposed that by this singular present he wished to make him his successor. Some time before his death, his officers asked him whom he appointed to succeed him on the throne; and he answered, “The worthiest among you; but I am afraid,” added he, “my best friends will perform my funeral obsequies with bloody hands.” Alexander, with all his pride, was humane and liberal, easy and familiar with his friends, a great patron of learning, as may be collected from his assisting Aristotle with a purse of money to effect the completion of his natural history. He was brave often to rashness; he frequently lamented that his father conquered everything, and left him nothing to do; and exclaimed, in all the pride of regal dignity, “Give me kings for competitors, and I will enter the lists at Olympia.” All his family and infant children were put to death by Cassander. The first deliberation that was made after his decease, among his generals, was to appoint his brother Philip Aridæus successor, until Roxane, who was then pregnant by him, brought into the world a legitimate heir. Perdiccas wished to be supreme regent as Aridæus wanted capacity; and, more strongly to establish himself, he married Cleopatra, Alexander’s sister, and made alliance with Eumenes. As he endeavoured to deprive Ptolemy of Egypt, he was defeated in a battle by Seleucus and Antigonus, on the banks of the river Nile, and assassinated by his own cavalry. Perdiccas was the first of Alexander’s generals who took up arms against his fellow-soldiers, and he was the first who fell a sacrifice to his rashness and cruelty. To defend himself against him, Ptolemy made a treaty of alliance with some generals, among whom was Antipater, who had strengthened himself by giving his daughter Phila, an ambitious and aspiring woman, in marriage to Craterus, another of the generals of Alexander. After many dissensions and bloody wars among themselves, the generals of Alexander laid the foundation of several great empires in the three quarters of the globe. Ptolemy seized Egypt, where he firmly established himself, and where his successors were called Ptolemies, in honour of the founder of their empire, which subsisted till the time of Augustus. Seleucus and his posterity reigned in Babylon and Syria. Antigonus at first established himself in Asia Minor, and Antipater in Macedonia. The descendants of Antipater were conquered by the successors of Antigonus, who reigned in Macedonia till it was reduced by the Romans in the time of king Perseus. Lysimachus made himself master of Thrace; and Leonatus, who had taken possession of Phrygia, meditated for a while to drive Antipater from Macedonia. Eumenes established himself in Cappadocia, but was soon overpowered by the combinations of his rival Antigonus, and starved to death. During his lifetime, Eumenes appeared so formidable to the successors of Alexander, that none of them dared to assume the title of king. Curtius, Arrian, & Plutarch have written an account of Alexander’s life. Diodorus, bks. 17 & 18.—Pausanias, bks. 1, 7, 8, & 9.—Justin, bks. 11 & 12.—Valerius Maximus.—Strabo, bk. 1, &c.――A son of Alexander the Great, by Roxane, put to death, with his mother, by Cassander. Justin, bk. 15, ch. 2.――A man who, after the expulsion of Telestes, reigned in Corinth. Twenty-five years after, Telestes dispossessed him, and put him to death.――A son of Cassander king of Macedonia, who reigned two years conjointly with his brother Antipater, and was prevented by Lysimachus from revenging his mother Thessalonica, whom his brother had murdered. Demetrius, the son of Antigonus, put him to death. Justin, bk. 16, ch. 1.—Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 7.――A king of Epirus, brother to Olympias, and successor to Arybas. He banished Timolaus to Peloponnesus, and made war in Italy against the Romans, and observed that he fought with men, while his nephew, Alexander the Great, was fighting with an army of women (meaning the Persians). He was surnamed Molossus. Justin, bk. 17, ch. 3.—Diodorus, bk. 16.—Livy, bk. 8, chs. 17 & 27.—Strabo, bk. 16.――A son of Pyrrhus, was king of Epirus. He conquered Macedonia, from which he was expelled by Demetrius. He recovered it by the assistance of the Acarnanians. Justin, bk. 26, ch. 3.—Plutarch, Pyrrhus.――A king of Syria, driven from his kingdom by Nicanor son of Demetrius Soter, and his father-in-law Ptolemy Philometer. Justin, bk. 35, chs. 1 & 2.—Josephus, bk. 13, Antiquities of the Jews.—Strabo, bk. 17.――A king of Syria, first called Bala, was a merchant, and succeeded Demetrius. He conquered Nicanor by means of Ptolemy Physcon, and was afterwards killed by Antiochus Gryphus son of Nicanor. Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, bk. 13, ch. 18.――Ptolemy was one of the Ptolemean kings in Egypt. His mother Cleopatra raised him to the throne, in preference to his brother Ptolemy Lathurus, and reigned conjointly with him. Cleopatra, however, expelled him, and soon after recalled him; and Alexander, to prevent being expelled a second time, put her to death, and for this unnatural action was himself murdered by one of his subjects. Josephus, bk. 13, Antiquities of the Jews, ch. 20, &c.—Justin, bk. 39, chs. 3 & 4.—Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 9.――Ptolemy II., king of Egypt, was son of the preceding. He was educated in the island of Cos, and, falling into the hands of Mithridates, escaped to Sylla, who restored him to his kingdom. He was murdered by his subjects a few days after his restoration. Appian, bk. 1, Civil Wars.――Ptolemy III., was king of Egypt after his brother Alexander the last mentioned. After a peaceful reign, he was banished by his subjects, and died at Tyre, B.C. 65, leaving his kingdom to the Roman people. See: Ægyptus and Ptolemæus. Cicero, De Lege Agraria contra Rullum.――A youth, ordered by Alexander the Great to climb the rock Aornus, with 30 other youths. He was killed in the attempt. Curtius, bk. 8, ch. 11.――An historian mentioned by Plutarch, Marius.――An Epicurean philosopher. Plutarch.――A governor of Æolia, who assembled a multitude on pretence of showing them an uncommon spectacle, and confined them till they had each bought their liberty with a sum of money. Polyænus, bk. 6, ch. 10.――A name given to Paris son of Priam. See: Paris.――Jannæus, a king of Judea, son of Hyrcanus and brother of Aristobulus, who reigned as a tyrant, and died through excess of drinking, B.C. 79, after massacring 800 of his subjects for the entertainment of his concubines.――A Paphlagonian, who gained divine honours by his magical tricks and impositions, and likewise procured the friendship of Marcus Aurelius. He died 70 years old.――A native of Caria, in the third century, who wrote a commentary on the writings of Aristotle, part of which is still extant.――Trallianus, a physician and philosopher of the fourth century, some of whose works in Greek are still extant.――A poet of Ætolia, in the age of Ptolemy Philadelphus.――A peripatetic philosopher, said to have been preceptor to Nero.――An historian, called also Polyhistor, who wrote five books on the Roman republic, in which he said that the Jews had received their laws, not from God, but from a woman whom he called Moso. He also wrote treatises on the Pythagorean philosophy, B.C. 88.――A poet of Ephesus, who wrote a poem on astronomy and geography.――A writer of Myndus, quoted by Athenæus and Ælian.――A sophist of Seleucia, in the age of Antoninus.――A physician in the age of Justinian.――A Thessalian, who, as he was going to engage in a naval battle, gave to his soldiers a great number of missile weapons, and ordered them to dart them continually upon the enemy to render their numbers useless. Polyænus, bk. 6, ch. 27.――A son of Lysimachus. Polyænus, bk. 6, ch. 12.――A governor of Lycia, who brought a reinforcement of troops to Alexander the Great. Curtius, bk. 7, ch. 10.――A son of Polyperchon, killed in Asia by the Dymæans. Diodorus, bks. 18 & 19.――A poet of Pleuron son of Satyrus and Stratoclea, who said that Theseus had a daughter called Iphigenia by Helen. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 22.――A Spartan, killed with 200 of his soldiers by the Argives, when he endeavoured to prevent their passing through the country of Tegea. Diodorus, bk. 15.――A cruel tyrant of Pheræ, in Thessaly, who made war against the Macedonians, and took Pelopidas prisoner. He was murdered, B.C. 357, by his wife called Thebe, whose room he carefully guarded by a Thracian sentinel, and searched every night, fearful of some dagger that might be concealed to take away his life. Cicero, de Inventione, bk. 2, ch. 49; de Officiis, bk. 2, ch. 9.—Valerius Maximus, bk. 9, ch. 13.—Plutarch & Cornelius Nepos, Pelopidas.—Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 5.—Diodorus, bks. 15 & 16.—Ovid, Ibis, li. 321.――Severus, a Roman emperor. See: Severus.

Alexandra, the name of some queens of Judæa mentioned by Josephus.――A nurse of Nero. Suetonius, Nero, ch. 50.――A name of Cassandra, because she assisted mankind by her prophecies. Lycophron.

Alexandri Aræ, the boundaries, according to some, of Alexander’s victories, near the Tanais. Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 16.

Alexandrīa, the name of several cities which were founded by Alexander, during his conquests in Asia; the most famous are:—A grand and extensive city, built B.C. 332, by Alexander, on the western side of the Delta. The illustrious founder intended it not only for the capital of Egypt, but of his immense conquests, and the commercial advantages which its situation commanded continued to improve from the time of Alexander till the invasion of the Saracens in the seventh century. The commodities of India were brought there, and thence dispersed to the different countries around the Mediterranean. Alexandria is famous, among other curiosities, for the large library which the pride or learning of the Ptolemies had collected there, at a vast expense, from all parts of the earth. This valuable repository was burnt by the orders of the caliph Omar, A.D. 642; and it is said that, during six months, the numerous volumes supplied fuel for the 4000 baths, which contributed to the health and convenience of the populous capital of Egypt. Alexandria has likewise been distinguished for its schools, not only of theology and philosophy, but of physic, where once to have studied was a sufficient recommendation to distant countries. The astronomical school, founded by Philadelphus, maintained its superior reputation for 10 centuries, till the time of the Saracens. The modern town of Scanderoon has been erected upon the ruins of Alexandria, and, as if it were an insult to its former greatness, it scarce contains 6000 inhabitants. Curtius, bk. 4, ch. 8.—Strabo, bk. 17.—Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 10.――Another in Albania, at the foot of mount Caucasus.――Another in Arachosia, in India.――The capital of Aria, between Hecatompylon and Bactra.――Another of Carmania.――Another in Cilicia, on the confines of Syria.――Another the capital of Margiana.――Another of Troas, &c. Curtius, bk. 7.—Pliny, bk. 6, chs. 16, 23, & 25.

Alexandrĭdes, a Lacedæmonian, who married his sister’s daughter, by whom he had Dorycus, Leonidas, and Cleombrotus.――A native of Delphi, of which he wrote a history.

Alexandrīna aqua, baths in Rome, built by the emperor Alexander Severus.

Alexandropŏlis, a city of Parthia, built by Alexander the Great. Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 25.

Alexānor, a son of Machaon, who built in Sicyon a temple to his grandfather Æsculapius, and received divine honours after death. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 11.

Alexarchus, a Greek historian.

Alexas, of Laodicea, was recommended to Marcus Antony by Timagenes. He was the cause that Antony repudiated Octavia to marry Cleopatra. Augustus punished him severely after the defeat of Antony. Plutarch, Antonius.

Alexia, or Alesia. See: Alesia.

Alexicăcus, a surname given to Apollo by the Athenians, because he delivered them from the plague during the Peloponnesian war.

Alexīnus, a disciple of Eubulides the Milesian, famous for the acuteness of his genius and judgment, and for his fondness for contention and argumentation. He died of a wound which he had received from a sharp-pointed reed, as he swam across the river Alpheus. Diogenes Laërtius, Euclides.

Alexion, a physician intimate with Cicero. Cicero, Letters to Atticus, bk. 13, ltr. 25.

Alexippus, a physician of Alexander. Plutarch, Alexander.

Alexiraes, son of Hercules by Hebe. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 7.――A place of Bœotia, where Alexiraes was born, bears also this name. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 25.

Alexirhoe, a daughter of the river Granicus. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 11, li. 763.

Alexis, a man of Samos, who endeavoured to ascertain, by his writings, the borders of his country.――A comic poet, 336 B.C., of Thurium, who wrote 245 comedies, of which some few fragments remain.――A servant of Asinius Pollio.――An ungrateful youth of whom a shepherd is deeply enamoured, in Virgil’s Eclogues, poem 2.――A statuary, disciple to Polycletes, 87th Olympiad Pliny, bk. 34, ch. 8.――A schoolfellow of Atticus. Cicero, Letters to Atticus, bk. 7, ltr. 2.

Alexon, a native of Myndos, who wrote fables. Diogenes Laërtius.

Alfaterna, a town of Campania, beyond mount Vesuvius.

Publius Alfēnus Varus, a native of Cremona, who, by the force of his genius and his application, raised himself from his original profession of a cobbler to offices of trust at Rome, and at last became consul. Horace, bk. 1, satire 3, li. 130.

Algĭdum, a town of Latium near Tusculum, about 12 miles from Rome. There is a mountain of the same name in the neighbourhood. Horace, bk. 1, ode 21.

Aliacmon and Haliacmon, a river of Macedonia, separating it from Thessaly. It flows into the Ægean sea. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 10.

Aliartus (or um) and Haliartus, a town of Bœotia, near the river Permessus, taken by Marcus Lucretius. Livy, bk. 42, ch. 63.――Another in Peloponnesus, on the coast of Messenia. Statius, Thebiad, bk. 7, li. 274.

Alĭcis, a town of Laconia.――A tribe of Athens.

Aliēnus Cæcīna, a questor in Bœotia, appointed, for his services, commander of a legion in Germany, by Galba. The emperor disgraced him for his bad conduct, for which he raised commotions in the empire. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 1, ch. 52.

Alīfæ, Alifa, or Alipha, a town of Italy, near the Vulturnus, famous for the making of cups. Horace, bk. 2, satire 8, li. 39.—Livy, bk. 8, ch. 25.

Alilæi, a people of Arabia Felix.

Alimentus Cincius, an historian in the second Punic war, who wrote in Greek an account of Annibal, besides a treatise on military affairs. Livy, bks. 21 & 30.

Alindæ, a town of Caria. Arrian.

Aliphēria, a town of Arcadia, situate on a hill. Polybius, bk. 4, ch. 77.

Alirrothius, a son of Neptune. Hearing that his father had been defeated by Minerva, in his dispute about giving a name to Athens, he went to the citadel, and endeavoured to cut down the olive, which had sprung from the ground and given the victory to Minerva; but in the attempt he missed his aim, and cut his own legs so severely that he instantly expired.

Tiberius Alledius Severus, a Roman knight, who married his brother’s daughter to please Agrippina.――A noted glutton in Domitian’s reign. Juvenal, satire 5, li. 118.

Allia, a river of Italy, falling into the Tiber. The Romans were defeated on its banks by Brennus and the Gauls, who were going to plunder Rome, 17th July, B.C. 390. Plutarch, Camillus.—Livy, bk. 5, ch. 37.—Florus, bk. 1, ch. 13.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 717.—Ovid, Ars Amatoria, bk. 1, li. 413.

Alliēnos, a pretor of Sicily, under Cæsar. Hirtius, African War, ch. 2.

Allŏbrŏges, a warlike nation of Gaul near the Rhone, in that part of the country now called Savoy, Dauphiné, and Vivarais. The Romans destroyed their city because they had assisted Annibal. Their ambassadors were allured by great promises to join in Catiline’s conspiracy against his country; but they scorned the offers, and discovered the plot. Dio Cassius.—Strabo, bk. 4.—Tacitus, Histories, bk. 1, ch. 66.—Sallust, Jugurthine War.

Allobry̆ges, a people of Gaul, supposed to be the same as the Allobroges. Polybius, bk. 30, ch. 56.

Allotrĭges, a nation on the southern parts of Spain. Strabo, bk. 2.

Allutius, or Albutius, a prince of the Celtiberi, to whom Scipio restored the beautiful princess whom he had taken in battle.

Almo, a small river near Rome falling into the Tiber. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 4, li. 387.—Lucan, bk. 1, li. 600.

Almon, the eldest of the sons of Tyrrhus. He was the first Rutulian killed by the Trojans; and from the skirmish which happened before and after his death, arose the enmities which ended in the fall of Turnus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 532.

Alŏa, festivals at Athens in honour of Bacchus and Ceres, by whose beneficence the husbandmen received the recompense of their labours. The oblations were the fruits of the earth. Ceres has been called from this, Aloas and Alois.

Aloēus, a giant, son of Titan and Terra. He married Iphimedia, by whom Neptune had the twins Othus and Ephialtus. Aloeus educated them as his own, and from that circumstance they have been called Aloides. They made war against the gods, and were killed by Apollo and Diana. They grew up nine inches every month, and were only nine years old when they undertook their war. They built the town of Ascra, at the foot of mount Helicon. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 29.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 582.—Homer, Iliad, bk. 5; Odyssey, bk. 11.

Aloīdes and Aloidæ, the sons of Aloeus. See: Aloeus.

Alŏpe, daughter of Cercyon king of Eleusis, had a child by Neptune, whom she exposed in the woods, covered with a piece of her gown. The child was preserved, and carried to Alope’s father, who, upon knowing the gown, ordered his daughter to be put to death. Neptune, who could not save his mistress, changed her into a fountain. The child, called Hippothoon, was preserved by some shepherds and placed by Theseus upon his grandfather’s throne. Pausanias, bk. 1, chs. 5 & 39.—Hyginus, fable 187.――One of the Harpies. Hyginus, fable 14.――A town of Thessaly. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 7.—Homer, Iliad, bk. 2, li. 682.

Alopĕce, an island in the Palus Mæotis. Strabo.――Another in the Cimmerian Bosphorus. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12.――Another in the Ægean sea opposite Smyrna. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 31.――A small village of Attica, where was the tomb of Anchimolius, whom the Spartans had sent to deliver Athens from the tyranny of the Pisistratidæ. Socrates and Aristides were born there. Aeschines, Against Timarchus.—Herodotus, bk. 5, ch. 64.

Alopius, a son of Hercules and Antiope. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 35.

Alos, a town of Achaia. Strabo, bk. 9.—Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 7.

Alotia, festivals in Arcadia, in commemoration of a victory gained over Lacedæmon by the Arcadians.

Alpēnus, the capital of Locris, at the north of Thermopylæ. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 176, &c.

Alpes, mountains that separate Italy from Spain, Gaul, Rhætia, and Germany; considered as the highest ground in Europe. From them arise several rivers, which, after watering the neighbouring countries, discharge themselves into the German, Mediterranean, and Euxine seas. The Alps are covered with perpetual snows, and distinguished, according to their situation, by the different names of Cottiæ, Carnicæ, Graiæ, Noricæ, Juliæ, Maritimæ, Pannoniæ, Penninæ, Pœnæ, Rhætiæ, Tridentinæ, Venetæ. A traveller is generally five days in reaching the top in some parts. They were supposed for a long time to be impassable. Hannibal marched his army over them, and made his way through rocks, by softening and breaking them with vinegar. They were inhabited by fierce uncivilized nations, who were unsubdued till the age of Augustus, who, to eternize the victory which he had obtained over them, erected a pillar in their territory. Strabo, bks. 4 & 5.—Livy, bk. 21, ch. 35.—Juvenal, satire 10, li. 151.—Horace, bk. 2, satire 5, li. 41.—Lucan, bk. 1, li. 183.—Tacitus, Histories, bk. 3, ch. 53.

Alpheia, a surname of Diana in Elis. It was given her when the river Alpheus endeavoured to ravish her without success.――A surname of the nymph Arethusa, because loved by the Alpheus. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 5, li. 487.

Alphēnor, one of Niobe’s sons. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 6, fable 6.

Alphēnus. See: Alfenus.

Alphesibœa, daughter of the river Phlegeus, married Alcmæon son of Amphiaraus, who had fled to her father’s court after the murder of his mother. See: Alcmæon. She received, as a bridal present, the famous necklace which Polynices had given to Eriphyle, to induce her to betray her husband Amphiaraus. Alcmæon being persecuted by the means of his mother, left his wife by order of the oracle, and retired near the Achelous, whose daughter Callirrhoe had two sons by him, and begged of him, as a present, the necklace which was then in the hands of Alphesibœa. He endeavoured to obtain it, and was killed by Temenus and Axion, Alphesibœa’s brothers, who thus revenged their sister who had been so innocently abandoned. Hyginus, fable 244.—Propertius, bk. 8, poem 15, li. 15.—Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 24.

Alphesibœus, a shepherd, often mentioned in Virgil’s eclogues.

Alphēus, now Alpheo, a famous river of Peloponnesus, which rises in Arcadia, and after passing through Elis falls into the sea. The god of this river fell in love with the nymph Arethusa, and pursued her till she was changed into a fountain by Diana. The fountain Arethusa is in Ortygia, a small island near Syracuse; and the ancients affirm that the river Alpheus passes under the sea from Peloponnesus, and without mingling itself with the salt waters, rises again in Ortygia, and joins the stream of Arethusa. If anything is thrown into the Alpheus in Elis, according to their traditions, it will reappear, after some time, swimming on the waters of Arethusa, near Sicily. Hercules made use of the Alpheus to clean the stables of Augeas. Strabo, bk. 6.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 694.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 5, fable 10.—Lucan, bk. 3, li. 176.—Statius, Thebiad, bks. 1 & 4.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.—Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 7; bk. 6, ch. 21.—Marcellinus, bk. 25.—Pliny, bk. 2, ch. 103.

Alphius, or Alfeus, a celebrated usurer ridiculed in Horace, Epodes, poem 2.

Alphius Avitus, a writer in the age of Severus, who gave an account of illustrious men, and a history of the Carthaginian war.

Alpīnus, belonging to the Alps. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 4, li. 442.

Alpīnus (Cornelius), a contemptible poet, whom Horace ridicules for the awkward manner in which he introduces the death of Memnon in a tragedy, and the pitiful style with which he describes the Rhine, in an epic poem which he attempted on the wars in Germany. Horace, bk. 1, satire 10, li. 36.――Julius, one of the chiefs of the Helvetii. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 1, ch. 68.

Alpis, a small river falling into the Danube.

Alsium, a maritime town at the west of the Tiber, now Statua. Silius Italicus, bk. 8.

Alsus, a river of Achaia in Peloponnesus, flowing from mount Sipylus. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 27.――A shepherd during the Rutulian wars. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 12, li. 304.

Althæa, daughter of Thestius and Eurythemis, married Œneus king of Calydon, by whom she had many children, among whom was Meleager. When Althæa brought forth Meleager, the Parcæ placed a log of wood in the fire, and said, that as long as it was preserved, so long would the life of the child just born be prolonged. The mother saved the wood from the flames, and kept it very carefully; but when Meleager killed his two uncles, Althæa’s brothers, Althæa, to revenge their death, threw the log into the fire, and as soon as it was burnt, Meleager expired. She was afterwards so sorry for the death she had caused, that she killed herself, unable to survive her son. See: Meleager. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 8, fable 4.—Homer, Iliad, bk. 9.—Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 45; bk. 10, ch. 31.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 8.

Althæmĕnes, a son of Creteus king of Crete. Hearing that either he or his brothers were to be their father’s murderers, he fled to Rhodes, where he made a settlement, to avoid becoming a parricide. After the death of all his other sons, Creteus went after his son Althæmenes; when he landed in Rhodes, the inhabitants attacked him, supposing him to be an enemy, and he was killed by the hand of his own son. When Althæmenes knew that he had killed his father, he entreated the gods to remove him, and the earth immediately opened, and swallowed him up. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 2.

Altīnum, a flourishing city of Italy, near Aquileia, famous for its wool. Martial, bk. 14, ltr. 25.—Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 18.

Altis, a sacred grove round Jupiter’s temple at Olympia, where the statues of the Olympic conquerors were placed. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 20, &c.

Altus, a city of Peloponnesus. Xenophon, Hellenica.

Aluntium, a town of Sicily. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 8.—Cicero, Against Verres, bk. 4.

Alus, Aluus, and Halus, a village of Arcadia, called also the temple of Æsculapius. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 25.

Alyattes I., a king of Lydia, descended from the Heraclidæ. He reigned 57 years.

Alyattes II., king of Lydia, of the family of the Mermnadæ, was father to Crœsus. He drove the Cimmerians from Asia, and made war against the Medes. He died when engaged in a war against Miletus, after a reign of 35 years. A monument was raised on his grave with the money which the women of Lydia had obtained by prostitution. An eclipse of the sun terminated a battle between him and Cyaxares. Herodotus, bk. 1, chs. 16, 17, &c.—Strabo, bk. 13.

Aly̆ba, a country near Mysia. Homer, Iliad, bk. 2.

Alycæa, a town of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 27.

Alycæus, son of Sciron, was killed by Theseus. A place in Megara received its name from him. Plutarch, Theseus.

Aly̆mon, the husband of Circe.

Alyssus, a fountain of Arcadia, whose waters could cure the bite of a mad dog. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 19.

Alyxothoe, or Alexirhoe, daughter of Dymus, was mother of Æsacus by Priam. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 11, li. 763.

Alyzia, a town of Acarnania on the western mouth of the Achelous, opposite to the Echinades. Cicero, Letters to his Friends, bk. 16, ltr. 2.

Amadŏcus, a king of Thrace, defeated by his antagonist Seuthes. Aristotle, bk. 5, Politics, ch. 10.

Amage, a queen of Sarmatia, remarkable for her justice and fortitude. Polyænus, bk. 8, ch. 56.

Amalthæa, daughter of Melissus king of Crete, fed Jupiter with goat’s milk. Hence some authors have called her a goat, and have maintained that Jupiter, to reward her kindnesses, placed her in heaven as a constellation, and gave one of her horns to the nymphs who had taken care of his infant years. This horn was called the horn of plenty, and had the power to give the nymphs whatever they desired. Diodorus, bks. 3, 4, 5.—Ovid, Fasti, bk. 5, li. 113.—Strabo, bk. 10.—Hyginus, fable 139.—Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 26.――A Sibyl of Cumæ, called also Hierophile and Demophile. She is supposed to be the same who brought nine books of prophecies to Tarquin king of Rome, &c. Varro.—Tibullus, bk. 2, poem 5, li. 67. See: Sibyllæ.

Amalthēum, a public place which Atticus had opened in his country house, called Amalthea, in Epirus, and provided with everything which could furnish entertainment and convey instruction. Cicero, Letters to Atticus, bk. 1, ltr. 13.

Amăna, or Amanus, part of mount Taurus in Cilicia. Lucan, bk. 3, li. 244.

Cn. Salvius Amandus, a rebel general under Diocletian, who assumed imperial honours, and was at last conquered by Diocletian’s colleague.

Amantes, or Amantīni, a people of Illyricum descended from the Abantes of Phocis. Callimachus.

Amānus, one of the deities worshipped in Armenia and Cappadocia. Strabo, bk. 11.――A mountain in Cilicia.

Amārăcus, an officer of Cinyras, changed into marjoram.

Amardi, a nation near the Caspian sea. Mela, bk. 1, ch. 3.

Amartus, a city of Greece. Homer, Hymn to Apollo.

Amaryllis, the name of a countrywoman in Virgil’s eclogues. Some commentators have supposed that the poet spoke of Rome under this fictitious appellation.

Amarynceus, a king of the Epeans, buried at Buprasium. Strabo, bk. 8.—Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 1.

Amarynthus, a village in Eubœa, whence Diana is called Amarysia, and her festivals in that town Amarynthia.――Eubœa is sometimes called Amarynthus. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 31.

Amas, a mountain of Laconia. Pausanias, bk. 3.

Amăsēnus, a small river of Latium falling into the Tyrrhene sea. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 685.

Amasia, a city of Pontus, where Mithridates the Great and Strabo the geographer were born. Strabo, bk. 12.—Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 3.

Amāsis, a man who, from a common soldier, became king of Egypt. He made war against Arabia, and died before the invasion of his country by Cambyses king of Persia. He made a law that every one of his subjects should yearly give an account to the public magistrates of the manner in which he supported himself. He refused to continue in alliance with Polycrates the tyrant of Samos, on account of his uncommon prosperity. When Cambyses came into Egypt, he ordered the body of Amasis to be dug up, and to be insulted and burnt; an action which was very offensive to the religious notions of the Egyptians. Herodotus, bks. 1, 2, 3.――A man who led the Persians against the inhabitants of Barce. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 201, &c.

Amastris, the wife of Dionysius the tyrant of Sicily, was sister to Darius, whom Alexander conquered. Strabo.――Also, the wife of Xerxes king of Persia. See: Amestris.――A city of Paphlagonia, on the Euxine sea. Catullus.

Amastrus, one of the auxiliaries of Perses, against Ætes king of Colchis, killed by Argus son of Phryxus. Flaccus, bk. 6, li. 544.――A friend of Æneas, killed by Camilla in the Rutulian war. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 11, li. 673.

Amāta, the wife of king Latinus. She had betrothed her daughter Lavinia to Turnus, before the arrival of Æneas in Italy. She zealously favoured the interest of Turnus, and when her daughter was given in marriage to Æneas, she hung herself to avoid the sight of her son-in-law. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, &c.

Amăthus (genitive: untis), now Limisso, a city on the southern side of the island of Cyprus, particularly dedicated to Venus. The island is sometimes called Amathusia, a name not unfrequently applied to the goddess of the place. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 51.—Claudius Ptolemy, bk. 5, ch. 14.

Amaxampēus, a fountain of Scythia, whose waters imbitter the stream of the river Hypanis. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 52.

Amaxia, or Amaxīta, an ancient town of Troas.――A place of Cilicia abounding with wood fit for building ships. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 9.—Strabo, bk. 14.

Amazēnes, or Mazēnes, a prince of the island Oaractus, who sailed for some time with the Macedonians and Nearchus in Alexander’s expedition to the east. Arrian, Indica.

Amazŏnes, or Amazŏnĭdes, a nation of famous women who lived near the river Thermodon in Cappadocia. All their life was employed in wars and manly exercises. They never had any commerce with the other sex, but, only for the sake of propagation, they visited the inhabitants of the neighbouring country for a few days, and the male children which they brought forth were given to the fathers. According to Justin, they were strangled as soon as born, and Diodorus says that they maimed them and distorted their limbs. The females were carefully educated with their mothers, in the labours of the field; their right breast was burnt off that they might hurl a javelin with more force, and make a better use of the bow; from that circumstance, therefore, their name is derived (a non, μαζα mamma). They founded an extensive empire in Asia Minor, along the shores of the Euxine, and near the Thermodon. They were defeated in a battle near the Thermodon by the Greeks; and some of them migrated beyond the Tanais, and extended their territories as far as the Caspian sea. Themyscyra was the most capital of their towns; and Smyrna, Magnesia, Thyatira, and Ephesus, according to some authors, were built by them. Diodorus, bk. 3, mentions a nation of Amazons in Africa more ancient than those of Asia. Some authors, among whom is Strabo, deny the existence of the Amazons, and of a republic supported and governed by women, who banished or extirpated all their males; but Justin and Diodorus particularly support it; and the latter says that Penthesilea, one of their queens, came to the Trojan war on the side of Priam, and that she was killed by Achilles, and from that time the glory and character of the Amazons gradually decayed, and was totally forgotten. The Amazons of Africa flourished long before the Trojan war, and many of their actions have been attributed to those of Asia. It is said, that after they had subdued almost all Asia, they invaded Attica, and were conquered by Theseus. Their most famous actions were their expeditions against Priam, and afterwards the assistance they gave him during the Trojan war; and their invasion of Attica, to punish Theseus, who had carried away Antiope, one of their queens. They were also conquered by Bellerophon and Hercules. Among their queens, Hippolyte, Antiope, Lampeto, Marpesia, &c., are famous. Curtius says that Thalestris, one of their queens, came to Alexander, whilst he was pursuing his conquests in Asia, for the sake of raising children from a man of such military reputation; and that, after she had remained 13 days with him, she retired into her country. The Amazons were such expert archers, that, to denote the goodness of a bow or quiver, it was usual to call it Amazonian. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 5, li. 311.—Jornandes, Getica, ch. 7.—Philostratus Major, Imagines, bk. 2, ch. 5.—Justin, bk. 2, ch. 4.—Curtius, bk. 6, ch. 5.—Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 7; bk. 14, ch. 8; bk. 36, ch. 5.—Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 110.—Strabo, bk. 11.—Diodorus, bk. 2.—Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 4.—Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 2.—Plutarch, Theseus.—Apollodorus, bk. 2, chs. 3 & 5.—Hyginus, fables 14 & 163.

Amazŏnia, a celebrated mistress of the emperor Commodus.――The country of the Amazons, near the Caspian sea.

Amazŏnium, a place in Attica, where Theseus obtained a victory over the Amazons.

Amazŏnius, a surname of Apollo at Lacedæmon.

Ambarri, a people of Gallia Celtica, on the Arar, related to the Ædui. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 1, ch. 11.

Ambarvālia, a joyful procession round the ploughed fields, in honour of Ceres the goddess of corn. There were two festivals of that name celebrated by the Romans, one about the month of April, the other in July. They went three times round their fields crowned with oak leaves singing hymns to Ceres, and entreating her to preserve their corn. The word is derived ab ambiendis arvis, going round the fields. A sow, a sheep, and a bull, called ambarvaliæ hostiæ, were afterwards immolated, and the sacrifice has sometimes been called suovetaurilia, from sus, ovis, and taurus. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 1, lis. 339 & 345.—Tibullus, bk. 2, poem 1, li. 19.—Cato, de Re Rustica, ch. 141.

Ambĕnus, a mountain of European Sarmatia. Flaccus, bk. 6, ch. 85.

Ambialītes, a people of Gallia Celtica. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 3, ch. 9.

Ambiānum, a town of Belgium, now Amiens. Its inhabitants conspired against Julius Cæsar. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 2, ch. 4.

Ambiatīnum, a village of Germany, where the emperor Caligula was born. Suetonius, Caligula, ch. 8.

Ambigātus, a king of the Celtæ, in the time of Tarquinius Priscus. Seeing the great population of his country, he sent his two nephews, Sigovesus and Bellovesus, with two colonies, in quest of new settlements; the former towards the Hercynian woods, and the other towards Italy. Livy, bk. 5, ch. 34, &c.

Ambiōrix, a king of the Eburones in Gaul. He was a great enemy to Rome, and was killed in a battle with Julius Cæsar, in which 60,000 of his countrymen were slain. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 5, chs. 11, 26; bk. 6, ch. 30.

Ambivius, a man mentioned by Cicero, de Senectute.

Amblada, a town of Pisidia. Strabo.

Ambracia, a city of Epirus near the Acheron, the residence of king Pyrrhus. Augustus, after the battle of Actium, called it Nicopolis. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 3.—Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 1.—Polybius, bk. 4, ch. 63.—Strabo, bk. 10.

Ambracius Sinus, a bay of the Ionian sea, near Ambracia, about 300 stadia deep, narrow at the entrance, but within near 100 stadia in breadth, and now called the gulf of Larta. Polybius, bk. 4, ch. 63.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 3.—Florus, bk. 4, ch. 11.—Strabo, bk. 10.

Ambri, an Indian nation. Justin, bk. 12, ch. 9.

Ambrōnes, certain nations of Gaul, who lost their possessions by the inundation of the sea, and lived upon rapine and plunder, whence the word Ambrones implied a dishonourable meaning. They were conquered by Marius. Plutarch, Marius.

Ambrōsia, festivals observed in honour of Bacchus in some cities in Greece. They were the same as the Brumalia of the Romans.――One of the daughters of Atlas, changed into a constellation after death.――The food of the gods was called ambrosia, and their drink nectar. The word signifies immortal. It had the power of giving immortality to all those who eat it. It was sweeter than honey, and of a most odoriferous smell; and it is said that Berenice, the wife of Ptolemy Soter, was saved from death by eating ambrosia given her by Venus. Titonus was made immortal by Aurora, by eating ambrosia; and in like manner Tantalus and Pelops, who, on account of their impiety, had been driven from heaven, and compelled to die upon earth. It had the power of healing wounds, and therefore Apollo, in Homer’s Iliad, saves Sarpedon’s body from putrefaction, by rubbing it with ambrosia; and Venus also heals the wounds of her son, in Virgil’s Æneid, with it. The gods used generally to perfume the hair with ambrosia; as Juno when she adorned herself to captivate Jupiter, and Venus when she appeared to Æneas. Homer, Iliad, bks. 1, 14, 16, & 24.—Lucian, de Dea Syria.—Catullus, poem 100.—Theocritus, Idylls, poem 15.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 407; bk. 12, li. 419.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 2.—Pindar, bk. 1, Olympian.

Ambrosius, bishop of Milan, obliged the emperor Theodosius to make penance for the murder of the people of Thessalonica, and distinguished himself by his writings, especially against the Arians. His three books, de Officiis, are still extant, besides eight hymns on the creation. His style is not inelegant, but his diction is sententious, his opinions eccentric, though his subject is diversified by copiousness of thought. He died A.D. 397. The best edition of his works is that of the Benedictines, 2 vols., folio, Paris, 1686.

Ambrȳon, a man who wrote the life of Theocritus of Chios. Diogenes Laërtius.

Ambryssus, a city of Phocis, which receives its name from a hero of the same name. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 35.

Ambūbājæ, Syrian women of immoral lives, who, in the dissolute period of Rome, attended festivals and assemblies as minstrels. The name is derived by some from Syrian words, which signify a flute. Horace, bk. 1, satire 2.—Suetonius, Nero, ch. 27.

Ambulli, a surname of Castor and Pollux, in Sparta.

Ameles, a river of hell, whose waters no vessel could contain. ♦Plato, bk. 10, Republic.

♦ ‘Plutarch’ replaced with ‘Plato’

Amenanus, a river of Sicily, near mount Ætna, now Guidicello. Strabo, bk. 5.

Amenīdes, a secretary of Darius the last king of Persia. Alexander set him over the Arimaspi. Curtius, bk. 7, ch. 3.

Amenŏcles, a Corinthian, said to be the first Grecian who built a three-oared galley at Samos and Corinth. Thucydides, bk. 1, ch. 13.

Ameria, a city of Umbria, whose osiers (Amerinæ salices) were famous for the binding of vines to the elm trees. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 14.—Virgil, Georgics, bk. 1, li. 265.

Amestrătus, a town of Sicily, near the Halesus. The Romans besieged it for seven months, and it yielded at last after a third siege, and the inhabitants were sold as slaves. Polybius, bk. 1, ch. 24.

Amestris, queen of Persia, was wife to Xerxes. She cruelly treated the mother of Artiante, her husband’s mistress, and cut off her nose, ears, lips, breast, tongue, and eyebrows. She also buried alive 14 noble Persian youths, to appease the deities under the earth. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 61; bk. 9, ch. 111.――A daughter of Oxyartes, wife to Lysimachus. Diodorus, bk. 20.

Amīda, a city of Mesopotamia, besieged and taken by Sapor king of Persia. Ammianus, bk. 19.

Amilcar, a Carthaginian general of great eloquence and cunning, surnamed Rhodanus. When the Athenians were afraid of Alexander, Amilcar went to his camp, gained his confidence, and secretly transmitted an account of all his schemes to Athens. Trogus, bk. 21, ch. 6.――A Carthaginian, whom the Syracusans called to their assistance against the tyrant Agathocles, who besieged their city. Amilcar soon after favoured the interest of Agathocles, for which he was accused at Carthage. He died in Syracuse, B.C. 309. Diodorus, bk. 20.—Justin, bk. 22, chs. 2 & 3.――A Carthaginian, surnamed Barcas, father to the celebrated Annibal. He was general in Sicily during the first Punic war; and after a peace had been made with the Romans, he quelled a rebellion of slaves, who had besieged Carthage, and taken many towns of Africa, and rendered themselves so formidable to the Carthaginians that they begged and obtained assistance from Rome. After this, he passed into Spain with his son Annibal, who was but nine years of age, and laid the foundation of the town of Barcelona. He was killed in a battle against the Vettones, B.C. 237. He had formed the plan of an invasion of Italy, by crossing the Alps, which his son afterwards carried into execution. His great enmity to the Romans was the cause of the second Punic war. He used to say of his three sons, that he kept three lions to devour the Roman power. Cornelius Nepos, Lives of Distinguished Romans.—Livy, bk. 21, ch. 1.—Polybius, bk. 2.—Plutarch, Life of Hannibal.――A Carthaginian general, who assisted the Insubres against Rome, and was taken by Cnaeus Cornelius. Livy, bk. 32, ch. 30; bk. 33, ch. 8.――A son of Hanno, defeated in Sicily by Gelon, the same day that Xerxes was defeated at Salamis by Themistocles. He burnt himself, that his body might not be found among the slain. Sacrifices were offered to him. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 165, &c.

Amĭlos, or Amĭlus, a river of Mauritania, where the elephants go to wash themselves by moonshine. Pliny, bk. 8, ch. 1.――A town of Arcadia. Pausanias, Arcadia.

Amimŏne, or Amymŏne, a daughter of Danaus, changed into a fountain which is near Argos, and flows into the lake Lerna. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 2, li. 240.

Amĭnea, or Amminea, a part of Campania, where the inhabitants are great husbandmen. Its wine was highly esteemed. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 2, li. 97.――A place of Thessaly.

Aminias, a famous pirate, whom Antigonus employed against Apollodorus tyrant of Cassandrea. Polyænus, bk. 4, ch. 18.

Aminius, a river of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 30.

Aminŏcles, a native of Corinth, who flourished 705 B.C., &c.

Amisēna, a country of Cappadocia. Strabo, bk. 12.

Amisias, a comic poet, whom Aristophanes ridiculed for his insipid verses.

Amissas, an officer of Megalopolis in Alexander’s army. Curtius, bk. 10, ch. 8.

Amiternum, a town of Italy, where Sallust was born. The inhabitants assisted Turnus against Æneas. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 710.—Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 5.—Livy, bk. 28, ch. 45.

Amithāon, or Amythāon, was father to Melampus the famous prophet. Statius, Thebiad, bk. 3, li. 451.

Ammālo, a festival in honour of Jupiter in Greece.

Ammiānus. See: Marcellinus.

Ammon and Hammon, a name of Jupiter, worshipped in Libya. He appeared under the form of a ram to Hercules, or, according to others, to Bacchus, who, with his army, suffered the greatest extremities for want of water, in the deserts of Africa, and showed him a fountain. Upon this Bacchus erected a temple to his father, under the name of Jupiter Ammon, i.e. sandy, with the horns of a ram. The ram, according to some, was made a constellation. The temple of Jupiter Ammon was in the deserts of Libya, nine days’ journey from Alexandria. It had a famous oracle, which, according to ancient tradition, was established about 18 centuries before the time of Augustus, by two doves which flew away from Thebais in Egypt, and came, one to Dodona, and the other to Libya, where the people were soon informed of their divine mission. The oracle of Hammon was consulted by Hercules, Perseus, and others; but when it pronounced Alexander to be the son of Jupiter, such flattery destroyed its long-established reputation, and in the age of Plutarch it was scarce known. The situation of the temple was pleasant; and according to Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 15, li. 310,—Lucretius, bk. 6, li. 147,—Herodotus, Melpomene.—Curtius, bk. 4, ch. 7, there was near it a fountain whose waters were cold at noon and midnight, and warm in the morning and evening. There were above 100 priests in the temple, but only the elders delivered oracles. There was also an oracle of Jupiter Ammon in Æthiopia. Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 29.—Strabo, bks. 1, 11, & 17.—Plutarch, de Defectu Oraculorum, & Iside et Osiride.—Curtius, bk. 6, ch. 10; bk. 10, ch. 5.—Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 6; bk. 2, chs. 32 & 55; bk. 4, ch. 44.—Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 18; bk. 4, ch. 23.—Hyginus, fable 133; Poeticon Astronomicon, bk. 2, ch. 20.—Justin, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 11, ch. 11.――A king of Libya, father to Bacchus. He gave his name to the temple of Hammon, according to Diodorus, bk. 8.

Ammon and Brothas, two brothers famous for their skill in boxing. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 5, li. 107.

Ammōnia, a name of Juno in Elis, as being the wife of Jupiter Ammon. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 15.

Ammōnii, a nation of Africa, who derived their origin from the Egyptians and Æthiopians. Their language was a mixture of that of the two people from whom they were descended. Herodotus, bks. 2, 3, & 4.

Ammōnius, a christian philosopher, who opened a school of Platonic philosophy at Alexandria, 232 A.D., and had amongst his pupils Origen and Plotinus. His treatise, Περι Ὁμοιων, was published in 4to by Valckenaer, Leiden, 1739.――A writer who gave an account of sacrifices, as also a treatise on the harlots of Athens. Athenæus, bk. 13.――An Athenian general surnamed Barcas. Polybius, bk. 3.

Ammothea, one of the Nereides. Hesiod, Theogony.

Amnias, a river of Bithynia. Appian, Mithridatic Wars.

Amnīsus, a port of Gnossus, at the north of Crete, with a small river of the same name, near which Lucina had a temple. The nymphs of the place were called Amnisiades. Callimachus.

Amœbæus, an Athenian player of great reputation, who sung at the nuptials of Demetrius and Nicæa. Polyænus, bk. 4, ch. 6.

Amomētus, a Greek historian. Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 17.

Amor, the son of Venus, was the god of love. See: Cupido.

Amorges, a Persian general, killed in Caria, in the reign of Xerxes. Herodotus, bk. 5, ch. 121.

Amorgos, an island among the Cyclades, where Simonides was born. Strabo, bk. 10.

Ampĕlus, a promontory of Samos.――A town of Crete,――of Macedonia,――of Liguria,――and Cyrene.――A favourite of Bacchus, son of a satyr and a nymph, made a constellation after death. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 3, li. 407.

Ampelūsia, a promontory of Africa, in Mauritania. Mela, bk. 1, chs. 5 & 6.

Amphēa, a city of Messenia, taken by the Lacedæmonians. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 5.

Amphialāus, a famous dancer in the island of the Phæacians. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 8.

Amphiănax, a king of Lycia in the time of Acrisius and Prœtus. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 2.

Amphiarāus, son of Oicleus, or, according to others, of Apollo by Hypermnestra, was at the chase of the Calydonian boar, and accompanied the Argonauts in their expedition. He was famous for his knowledge of futurity and thence he is called by some son of Apollo. He married Eriphyle, the sister of Adrastus king of Argos, by whom he had two sons, Alcmæon and Amphilochus. When Adrastus, at the request of Polynices, declared war against Thebes, Amphiaraus secreted himself, not to accompany his brother-in-law in an expedition in which he knew he was to perish. But Eriphyle, who knew where he had concealed himself, was prevailed upon to betray him by Polynices, who gave her as a reward for her perfidy a famous golden necklace set with diamonds. Amphiaraus being thus discovered, went to the war, but previously charged his son Alcmæon to put to death his mother Eriphyle, as soon as he was informed that he was killed. The Theban war was fatal to the Argives, and Amphiaraus was swallowed up in his chariot by the earth, as he attempted to retire from the battle. The news of his death was brought to Alcmæon, who immediately executed his father’s command, and murdered Eriphyle. Amphiaraus received divine honours after death, and had a celebrated temple and oracle at Oropos in Attica. His statue was made of white marble, and near his temple was a fountain, whose waters were ever held sacred. They only who had consulted his oracle, or had been delivered from a disease, were permitted to bathe in it, after which they threw pieces of gold and silver into the stream. Those who consulted the oracle of Amphiaraus first purified themselves, and abstained from food for 24 hours, and three days from wine, after which they sacrificed a ram to the prophet, and spread the skin upon the ground, upon which they slept in expectation of receiving in a dream the answer of the oracle. Plutarch, De Defectu Oraculorum, mentions that the oracle of Amphiaraus was once consulted in the time of Xerxes, by one of the servants of Mardonius, for his master, who was then with an army in Greece; and that the servant, when asleep, saw in a dream the priest of the temple, who upbraided him and drove him away, and even threw stones at his head when he refused to comply. This oracle was verified in the death of Mardonius, who was actually killed by the blow of a stone which he received on the head. Cicero, de Divinatione, bk. 1, ch. 40.—Philostratus, Lives.—Apollonius, bk. 2, ch. 11.—Homer, Odyssey, bk. 15, li. 243, &c.—Hyginus, fables 70, 73, 128, & 150.—Diodorus, bk. 4.—Ovid, bk. 9, fable 10.—Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 34; bk. 2, ch. 37; bk. 9, chs. 8 & 19.—Aeschylus, Seven Against Thebes.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, chs. 8 & 9; bk. 3, ch. 6, &c.—Strabo, bk. 8.

Amphiarāĭdes, a patronymic of Alcmæon as being son of Amphiaraus. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 2, li. 43.

Amphicrătes, an historian who wrote the lives of illustrious men. Diogenes Laërtius.

Amphictyon, son of Deucalion and Pyrrha, reigned at Athens after Cranaus, and first attempted to give the interpretation of dreams, and to draw omens. Some say that the deluge happened in his age. Justin, bk. 2, ch. 6.――The son of Helenus, who first established the celebrated council of the Amphictyons, composed of the wisest and most virtuous men of some cities of Greece. This august assembly consisted of 12 persons, originally sent by the following states: the Ionians, Dorians, Perhæbians, Bœotians, Magnesians, Phthians, Locrians, Malians, Phocians, Thessalians, Dolopes, and the people of Œta. Other cities in process of time sent also some of their citizens to the council of the Amphictyons, and in the age of Antoninus Pius, they were increased to the number of 30. They generally met twice every year at Delphi, and sometimes sat at Thermopylæ. They took into consideration all matters of difference which might exist between the different states of Greece. When the Phocians plundered the temple of Delphi the Amphictyons declared war against them, and this war was supported by all the states of Greece, and lasted 10 years. The Phocians, with their allies the Lacedæmonians, were deprived of the privilege of sitting in the council of the Amphictyons, and the Macedonians were admitted in their place, for their services in support of the war. About 60 years after, when Brennus, with the Gauls, invaded Greece, the Phocians behaved with such courage, that they were reinstated in all their former privileges. Before they proceeded to business, the Amphictyons sacrificed an ox to the god of Delphi, and cut his flesh into small pieces, intimating that union and unanimity prevailed in the several cities which they represented. Their decisions were held sacred and inviolable, and even arms were taken up to enforce them. Pausanias, Phocis & Achaia.—Strabo, bk. 8.—Suidas.—Hesychius.—Aeschines.

Amphiclea, a town of Phocis, where Bacchus had a temple.

Amphidāmus, a son of Aleus, brother to Lycurgus. He was of the family of the Inachidæ. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 4.――One of the Argonauts. Flaccus, bk. 1, li. 376.――A son of Busiris, killed by Hercules. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 5.

Amphidrŏmia, a festival observed by private families at Athens, the fifth day after the birth of every child. It was customary to run round the fire with a child in their arms; whence the name of the festivals.

Amphigenīa, a town of Messenia in Peloponnesus. Statius, Thebiad, bk. 4, li. 178.

Amphilŏchus, a son of Amphiaraus and Eriphyle. After the Trojan war, he left Argos, his native country, and built Amphilochus, a town of Epirus. Strabo, bk. 7.—Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 18.――An Athenian philosopher who wrote upon agriculture. Varro, de Re Rustica, bk. 1.

Amphily̆tus, a soothsayer of Acarnania, who encouraged Pisistratus to seize the sovereign power of Athens. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 62.

Amphimăche, a daughter of Amphidamus, wife of Eurystheus. Apollodorus, bk. 2.

Amphimăchus, one of Helen’s suitors, son of Cteatus. He went to the Trojan war. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 10.—Hyginus, fable 97.――A son of Actor and Theronice. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 3.

Amphimĕdon, a Libyan killed by Perseus, in the court of Cepheus. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 5, li. 75.――One of Penelope’s suitors, killed by Telemachus. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 22, li. 283.

Amphinŏme, the name of one of the attendants of Thetis. Homer, Iliad, bk. 18, li. 44.

Amphinŏmus, one of Penelope’s suitors, killed by Telemachus. Homer, Odyssey, bks. 16 & 22.

Amphinŏmus and Anapius, two brothers, who, when Catana and the neighbouring cities were in flames, by an eruption from mount Ætna, saved their parents upon their shoulders. The fire, as it is said, spared them while it consumed others by their side; and Pluto, to reward their uncommon piety, placed them after death in the island of Leuce, and they received divine honours in Sicily. Valerius Maximus, bk. 5, ch. 4.—Strabo, bk. 6.—Silius Italicus, bk. 14, li. 197.—Seneca, de Beneficiis.

Amphīon, was son of Jupiter, by Antiope daughter of Nycteus, who had married Lycus, and had been repudiated by him when he married Dirce. Amphion was born at the same birth as Zethus, on mount Citheron, where Antiope had fled to avoid the resentment of Dirce; and the two children were exposed in the woods, but preserved by a shepherd. See: Antiope. When Amphion grew up, he cultivated poetry and made such an uncommon progress in music, that he is said to have been the inventor of it, and to have built the walls of Thebes at the sound of his lyre. Mercury taught him music, and gave him the lyre. He was the first who raised an altar to this god. Zethus and Amphion united to avenge the wrongs which their mother had suffered from the cruelties of Dirce. They besieged and took Thebes, put Lycus to death, and tied his wife to the tail of a wild bull, which dragged her through precipices till she expired. The fable of Amphion’s moving stones and raising the walls of Thebes at the sound of his lyre, has been explained by supposing that he persuaded, by his eloquence, a wild and uncivilized people to unite together and build a town to protect themselves against the attacks of their enemies. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 11.—Apollodorus, bk. 3, chs. 5 & 10.—Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 6; bk. 6, ch. 20; bk. 9, chs. 5 & 17.—Propertius, bk. 3, poem 15.—Ovid, de Ars Amatoria, bk. 3, li. 323.—Horace, bk. 3, ode 11; Art of Poetry, li. 394.—Statius, Thebiad, bk. 1, li. 10.――A son of Jasus king of Orchomenos, by Persephone daughter of Mius. He married Niobe daughter of Tantalus, by whom he had many children, among whom was Chloris the wife of Neleus. He has been confounded by mythologists with the son of Antiope, though Homer in his Odyssey speaks of them both, and distinguishes them beyond contradiction. The number of Amphion’s children, according to Homer, was 12, six of each sex; according to Ælian, 20; and according to Ovid, 14, seven males and seven females. When Niobe boasted herself greater, and more deserving of immortality than Latona, all her children, except Chloris, were destroyed by the arrows of Apollo and Diana; Niobe herself was changed into a stone, and Amphion killed himself in a fit of despair. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 11, lis. 261 & 282.—Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 12, li. 36.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 6, fable 5.――One of the Argonauts. Hyginus, fable 14.――A famous painter and statuary, son of Acestor of Gnossus. Pliny, bk. 36, ch. 10.――One of the Greek generals in the Trojan war. Homer, Iliad, bk. 13, li. 692.

Amphipŏles, magistrates appointed at Syracuse by Timoleon, after the expulsion of Dionysius the younger. The office existed for above 300 years. Diodorus, bk. 16.

Amphipŏlis, a town on the Strymon, between Macedonia and Thrace. An Athenian colony, under Agnon son of Nicias, drove the ancient inhabitants, called Edonians, from the country, and built a city, which they called Amphipolis, i.e. a town surrounded on all sides, because the Strymon flowed all around it. It has been also called Acra, Strymon, Myrica, Eion, and the town of Mars. It was the cause of many wars between the Athenians and Spartans. Thucydides, bk. 4, ch. 102, &c.—Herodotus, bk. 5, ch. 126; bk. 7, ch. 114.—Diodorus, bks. 11, 12, &c.—Cornelius Nepos, Cimon.

Amphipy̆ros, a surname of Diana, because she carries a torch in both her hands. Sophocles, Trachiniæ.

Amphirētus, a man of Acanthus, who artfully escaped from pirates who had made him prisoner. Polyænus, bk. 6.

Amphiroe, one of the Oceanides. Hesiod, Theogony, li. 361.

Amphis, a Greek comic poet of Athens, son of Amphicrates, contemporary with Plato. Besides his comedies he wrote other pieces, which are now lost. Suidas.—Diogenes Laërtius.

Amphisbæna, a two-headed serpent in the deserts of Libya, whose bite was venomous and deadly. Lucan, bk. 9, li. 719.

Amphissa, or Issa, a daughter of Macareus, beloved by Apollo. She gave her name to a city of Locris near Phocis, in which was a temple of Minerva. Livy, bk. 37, ch. 5.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 15, li. 703.—Lucan, bk. 3, li. 172.――A town of the Brutii on the east coast.

Amphissēne, a country of Armenia.

Amphissus, a son of Dryope. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 9, fable 10.

Amphisthĕnes, a Lacedæmonian, who fell delirious in sacrificing to Diana. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 16.

Amphistīdes, a man so naturally destitute of intellect, that he seldom remembered that he ever had a father. He wished to learn arithmetic, but never could comprehend beyond the figure 4. Aristotle, Problemata, bk. 4.

Amphistrătus and Rhecas, two men of Laconia, charioteers to Castor and Pollux. Strabo, bk. 11.—Justin, bk. 42, ch. 3.

Amphitea, the mother of Ægialeus by Cyanippus, and of three daughters, Argia, Deipyle, and Ægialea, by Adrastus king of Argos. She was daughter to Pronax. Apollodorus, bk. 1.――The wife of Autolycus, by whom she had Anticlea the wife of Laertes. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 19, li. 416.

Amphitheātrum, a large round or oval building at Rome, where the people assembled to see the combats of gladiators, of wild beasts, and other exhibitions. The amphitheatres of Rome were generally built with wood. Statilius Taurus was the first who made one with stones, under Augustus.

Amphithĕmis, a Theban general, who involved the Lacedæmonians into a war with his country. Plutarch, Lysander.—Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 9.

Amphithoe, one of the Nereides.

Amphītrīte, daughter of Oceanus and Tethys, married Neptune, though she had made a vow of perpetual celibacy. She had by him Triton, one of the sea deities. She had a statue at Corinth in the temple of Neptune. She is sometimes called Salatia, and is often taken for the sea itself. Varro, de Lingua Latina, bk. 4.—Hesiod, Theogony, li. 930.—Apollodorus, bk. 3.—Claudian, de Raptu Proserpinæ, bk. 1, li. 104.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 1, li. 14.――One of the Nereides.

Amphĭtryon, a Theban prince, son of Alcæus and Hipponome. His sister Anaxo had married Electryon king of Mycenæ, whose sons were killed in a battle by the Teleboans. Electryon promised his crown and daughter Alcmena to him who could revenge the death of his sons upon the Teleboans; and Amphitryon offered himself and was received, on condition that he should not approach Alcmena before he had obtained a victory. Jupiter, who was captivated with the charms of Alcmena, borrowed the features of Amphitryon when he was gone to the war, and introduced himself to Electryon’s daughter as her husband returned victorious. Alcmena became pregnant of Hercules by Jupiter, and of Iphiclus by Amphitryon, after his return. See: Alcmena. When Amphitryon returned from the war, he brought back to Electryon the herds which the Teleboans had taken from him. One of the cows having strayed from the rest, Amphitryon, to bring them together, threw a stick, which struck the horns of the cow, and rebounded with such violence upon Electryon, that he died on the spot. After this accidental murder, Sthenelus, Electryon’s brother, seized the kingdom of Mycenæ, and obliged Amphitryon to leave Argolis, and retire to Thebes with Alcmena. Creon king of Thebes purified him of the murder. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 4.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 8, li. 213.—Propertius, bk. 4, poem 10, li. 1.—Hesiod, Shield of Heracles.—Hyginus, fable 29.—Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 14.

Amphitryōniădes, a surname of Hercules, as the supposed son of Amphitryon. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 8, li. 103.

Amphitus, a priest of Ceres, at the court of Cepheus. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 5, fable 5.

Amphotĕrus, was appointed commander of a fleet in the Hellespont by Alexander. Curtius, bk. 3, ch. 1.――A son of Alcmæon.

Amphrȳsus, a river of Thessaly, near which Apollo, when banished from heaven, fed the flocks of king Admetus. From this circumstance the god has been called Amphryssius, and his priestess Amphryssia. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 1, li. 580.—Lucan, bk. 6, li. 367.—Virgil, Georgics, bk. 3, li. 2; Æneid, bk. 6, li. 398.――A river of Phrygia, whose waters rendered women liable to barrenness. Pliny, bk. 32, ch. 2.

Ampia Labiena lex, was enacted by Titus Ampius and ♦Titus Labienus, tribunes of the people, A.U.C. 693. It gave Pompey the Great the privilege of appearing in triumphal robes and with a golden crown at the Circensian games, and with a prætexta and golden crown at theatrical plays.

♦ ‘A.’ replaced with ‘Titus’

Ampracia. See: Ambracia.

Ampysĭdes, a patronymic of Mopsus son of Ampyx. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 8, li. 316.

Ampyx, a son of Pelias. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 18.――A man mentioned by Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 5, li. 184.――The father of Mopsus. Orpheus, Argonauts.—Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 17.

Amsactus, a lake in the country of the Hirpini, at the east of Capua, whose waters are so sulphureous that they infect and destroy whatever animals come near the place. It was through this place that Virgil made the fury Alecto descend into hell, after her visit to the upper regions. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 565.—Cicero, de Divinatione, bk. 1, ch. 36.

Amūlius, king of Alba, was son of Procas and youngest brother to Numitor. The crown belonged to Numitor by right of birth; but Amulius dispossessed him of it, and even put to death his son Lausus, and consecrated his daughter Rhea Sylvia to the service of Vesta, to prevent her ever becoming a mother. Yet, in spite of all these precautions, Rhea became pregnant by the god Mars, and brought forth twins, Romulus and Remus. Amulius, who was informed of this, ordered the mother to be buried alive for violating the laws of Vesta, which enjoined perpetual chastity, and the two children to be thrown into the river. They were providentially saved by some shepherds, or, as others say, by a she-wolf; and when they had attained the years of manhood, they put to death the usurper, Amulius, and restored the crown to their grandfather. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 3, li. 67.—Livy, bk. 1, chs. 3 & 4.—Plutarch, Romulus.—Florus, bk. 1, ch. 1.—Dionysius of Halicarnassus.――A celebrated painter. Pliny, bk. 35, ch. 10.

Amy̆ci Portus, a place in Pontus, famous for the death of Amycus king of the Bebryces. His tomb was covered with laurels, whose boughs, as is reported, when carried on board a ship, caused uncommon dissensions among the sailors. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 32.—Arrian.

Amy̆cla, a daughter of Niobe, who, with her sister Melibœa, was spared by Diana, when her mother boasted herself greater than Diana. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 22.――Homer says that all the daughters perished. Iliad, bk. 24. See: Niobe.――The nurse of Alcibiades.

Amy̆clæ, a town of Italy between Caieta and Tarracina, built by the companions of Castor and Pollux. The inhabitants were strict followers of the precepts of Pythagoras, and therefore abstained from flesh. They were killed by serpents, which they thought impious to destroy, though in their own defence. Pliny, bk. 8, ch. 29. Once a report prevailed in Amyclæ that the enemies were coming to storm it; upon which the inhabitants made a law that forbade such a report to be credited, and when the enemy really arrived, no one mentioned it, or took up arms in his own defence, and the town was easily taken. From this circumstance the epithet of tacitæ has been given to Amyclæ. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 564.—Silius Italicus, bk. 8, li. 529.――A city of Peloponnesus, built by Amyclas. Castor and Pollux were born there. The country was famous for dogs. Apollo, called Amyclæus, had a rich and magnificent temple there, surrounded with delightful groves. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 18.—Statius, Thebiad, bk. 4, li. 223.—Strabo, bk. 8.—Virgil, Georgics, bk. 3, li. 345.—Ovid, de Ars Amatoria, bk. 2, li. 5.

Amyclæus, a statuary. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 13.――A surname of Apollo.

Amyclas, son of Lacedæmon and Sparta, built the city of Amyclæ. His sister Eurydice married Acrisius king of Argos, by whom she had Danae. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 1; bk. 7, ch. 18.――The master of a ship in which Cæsar embarked in disguise. When Amyclas wished to put back to avoid a violent storm, Cæsar, unveiling his head, discovered himself, and bidding the pilot pursue his voyage, exclaimed, Cæsarem vehis, Cæsarisque fortunam. Lucan, bk. 5, li. 520.

Amy̆cus, son of Neptune by Melia, or Bithynis, according to others, was king of the Bebryces. He was famous for his skill in the management of the cestus, and he challenged all strangers to a trial of strength. When the Argonauts, in their expedition, stopped on his coasts, he treated them with great kindness, and Pollux accepted his challenge, and killed him when he attempted to overcome him by fraud. Apollonius, bk. 2, Argonautica.—Theocritus, Idylls, poem 22.—Apollonius, bk. 1, ch. 9.――One of the companions of Æneas, who almost perished in a storm on the coast of Africa. He was killed by Turnus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 225; bk. 9, li. 772.――Another, likewise killed by Turnus. Ibis, bk. 12, li. 509.――A son of Ixion and the cloud.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12, li. 245.

Amy̆don, a city of Pæonia in Macedonia, which sent auxiliaries to Priam during the Trojan war. Homer, Iliad, bk. 2.

Amȳmōne, daughter of Danaus and Europa, married Enceladus son of Ægyptus, whom she murdered the first night of her nuptials. She wounded a satyr with an arrow which she had aimed at a stag. The satyr pursued her, and even offered her violence, but Neptune delivered her. It was said that she was the only one of the 50 sisters who was not condemned to fill a leaky tub with water in hell, because she had been continually employed, by order of her father, in supplying the city of Argos with water in a great drought. Neptune saw her in this employment, and was enamoured of her. He carried her away, and in the place where she stood, he raised a fountain by striking a rock. The fountain has been called Amymone. She had Nauplius by Neptune. Propertius, bk. 2, poem 26, li. 46.—Apollodorus, bk. 2.—Strabo, bk. 8.—Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 37.—Ovid, Amores, bk. 1, li. 515.—Hyginus, fable 169.――A fountain and rivulet of Peloponnesus, flowing through Argolis into the lake of Lerna. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 2, li. 240.

Amyntas I., was king of Macedonia after his father Alcetas. His son Alexander murdered the ambassadors of Megabyzus, for their wanton and insolent behaviour to the ladies of his father’s court. Bubares, a Persian general, was sent with an army to revenge the death of the ambassadors; but instead of making war, he married the king’s daughter, and defended his possessions. Justin, bk. 7, ch. 3.—Herodotus, bks. 5, 7, & 8.――The second of that name was son of Menelaus, and king of Macedonia after his murder of Pausanias. He was expelled by the Illyrians, and restored by the Thessalians and Spartans. He made war against the Illyrians and Olynthians, and lived to a great age. His wife Eurydice conspired against his life; but her snares were seasonably discovered by one of his daughters by a former wife. He had Alexander, Perdiccas, and Philip, Alexander the Great’s father, by his first wife; and by the other he had Archelaus, Aridæus, and Menelaus. He reigned 24 years; and soon after his death his son Philip murdered all his brothers, and ascended the throne.—Justin, bk. 7, chs. 4 & 9.—Diodorus, bk. 14, &c.—Cornelius Nepos & Plutarch, Pelopidas.――There is another king of Macedonia of the same name, but of his life few particulars are recorded in history.――A man who succeeded Dejotarus, in the kingdom of Gallogræcia. After his death it became a Roman province under Augustus. Strabo, bk. 12.――One of Alexander’s officers.――Another officer who deserted to Darius, and was killed as he attempted to seize Egypt. Curtius, bk. 3, ch. 9.――A son of Antiochus, who withdrew himself from Macedonia, because he hated Alexander.――An officer in Alexander’s cavalry. He had two brothers, called Simias and Polemon. He was accused of a conspiracy against the king, on account of his great intimacy with Philotas, and acquitted. Curtius, bk. 4, ch. 15; bk. 6, ch. 9; bk. 8, ch. 12.――A shepherd’s name in Virgil’s Eclogues.――A Greek writer who composed several works quoted by Athenæus, 10 & 12.

Amyntiānus, an historian in the age of Antoninus, who wrote a treatise in commendation of Philip, Olympias, and Alexander.

Amyntor, a king of Argos, son of Phrastor. He deprived his son Phœnix of his eyes, to punish him for the violence which he had offered to Clytia his concubine. Hyginus, fable 173.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 8, li. 307.—Apollodorus, bk. 3.—Homer, Iliad, bk. 9.――A general of the Dolopes. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12, li. 364.――A son of Ægyptus, killed by Damone the first night of his marriage. Hyginus, fable 170.

Amyris, a man of Sybaris, who consulted the oracle of Delphi concerning the probable duration of his country’s prosperity, &c.

Amyrīcus Campus, a plain of Thessaly. Polybius, bk. 3.

Amyrius, a king by whom Cyrus was killed in a battle. Ctesias.

Amy̆rus, a town of Thessaly.――A river mentioned by Valerius Flaccus, bk. 2, li. 11.

Amystis, a river of India falling into the Ganges. Arrian, Indica.

Amythāon, a son of Cretheus king of Iolchos, by Tyro. He married Idomene, by whom he had Bias and Melampus. After his father’s death, he established himself in Messenia with his brother Neleus, and re-established or regulated the Olympic games. Melampus is called Amythaonius, from his father Amythaon. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 3, li. 550.—Diodorus, bk. 4.—Apollodorus, bk. 1.—Homer, Odyssey, bk. 11.――A son of Hippasus, who assisted Priam in the Trojan war, and was killed by Lycomedes. Homer, Iliad, bk. 17.

Amytis, a daughter of Astyages, whom Cyrus married. Ctesias.――A daughter of Xerxes, who married Megabyzus, and disgraced herself by her debaucheries.

Anăces, or Anactes, a name given to Castor and Pollux among the Athenians. Their festivals were called Anaceia. Plutarch, Theseus.—Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 3, ch. 21.

Anacharsis, a Scythian philosopher, 592 B.C., who, on account of his wisdom, temperance, and extensive knowledge, has been called one of the seven wise men. Like his countrymen, he made use of a cart instead of a house. He was wont to compare laws to cobwebs, which can stop only small flies, and are unable to resist the superior force of large insects. When he returned to Scythia from Athens, where he had spent some time in study, and in the friendship of Solon, he attempted to introduce there the laws of the Athenians, which so irritated his brother, who was then on the throne, that he killed him with an arrow. Anacharsis has rendered himself famous among the ancients by his writings, and his poems on war, the laws of Scythia, &c. Two of his letters to Crœsus and Hanno are still extant. Later authors have attributed to him the invention of tinder, of anchors, and of the potter’s wheel. The name of Anacharsis is become very familiar to modern ears, by that elegant, valuable, and truly classical work of Barthelemi, called the travels of Anacharsis. Herodotus, bk. 4, chs. 56, 47, & 48.—Plutarch, Quæstiones Convivales.—Cicero, Tusculanæ Disputationes, bk. 5, ch. 32.—Strabo, bk. 7.

Anacium, a mountain with a temple sacred to the Anaces in Peloponnesus. Polyænus, bk. 1, ch. 21.

Anacreon, a famous lyric poet of Teos in Ionia, highly favoured by Polycrates and Hipparchus son of Pisistratus. He was of a lascivious and intemperate disposition, much given to drinking, and deeply enamoured of a youth called Bathyllus. His odes are still extant, and the uncommon sweetness and elegance of his poetry have been the admiration of every age and country. He lived to his 85th year, and, after every excess of pleasure and debauchery, choked himself with a grape stone and expired. Plato says that he was descended from an illustrious family, and that Codrus, the last king of Athens, was one of his progenitors. His statue was placed in the citadel of Athens, representing him as an old drunken man, singing, with every mark of dissipation and intemperance. Anacreon flourished 532 B.C. All that he wrote is not extant; his odes were first published by H. Stephens, with an elegant translation. The best editions of Anacreon are that of Maittaire, 4to, London, 1725, of which only 100 copies were printed, and the very correct one of Barnes, 12mo, Cambridge, 1721, to which may be added that of Brunck, 12mo, Strasbourg, 1778. Pausanias, bk. 1, chs. 2, 25.—Strabo, bk. 14.—Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 9, ch. 4.—Cicero, Tusculanæ Disputationes, bk. 4, ch. 33.—Horace, epode 14, li. 20.—Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 7.—Herodotus, bk. 3, ch. 121.

Anactoria and Anactorium, a town of Epirus, in a peninsula towards the gulf of Ambracia. It was founded by a Corinthian colony, and was the cause of many quarrels between the Corcyreans and Corinthians. Augustus carried the inhabitants to the city of Nicopolis, after the battle of Actium. Strabo, bk. 10.—Thucydides, bk. 1, ch. 55.—Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 1; bk. 5, ch. 29.――An ancient name of Miletus.

Anactŏrie, a woman of Lesbos, wantonly loved by Sappho. Ovid, Heroides, poem 15, li. 17.

Anadyomĕne, a valuable painting of Venus, represented as rising from the sea, by Apelles. Augustus bought it and placed it in the temple of Julius Cæsar. The lower part of it was a little defaced, and there were found no painters in Rome able to repair it. Pliny, bk. 35, ch. 10.

Anagnia, now Anagni, a city of the Hernici in Latium, where Antony struck a medal when he divorced Octavia and married Cleopatra. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 684.—Strabo, bk. 5.—Silius Italicus, bk. 8, li. 392.

Anagogia, a festival, celebrated by the people of Eryx in Sicily, in honour of Venus. Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 1, ch. 15; Natura Animalium, bk. 4, ch. 2.

Anagyrontum, a small village of Attica. Herodotus.

Anaītis, a goddess of Armenia. The virgins who were consecrated to her service, esteemed themselves more dignified by public prostitution. The festivals of the deity were called Sacarum Festa; and when they were celebrated both sexes assisted at the ceremony, and inebriated themselves to such a degree, that the whole was concluded by a scene of the greatest lasciviousness and intemperance. They were first instituted by Cyrus, when he marched against the Sacæ, and covered tables with the most exquisite dainties, that he might detain the enemy by the novelty and sweetness of food to which they were unaccustomed, and thus easily destroy them. Strabo.――Diana is also worshipped under this name by the Lydians. Pliny, bk. 33, ch. 4.

Ananias, an Iambic poet. Athenæus.

Anăphe, an island that rose out of the Cretan sea, and received this name from the Argonauts, who, in the middle of a storm, suddenly saw the new moon. Apollo was worshipped there, and called Anaphæus. Apollonius.

Anaphlystus, a small village of Attica near the sea, called after an ancient hero of the same name, who was son of Trœzen.――A small village near Athens.

Anāpus, a river of Epirus. Thucydides, bk. 2, ch. 82.――Of Sicily, near Syracuse. Thucydides, bk. 6, ch. 96.

Anartes, a people of Lower Pannonia. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 6, ch. 25.

Anas, a river of Spain, now called Guadiana. Strabo, bk. 3.

Anatŏle, one of the Horæ. Hyginus, fable 183.――A mountain near the Ganges, where Apollo ravished a nymph called Anaxibia.

Anauchĭdas, a Samian wrestler. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 27.

Anaurus, a river of Thessaly, near the foot of mount Pelion, where Jason lost one of his sandals. Callimachus, Diana [Artemis].――A river of Troas near Ida. Colluthus.

Anausis, one of Medea’s suitors, killed by Styrus. Valerius Flaccus, bk. 6, li. 43.

Anax, a son of Cœlus and Terra, father to Asterius, from whom Miletus has been called Anactoria. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 36; bk. 7, ch. 2.

Anaxagŏras, succeeded his father Megapenthes on the throne of Argos. He shared the sovereign power with Bias and Melampus, who had cured the women of Argos of madness. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 18.――A Clazomenian philosopher, son of Hegesibulus, disciple to Anaximes and preceptor to Socrates and Euripides. He disregarded wealth and honours, to indulge his fondness for meditation and philosophy. He applied himself to astronomy, was acquainted with eclipses, and predicted that one day a stone would fall from the sun, which it is said really fell into the river Ægos. Anaxagoras travelled into Egypt for improvement, and used to say that he preferred a grain of wisdom to heaps of gold. Pericles was in the number of his pupils, and often consulted him in matters of state; and once dissuaded him from starving himself to death. The ideas of Anaxagoras concerning the heavens were wild and extravagant. He supposed that the sun was inflammable matter, about the bigness of Peloponnesus; and that the moon was inhabited. The heavens he believed to be of stone, and the earth of similar materials. He was accused of impiety and condemned to die; but he ridiculed the sentence, and said it had long been pronounced upon him by nature. Being asked whether his body should be carried into his own country, he answered, no, as the road that led to the other side of the grave was as long from one place as the other. His scholar Pericles pleaded eloquently and successfully for him, and the sentence of death was exchanged for banishment. In prison, the philosopher is said to have attempted to square the circle, or determine exactly the proportion of its diameter to the circumference. When the people of Lampsacus asked him before his death whether he wished anything to be done in commemoration of him, “Yes,” said he, “let the boys be allowed to play on the anniversary of my death.” This was carefully observed, and that time, dedicated to relaxation, was called Anaxagoreia. He died at Lampsacus in his 72nd year, 428 B.C. His writings were not much esteemed by his pupil Socrates. Diogenes Laërtius, Lives of Eminent Philosophers.—Plutarch, Nicias & Pericles.—Cicero, Academicæ quaestiones, bk. 4, ch. 23; Tusculanæ Disputationes, bk. 1, ch. 43.――A statuary of Ægina. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 23.――A grammarian, disciple to Zenodotus. Diogenes Laërtius.――An orator, disciple to Socrates. Diogenes Laërtius.――A son of Echeanox, who, with his brothers Codrus and Diodorus, destroyed Hegesias tyrant of Ephesus.

Anaxander, of the family of the Heraclidæ, was son of Eurycrates and king of Sparta. The second Messenian war began in his reign, in which Aristomenes so egregiously signalized himself. His son was called Eurycrates. Herodotus, bk. 2, ch. 204.—Plutarch, Apophthegmata Laconica.—Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 3; bk. 4, chs. 15 & 16.――A general of Megalopolis, taken by the Thebans.

Anaxandrĭdes, son of Leon and father to Cleomenes I. and Leonidas, was king of Sparta. By the order of the Ephori, he divorced his wife, of whom he was extremely fond, on account of her barrenness; and he was the first Lacedæmonian who had two wives. Herodotus, bks. 1, 5, & 7.—Plutarch, Apophthegmata Laconica, bk. 1.—Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 3, &c.――A son of Theopompus. Herodotus, bk. 8, ch. 131.――A comic poet of Rhodes in the age of Philip and Alexander. He was the first poet who introduced intrigues and rapes upon the stage. He was of such a passionate disposition, that he tore to pieces all his compositions which met with no success. He composed about 100 plays, of which 10 obtained the prize. Some fragments of his poetry remain in Athenæus. He was starved to death by order of the Athenians, for satirizing their government. Aristotle, bk. 3, Rhetoric.

Anaxarchus, a philosopher of Abdera, one of the followers of Democritus, and the friend of Alexander. When the monarch had been wounded in a battle, the philosopher pointed to the place, adding, “That is human blood, and not the blood of a god.” The freedom of Anaxarchus offended Nicocreon, and after Alexander’s death, the tyrant, in revenge, seized the philosopher, and pounded him in a stone mortar with iron hammers. He bore this with much resignation, and exclaimed, “Pound the body of Anaxarchus, for thou dost not pound his soul.” Upon this Nicocreon threatened to cut his tongue, and Anaxarchus bit it off with his teeth, and spit it out into the tyrant’s face. Ovid, Ibis, li. 571.—Plutarch, Convivium Septem Sapientium, ch. 7.—Diogenes Laërtius, Lives of Eminent Philosophers.—Cicero, Tusculanæ Disputationes, bk. 2, ch. 22.――A Theban general. Thucydides, bk. 8, ch. 100.

Anaxarĕte, a girl of Salamis, who so arrogantly despised the addresses of Iphis, a youth of ignoble birth, that the lover hung himself at her door. She saw this sad spectacle without emotion or pity, and was changed into a stone. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 14, li. 748.

Anaxēnor, a musician, whom Marcus Antony greatly honoured, and presented with the tribute of four cities. Strabo, bk. 14.

Anaxias, a Theban general. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 22.

Anaxibia, a sister of Agamemnon, mother of seven sons and two daughters by Nestor. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 29.――A daughter of Bias, brother to the physician Melampus. She married Pelias king of Iolchos, by whom she had Acastus and four daughters—Pisidice, Pelopea, Hippothoe, and Alceste. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9.――She is called daughter of Dymas by Hyginus, fable 14.

Anaxicrătes, an Athenian archon. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 23.

Anaxidămus, succeeded his father Zeuxidamus on the throne of Sparta. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 7; bk. 4, ch. 15.

Anaxĭlas and Anaxĭlaus, a Messenian, tyrant of Rhegium. He took Zancle, and was so mild and popular during his reign, that when he died, 476 B.C., he left his infant sons to the care of one of his servants, and the citizens chose rather to obey a slave than revolt from their benevolent sovereign’s children. Justin, bk. 3, ch. 2.—Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 23; bk. 5, ch. 27.—Thucydides, bk. 6, ch. 5.—Herodotus, bk. 6, ch. 23; bk. 7, ch. 167.――A magician of Larissa, banished from Italy by Augustus.――A Pythagorean philosopher.――A physician. Pliny, bk. 19, ch. 1.――An historian, who began his history with bitter invectives against former writers. Dionysius of Halicarnassus.――A Lacedæmonian. Plutarch, Alcibiades.――A comic writer, about the 100th Olympiad.

Anaxilĭdes, wrote some treatises concerning philosophers, and mentioned that Plato’s mother became pregnant by a phantom of the god Apollo, from which circumstance her son was called the prince of wisdom. Diogenes Laërtius, Plutarch.

Anaximander, a Milesian philosopher, the companion and disciple of Thales. He was the first who constructed spheres, asserted that the earth was of a cylindrical form, and taught that men were born of earth and water mixed together, and heated by the beams of the sun; that the earth moved, and that the moon received light from the sun, which he considered as a circle of fire like a wheel, about 28 times bigger than the earth. He made the first geographical maps and sun-dials. He died in the 64th year of his age, B.C. 547. Cicero, Academicæ Quæstiones, bk. 4, ch. 37.—Diogenes Laërtius, Lives of Eminent Philosophers.—Pliny, bk. 2, ch. 70.—Plutarch, Quæstiones Convivales. He had a son who bore his name. Strabo, bk. 1.

Anaximĕnes, a philosopher, son of Erasistratus and disciple of Anaximander, whom he succeeded in his school. He said that the air was the cause of every created being, and a self-existent divinity, and that the sun, the moon, and the stars, had been made from the earth. He considered the earth as a plain, and the heavens as a solid concave figure, on which the stars were fixed like nails, an opinion prevalent at that time, and from which originated the proverb, τι εἰ οὐρανος ἐμπεσοι, if the heavens should fall? to which Horace has alluded, bk. 3, Odes, poem 3, li. 7. He died 504 years B.C. Cicero, Academicæ Quæstiones, bk. 4, ch. 37; de Natura Deorum, bk. 1, ch. 10.—Plutarch, Quæstiones Convivales.—Pliny, bk. 2, ch. 76.――A native of Lampsacus, son of Aristocles. He was pupil to Diogenes the cynic, and preceptor to Alexander the Great, of whose life, and that of Philip, he wrote the history. When Alexander, in a fit of anger, threatened to put to death all the inhabitants of Lampsacus, because they had maintained a long siege against him, Anaximenes was sent by his countrymen to appease the king, who, as soon as he saw him, swore he would not grant the favour he was going to ask. Upon this, Anaximenes begged the king to destroy the city and enslave the inhabitants, and by this artful request the city of Lampsacus was saved from destruction. Besides the life of Philip and his son, he wrote a history of Greece, in 12 books, all now lost. His nephew bore the same name, and wrote an account of ancient paintings. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 18.—Valerius Maximus, bk. 7, ch. 3.—Diogenes Laërtius, Lives of Eminent Philosophers.

Anaxipŏlis, a comic poet of Thasos. Pliny, bk. 14, ch. 14.――A writer on agriculture, likewise of Thasos.

Anaxippus, a comic writer in the age of Demetrius. He used to say, that philosophers were wise only in their speeches, but fools in their actions. Athenæus.

Anaxirrhoe, a daughter of Coronus, who married Epeus. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 1.

Anaxis, a Bœotian historian, who wrote a history down to the age of Philip son of Amyntas. Diodorus, bk. 25.――A son of Castor and Hilaira.

Anaxo, a virgin of Trœzene carried away by Theseus. Plutarch, Theseus.――A daughter of Alceus, mother of Alcmene by Electryon.

Ancæus, the son of Lycurgus and Antinoe, was in the expedition of the Argonauts. He was at the chase of the Calydonian boar, in which he perished. Hyginus, fables 173 & 248.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 8.――The son of Neptune and Astypalæa. He went with the Argonauts, and succeeded Tiphis as pilot of the ship Argo. He reigned in Ionia, where he married Samia daughter of the Mæander, by whom he had four sons, Perilas, Enudus, Samus, Alithersus, and one daughter called Parthenope. Orpheus, Argonauts. He was once told by one of his servants, whom he pressed with hard labour in his vineyard, that he never would taste of the produce of his vines. He had already the cup in his hand, and called the prophet to convince him of his falsehood; when the servant, yet firm in his prediction, uttered this well-known proverb:

Πολλα μεταξυ πελει κυλικος και χειλεος ακρου.

Multa cadunt inter calicem supremaque labra.

At that very moment Ancæus was told that a wild boar had entered his vineyard; upon which he threw down the cup, and ran to drive away the wild beast. He was killed in the attempt.

Ancalītes, a people of Britain near the Trinobantes. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 5, ch. 21.

Ancarius, a god of the Jews. See: Anchialus.

Ancharia, a family of Rome.――The name of Octavia’s mother. Plutarch, Antonius.

Ancharius, a noble Roman killed by the partisans of Marius during the civil wars with Sylla. Plutarch, Marius.

Anchemŏlus, son of Rhœtus king of the Marrubii in Italy, ravished his mother-in-law Casperia, for which he was expelled by his father. He fled to Turnus, and was killed by Pallas son of Evander, in the wars of Æneas against the Latins. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 389.

Anchesītes, a wind which blows from Achisa, a harbour of Epirus. Cicero, Letters to Atticus, bk. 7, ltr. 1.—Dionysius of Halicarnassus.

Anchesmus, a mountain of Attica, where Jupiter Anchesmius had a statue.

Anchiăle and Anchiala, a city on the sea coast of Cilicia. Sardanapalus, the last king of Assyria, built it, with Tarsus in its neighbourhood, in one day. Strabo, bk. 14.—Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 27. The founder was buried there, and had a statue, under which was a famous inscription in the Syrian language, denoting the great intemperance and dissipation which distinguished all his life. There was a city of the same name in Thrace, called by Ovid the city of Apollo. There was another in Epirus. Ovid, Tristia, bk. 1, poem 10, li. 36.—Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 11.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 2.

Anchiălus, a famous astrologer.――A great warrior, father of Mentes.――One of the Phæacians. Homer, Odyssey.――A god of the Jews, as some suppose, in Martial’s epigrams, bk. 11, ltr. 95.

Anchimolius, a Spartan general sent against the Pisistratidæ, and killed in the expedition. Herodotus, bk. 5, ch. 63.――A son of Rhœtus. See: Anchemolus.

Anchinoe, a daughter of Nilus and wife of Belus. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 1.

Anchion. See: Chion.

Anchīse, a city of Italy. Dionysius of Halicarnassus.

Anchīses, a son of Capys by Themis daughter of Ilus. He was of such a beautiful complexion, that Venus came down from heaven on mount Ida, in the form of a nymph, to enjoy his company. The goddess became pregnant, and forbade Anchises ever to mention the favours he had received, on pain of being struck with thunder. The child which Venus brought forth was called Æneas; he was educated as soon as born by the nymphs of Ida, and, when of a proper age, was entrusted to the care of Chiron the centaur. When Troy was taken, Anchises was become so infirm that Æneas, to whom the Greeks permitted to take away whatever he esteemed most, carried him through the flames upon his shoulders, and thus saved his life. He accompanied his son in his voyage towards Italy, and died in Sicily, in the 80th year of his age. He was buried on mount Eryx by Æneas and Acestes king of the country, and the anniversary of his death was afterwards celebrated by his son and the Trojans on his tomb. Some authors have maintained that Anchises had forgot the injunctions of Venus, and boasted at a feast that he enjoyed her favours on mount Ida, upon which he was killed with thunder. Others say that the wounds he received from the thunder were not mortal, and that they only weakened and disfigured his body. Virgil, in the sixth book of the Æneid, introduces him in the Elysian fields, relating to his son the fates that were to attend him, and the fortune of his descendants the Romans. See: Æneas. Virgil, Æneid, bks. 1, 2, &c.—Hyginus, fables 94, 254, 260, 270.—Hesiod, Theogony, li. 1010.—Apollodorus, bk. 3.—Ovid, Fasti, bk. 4, li. 34.—Homer, Iliad, bk. 20, & Hymn to Aphrodite.—Xenophon, On Hunting, ch. 1.—Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 1, Roman Antiquities.—Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 12, says that Anchises was buried on a mountain in Arcadia, which, from him, has been called Anchisia.――An Athenian archon. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 8.

Anchīsia, a mountain of Arcadia, at the bottom of which was a monument of Anchises. Pausanias, bk. 8, chs. 12 & 13.

Anchīsiădes, a patronymic of Æneas, as being the son of Anchises. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 348, &c.

Anchoe, a place near the mouth of the Cephisus, where there is a lake of the same name. Strabo.

Anchŏra, a fortified place in Galatia.

Anchūrus, a son of Midas king of Phrygia, who sacrificed himself for the good of his country when the earth had opened and swallowed up many buildings. The oracle had been consulted, and gave for answer, that the gulf would never close, if Midas did not throw into it whatever he had most precious. Though the king had parted with many things of immense value, yet the gulf continued open, till Anchurus, thinking himself the most precious of his father’s possessions, took a tender leave of his wife and family, and leaped into the earth, which closed immediately over his head. Midas erected there an altar of stones to Jupiter, and that altar was the first object which he turned to gold, when he had received his fatal gift from the gods. This unpolished lump of gold existed still in the age of Plutarch. Plutarch, Parallela minora.

Ancīle and Ancy̆le, a sacred shield, which, according to the Roman authors, fell from heaven in the reign of Numa, when the Roman people laboured under a pestilence. Upon the preservation of this shield depended the fate of the Roman empire, and therefore Numa ordered 11 of the same size and form to be made, that if ever any attempt was made to carry them away, the plunderer might find it difficult to distinguish the true one. They were made with such exactness, that the king promised Veterius Mamurius, the artist, whatever reward he desired. See: Mamurius. They were kept in the temple of Vesta, and an order of priests was chosen to watch over their safety. These priests were called Salii, and were 12 in number; they carried, every year on the 1st of March, the shields in a solemn procession round the walls of Rome, dancing and singing praises to the god Mars. This sacred festival continued three days, during which every important business was stopped. It was deemed unfortunate to be married on those days, or to undertake any expedition; and Tacitus, bk. 1, Histories, has attributed the unsuccessful campaign of the emperor Otho against Vitellius to his leaving Rome during the celebration of the Ancyliorum festum. These two verses of Ovid explain the origin of the word Ancyle, which is applied to these shields:

Idque ancyle vocat, quod ab omni parte recisum est,

Quemque notes oculis, angulus omnis abest.

Fasti, bk. 3, li. 377, &c.

Varro, de Lingua Latina, bk. 5, ch. 6.—Valerius Maximus, bk. 1, ch. 1.—Juvenal, satire 2, li. 124.—Plutarch, Numa.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 8, li. 664.—Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 2.—Livy, bk. 1, ch. 20.

Ancon and Ancōna, a town of Picenum, built by the Sicilians, with a harbour in the form of a crescent or elbow (ἀγχων), on the shores of the Adriatic. Near this place is the famous chapel of Loretto, supposed by monkish historians to have been brought through the air by angels, August 10, A.D. 1291, from Judæa, where it was a cottage, inhabited by the virgin Mary. The reputed sanctity of the place has often brought 100,000 pilgrims in one day to Loretto. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 13.—Lucan, bk. 2, li. 402.—Silius Italicus, bk. 8, li. 437.

Ancus Martius, the fourth king of Rome, was grandson to Numa by his daughter. He waged a successful war against the Latins, Veientes, Fidenates, Volsci, and Sabines, and joined mount Janiculum to the city by a bridge, and inclosed mount Martius and the Aventine within the walls of the city. He extended the confines of the Roman territories to the sea, where he built the town of Ostia, at the mouth of the Tiber. He inherited the valour of Romulus with the moderation of Numa. He died B.C. 616, after a reign of 24 years, and was succeeded by Tarquin the elder. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 3, ch. 9.—Livy, bk. 1, ch. 32, &c.—Florus, bk. 1, ch. 4.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 815.

Ancȳræ, a town of Sicily.――A town of Phrygia. Pausanias, bk. 1.

Anda, a city of Africa. Polybius.

Andabătæ, certain gladiators who fought blindfolded, whence the proverb, Andabatarum more, to denote rash and inconsiderate measures. Cicero, bk. 6, Letters to his Friends, ltr. 10.

Andania, a city of Arcadia, where Aristomenes was educated. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 1, &c. It received its name from a gulf of the same name. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 33.

Andegavia, a country of Gaul, near the Turones and the ocean. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 3, ch. 41.

Andēra, a town of Phrygia.

Andes, a nation among the Celtæ, whose chief town is now Anjou. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 2, ch. 35.――A village of Italy, near Mantua, where Virgil was born, hence Andinus. Silius Italicus, bk. 8, li. 595.

Andocĭdes, an Athenian orator, son of Leogoras. He lived in the age of Socrates the philosopher, and was intimate with the most illustrious men of his age. He was often banished, but his dexterity always restored him to favour. Plutarch has written his life in Lives of the Ten Orators. Four of his orations are extant.

Andomătis, a river in India, falling into the Ganges. Arrian.

Andræmon, the father of Thoas. Hyginus, fable 97.――The son-in-law and successor of Œneus. Apollodorus, bk. 1.

Andragrathius, a tyrant defeated by Gratian, A.D. 383, &c.

Andragrăthus, a man bribed by Lysimachus to betray his country, &c. Polyænus, bk. 4, ch. 12.

Andragŏras, a man who died a sudden death. Martial, bk. 6, ltr. 53.

Andramy̆les, a king of Lydia, who castrated women, and made use of them as eunuchs. Athenæus.

Andrēas, a statuary of Argos. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 16.――A man of Panormum, who wrote an account of all the remarkable events that had happened in Sicily. Athenæus.――A son of the Peneus. Part of Bœotia, especially where Orchomenos was built, was called Andreis after him. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 34, &c.

Andriclus, a mountain of Cilicia. Strabo, bk. 14.――A river of Troas, falling into the Scamander. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 27.

Andriscus, a man who wrote a history of Naxos. Athenæus, bk. 1.――A worthless person called Pseudophilippus, on account of the likeness of his features to king Philip. He incited the Macedonians to revolt against Rome, and was conquered and led in triumph by Metellus, 152 B.C. Florus, bk. 2, ch. 14.

Androbius, a famous painter. Pliny, bk. 35, ch. 11.

Androclēa, a daughter of Antipœnus of Thebes. She, with her sister Alcida, sacrificed herself in the service of her country, when the oracle had promised the victory to her countrymen, who were engaged in a war against Orchomenos, if any one of noble birth devoted himself for the glory of his nation. Antipœnus refused to do it, and his daughters cheerfully accepted it, and received great honours after death. Hercules, who fought on the side of Thebes, dedicated to them the image of a lion in the temple of Diana. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 17.

Andrōcles, a son of Phintas, who reigned in Messenia. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 5, &c.――A man who wrote a history of Cyprus.

Androclīdes, a noble Theban, who defended the democratical, against the encroachments of the oligarchical, power. He was killed by one of his enemies.――A sophist in the age of Aurelian, who gave an account of philosophers.

Androclus, a son of Codrus, who reigned in Ionia, and took Ephesus and Samos. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 2.

Androcy̆des, a physician, who wrote the following letter to Alexander:—Vinum potaturus, Rex, memento te bibere sanguinem terræ, sicuti venenum est homini cicuta, sic et vinum. Pliny, bk. 14, ch. 5.

Androdămus. See: Andromadas.

Andrōdus, a slave known and protected in the Roman circus by a lion whose foot he had cured. Aulus Gellius, bk. 5, ch. 15.

Andrŏgeos, a Greek, killed by Æneas and his friends, whom he took to be his countrymen. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 2, li. 371.

Andrŏgeus, son of Minos and Pasiphae, was famous for his skill in wrestling. He overcame every antagonist at Athens, and became such a favourite of the people, that Ægeus king of the country grew jealous of his popularity, and caused him to be assassinated as he was going to Thebes. Some say that he was killed by the wild bull of Marathon. Minos declared war against Athens to revenge the death of his son, and peace was at last re-established on condition that Ægeus sent yearly seven boys and seven girls from Athens to Crete to be devoured by the Minotaur. See: Minotaurus. The Athenians established festivals by order of Minos, in honour of his son, and called them Androgeia. Hyginus, fable 41.—Diodorus, bk. 4.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 20.—Pausanias, bk. 1, chs. 1 & 27.—Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 5; bk. 3, chs. 1 & 15.—Plutarch, Theseus.

Androgy̆næ, a fabulous nation of Africa, beyond the Nasamones. Every one of them bore the characteristics of the male and female sex; and one of their breasts was that of a man, and the other that of a woman. Lucretius, bk. 5, li. 837.—Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 2.

Andrŏmăche, a daughter of Eetion king of Thebes in Cilicia, married Hector son of Priam king of Troy, by whom she had Astyanax. She was so fond of her husband, that she even fed his horses with her own hand. During the Trojan war she remained at home employed in her domestic concerns. Her parting with Hector, who was going to a battle, in which he perished, has always been deemed the best, most tender and pathetic of all the passages in Homer’s Iliad. She received the news of her husband’s death with extreme sorrow; and after the taking of Troy, she had the misfortune to see her only son Astyanax, after she had saved him from the flames, thrown headlong from the walls of the city, by the hands of the man whose father had killed her husband. Seneca, Troades. Andromache, in the division of the prisoners by the Greeks, fell to the share of Neoptolemus, who treated her as his wife, and carried her to Epirus. He had by her three sons, Molossus, Piclus, and Pergamus, and afterwards repudiated her. After this divorce she married Helenus son of Priam, who, as herself, was a captive of Pyrrhus. She reigned with him over part of the country, and became mother by him of Cestrinus. Some say that Astyanax was killed by Ulysses, and Euripides says that Menelaus put him to death. Homer, Iliad, bks. 6, 22, & 24.—Quintus Calaber [Smyrnæus], bk. 1.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 486.—Hyginus, fable 123.—Dares Phrygius.—Ovid, Amores, bk. 1, poem 9, li. 35; Tristia, bk. 5, poem 6, li. 43.—Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 12.—Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 11.

Andromachidæ, a nation who presented to their king all the virgins who were of nubile years, and permitted him to use them as he pleased.

Andromăchus, an opulent person of Sicily, father to the historian Timæus. Diodorus, bk. 16. He assisted Timoleon in recovering the liberty of the Syracusans.――A general of Alexander, to whom Parmenio gave the government of Syria. He was burnt alive by the Samaritans. Curtius, bk. 4, chs. 5 & 8.――An officer of Seleucus the younger. Polyænus, bk. 4.――A poet of Byzantium.――A physician of Crete, in the age of Nero.――A sophist of Naples, in the age of Diocletian.

Andromădus, or Androdamus, a native of Rhegium, who made laws for the Thracians concerning the punishment of homicide, &c. Aristotle.

Andrŏmĕda, a daughter of Cepheus king of Æthiopia by Cassiope. She was promised in marriage to Phineus her uncle, when Neptune drowned the kingdom, and sent a sea monster to ravage the country, because Cassiope had boasted herself fairer than Juno and the Nereides. The oracle of Jupiter Ammon was consulted, and nothing could stop the resentment of Neptune, if Andromeda was not exposed to the sea monster. She was accordingly tied naked on a rock, and at the moment that the monster was going to devour her, Perseus, who returned through the air from the conquest of the Gorgons, saw her, and was captivated with her beauty. He promised to deliver her and destroy the monster, if he received her in marriage as a reward for his trouble. Cepheus consented, and Perseus changed the sea monster into a rock, by showing him Medusa’s head, and untied Andromeda and married her. He had by her many children, among whom were Sthenelus, Ancæus, and Electryon. The marriage of Andromeda with Perseus was opposed by Phineus, who, after a bloody battle, was changed into a stone by Perseus. Some say that Minerva made Andromeda a constellation in heaven after her death. See: Medusa, Perseus. Hyginus, fable 64.—Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 2, ch. 43.—Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 4.—Marcus Manilius, bk. 5, li. 533.—Propertius, bk. 3, poem 21.――According to Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 31, it was at Joppa in Judæa that Andromeda was tied on a rock. He mentions that the skeleton of the huge sea monster, to which she had been exposed, was brought to Rome by Scaurus, and carefully preserved. The fable of Andromeda and the sea monster has been explained, by supposing that she was courted by the captain of a ship, who attempted to carry her away, but was prevented by the interposition of another more faithful lover.

Andron, an Argive, who travelled all over the deserts of Libya without drink. ♦Aristotle’s book on Drunkenness [quoted in Apollonius] “Historiæ Mirabiles”.――A man set over the citadel of Syracuse by Dionysius. Hermocrates advised him to seize it and revolt from the tyrant, which he refused to do. The tyrant put him to death for not discovering that Hermocrates had incited him to rebellion. Polyænus, bk. 5, ch. 2.――A man of Halicarnassus, who composed some historical works. Plutarch, Theseus.――A native of Ephesus, who wrote an account of the seven wise men of Greece. Diogenes Laërtius.――A man of Argos.――Another of Alexandria, &c. Apollonius [Paradoxographus], Historiæ Mirabiles, ch. 25.—Athenæus.

♦ reference edited for clarity

Andronīcus Livius. See: Livius.

Andronīcus, a peripatetic philosopher of Rhodes, who flourished 59 years B.C. He was the first who published and revised the works of Aristotle and Theophrastus. His periphrasis is extant, the best edition of which is that of Heinsius, 8vo, Leiden, 1617. Plutarch, Sulla.――A Latin poet in the age of Cæsar.――A Latin grammarian, whose life Suetonius has written.――A king of Lydia, surnamed Alpyus.――One of Alexander’s officers.――One of the officers of Antiochus Epiphanes.――An astronomer of Athens, who built a marble octagonal tower in honour of the eight principal winds, on the top of which was placed a Triton with a stick in his hand, pointing always to the side whence the wind blew.

Androphăgi, a savage nation of European Scythia. Herodotus, bk. 4, chs. 18, 102.

Andropompus, a Theban who killed Xanthus in a single combat by fraud. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 18.

Andros, an island in the Ægean sea, known by the different names of Epagrys, Antandros, Lasia, Cauros, Hydrussa, Nonagria. Its chief town was called Andros. It had a harbour, near which Bacchus had a temple, with a fountain, whose waters, during the ides of January, tasted like wine. It received the name of Andros from Andros son of Anius, one of its kings, who lived in the time of the Trojan war. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 13, li. 648.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 80.—Juvenal, satire 3, li. 70.—Pliny, bk. 2, ch. 103.—Mela, bks. 1 & 2.

Androsthĕnes, one of Alexander’s generals, sent with a ship on the coast of Arabia. Arrian, bk. 7, ch. 10.—Strabo, bk. 16.――A governor of Thessaly, who favoured the interest of Pompey. He was conquered by Julius Cæsar. Cæsar, Civil War, bk. 3, ch. 80.――A statuary of Thebes. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 19.――A geographer in the age of Alexander.

Androtrion, a Greek, who wrote a history of Attica, and a treatise on agriculture. Pliny.—Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 8.

Anelontis, a river near Colophon. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 28.

Anerastus, a king of Gaul.

Anemolia, a city of Phocis, afterwards called Hyampolis. Strabo.

Anemōsa, a village of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 35.

Anfinomus and Anapius. Rather Amphinomus, which see.

Angelia, a daughter of Mercury.

Angelion, a statuary who made Apollo’s statue at Delphi. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 32.

Angĕlus, a son of Neptune, born in Chios, of a nymph whose name is unknown. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 4.

Angītes, a river of Thrace falling into the Strymon. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 113.

Angli, a people of Germany at the north of the Elbe, from whom, as being a branch of the Saxons, the English have derived their name. Tacitus, Germania, ch. 40.

Angrus, a river of Illyricum, flowing in a northern direction. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 49.

Anguitia, a wood in the country of the Marsi, between the lake Fucinus and Alba. Serpents, it is said, could not injure the inhabitants, because they were descended from Circe, whose power over those venomous creatures has been much celebrated. Silius Italicus, bk. 8.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 759.

Ania, a Roman widow, celebrated for her beauty. One of her friends advised her to marry again. “No,” said she, “if I marry a man as affectionate as my first husband, I shall be apprehensive for his death; and if he is bad, why have him, after such a kind and indulgent one?”

Anicētus, a son of Hercules by Hebe the goddess of youth. Apollodorus, bk. 2.――A freedman who directed the education of Nero, and became the instrument of his crimes. Suetonius, Nero.

Anicia, a family at Rome, which, in the flourishing times of the republic, produced many brave and illustrious citizens.――A relation of Atticus. Cornelius Nepos.

Anicium, a town of Gaul. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 7.

Anicius Gallus, triumphed over the Illyrians and their king Gentius, and was propretor of Rome, A.U.C. 585.――A consul with Cornelius Cethegus, A.U.C. 594.――Probus, a Roman consul in the fourth century, famous for his humanity.

Anigrus, a river of Thessaly, where the centaurs washed the wounds which they had received from Hercules, and made the waters unwholesome. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 15, li. 281. The nymphs of this river are called Anigriades. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 6.

Anio and Anien, now Taverone, a river of Italy, flowing through the country of Tibur, and falling into the river Tiber, about five miles at the north of Rome. It receives its name, as some suppose, from Anius, a king of Etruria, who drowned himself there when he could not recover his daughter, who had been carried away. Statius, bk. 1, Sylvæ, poem 3, li. 20.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 683.—Strabo, bk. 5.—Horace, bk. 1, ode 7, li. 13.—Plutarch, de Fortuna Romanorum.

Anitorgis, a city of Spain, near which a battle was fought between Asdrubal and the Scipios. Livy, bk. 25, ch. 33.

Anius, the son of Apollo and Rhea, was king of Delos and father of Andrus. He had by Dorippe three daughters, Oeno, Spermo, and Elais, to whom Bacchus had given the power of changing whatever they pleased into wine, corn, and oil. When Agamemnon went to the Trojan war, he wished to carry them with him to supply his army with provisions; but they complained to Bacchus, who changed them into doves. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 13, li. 642.—Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 1.—Diodorus, bk. 5.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 80.

Anna, a goddess, in whose honour the Romans instituted festivals. She was, according to some, Anna the daughter of Belus and sister of Dido, who after her sister’s death fled from Carthage, which Jarbas had besieged, and came to Italy, where Æneas met her, as he walked on the banks of the Tiber, and gave her an honourable reception, for the kindnesses she had shown him when he was at Carthage. Lavinia the wife of Æneas was jealous of the tender treatment which was shown to Anna, and meditated her ruin. Anna was apprised of this by her sister in a dream, and she fled to the river Numicus, of which she became a deity, and ordered the inhabitants of the country to call her Anna Perenna, because she would remain for ever under the water. Her festivals were performed with many rejoicings, and the females often, in the midst of their cheerfulness, forgot their natural decency. They were introduced into Rome, and celebrated the 15th of March. The Romans generally sacrificed to her, to obtain a long and happy life: and thence the words Annare et Perennare. Some have supposed Anna to be the moon, quia mensibus impleat annum; others call her Themis, or Io, the daughter of Inachus, and sometimes Maia. Another more received opinion maintains that Anna was an old industrious woman of Bovillæ, who, when the Roman populace had fled from the city to mount Sacer, brought them cakes every day; for which kind treatment the Romans, when peace was re-established, decreed immortal honours to her whom they called Perenna, ab perennitate cultûs, and who, as they supposed, was become one of their deities. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 3, li. 653, &c.—Silius Italicus, bk. 8, li. 79.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 4, lis. 9, 20, 421, & 500.

Anna Commena, a princess of Constantinople, known to the world for the Greek history which she wrote of her father Alexius, emperor of the east. The character of this history is not very high for authenticity or beauty of composition: the historian is lost in the daughter; and instead of simplicity of style and narrative, as Gibbon says, an elaborate affectation of rhetoric and science betrays in every page the vanity of a female author. The best edition of Anna Commena is that of Paris, folio, 1651.

Annæus, a Roman family, which was subdivided into the Lucani, Senecæ, Flori, &c.

Annāles, a chronological history which gives an account of all the important events of every year in a state, without entering into the causes which produced them. The annals of Tacitus may be considered in this light. In the first ages of Rome, the writing of the annals was one of the duties and privileges of the high priest; whence they have been called Annales Maximi, from the priest Pontifex Maximus, who consecrated them, and gave them as truly genuine and authentic.

Annālis lex, settled the age at which, among the Romans, a citizen could be admitted to exercise the offices of the state. This law originated in Athens, and was introduced in Rome. No man could be a knight before 18 years of age, nor be invested with the consular power before he had arrived to his 25th year.

Anniānus, a poet in the age of Trajan.

Annĭbal, a celebrated Carthaginian general, son of Amilcar. He was educated in his father’s camp, and inured from his early years to the labours of the field. He passed into Spain when nine years old, and, at the request of his father, took a solemn oath that he never would be at peace with the Romans. After his father’s death, he was appointed over the cavalry in Spain; and some time after, upon the death of Asdrubal, he was invested with the command of all the armies of Carthage, though not yet in the 25th year of his age. In three years of continual success, he subdued all the nations of Spain which opposed the Carthaginian power, and took Saguntum after a siege of eight months. This city was in alliance with the Romans, and its fall was the cause of the second Punic war, which Annibal prepared to support with all the courage and prudence of a consummate general. He levied three large armies, one of which he sent to Africa; he left another in Spain, and marched at the head of the third towards Italy. This army some have calculated at 20,000 foot and 6000 horse; others say that it consisted of 100,000 foot and 20,000 horse. Livy, bk. 21, ch. 38. He came to the Alps, which were deemed almost inaccessible, and had never been passed over before him but by Hercules, and after much trouble he gained the top in nine days. He conquered the uncivilized inhabitants that opposed his passage, and, after the amazing loss of 30,000 men, made his way so easy, by softening the rocks with fire and vinegar, that even his armed elephants descended the mountains without danger or difficulty, where a man, disencumbered of his arms, could not walk before in safety. He was opposed by the Romans as soon as he entered Italy; and after he had defeated Publius Cornelius Scipio and Sempronius, near the Rhone, the Po, and the Trebia, he crossed the Apennines and invaded Etruria. He defeated the army of the consul Flaminius near the lake Thrasymenus, and soon after met the two consuls Culleo Terentius and Lucius Æmilius at Cannæ. His army consisted of 40,000 foot and 10,000 horse, when he engaged the Romans at the celebrated battle of Cannæ. The slaughter was so great, that no less than 40,000 Romans were killed, and the conqueror made a bridge with the dead carcases; and as a sign of his victory, he sent to Carthage three bushels of gold rings which had been taken from 5630 Roman knights slain in the battle. Had Annibal, immediately after the battle, marched his army to the gates of Rome, it must have yielded amidst the general consternation, if we believe the opinions of some writers; but his delay gave the enemy spirit and boldness, and when at last he approached the walls, he was informed that the piece of ground on which his army then stood was selling at a high price in the Roman forum. After hovering for some time round the city, he retired to Capua, where the Carthaginian soldiers soon forgot to conquer in the pleasures and riot of this luxurious city. From that circumstance it has been said, and with propriety, that Capua was a Cannæ to Annibal. After the battle of Cannæ the Romans became more cautious, and when the dictator Fabius Maximus had defied the artifice as well as the valour of Annibal, they began to look for better times. Marcellus, who succeeded Fabius in the field, first taught the Romans that Annibal was not invincible. After many important debates in the senate, it was decreed that war should be carried into Africa, to remove Annibal from the gates of Rome; and Scipio, who was the first proposer of the plan, was empowered to put it into execution. When Carthage saw the enemy on her coasts, she recalled Annibal from Italy; and that great general is said to have left, with tears in his eyes, a country which during 16 years he had kept under continual alarms, and which he could almost call his own. He and Scipio met near Carthage, and after a parley, in which neither would give the preference to his enemy, they determined to come to a general engagement. The battle was fought near Zama: Scipio made a great slaughter of the enemy, 20,000 were killed, and the same number made prisoners. Annibal, after he had lost the day, fled to Adrumetum. Soon after this decisive battle, the Romans granted peace to Carthage, on hard conditions; and afterwards Annibal, who was jealous and apprehensive of the Roman power, fled to Syria, to king Antiochus, whom he advised to make war against Rome, and lead an army into the heart of Italy. Antiochus distrusted the fidelity of Annibal, and was conquered by the Romans, who granted him peace on the condition of his delivering their mortal enemy into their hands. Annibal, who was apprised of this, left the court of Antiochus, and fled to Prusias king of Bithynia. He encouraged him to declare war against Rome, and even assisted him in weakening the power of Eumenes king of Pergamus, who was in alliance with the Romans. The senate received intelligence that Annibal was in Bithynia, and immediately sent ambassadors, amongst whom was Lucius Quintus Flaminius, to demand him of Prusias. The king was unwilling to betray Annibal and violate the laws of hospitality, but at the same time he dreaded the power of Rome. Annibal extricated him from his embarrassment, and when he heard that his house was besieged on every side, and all means of escape fruitless, he took a dose of poison, which he always carried with him in a ring on his finger; and as he breathed his last, he exclaimed, Solvamus diuturnâ curâ populum Romanum, quando mortem senis expectare longum censet. He died in his 70th year, according to some, about 182 years B.C. That year was famous for the death of the three greatest generals of the age, Annibal, Scipio, and Philopœmen. The death of so formidable a rival was the cause of great rejoicing in Rome; he had always been a professed enemy to the Roman name, and ever endeavoured to destroy its power. If he shone in the field, he also distinguished himself by his studies. He was taught Greek by Sosilus, a Lacedæmonian, and he even wrote some books in that language on different subjects. It is remarkable that the life of Annibal, whom the Romans wished so many times to destroy by perfidy, was never attempted by any of his soldiers or countrymen. He made himself as conspicuous in the government of the state as at the head of armies, and though his enemies reproached him with the rudeness of laughing in the Carthaginian senate, while every senator was bathed in tears for the misfortunes of the country, Annibal defended himself by saying that he, who had been bred all his life in a camp, ought to be dispensed with all the more polished feelings of a capital. He was so apprehensive for his safety, that when he was in Bithynia his house was fortified like a castle, and on every side there were secret doors which could give immediate escape if his life was ever attempted. When he quitted Italy, and embarked on board a vessel for Africa, he so strongly suspected the fidelity of his pilot, who told him that the lofty mountains which appeared at a distance was a promontory of Sicily, that he killed him on the spot; and when he was convinced of his fatal error, he gave a magnificent burial to the man whom he had so falsely murdered, and called the promontory by his name. The labours which he sustained, and the inclemency of the weather to which he exposed himself in crossing the Alps, so weakened one of his eyes, that he ever after lost the use of it. The Romans have celebrated the humanity of Annibal, who, after the battle of Cannæ, sought the body of the fallen consul amidst the heaps of slain, and honoured it with a funeral becoming the dignity of Rome. He performed the same friendly offices to the remains of Marcellus and Tiberius Gracchus, who had fallen in battle. He often blamed the unsettled measures of his country; and when the enemy had thrown into his camp the head of his brother Asdrubal, who had been conquered as he came from Spain with a reinforcement into Italy, Annibal said that the Carthaginian arms would no longer meet with their usual success. Juvenal, in speaking of Annibal, observes that the ring which caused his death made a due atonement to the Romans for the many thousand rings which had been sent to Carthage from the battle of Cannæ. Annibal, when in Spain, married a woman of Castulo. The Romans entertained such a high opinion of him as a commander, that Scipio, who conquered him, calls him the greatest general that ever lived, and gives the second rank to Pyrrhus the Epirot, and places himself the next to these in merit and abilities. It is plain that the failure of Annibal’s expedition in Italy did not arise from his neglect, but from that of his countrymen, who gave him no assistance; far from imitating their enemies of Rome, who even raised in one year 18 legions to oppose the formidable Carthaginian. Livy has painted the character of Annibal like an enemy, and it is much to be lamented that this celebrated historian has withheld the tribute due to the merits and virtues of the greatest of generals. Cornelius Nepos, Lives of Distinguished Romans.—Livy, bks. 21, 22, &c.—Plutarch, Flamininus, &c.—Justin, bk. 32, ch. 4.—Silius Italicus, bk. 1, &c.—Appian.—Florus, bks. 2 & 3.—Polybius.—Diodorus.—Juvenal, satire 10, li. 159, &c.—Valerius Maximus.—Horace, bk. 4, ode 4, stanza 16.――The son of the great Annibal, was sent by Himilco to Lilybæeum, which was besieged by the Romans, to keep the Sicilians in their duty. Polybius, bk. 1.――A Carthaginian general, son of Asdrubal, commonly called of Rhodes, above 160 years before the birth of the great Annibal. Justin, bk. 19, ch. 2.—Xenophon, Hellenica.――A son of Giscon and grandson of Amilcar, sent by the Carthaginians to the assistance of Ægista, a town of Sicily. He was overpowered by Hermocrates, an exiled Syracusan. Justin, bks. 22 & 23.――A Carthaginian, surnamed Senior. He was conquered by the consul Gaius Sulpicius Paterculus in Sardinia, and hung on a cross by his countrymen for his ill success.

Annicĕris, an excellent charioteer of Cyrene, who exhibited his skill in driving a chariot before Plato and the academy. When the philosopher was wantonly sold by Dionysius, Anniceris ransomed his friend, and he showed further his respect for learning by establishing a sect at Cyrene, called after his name, which supported that all good consisted in pleasure. Cicero, de Officiis, bk. 3.—Diogenes Laërtius, Plato & Aristotle.—Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 2, ch. 27.

Annius Scapŭla, a Roman of great dignity, put to death for conspiring against Cassius. Hirtius, Alexandrine War, ch. 55.

Annon, or Hanno, a Carthaginian general conquered in Spain by Scipio, and sent to Rome. He was son of Bomilcar whom Annibal sent privately over the Rhone to conquer the Gauls. Livy, bk. 21, ch. 27.――A Carthaginian who taught birds to sing “Annon is a god,” after which he restored them to their native liberty; but the birds lost with their slavery what they had been taught. Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 14, ch. 30.――A Carthaginian who wrote, in the Punic language, the account of a voyage which he had made round Africa. This book was translated into Greek, and is still extant. Vossius, Greek Historians, bk. 4.――Another, banished from Carthage for taming a lion for his own amusement, which was interpreted as if he wished to aspire to sovereign power. Pliny, bk. 8, ch. 16.――This name has been common to many Carthaginians who have signalized themselves among their countrymen during the Punic wars against Rome, and in their wars against the Sicilians. Livy, bks. 26, 27, &c.

Anopæa, a mountain and road near the river Asopus. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 216.

Anser, a Roman poet, whom Ovid, Tristia, bk. 3, poem 1, li. 425, calls bold and impertinent. Virgil and Propertius are said to have played upon his name with some degree of severity.

Ansibarii, a people of Germany. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 13, ch. 55.

Antæa, the wife of Proteus, called also Stenobæa. Homer, Iliad.――A goddess worshipped by the inhabitants of Antium.

Antæas, a king of Scythia, who said that the neighing of a horse was far preferable to the music of Ismenias, a famous musician who had been taken captive. Plutarch.

Antæus, a giant of Libya, son of Terra and Neptune. He was so strong in wrestling, that he boasted that he would erect a temple to his father with the skulls of his conquered antagonists. Hercules attacked him, and as he received new strength from his mother as often as he touched the ground, the hero lifted him up in the air, and squeezed him to death in his arms. Lucan, bk. 4, li. 598.—Statius, bk. 6, Thebiad, li. 893.—Juvenal, satire 3, li. 88.――A servant of Atticus. Cicero, Letters to Atticus, bk. 13, ltr. 44.――A friend of Turnus, killed by Æneas. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 561.

Antagŏras, a man of Cos. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 5.――A Rhodian poet, much admired by Antigonus. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 2. One day as he was cooking some fish, the king asked him whether Homer ever dressed any meals when he was recording the actions of Agamemnon. “And do you think,” replied the poet, “that he ὡ λαοι τ’ ἐπιτετραφαται και τοσσα μεμηλε (ever inquired whether any individual dressed fish in his army)?” Plutarch, Convivium Septem Sapientium & Apophthegmata Laconica.

Antalcĭdas, of Sparta, son of Leon, was sent into Persia, where he made a peace with Artaxerxes very disadvantageous to his country, by which, B.C. 387, the Greek cities of Asia became tributary to the Persian monarch. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 1, &c.—Diodorus, bk. 14.—Plutarch, Artaxerxes.

Antander, a general of Messenia, against the Spartans. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 7.――A brother of Agathocles tyrant of Sicily. Justin, bk. 22, ch. 7.

Antandros, now St. Dimitri, a city of Troas, inhabited by the Leleges, near which Æneas built his fleet after the destruction of Troy. It has been called Edonis, Cimmeris, Assos, and Apollonia. There is a hill in its neighbourhood called Alexandria, where Paris sat, as some suppose, when the three rival goddesses appeared before him when contending for the prize of beauty. Strabo, bk. 13.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 6.—Mela, bk. 1, ch. 18.

Anterbrogius, an ambassador to Cæsar from the Rhemi a nation of Gaul. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 2, ch. 3.

Anteins Publius, was appointed over Syria by Nero. He was accused of sedition and conspiracy, and drank poison, which, operating slowly, obliged him to open his veins. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 13, &c.

Antemnæ, a city of the Sabines between Rome and the Anio, whence the name (ante amnem). Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 631.—Dionysius of Halicarnassus.

Antēnor, a Trojan prince related to Priam. It is said that, during the Trojan war, he always kept a secret correspondence with the Greeks, and chiefly with Menelaus and Ulysses. In the council of Priam, Homer introduces him as advising the Trojans to restore Helen and conclude the war. He advised Ulysses to carry away the Trojan palladium, and encouraged the Greeks to make the wooden horse which, at his persuasion, was brought into the city of Troy by a breach made in the walls. Æneas has been accused of being a partner of his guilt, and the night that Troy was taken, they had a number of Greeks stationed at the doors of their houses to protect them from harm. After the destruction of his country, Antenor migrated into Italy near the Adriatic, where he built the town of Padua. His children were also concerned in the Trojan war, and displayed much valour against the Greeks. Their names were Polybius, Acamas, Agenor, and, according to others, Polydamas and Helicaon. Livy, bk. 1, ch. 1.—Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 13.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 242.—Tacitus, bk. 16, ch. 21.—Homer, Iliad, bks. 3, 7, 8, 11.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 13.—Dictys Cretensis, bk. 5.—Dares Phrygius, ch. 6.—Strabo, bk. 13.—Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 1.—Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 27.――A statuary. Pausanias.――A Cretan, who wrote a history of his country. Ælian.

Antenorĭdes, a patronymic given to the three sons of Antenor, all killed during the Trojan war. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 484.

Antĕros (ἀντι ἐρως, against love), a son of Mars and Venus. He was not, as the derivation of his name implies, a deity that presided over an opposition to love, but he was the god of mutual love and of mutual tenderness. Venus had complained to Themis that her son Cupid always continued a child, and was told that, if he had another brother, he would grow up in a short space of time. As soon as Anteros was born, Cupid felt his strength increase and his wings enlarge; but if ever his brother was at a distance from him, he found himself reduced to his ancient shape. From this circumstance it is seen, that return of passion gives vigour to love. Anteros had a temple at Athens raised to his honour, when Meles had experienced the coldness and disdain of Timagoras, whom he passionately esteemed, and for whom he had killed himself. See: Meles. Cupid and Anteros are often represented striving to seize a palm tree from one another, to teach us that true love always endeavours to overcome by kindness and gratitude. They were always painted in the Greek academies, to inform the scholars that it is their immediate duty to be grateful to their teachers, and to reward their trouble with love and reverence. Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 3, ch. 23.—Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 30; bk. 6, ch. 23.――A grammarian of Alexandria, in the age of the emperor Claudius.――A freedman of Atticus. Cicero, Letters to Atticus, bk. 9, ltr. 14.

Anthēa, a town of Achaia. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 18.――Of Messenia. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 31.――Of Trœzene. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 30.

Antheas, a son of Eumelus, killed in attempting to sow corn from the chariot of Triptolemus drawn by dragons. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 18.

Anthēdon, a city of Bœotia, which received its name from the flowery plains that surround it, or from Anthedon, a certain nymph. Bacchus and Ceres had there temples. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 10; bk. 9, ch. 22. It was formerly inhabited by Thracians. Homer, Iliad, bk. 2.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 13, li. 905.――A port of Peloponnesus. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 5.—Statius, bk. 9, li. 291.

Anthēla, a town near the Asopus, near which Ceres and Amphictyon had a temple. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 176.

Anthĕmis, an island in the Mediterranean, the same as the Ionian Samos. Strabo, bk. 10.

Anthemon, a Trojan. Homer, Iliad, bk. 4.

Anthĕmus, a city of Macedonia at Thermæ.――A city of Syria. Strabo.

Anthemusia, the same as Samos.――A city of Mesopotamia. Strabo.

Anthēne, a town of Peloponnesus. Thucydides, bk. 5, ch. 41.

Anthermus, a Chian sculptor, son of Micciades and grandson to Malas. He and his brother Bupalus made a statue of the poet Hipponax, which caused universal laughter on account of the deformity of its countenance. The poet was so incensed upon this, and inveighed with so much bitterness against the statuaries, that they hung themselves, according to the opinion of some authors. Pliny, bk. 36, ch. 5.

Anthes, a native of Anthedon, who first invented hymns. Plutarch, de Musica.――A son of Neptune.

Anthesphoria, festivals celebrated in Sicily in honour of Proserpine, who was carried away by Pluto as she was gathering flowers. Claudian, de Raptu Proserpinæ.――Festivals of the same name were also observed at Argos in honour of Juno, who was called Antheia. Pausanias, Corinth.—Pollux, Onomasticon, bk. 1, ch. 1.

Anthesteria, festivals in honour of Bacchus among the Greeks. They were celebrated in the month of February, called Anthesterion, whence the name is derived, and continued three days. The first was called Πιθοιγια, ἀπο του πιθους οἰγειν, because they tapped their barrels of liquor. The second day was called Χοες, from the measure χοα, because every individual drank of his own vessel, in commemoration of the arrival of Orestes, who, after the murder of his mother, came, without being purified, to Demophoon or Pandion king of Athens, and was obliged, with all the Athenians, to drink by himself for fear of polluting the people by drinking with them before he was purified of the parricide. It was usual on that day to ride out in chariots, and ridicule those that passed by. The best drinker was rewarded with a crown of leaves, or rather of gold, and with a cask of wine. The third day was called χυτροι from χυτρα, a vessel brought out full of all sorts of seeds and herbs, deemed sacred to Mercury, and therefore not touched. The slaves had the permission of being merry and free during these festivals; and at the end of the solemnity a herald proclaimed, Θυραζε, Καρες, ουκ ετ’ Ἀνθεστηρια, i.e. Depart, ye Carian slaves, the festivals are at an end. Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 2, ch. 41.

Anthēus, a son of Antenor, much esteemed by Paris.――One of the companions of Æneas. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 514.

Anthīa, a sister of Priam, seized by the Greeks. She compelled the people of Pallene to burn their ships, and build Scione. Polyænus, bk. 7, ch. 47.――A town. See: Anthea.――A daughter of Thespius, mistress to Hercules. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 7.

Anthias. See: Antheas.

Anthippe, a daughter of Thestius.

Anthium, a town of Thrace, afterwards called Apollonia. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 11.――A city of Italy.

Anthius (flowery), a name of Bacchus worshipped at Athens. He had also a statue at Patræ.

Antho, a daughter of Amulius king of Alba.

Anthōres, a companion of Hercules, who followed Evander, and settled in Italy. He was killed in the war of Turnus against Æneas. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 778.

Anthracia, a nymph. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 31.

Anthropinus, Tisarchus, and Diocles, three persons who laid snares for Agathocles tyrant of Sicily. Polyænus, bk. 5, ch. 3.

Anthropophăgi, a people of Scythia that fed on human flesh. They lived near the country of the Massagetæ. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12; bk. 6, ch. 30.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 1.

Anthylla, a city of Egypt on the Canopic mouth of the Nile. It maintained the queens of the country in shoes, or, according to Athenæus, bk. 1, in girdles. Herodotus, bk. 2, ch. 98.

Antia lex, was made for the suppression of luxury at Rome. Its particulars are not known. The enactor was Antius Restio, who afterwards never supped abroad for fear of being himself a witness of the profusion and extravagance which his law meant to destroy, but without effect. Macrobius, bk. 3, ch. 17.

Antianīra, the mother of Echion.

Antias, the goddess of fortune, chiefly worshipped at Antium.――A poet. See: Furius.

Anticlēa, a daughter of Autolycus and Amphithea. Her father, who was a famous robber, permitted Sisyphus son of Æolus to enjoy the favours of his daughter, and Anticlea was really pregnant of Ulysses when she married Laertes king of Ithaca. Laertes was nevertheless the reputed father of Ulysses. Ulysses is reproached by Ajax in Ovid, Metamorphoses, as being the son of Sisyphus. It is said that Anticlea killed herself when she heard a false report of her son’s death. Homer, Odyssey, bks. 11, 19.—Hyginus, fables 201, 243.—Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 29.――A woman who had Periphetes by Vulcan. Apollodorus, bk. 3.――A daughter of Diocles, who married Machaon the son of Æsculapius, by whom she had Nicomachus and Gorgasus. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 30.

Antĭcles, an Athenian archon.――A man who conspired against Alexander with Hermolaus. Curtius, bk. 8, ch. 6.――An Athenian victor at Olympia.

Anticlīdes, a Greek historian, whose works are now lost. They are often quoted by Athenæus & Plutarch, Alexander.

Anticrăgus, a mountain of Lycia, opposite mount Cragus. Strabo, bk. 4.

Anticrătes, a Spartan who stabbed Epaminondas, the Theban general, at the battle of Mantinea. Plutarch, Agesilaus.

Anticy̆ra, two towns of Greece, the one in Phocis and the other near mount Oeta, both famous for the hellebore which they produced. This plant was of infinite service to cure diseases, and particularly insanity; hence the proverb Naviget Anticyram. The Anticyra of Phocis was anciently called Cyparissa. It had a temple of Neptune, who was represented holding a trident in one hand and resting the other on his side, with one of his feet on a dolphin. Some writers, especially Horace (Art of Poetry, li. 300), speak of three islands of this name, but this seems to be a mistake. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 36.—Horace, bk. 2, satire 3, li. 166; Art of Poetry, li. 300.—Persius, bk. 4, li. 16.—Strabo, bk. 9.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 3.—Ovid, ex Ponto, bk. 4, poem 3, li. 53.――A mistress of Demetrius. Plutarch, Demetrius.

Antidŏmus, a warlike soldier of king Philip at the siege of Perinthus.

Antidŏtus, an excellent painter, pupil of Euphranor. Pliny, bk. 35, ch. 11.

Antigĕnes, one of Alexander’s generals, publicly rewarded for his valour. Curtius, bk. 5, ch. 14.

Antigenĭdas, a famous musician of Thebes, disciple to Philoxenus. He taught his pupil Ismenias to despise the judgment of the populace. Cicero, Brutus, ch. 97.

Antigŏna, daughter of Berenice, was wife to king Pyrrhus. Plutarch, Pyrrhus.

Antigŏne, a daughter of Œdipus king of Thebes by his mother Jocasta. She buried by night her brother Polynices, against the positive orders of Creon, who, when he heard of it, ordered her to be buried alive. She, however, killed herself before the sentence was executed; and Hæmon the king’s son, who was passionately fond of her, and had not been able to obtain her pardon, killed himself on her grave. The death of Antigone is the subject of one of the tragedies of Sophocles. The Athenians were so pleased with it at the first representation, that they presented the author with the government of Samos. This tragedy was represented 32 times at Athens without interruption. Sophocles, Antigone.—Hyginus, fables 67, 72, 243, 254.—Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 5.—Ovid, Tristia, bk. 3, poem 3.—Philostratus, bk. 2, ch. 29.—Statius, Thebiad, bk. 12, li. 350.――A daughter of Eurytion king of Phthia in Thessaly. Apollodorus.――A daughter of Laomedon. She was the sister of Priam, and was changed into a stork for comparing herself to Juno. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 6, li. 93.

Antigŏnia, an inland town of Epirus. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 1.――One of Macedonia, founded by Antigonus son of Gonatas. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 10.――One in Syria, on the borders of the Orontes. Strabo, bk. 16.――Another in Bithynia, called also Nicæa. Strabo, bk. 12.――Another in Arcadia, anciently called Mantinea. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 8.――One of Troas in Asia Minor. Strabo, bk. 13.

Antigŏnus, one of Alexander’s generals, universally supposed to be the illegitimate son of Philip, Alexander’s father. In the division of the provinces after the king’s death, he received Pamphylia, Lycia, and Phrygia. He united with Antipater and Ptolemy, to destroy Perdiccas and Eumenes; and after the death of Perdiccas he made continual war against Eumenes, whom, after three years of various fortune, he took prisoner, and ordered to be starved. He afterwards declared war against Cassander, whom he conquered, and had several engagements by his generals with Lysimachus. He obliged Seleucus to retire from Syria, and fly for refuge and safety to Egypt. Ptolemy, who had established himself in Egypt, promised to defend Seleucus, and from that time all friendship ceased between Ptolemy and Antigonus, and a new war was begun, in which Demetrius the son of Antigonus conquered the fleet of Ptolemy, near the island of Cyprus, and took 16,000 men prisoners, and sunk 200 ships. After this famous naval battle, which happened 26 years after Alexander’s death, Antigonus and his son assumed the title of kings, and their example was followed by all the rest of Alexander’s generals. The power of Antigonus was now become so formidable, that Ptolemy, Seleucus, Cassander, and Lysimachus combined together to destroy him; yet Antigonus despised them, saying that he would disperse them as birds. He attempted to enter Egypt in vain, though he gained several victories over his opponents, and he at last received so many wounds in a battle that he could not survive them, and died in the 80th year of his age, 301 B.C. During his life, he was master of all Asia Minor, as far as Syria; but after his death, his son Demetrius lost Asia, and established himself in Macedonia after the death of Cassander, and some time after attempted to recover his former possessions, but died in captivity in the court of his son-in-law Seleucus. Antigonus was concerned in the different intrigues of the Greeks. He made a treaty of alliance with the Ætolians, and was highly respected by the Athenians, to whom he showed himself very liberal and indulgent. Antigonus discharged some of his officers because they spent their time in taverns, and he gave their commissions to common soldiers who performed their duty with punctuality. A certain poet called him divine; but the king despised his flattery, and bade him go and inquire of his servants whether he was really what he supposed him. Strabo, bk. 13.—Diodorus, bk. 17, &c.—Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 6, &c.—Justin, bks. 13, 14, & 15.—Cornelius Nepos, Eumenes.—Plutarch, Demetrius, Eumenes, & Aratus.――Gonatas, son of Demetrius and grandson to Antigonus, was king of Macedonia. He restored the Armenians to liberty, conquered the Gauls, and at last was expelled by Pyrrhus, who seized his kingdom. After the death of Pyrrhus, he recovered Macedonia, and died after a reign of 34 years, leaving his son Demetrius to succeed, B.C. 243. Justin, bks. 21 & 25.—Polybius.—Plutarch, Demetrius.――The guardian of his nephew Philip, the son of Demetrius, who married the widow of Demetrius and usurped the kingdom. He was called Doson, from his promising much and giving nothing. He conquered Cleomenes king of Sparta, and obliged him to retire into Egypt, because he favoured the Ætolians against the Greeks. He died, B.C. 221, after a reign of 11 years, leaving his crown to the lawful possessor, Philip, who distinguished himself by his cruelties, and the war which he made against the Romans. Justin, bks. 28 & 29.—Polybius, bk. 2.—Plutarch, Cleomenes.――A son of Aristobulus king of Judæa, who obtained an army from the king of Parthia, by promising him 1000 talents and 500 women. With these foreign troops he attacked his country, and cut the ears of Hyrcanus to make him unfit for the priesthood. Herod, with the aid of the Romans, took him prisoner, and he was put to death by Antony. Josephus, bk. 14.—Dionysius of Halicarnassus & Plutarch, Antonius.――Carystius, an historian in the age of Philadelphus, who wrote the lives of some of the ancient philosophers. Diogenes Laërtius.—Athenæus.――A writer on agriculture.――A statuary, who wrote on his profession.

Antilco, a tyrant of Chalcis. After his death, oligarchy prevailed in that city. Aristotle, bk. 5, Politics.

Antilibănus, a mountain of Syria opposite mount Libanus; near which the Orontes flows. Strabo.—Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 20.

Antilŏchus, a king of Messenia.――The eldest son of Nestor by Eurydice. He went to the Trojan war with his father, and was killed by Memnon the son of Aurora. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 4.—Ovid, Heroides, says he was killed by Hector.――A poet who wrote a panegyric upon Lysander, and received a hat filled with silver. Plutarch, Lysander.――An historian commended by Dionysius of Halicarnassus.

Antimăchus, a lascivious person.――An historian.――A Greek poet and musician of Ionia in the age of Socrates. He wrote a treatise on the age and genealogy of Homer, and proved him to be a native of Colophon. He repeated one of his compositions before a large audience, but his diction was so obscure and unintelligible that all retired except Plato; on which he said, Legam nihilominus, Plato enim mihi est unus instar omnium. He was reckoned the next to Homer in excellence, and the emperor Adrian was so fond of his poetry that he preferred him to Homer. He wrote a poem upon the Theban war; and before he had brought his heroes to the city of Thebes, he had filled 24 volumes. He was surnamed Clarius from Claros, a mountain near Colophon, where he was born. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 35.—Plutarch, Lysander & Timoleon.—Propertius, bk. 2, poem 34, li. 45.—Quintilian, bk. 10, ch. 1.――Another poet of the same name, surnamed Psecas, because he praised himself. Suidas.――A Trojan whom Paris bribed to oppose the restoring of Helen to Menelaus and Ulysses, who had come as ambassadors to recover her. His sons, Hippolochus and Pisander, were killed by Agamemnon. Homer, Iliad, bk. 11, li. 123; bk. 23, li. 188.――A son of Hercules by a daughter of Thestius. Apollodorus, bks. 2 & 3.――A native of Heliopolis, who wrote a poem on the creation of the world, in 3780 verses.

Antimĕnes, a son of Deiphon. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 28.

Antinoe, one of the daughters of Pelias, whose wishes to restore her father to youthful vigour proved so fatal. Apollodorus, bk. 1.—Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 11.

Antinoeia, annual sacrifices and quinquennial games in honour of Antinous, instituted by the emperor Adrian at Mantinea, where Antinous was worshipped as a divinity.

Antinopŏlis, a town of Egypt, built in honour of Antinous.

Antinous, a youth of Bithynia, of whom the emperor Adrian was so extremely fond, that at his death he erected a temple to him, and wished it to be believed that he had been changed into a constellation. Some writers suppose that Antinous was drowned in the Nile, while others maintain that he offered himself at a sacrifice as a victim, in honour of the emperor.――A native of Ithaca, son of Eupeithes, and one of Penelope’s suitors. He was brutal and cruel in his manners; and excited his companions to destroy Telemachus, whose advice comforted his mother Penelope. When Ulysses returned home he came to the palace in a beggar’s dress, and begged for bread, which Antinous refused, and even struck him. After Ulysses had discovered himself to Telemachus and Eumæus, he attacked the suitors, who were ignorant who he was, and killed Antinous among the first. Homer, Odyssey, bks. 1, 16, 17, & 22.—Propertius, bk. 2, poem 5, li. 7.

Antiŏchia, the name of a Syrian province. Mela, bk. 1, ch. 14.――A city of Syria, once the third city of the world for beauty, greatness, and population. It was built by Antiochus and Seleucus Nicanor, partly on a hill and partly in a plain. It has the river Orontes in its neighbourhood, with a celebrated grove called Daphne; whence, for the sake of distinction, it has been called Antiochia near Daphne. Dionysius Periegeta.――A city called also Nisibis, in Mesopotamia, built by Seleucus son of Antiochus.――The capital of Pisidia, 92 miles at the east of Ephesus.――A city on mount Cragus.――Another near the river Tigris, 25 leagues from Seleucia on the west.――Another in Margiana, called Alexandria and Seleucia.――Another near mount Taurus, on the confines of Syria.――Another of Caria, on the river Meander.

Antiŏchis, the name of the mother of Antiochus the son of Seleucus.――A tribe of Athens.

Antiŏchus, surnamed Soter, was son of Seleucus, and king of Syria in Asia. He made a treaty of alliance with Ptolemy Philadelphus king of Egypt. He fell into a lingering disease, which none of his father’s physicians could cure for some time, till it was discovered that his pulse was more irregular than usual when Stratonice his stepmother entered his room, and that love for her was the cause of his illness. This was told to the father, who willingly gave Stratonice to his son, that his immoderate love might not cause his death. He died 291 B.C., after a reign of 19 years. Justin, bk. 17, ch. 2, &c.—Valerius Maximus, bk. 5.—Polybius, bk. 4.—Appian.――The second of that name, surnamed Theos (God) by the Milesians, because he put to death their tyrant Timarchus, was son and successor to Antiochus Soter. He put an end to the war which had been begun with Ptolemy; and, to strengthen the peace, he married Berenice, the daughter of the Ægyptian king. This so offended his former wife Laodice, by whom he had two sons, that she poisoned him, and suborned Artemon, whose features were similar to his, to represent him as king. Artemon, subservient to her will, pretended to be indisposed, and as king, called all the ministers, and recommended to them Seleucus, surnamed Callinicus, son of Laodice, as his successor. After this ridiculous imposture, it was made public that the king had died a natural death, and Laodice placed her son on the throne, and despatched Berenice and her son, 246 years before the christian era. Appian.――The third of that name, surnamed the Great, brother to Seleucus Ceraunus, was king of Syria and Asia, and reigned 36 years. He was defeated by Ptolemy Philopater at Rapeia, after which he made war against Persia, and took Sardes. After the death of Philopater, he endeavoured to crush his infant son Epiphanes: but his guardians solicited the aid of the Romans, and Antiochus was compelled to resign his pretensions. He conquered the greatest part of Greece, of which some cities implored the aid of Rome; and Annibal, who had taken refuge at his court, encouraged him to make war against Italy. He was glad to find himself supported by the abilities of such a general; but his measures were dilatory, and not agreeable to the advice of Annibal, and he was conquered and obliged to retire beyond mount Taurus, and pay a yearly fine of 2000 talents to the Romans. His revenues being unable to pay the fine, he attempted to plunder the temple of Belus in Susiana, which so incensed the inhabitants, that they killed him with his followers, 187 years before the christian era. In his character of king, Antiochus was humane and liberal, the patron of learning, and the friend of merit; and he published an edict, ordering his subjects never to obey except his commands were consistent with the laws of the country. He had three sons, Seleucus Philopater, Antiochus Epiphanes, and Demetrius. The first succeeded him, and the two others were kept as hostages by the Romans. Justin, bks. 31 & 32.—Strabo, bk. 16.—Livy, bk. 34, ch. 59.—Florus, bk. 2, ch. 1.—Appian, Syrian Wars.――The fourth Antiochus, surnamed Epiphanes or Illustrious, was king of Syria, after the death of his brother Seleucus, and reigned 11 years. He destroyed Jerusalem, and was so cruel to the Jews, that they called him Epimanes, or Furious, and not Epiphanes. He attempted to plunder Persepolis without effect. He was of a voracious appetite, and fond of childish diversions; he used for his pleasure to empty bags of money into the streets, to see the people’s eagerness to gather it; he bathed in the public baths with the populace, and was fond of perfuming himself to excess. He invited all the Greeks he could at Antioch, and waited upon them as a servant, and danced with such indecency among the stage players, that even the most dissipate and shameless blushed at the sight. Polybius.—Justin, bk. 34, ch. 3.――The fifth, surnamed Eupator, succeeded his father Epiphanes on the throne of Syria, 164 B.C. He made a peace with the Jews, and in the second year of his reign was assassinated by his uncle Demetrius, who said that the crown was lawfully his own, and that it had been seized from his father. Justin, bk. 34.—Josephus, bk. 12.――The sixth king of Syria was surnamed Entheus or Noble. His father, Alexander Bala, entrusted him to the care of Malcus, an Arabian; and he received the crown from Tryphon, in opposition to his brother Demetrius, whom the people hated. Before he had been a year on the throne, Tryphon murdered him, 143 B.C., and reigned in his place for three years. Josephus, bk. 13.――The seventh, called Sidetes, reigned nine years. In the beginning of his reign he was afraid of Tryphon, and concealed himself, but he soon obtained the means of destroying his enemy. He made war against Phraates king of Parthia, and he fell in the battle which was soon after fought, about 130 years before the christian era. Justin, bk. 36, ch. 1.—Appian, Syrian Wars.――The eighth, surnamed Grypus, from his aquiline nose, was son of Demetrius Nicanor by Cleopatra. His brother Seleucus was destroyed by Cleopatra, and he himself would have shared the same fate, had he not discovered his mother’s artifice, and compelled her to drink the poison which was prepared for himself. He killed Alexander Zebina, whom Ptolemy had set to oppose him on the throne of Syria, and was at last assassinated, B.C. 112, after a reign of 11 years. Justin, bk. 39, &c.—Josephus.—Appian.――The ninth, surnamed Cyzenicus, from the city of Cyzicus, where he received his education, was son of Antiochus Sidetes by Cleopatra. He disputed the kingdom with his brother Grypus, who ceded to him Cœlosyria, part of his patrimony, He was at last conquered by his nephew Seleucus near Antioch, and rather than to continue longer in his hands, he killed himself, B.C. 93. While a private man, he seemed worthy to reign; but when on the throne, he was dissolute and tyrannical. He was fond of mechanics, and invented some useful military engines. Appian.—Josephus.――The tenth was ironically surnamed Pius, because he married Selena, the wife of his father and of his uncle. He was the son of Antiochus IX., and he expelled Seleucus the son of Grypus from Syria, and was killed in a battle which he fought against the Parthians, in the cause of the Galatians. Josephus.—Appian. After his death the kingdom of Syria was torn to pieces by the faction of the royal family, or usurpers, who, under a good or false title, under the name of Antiochus or his relations, established themselves for a little time as sovereigns either of Syria, or Damascus, or other dependent provinces. At last Antiochus, surnamed Asiaticus, the son of Antiochus IX., was restored to his paternal throne by the influence of Lucullus the Roman general, on the expulsion of Tigranes king of Armenia from the Syrian dominions; but four years after, Pompey deposed him, and observed, that he who had hid himself while a usurper sat upon his throne, ought not to be a king. From that time, B.C. 65, Syria became a Roman province, and the race of Antiochus was extinguished. Justin, bk. 40.――A philosopher of Ascalon, famous for his writings, and the respect with which he was treated by his pupils, Lucullus, Cicero, and Brutus.—Plutarch, Lucullus.――An historian of Syracuse, son of Xenophanes, who wrote, besides other works, a history of Sicily, in nine books, in which he began at the age of king Cocalus. Strabo.—Diodorus, bk. 12.――A rich king, tributary to the Romans in the age of Vespasian. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 2, ch. 81.――A sophist who refused to take upon himself the government of a state, on account of the vehemence of his passions.――A king conquered by Antony, &c. Cæsar, bk. 3, Civil War, bk. 4.――A king of Messenia. Pausanias, bk. 4.――A commander of the Athenian fleet, under Alcibiades, conquered by Lysander. Xenophon, Hellenica.――A writer of Alexandria, who published a treatise on comic poets. Athenæus.――A sceptic of Laodicea. Diogenes Laërtius, Pyrrhus.――A learned sophist. Philostratus.――A servant of Atticus. Cicero, Letters to Atticus, bk. 3, ltr. 33.――A hair-dresser mentioned by Martial, bk. 11, ltr. 85.――A son of Hercules by Medea. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 7.――A stage player. Juvenal, satire 3, li. 98.――A sculptor, said to have made the famous statue of Pallas, preserved in the Ludovisi gardens at Rome.

Antiŏpe, a daughter of Nycteus king of Thebes by Polyxo, was beloved by Jupiter, who, to deceive her, changed himself into a satyr. She became pregnant, and, to avoid the resentment of her father, she fled to mount Cithæron, where she brought forth twins, Amphion and Zethus. She exposed them, to prevent discovery, but they were preserved. After this she fled to Epopeus king of Sicyon, who married her. Some say that Epopeus carried her away, for which action Nycteus made war against him, and at his death left his crown to his brother Lycus, entreating him to continue the war, and punish the ravisher of his daughter. Lycus obeyed his injunctions, killed Epopeus, and recovered Antiope, whom he loved and married, though his niece. His first wife, Dirce, was jealous of his new connection; she prevailed upon her husband, and Antiope was delivered into her hands, and confined in a prison, where she was daily tormented. Antiope, after many years’ imprisonment, obtained means to escape, and went after her sons, who undertook to avenge her wrongs upon Lycus and his wife Dirce. They took Thebes, put the king to death, and tied Dirce to the tail of a wild bull, which dragged her till she died. Bacchus changed her into a fountain, and deprived Antiope of the use of her senses. In this forlorn situation she wandered all over Greece, and at last found relief from Phocus son of Ornytion, who cured her of her disorder, and married her. Hyginus, fable 7, says that Antiope was divorced by Lycus, because she had been ravished by Epopeus, whom he calls Epaphus, and that after her repudiation she became pregnant by Jupiter. Meanwhile Lycus married Dirce, who suspected that her husband still kept the company of Antiope, upon which she imprisoned her. Antiope, however, escaped from her confinement, and brought forth on mount Cithæron. Some authors have called her daughter of Asopus, because she was born on the banks of that river. The Scholiast on Apollonius, bk. 1, li. 735, maintains that there were two persons of the name, one the daughter of Nycteus, and the other of Asopus and mother of Amphion and Zethus. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 6; bk. 9, ch. 17.—Ovid, bk. 6, Metamorphoses, li. 110.—Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 5.—Propertius, bk. 3, poem 15.—Homer, Odyssey, bk. 11, li. 259.—Hyginus, fables 7, 8, & 155.――A daughter of Thespius or Thestius, mother of Alopius by Hercules. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 7.――A daughter of Mars, queen of the Amazons, taken prisoner by Hercules, and given in marriage to Theseus. She is also called Hippolyte. See: Hippolyte.――A daughter of Æolus, mother of Bœotus and Hellen by Neptune. Hyginus, fable 157.――A daughter of Pilon, who married Eurytus. Hippolyte, fable 14.

Antiōrus, a son of Lycurgus. Plutarch, Lycurgus.

Antipăros, a small island in the Ægean sea, opposite Paros, from which it is about six miles distant.

Antipăter, son of Iolaus, was soldier under king Philip, and raised to the rank of a general under Alexander the Great. When Alexander went to invade Asia, he left Antipater supreme governor of Macedonia, and of all Greece. Antipater exerted himself in the cause of his king; he made war against Sparta, and was soon after called into Persia with a reinforcement by Alexander. He has been suspected of giving poison to Alexander, to raise himself to power. After Alexander’s death his generals divided the empire among themselves, and Macedonia was allotted to Antipater. The wars which Greece, and chiefly Athens, meditated under Alexander’s life, now burst forth with uncommon fury as soon as the news of his death was received. The Athenians levied an army of 30,000 men, and equipped 200 ships against Antipater, who was master of Macedonia. Their expedition was attended with much success; Antipater was routed in Thessaly, and even besieged in the town of Lamia. But when Leosthenes the Athenian general was mortally wounded under the walls of Lamia, the fortune of the war was changed. Antipater obliged the enemy to raise the siege, and soon after received a reinforcement from Craterus, from Asia, with which he conquered the Athenians at Cranon in Thessaly. After this defeat Antipater and Craterus marched into Bœotia, and conquered the Ætolians, and granted peace to the Athenians, on the conditions which Leosthenes had proposed to Antipater when besieged in Lamia, i.e. that he should be absolute master over them. Besides this, he demanded from their ambassadors, Demades, Phocion, and Xenocrates, that they should deliver into his hands the orators Demosthenes and Hyperides, whose eloquence had inflamed the minds of their countrymen, and had been the primary causes of the war. The conditions were accepted, a Macedonian garrison was stationed in Athens, but the inhabitants still were permitted the free use of their laws and privileges. Antipater and Craterus were the first who made hostile preparations against Perdiccas; and during that time Polyperchon was appointed over Macedonia. Polyperchon defeated the Ætolians, who made an invasion upon Macedonia. Antipater gave assistance to Eumenes in Asia against Antigonus, according to Justin, bk. 14, ch. 2. At his death, B.C. 319, Antipater appointed Polyperchon master of all his possessions; and as he was the oldest of all the generals and successors of Alexander, he recommended that he might be the supreme ruler in their councils, that everything might be done according to his judgment. As for his son Cassander, he left him in a subordinate station under Polyperchon. But Cassander was of too aspiring a disposition tamely to obey his father’s injunctions. He recovered Macedonia, and made himself absolute. Curtius, bks. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, & 10.—Justin, bks. 11, 12, 13, &c.—Diodorus, bks. 17, 18, &c.—Cornelius Nepos, Phocion & Eumenes.—Plutarch, Eumenes, Alexander, &c.――A son of Cassander king of Macedonia, and son-in-law of Lysimachus. He killed his mother, because she wished his brother Alexander to succeed to the throne. Alexander, to revenge the death of his mother, solicited the assistance of Demetrius; but peace was re-established between the two brothers by the advice of Lysimachus, and soon after Demetrius killed Antipater, and made himself king of Macedonia, 294 B.C. Justin, bk. 26, ch. 1.――A king of Macedonia, who reigned only 45 days, 277 B.C.――A king of Cilicia.――A powerful prince, father to Herod. He was appointed governor of Judæa by Cæsar, whom he had assisted in the Alexandrine war. Josephus.――An Athenian archon.――One of Alexander’s soldiers, who conspired against his life with Hermolaus. Curtius, bk. 8, ch. 6.――A celebrated sophist of Hieropolis, preceptor to the children of the emperor Severus.――A Stoic philosopher of Tarsus, 144 years B.C.――A poet of Sidon, who could compose a number of verses extempore, upon any subject. He ranked Sappho among the Muses, in one of his epigrams. He had a fever every year on the day of his birth, of which at last he died. He flourished about 80 years B.C. Some of his epigrams are preserved in the Anthologia. Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 51.—Valerius Maximus, bk. 1, ch. 10.—Cicero, On Oratory, bk. 3; de Officiis, bk. 3; De Quæstiones Academicæ, bk. 4.――A philosopher of Phœnicia, preceptor to Cato of Utica. Plutarch, Cato.――A Stoic philosopher, disciple of Diogenes of Babylon. He wrote two books on divination, and died at Athens. Cicero, de Divinatione, bk. 1, ch. 3; Quæstiones Academicæ, bk. 4, ch. 6; de Officiis, bk. 3, ch. 12.――A disciple of Aristotle, who wrote two books of letters.――A poet of Thessalonica, in the age of Augustus.

Antipatria, a city of Macedonia. Livy, bk. 31, ch. 27.

Antipatrĭdas, a governor of Telmessus. Polyænus, bk. 5.

Antipătris, a city of Palestine.

Antiphănes, an ingenious statuary of Argos. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 17.――A comic poet of Rhodes, or rather of Smyrna, who wrote above 90 comedies, and died in the 74th year of his age, by the fall of an apple upon his head.――A physician of Delos, who used to say that diseases originated from the variety of food that was eaten. Clement of Alexandria.—Athenæus.

Antiphătes, a king of the Læstrygones, descended from Lamus, who founded Formiæ. Ulysses returning from Troy, came upon his coasts, and sent three men to examine the country. Antiphates devoured one of them, and pursued the others, and sunk the fleet of Ulysses with stones, except the ship in which Ulysses was. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 14, li. 232.――A son of Sarpedon. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 696.――The grandfather of Amphiaraus. Homer, Odyssey.――A man killed in the Trojan war by Leonteus. Homer, Iliad, bk. 12, li. 191.

Antiphĭli Portus, a harbour on the African side of the Red sea. Strabo, bk. 16.

Antiphĭlus, an Athenian who succeeded Leosthenes at the siege of Lamia against Antipater. Diodorus, bk. 18.――A noble painter who represented a youth leaning over a fire and blowing it, from which the whole house seemed to be illuminated. He was an Egyptian by birth; he imitated Apelles, and was disciple to Ctesidemus. Pliny, bk. 35, ch. 10.

Antĭphon, a poet.――A native of Rhamnusia, called Nestor, from his eloquence and prudence. The 16 orations that are extant under his name, are supposititious.――An orator who promised Philip king of Macedonia that he would set on fire the citadel of Athens, for which he was put to death, at the instigation of Demosthenes. Cicero, de Divinatione, bk. 2.—Plutarch, Alcibiades & Demosthenes.――A poet who wrote on agriculture. Athenæus.――An author who wrote a treatise on peacocks.――A rich man introduced by Xenophon as disputing with Socrates.――An Athenian who interpreted dreams, and wrote a history of his art. Cicero, de Divinatione, bks. 1 & 2.――A foolish rhetorician.――A poet of Attica, who wrote tragedies, epic poems, and orations. Dionysius put him to death because he refused to praise his compositions. Being once asked by the tyrant what brass was the best, he answered, “That with which the statues of Harmodius and Aristogiton are made.” Plutarch.—Aristotle.

Antiphŏnus, a son of Priam, who went with his father to the tent of Achilles to redeem Hector. Homer, Iliad, bk. 24.

Antĭphus, a son of Priam, killed by Agamemnon during the Trojan war.――A son of Thessalus, grandson to Hercules. He went to the Trojan war in 30 ships. Homer, Iliad, bk. 2, li. 185.――An intimate friend of Ulysses. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 17.――A brother of Ctimenus, was son of Ganyctor the Naupactian. These two brothers murdered the poet Hesiod, on the false suspicion that he had offered violence to their sister, and threw his body into the sea. The poet’s dog discovered them, and they were seized and convicted of the murder. Plutarch, de Sollertia Animalium.

Antipœnus, a noble Theban, whose daughters sacrificed themselves for the public safety. See: Androclea.

Antipŏlis, a city of Gaul, built by the people of Marseilles. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 2, ch. 15.

Antirrhium, a promontory of Ætolia, opposite Rhium in Peloponnesus, whence the name.

Antissa, a city at the north of Lesbos.――An island near it. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 15, li. 287.—Pliny, bk. 2, ch. 89.

Antisthĕnes, a philosopher, born of an Athenian father and of a Phrygian mother. He taught rhetoric, and had among his pupils the famous Diogenes; but when he had heard Socrates, he shut up his school, and told his pupils, “Go seek for yourselves a master; I have now found one.” He was at the head of the sect of the Cynic philosophers. One of his pupils asked him what philosophy had taught him. “To live with myself,” said he. He sold his all, and preserved only a very ragged coat, which drew the attention of Socrates, and tempted him to say to the Cynic, who carried his contempt of dress too far, “Antisthenes, I see thy vanity through the holes of thy coat.” Antisthenes taught the unity of God, but he recommended suicide. Some of his letters are extant. His doctrines of austerity were followed as long as he was himself an example of the cynical character, but after his death they were all forgotten. Antisthenes flourished 396 years B.C. Cicero, On Oratory, bk. 3, ch. 35.—Diogenes Laërtius, bk. 6.—Plutarch, Lycurgus.――A disciple of Heraclitus.――An historian of Rhodes. Diogenes Laërtius.

Antistius Labeo, an excellent lawyer at Rome, who defended the liberties of his country against Augustus, for which he is taxed with madness by Horace, bk. 1, satire 3, li. 82.—Suetonius, Augustus, ch. 54.――Petro of Gabii, was the author of a celebrated treaty between Rome and his country, in the age of Tarquin the Proud. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 4.――Caius Reginus, a lieutenant of Cæsar in Gaul. Cæsar, Gaul War, bks. 6 & 7.――A soldier of Pompey’s army, so confident of his valour, that he challenged all the adherents of Cæsar. Hirtius, ch. 25, Spanish War.

Antitaurus, one of the branches of mount Taurus, which runs in a north-east direction through Cappadocia towards Armenia and the Euphrates.

Antitheus, an Athenian archon. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 17.

Antium, a maritime town of Italy, built by Ascanius, or, according to others, by a son of Ulysses and Circe, upon a promontory 32 miles east from Ostium. It was the capital of the Volsci, who made war against the Romans for above 200 years. Camillus took it, and carried all the beaks of their ships to Rome, and placed them in the Forum on a tribunal, which from thence was called Rostrum. This town was dedicated to the goddess of Fortune, whose statues, when consulted, gave oracles by a nodding of the head, or other different signs. Nero was born there. Cicero, de Divinatione, bk. 1.—Horace, bk. 1, ode 35.—Livy, bk. 8, ch. 14.

Antomĕnes, the last king of Corinth. After his death, magistrates with regal authority were chosen annually.

Antōnia lex, was enacted by Marcus Antony the consul, A.U.C. 710. It abrogated the lex Atia, and renewed the lex Cornelia, by taking away from the people the privilege of choosing priests, and restoring it to the college of priests, to which it originally belonged. Dio Cassius, bk. 44.――Another by the same, A.U.C. 703. It ordained that a new decury of judges should be added to the two former, and that they should be chosen from the centurions. Cicero, Philippics, speeches 1 & 5.――Another by the same. It allowed an appeal to the people, to those who were condemned de majestate, or of perfidious measures against the state.――Another by the same, during his triumvirate. It made it a capital offence to propose ever after the election of a dictator, and for any person to accept of the office. Appian, Civil Wars, bk. 3.

Antōnia, a daughter of Marcus Antony by Octavia. She married Domitius Ænobarbus, and was mother of Nero and of two daughters.――A sister of Germanicus.――A daughter of Claudius and Ælia Petina. She was of the family of the Tuberos, and was repudiated for her levity. Suetonius, Claudius, ch. 1.—Tacitus, Annals, bk. 11.――The wife of Drusus, the son of Livia and brother to Tiberius. She became mother of three children, Germanicus, Caligula’s father, Claudius the emperor, and the debauched Livia. Her husband died very early, and she never would marry again, but spent her time in the education of her children. Some people suppose that her grandson Caligula ordered her to be poisoned, A.D. 38. Valerius Maximus, bk. 4, ch. 3.――A castle of Jerusalem, which received this name in honour of Marcus Antony.

Antōnii, a patrician and plebeian family, which were said to derive their origin from Antones, a son of Hercules, as Plutarch, Antonius informs us.

Antonīna, the wife of Belisarius, &c.

Antonīnus Titus, surnamed Pius, was adopted by the emperor Adrian, to whom he succeeded. This prince is remarkable for all the virtues that can form a perfect statesman, philosopher, and king. He rebuilt whatever cities had been destroyed by wars in former reigns. In cases of famines or inundation, he relieved the distressed, and supplied their wants with his own money. He suffered the governors of the provinces to remain long in the administration, that no opportunity of extortion might be given to new comers. In his conduct towards his subjects, he behaved with affability and humanity, and listened with patience to every complaint brought before him. When told of conquering heroes, he said with Scipio, “I prefer the life and preservation of a citizen to the death of 100 enemies.” He did not persecute the christians like his predecessors, but his life was a scene of universal benevolence. His last moments were easy, though preceded by a lingering illness. When consul of Asia, he lodged at Smyrna in the house of a sophist, who in civility obliged the governor to change his house at night. The sophist, when Antoninus became emperor, visited Rome, and was jocosely desired to use the palace as his own house, without any apprehension of being turned out at night. He extended the boundaries of the Roman province in Britain, by raising a rampart between the friths of Clyde and Forth; but he waged no war during his reign, and only repulsed the enemies of the empire who appeared in the field. He died in the 75th year of his age, after a reign of 23 years, A.D. 161. He was succeeded by his adopted son Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, surnamed the philosopher, a prince as virtuous as his father. He raised to the imperial dignity his brother Lucius Verus, whose voluptuousness and dissipation were as conspicuous as the moderation of the philosopher. During their reign, the Quadi, Parthians, and Marcomanni were defeated. Antoninus wrote a book in Greek, entitled τα καθ’ ἑαυτον, concerning himself, the best editions of which are the 4to, Oxford, 1704. After the war with the Quadi had been finished, Verus died of an apoplexy, and Antoninus survived him eight years, and died in his 61st year, after a reign of 29 years and 10 days. Dio Cassius.――Bassianus Caracalla, son of the emperor Septimus Severus, was celebrated for his cruelties. He killed his brother Geta in his mother’s arms, and attempted to destroy the writings of Aristotle, observing that Aristotle was one of those who sent poison to Alexander. He married his mother, and publicly lived with her, which gave occasion to the people of Alexandria to say, that he was an Œdipus, and his wife a Jocasta. This joke was fatal to them; and the emperor, to punish their ill language, slaughtered many thousands in Alexandria. After assuming the name and dress of Achilles, and styling himself the conqueror of provinces which he had never seen, he was assassinated at Edessa by Macrinus, April 8, in the 43rd year of his age, A.D. 217. His body was sent to his wife Julia, who stabbed herself at the sight.――There is extant a Greek itinerary, and another book called Iter Britannicum, which some have attributed to the emperor Antoninus, though it was more probably written by a person of that name whose age is unknown.

Antoniopŏlis, a city of Mesopotamia. Marcellinus, bk. 8.

Marcus Antōnius Gnipho, a poet of Gaul, who taught rhetoric at Rome. Cicero and other illustrious men frequented his school. He never asked anything for his lectures, whence he received more from the liberality of his pupils. Suetonius, Lives of the Grammarians, ch. 7.――An orator, grandfather to the triumvir of the same name. He was killed in the civil wars of Marius, and his head was hung in the Forum. Valerius Maximus, bk. 9, ch. 2.—Lucan, bk. 2, li. 121.――Marcus, the eldest son of the orator of the same name, by means of Cotta and Cethegus, obtained from the senate the office of managing the corn on the maritime coasts of the Mediterranean, with unlimited power. This gave him many opportunities of plundering the provinces and enriching himself. He died of a broken heart. Sallust. Fragments of the Histories.――Caius, a son of the orator of that name, who obtained a troop of horse from Sylla, and plundered Achaia. He was carried before the pretor Marcus Lucullus, and banished from the senate by the censors for pillaging the allies, and refusing to appear when summoned before justice.――Caius, son of Antonius Caius, was consul with Cicero, and assisted him to destroy the conspiracy of Catiline in Gaul. He went to Macedonia as his province, and fought with ill success against the Dardani. He was accused at his return, and banished.――Marcus, the triumvir, was grandson to the orator Marcus Antonius, and son of Antonius, surnamed Cretensis from his wars in Crete. He was augur and tribune of the people, in which he distinguished himself by his ambitious views. He always entertained a secret resentment against Cicero, which arose from Cicero’s having put to death Cornelius Lentulus, who was concerned in Catiline’s conspiracy. This Lentulus had married Antonius’s mother after his father’s death. When the senate was torn by the factions of Pompey’s and Cæsar’s adherents, Antony proposed that both should lay aside the command of their armies in the provinces; but as this proposition met not with success, he privately retired from Rome to the camp of Cæsar, and advised him to march his army to Rome. In support of his attachment, he commanded the left wing of his army at Pharsalia, and, according to a premeditated scheme, offered him a diadem in the presence of the Roman people. When Cæsar was assassinated in the senate house, his friend Antony spoke an oration over his body; and to ingratiate himself and his party with the populace, he reminded them of the liberal treatment they had received from Cæsar. He besieged Mutina, which had been allotted to Decimus Brutus, for which the senate judged him an enemy to the republic at the remonstration of Cicero. He was conquered by the consuls Hirtius and Pansa, and by young Cæsar, who soon after joined his interest with that of Antony, and formed the celebrated triumvirate, which was established with such cruel proscriptions, that Antony did not even spare his own uncle, that he might strike off the head of his enemy Cicero. The triumvirate divided the Roman empire among themselves; Lepidus was set over all Italy, Augustus had the west, and Antony returned into the east, where he enlarged his dominions by different conquests. Antony had married Fulvia, whom he repudiated to marry Octavia the sister of Augustus, and by this connection to strengthen the triumvirate. He assisted Augustus at the battle of Philippi against the murderers of Julius Cæsar, and he buried the body of Marcus Brutus, his enemy, in a most magnificent manner. During his residence in the east, he became enamoured of the fair Cleopatra queen of Egypt, and repudiated Octavia to marry her. This divorce incensed Augustus, who now prepared to deprive Antony of all his power. Antony, in the mean time, assembled all the forces of the east, and with Cleopatra marched against Octavius Cæsar. These two enemies met at Actium, where a naval engagement soon began, but Cleopatra, by flying with 60 sail, drew Antony from the battle, and ruined his cause. After the battle of Actium, Antony followed Cleopatra into Egypt, where he was soon informed of the defection of all his allies and adherents, and saw the conqueror on his shores. He stabbed himself, and Cleopatra likewise killed herself by the bite of an asp. Antony died in the 56th year of his age, B.C. 30, and the conqueror shed tears when he was informed that his enemy was no more. Antony left seven children by his three wives. He has been blamed for his great effeminacy, for his uncommon love of pleasures, and his fondness of drinking. It is said that he wrote a book in praise of drunkenness. He was fond of imitating Hercules, from whom, according to some accounts, he was descended; and he is often represented as Hercules, with Cleopatra in the form of Omphale, dressed in the arms of her submissive lover, and beating him with her sandals. In his public character, Antony was brave and courageous, but, with the intrepidity of Cæsar, he possessed all his voluptuous inclinations. He was prodigal to a degree, and did not scruple to call, from vanity, his sons by Cleopatra, kings of kings. His fondness for low company, and his debauchery, form the best parts of Cicero’s Philippics. It is said, that the night of Cæsar’s murder, Cassius supped with Antony; and, being asked whether he had a dagger with him, answered, “Yes, if you, Antony, aspire to sovereign power.” Plutarch has written an account of his life. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 8, li. 685.—Horace, ltr. 9.—Juvenal, satire 10, li. 122.—Cornelius Nepos, Atticus.—Cicero, Philippics.—Justin, bks. 41 & 42.――Julius, son of Antony the triumvir by Fulvia, was consul with Paulus Fabius Maximus. He was surnamed Africanus, and put to death by order of Augustus. Some say that he killed himself. It is supposed that he wrote an heroic poem on Diomede, in 12 books. Horace dedicated his Ode 4 to him. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 4, ch. 44.――Lucius, the triumvir’s brother, was besieged in Pelusium by Augustus, and obliged to surrender himself, with 300 men, by famine. The conqueror spared his life. Some say that he was killed at the shrine of Cæsar.――A noble but unfortunate youth. His father Julius was put to death by Augustus for his criminal conversation with Julia, and he himself was removed by the emperor to Marseilles, on pretence of finishing his education. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 4, ch. 44.――Felix, a freedman of Claudius, appointed governor of Judæa. He married Drusilla the daughter of Antony and Cleopatra. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 4, ch. 9.――Flamma, a Roman condemned for extortion under Vespasian. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 4, ch. 45.――Musa, a physician of Augustus. Pliny, bk. 29, ch. 1.――Merenda, a decemvir at Rome, A.U.C. 304. Livy, bk. 3, ch. 35.――Quintus Merenda, a military tribune, A.U.C. 332. Livy, bk. 4, ch. 42.

Antorĭdes, a painter, disciple to Aristippus. Pliny.

Antro Coracius. See: ♦Coracius.

♦ Reference not found.

Antylla. See: Anthylla.

Anūbis, an Egyptian deity, represented under the form of a man with the head of a dog, because when Osiris went on his expedition against India, Anubis accompanied him, and clothed himself in a sheep’s skin. His worship was introduced from Egypt into Greece and Italy. He is supposed by some to be Mercury, because he is sometimes represented with a caduceus. Some make him brother of Osiris, some his son by Nepthys the wife of Typhon. Diodorus, bk. 1.—Lucan, bk. 8, li. 331.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 9, li. 686.—Plutarch, de Iside et Osiride.—Herodotus, bk. 4.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 8, li. 698.

Anxius, a river of Armenia, falling into the Euphrates.

Anxur, called also Tarracina, a city of the Volsci, taken by the Romans, A.U.C. 348. It was sacred to Jupiter, who is called Jupiter Anxur, and represented in the form of a beardless boy. Livy, bk. 4, ch. 59.—Horace, bk. 1, satire  5, li. 26.—Lucan, bk. 3, li. 84.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 799.

Anyta, a Greek woman, some of whose elegant verses are still extant.

Any̆tus, an Athenian rhetorician, who, with Melitus and Lycon, accused Socrates of impiety, and was the cause of his condemnation. These false accusers were afterwards put to death by the Athenians. Diogenes Laërtius.—Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 2, ch. 13.—Horace, bk. 2, satire 4, li. 3.—Plutarch, Alcibiades.――One of the Titans.

Anzābe, a river near the Tigris. Marcellinus, bk. 18.

Aollius, a son of Romulus by Hersilia, afterwards called Abillius.

Aon, a son of Neptune, who came to Eubœa and Bœotia from Apulia, where he collected the inhabitants into cities, and reigned over them. They were called Aones, and the country Aonia, from him.

Aŏnes, the inhabitants of Aonia, called afterwards Bœotia. They came there in the age of Cadmus, and obtained his leave to settle with the Phœnicians. The muses have been called Aonides, because Aonia was more particularly frequented by them. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 3.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bks. 3, 7, 10, 13; Tristia, poem 5, li. 10; Fasti, bk. 3, li. 456; bk. 4, li. 245.—Virgil, Georgics, bk. 3, li. 11.

Aonia, one of the ancient names of Bœotia.

Aōris, a famous hunter, son of Aras king of Corinth. He was so fond of his sister Arathyræa, that he called part of the country by her name. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 12.――The wife of Neleus, called more commonly Chloris. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 36.

Aornos, Aornus, Aornis, a lofty rock, supposed to be near the Ganges in India, taken by Alexander. Hercules had besieged it, but was never able to conquer it. Curtius, bk. 8, ch. 11.—Arrian, bk. 4.—Strabo, bk. 15.—Plutarch, Alexander.――A place in Epirus, with an oracle. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 80.――A certain lake near Tartessus.――Another near Baiæ and Puteoli. It was also called Avernus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 242.

Aōti, a people of Thrace, near the Getæ, on the Ister. Pliny, bk. 4.

Apaĭtæ, a people of Asia Minor. Strabo.

Apāma, a daughter of Artaxerxes, who married Pharnabazus satrap of Ionia.――A daughter of Antiochus. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 8.

Apāme, the mother of Nicomedes by Prusias king of Bithynia.――The mother of Antiochus Soter by Seleucus Nicanor. Soter founded a city which he called by his mother’s name.

Apamia, or Apamēa, a city of Phrygia, on the Marsyas.――A city of Bithynia,――of Media,――of Mesopotamia.――Another near the Tigris.

Aparni, a nation of shepherds near the Caspian sea. Strabo.

Apatūria, a festival of Athens, which received its name from ἀπατη, deceit, because it was instituted in memory of a stratagem by which Xanthus king of Bœotia was killed by Melanthus king of Athens, upon the following occasion. When a war arose between the Bœotians and Athenians about a piece of ground which divided their territories, Xanthus made a proposal to the Athenian king to decide the battle by single combat. Thymœtes, who was then on the throne of Athens, refused, and his successor Melanthus accepted the challenge. When they began the engagement, Melanthus exclaimed that his antagonist had some person behind him to support him; upon which Xanthus looked behind, and was killed by Melanthus. From this success Jupiter was called ἀπατηνωρ, deceiver, and Bacchus, who was supposed to be behind Xanthus, was called Μελαναιγις, clothed in the skin of a black goat. Some derive the word from ἀπατορια, i.e. ὁμοτορια, because, on the day of the festival, the children accompanied their fathers to be registered among the citizens. The festival lasted three days. The first day was called δορπια, because suppers, δορποι, were prepared for each separate tribe. The second day was called ἀναρρυσις ἀπο του ἀνω ἐρυειν, because sacrifices were offered to Jupiter and Minerva, and the head of the victim was generally turned up towards the heavens. The third was called Κουρεωτις, from Κουρος, a youth, or Κουρα, shaving, because the young men had their hair cut off before they were registered, when their parents swore that they were freeborn Athenians. They generally sacrificed two ewes and a she-goat to Diana. This festival was adopted by the Ionians, except the inhabitants of Ephesus and Colophon.――A surname of Minerva,――of Venus.

Apeauros, a mountain of Peloponnesus. Polybius, bk. 4.

Apella, a word, Horace, bk. 1, satire  5, li. 10, which has given much trouble to critics and commentators. Some suppose it to mean circumcised (sine pelle), an epithet highly applicable to a Jew. Others maintain that it is a proper name, upon the authority of Cicero, Letters to Atticus, bk. 12, ltr. 19, who mentions a person of the same name.

Apelles, a celebrated painter of Cos, or, as others say, of Ephesus or Colophon, son of Pithius. He lived in the age of Alexander the Great, who honoured him so much that he forbade any man but Apelles to draw his picture. He was so attentive to his profession that he never spent a day without employing his pencil, whence the proverb of Nulla dies sine lineâ. His most perfect picture was Venus Anadyomene, which was not totally finished when the painter died. He made a painting of Alexander holding thunder in his hand, so much like life that Pliny, who saw it, says that the hand of the king with the thunder seemed to come out of the picture. This picture was placed in Diana’s temple at Ephesus. He made another of Alexander, but the king expressed not much satisfaction at the sight of it: and at that moment a horse, passing by, neighed at the horse which was represented in the piece, supposing it to be alive; upon which the painter said, “One would imagine that the horse is a better judge of painting than your Majesty.” When Alexander ordered him to draw the picture of Campaspe, one of his mistresses, Apelles became enamoured of her, and the king permitted him to marry her. He wrote three volumes upon painting, which were still extant in the age of Pliny. It is said that he was accused in Egypt of conspiring against the life of Ptolemy, and that he would have been put to death had not the real conspirator discovered himself, and saved the painter. Apelles never put his name to any pictures but three; a sleeping Venus, Venus Anadyomene, and an Alexander. The proverb of Ne sutor ultra crepidam is applied to him by some. Pliny, bk. 35, ch. 10.—Horace, bk. 2, ltr. 1, li. 238.—Cicero, Letters to his Friends, bk. 1, ltr. 9.—Ovid, Ars Amatoria, bk. 3, li. 401.—Valerius Maximus, bk. 8, ch. 11.――A tragic writer. Suetonius, Caligula, ch. 33.――A Macedonian general, &c.

Apellĭcon, a Teian peripatetic philosopher, whose fondness for books was so great that he is accused of stealing them, when he could not obtain them with money. He bought the works of Aristotle and Theophrastus, but greatly disfigured them by his frequent interpolations. The extensive library, which he had collected at Athens, was carried to Rome when Sylla had conquered the capital of Attica, and among the valuable books was found an original manuscript of Aristotle. He died about 86 B.C. Strabo, bk. 13.

Apennīnus, a ridge of high mountains which run through the middle of Italy, from Liguria to Ariminum and Ancona. They are joined to the Alps. Some have supposed that they ran across Sicily by Rhegium before Italy was separated from Sicily. Lucan, bk. 2, li. 306.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 2, li. 226.—Silius Italicus, bk. 4, li. 743.—Strabo, bk. 2.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 4.

Aper Marcus, a Latin orator of Gaul, who distinguished himself as a politician, as well as by his genius. The dialogue of the orators, inserted with the works of Tacitus and Quintilian, is attributed to him. He died A.D. 85.――Another. See: Numerianus.

Aperopia, a small island on the coast of Argolis. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 34.

Apĕsus, Apesas, or Apesantus, a mountain of Peloponnesus near Lerna. Statius, Thebiad, bk. 3, li. 461.

Aphaca, a town of Palestine, where Venus was worshipped, and where she had a temple and an oracle.

Aphæa, a name of Diana, who had a temple in Ægina. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 30.

Aphar, the capital city of Arabia, near the Red sea. Arrian, Periplus of the Euxine Sea.

Apharētus, fell in love with Marpessa daughter of Œnomaus, and carried her away.

Aphareus, a king of Messenia, son of Perieres and Gorgophone, who married Arene daughter of Œbalus, by whom he had three sons. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 1.――A relation of Isocrates, who wrote 37 tragedies.

Aphas, a river of Greece, which falls into the bay of Ambracia. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 1.

Aphellas, a king of Cyrene, who, with the aid of Agathocles, endeavoured to reduce all Africa under his power. Justin, bk. 22, ch. 7.

Aphĕsas, a mountain in Peloponnesus, whence, as the poets have imagined, Perseus attempted to fly to heaven. Statius, Thebiad, bk. 3, li. 461.

Aphētæ, a city of Magnesia, where the ship Argo was launched. Apollodorus.

Aphīdas, a son of Arcas king of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 8.

Aphidna, a part of Attica, which received its name from Aphidnus, one of the companions of Theseus. Herodotus.

Aphidnus, a friend of Æneas, killed by Turnus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 702.

Aphœbētus, one of the conspirators against Alexander. Curtius, bk. 6, ch. 7.

Aphrīces, an Indian prince, who defended the rock Aornus, with 20,000 foot and 15 elephants. He was killed by his troops, and his head sent to Alexander.

Aphrodisia, an island in the Persian gulf, where Venus is worshipped.――Festivals in honour of Venus, celebrated in different parts of Greece, but chiefly in Cyprus. They were first instituted by Cinyras, from whose family the priests of the goddess were always chosen. All those that were initiated offered a piece of money to Venus as a harlot, and received as a mark of the favours of the goddess, a measure of salt and a θαλλος; the salt, because Venus arose from the sea; the θαλλος, because she is the goddess of wantonness. They were celebrated at Corinth by harlots, and in every part of Greece they were very much frequented. Strabo, bk. 14.—Athenæus.

Aphrodisias, a town of Caria, sacred to Venus. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 3, ch. 62.

Aphrodisium (or a), a town of Apulia, built by Diomede in honour of Venus.

Aphrodīsum, a city on the eastern parts of Cyprus, nine miles from Salamis.――A promontory with an island of the same name on the coast of Spain. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 3.

Aphrodīte, the Grecian name of Venus, from ἀφρος, froth, because Venus is said to have been born from the froth of the ocean. Hesiod, Theogony, li. 195.—Pliny, bk. 36, ch. 5.

Aphȳtæ, or Aphytis, a city of Thrace, near Pallena, where Jupiter Ammon was worshipped. Lysander besieged the town; but the god of the place appeared to him in a dream, and advised him to raise the siege, which he immediately did. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 18.

Apia, an ancient name of Peloponnesus, which it received from king Apis. It was afterwards called Ægialea, Pelasgia, Argia, and at last Peloponnesus, or the island of Pelops. Homer, Iliad, bk. 1, li. 270. Also the name of the earth, worshipped among the Lydians as a powerful deity. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 59.

Apiānus, or Apion, was born at Oasis in Egypt, whence he went to Alexandria, of which he was deemed a citizen. He succeeded Theus in the profession of rhetoric in the reign of Tiberius, and wrote a book against the Jews, which Josephus refuted. He was at the head of an embassy which the people of Alexandria sent to Caligula, to complain of the Jews. Seneca, ltr. 88.—Pliny, preface, Natural History.

Apicāta, married Sejanus, by whom she had three children. She was repudiated. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 4, ch. 3.

Apicius, a famous glutton in Rome. There were three of the same name, all famous for their voracious appetite. The first lived in the time of the republic, the second in the reign of Augustus and Tiberius, and the third under Trajan. The second was the most famous, as he wrote a book on the pleasures and incitements of eating. He hanged himself after he had consumed the greatest part of his estate. The best edition of Apicius Cælius de Arte Coquinariâ, is that of Amsterdam, 12mo, 1709. Juvenal, satire 11, li. 3.—Martial, bk. 2, ltr. 69.

Apidănus, one of the chief rivers of Thessaly, at the south of the Peneus, into which it falls a little above Larissa. Lucan, bk. 6, li. 372.

Apĭna and Apinæ, a city of Apulia, destroyed with Trica, in its neighbourhood, by Diomedes; whence came the proverb of Apina et Trica, to express trifling things. Martial, bk. 14, ltr. 1.—Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 11.

Apiŏla and Apiolæ, a town of Italy, taken by Tarquin the Proud. The Roman Capitol was begun with the spoils taken from that city. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 5.

Apion, a surname of Ptolemy, one of the descendants of Ptolemy Lagus.――A grammarian. See: Apianus.

Apis, one of the ancient kings of Peloponnesus, son of Phoroneus and Laodice. Some say that Apollo was his father, and that he was king of Argos, while others call him king of Sicyon, and fix the time of his reign above 200 years earlier, which is enough to show he is but obscurely known, if known at all. He was a native of Naupactum, and descended from Inachus. He received divine honours after death, as he had been munificent and humane to his subjects. The country where he reigned was called Apia; and afterwards it received the name of Pelasgia, Argia, or Argolis, and at last that of Peloponnesus, from Pelops. Some, amongst whom is Varro and St. Augustine, have imagined that Apis went to Egypt with a colony of Greeks, and that he civilized the inhabitants, and polished their manners, for which they made him a god after death, and paid divine honours to him under the name of Serapis. This tradition, according to some of the moderns, is without foundation. Æschylus, Suppliant Maidens.—Augustine, City of God, bk. 18, ch. 5.—Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 5.—Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 1.――A son of Jason, born in Arcadia; he was killed by the horses of Ætolus. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 1.――A town of Egypt on the lake Mareotis.――A god of the Egyptians, worshipped under the form of an ox. Some say that Isis and Osiris are the deities worshipped under this name, because during their reign they taught the Egyptians agriculture. The Egyptians believed that the soul of Osiris was really departed into the ox, where it wished to dwell, because that animal had been of the most essential service in the cultivation of the ground, which Osiris had introduced into Egypt. The ox that was chosen was always distinguished by particular marks: his body was black; he had a square white spot upon the forehead, the figure of an eagle upon the back, a knot under the tongue like a beetle; the hairs of his tail were double, and his right side was marked with a whitish spot, resembling the crescent of the moon. Without these, an ox could not be taken as the god Apis; and it is to be imagined that the priests gave these distinguishing characteristics to the animal on which their credit and even prosperity depended. The festival of Apis lasted seven days; the ox was led in a solemn procession by the priests, and every one was anxious to receive him into his house, and it was believed that the children who smelt his breath received the knowledge of futurity. The ox was conducted to the banks of the Nile with much ceremony, and if he had lived to the time which their sacred books allowed, they drowned him in the river, and embalmed his body, and buried it in solemn state in the city of Memphis. After his death, which sometimes was natural, the greatest cries and lamentations were heard in Egypt, as if Osiris was just dead; the priests shaved their heads, which was a sign of the deepest mourning. This continued till another ox appeared, with the proper characteristics to succeed as the deity, which was followed with the greatest acclamations, as if Osiris was returned to life. This ox, which was found to represent Apis, was left 40 days in the city of the Nile before he was carried to Memphis, during which time none but women were permitted to appear before him, and this they performed, according to their superstitious notions, in a wanton and indecent manner. There was also an ox worshipped at Heliopolis, under the name of Mnevis; some suppose that he was Osiris, but others maintain that the Apis of Memphis was sacred to Osiris, and Mnevis to Isis. When Cambyses came into Egypt, the people were celebrating the festivals of Apis with every mark of joy and triumph, which the conqueror interpreted as an insult upon himself. He called the priests of Apis, and ordered the deity itself to come before him. When he saw that an ox was the object of their veneration, and the cause of such rejoicings, he wounded it on the thigh, ordered the priests to be chastised, and commanded his soldiers to slaughter such as were found celebrating such riotous festivals. The god Apis had generally two stables, or rather temples. If he ate from the hand, it was a favourable omen; but if he refused the food that was offered him, it was interpreted as unlucky. From this Germanicus, when he visited Egypt, drew the omens of his approaching death. When his oracle was consulted, incense was burnt on an altar, and a piece of money placed upon it, after which the people that wished to know futurity applied their ear to the mouth of the god, and immediately retired, stopping their ears till they had departed from the temple. The first sounds that were heard, were taken as the answer of the oracle to their questions. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 22.—Herodotus, bks. 2 & 3.—Pliny, bk. 8, ch. 38, &c.—Strabo, bk. 7.—Plutarch, Iside et Osiride.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 7; bk. 2, ch. 1.—Mela, bk. 1, ch. 9.—Pliny, bk. 8, ch. 39, &c.—Strabo, bk. 7.—Ælian, Varia Historia, bks. 4 & 6.—Diodorus, bk. 1.

Apisāon, son of Hippasus, assisted Priam against the Greeks, at the head of a Pæonian army. He was killed by Lycomedes. Homer, Iliad, bk. 17, li. 348.――Another on the same side.

Apitius Galba, a celebrated buffoon in the time of Tiberius. Juvenal, satire 5, li. 4.

Apollināres ludi, games celebrated at Rome in honour of Apollo. They originated from the following circumstance. An old prophetic poem informed the Romans, that if they instituted yearly games to Apollo, and made a collection of money for his service, they would be able to repel the enemy whose approach already threatened their destruction. The first time they were celebrated, Rome was alarmed by the approach of the enemy, and instantly the people rushed out of the city, and saw a cloud of arrows discharged from the sky on the troops of the enemy. With this heavenly assistance they easily obtained the victory. The people generally sat crowned with laurel at the representation of these games, which were usually celebrated at the option of the pretor, till the year A.U.C. 545, when a law was passed to settle the celebration yearly on the same day about the nones of July. When this alteration happened, Rome was infested with a dreadful pestilence, which, however, seemed to be appeased by this act of religion. Livy, bk. 25, ch. 12.

Apollināris, Caius Sulpitius, a grammarian of Carthage, in the second century, who is supposed to be the author of the verses prefixed to Terence’s plays as arguments.――A writer better known by the name of Sidonius. See: Sidonius.

Apollinīdes, a Greek in the wars of Darius and Alexander, &c. Curtius, bk. 4, ch. 5.

Apollĭnis arx, a place at the entrance of the Sibyl’s cave. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6.――Promontorium, a promontory of Africa. Livy, bk. 30, ch. 24.――Templum, a place in Thrace,――in Lycia. Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 6, ch. 9.

Apollo, son of Jupiter and Latona, called also Phœbus, is often confounded with the sun. According to Cicero, bk. 3, de Natura Deorum, there were four persons of this name. The first was son of Vulcan, and the tutelary god of the Athenians. The second was son of Corybas, and was born in Crete, for the dominion of which he disputed even with Jupiter himself. The third was son of Jupiter and Latona, and came from the nations of the Hyperboreans to Delphi. The fourth was born in Arcadia, and called Nomion, because he gave laws to the inhabitants. To the son of Jupiter and Latona all the actions of the others seem to have been attributed. The Apollo, son of Vulcan, was the same as the Orus of the Egyptians, and was the most ancient, from whom the actions of the others have been copied. The three others seem to be of Grecian origin. The tradition that the son of Latona was born in the floating island of Delos, is taken from the Egyptian mythology, which asserts that the son of Vulcan, which is supposed to be Orus, was saved by his mother Isis from the persecution of Typhon, and entrusted to the care of Latona, who concealed him in the island of Chemmis. When Latona was pregnant by Jupiter, Juno, who was ever jealous of her husband’s amours, raised the serpent Python to torment Latona, who was refused a place to give birth to her children, till Neptune, moved at the severity of her fate, raised the island of Delos from the bottom of the sea, where Latona brought forth Apollo and Diana. Apollo was the god of all the fine arts, of medicine, music, poetry, and eloquence, of all which he was deemed the inventor. He had received from Jupiter the power of knowing futurity, and he was the only one of the gods whose oracles were in general repute over the world. His amours with Leucothoe, Daphne, Issa, Bolina, Coronis, Clymene, Cyrene, Chione, Acacallis, Calliope, &c., are well known, and the various shapes he assumed to gratify his passion. He was very fond of young Hyacinthus, whom he accidentally killed with a quoit; as also of Cyparissus, who was changed into a cypress tree. When his son Æsculapius had been killed with the thunders of Jupiter for raising the dead to life, Apollo, in his resentment, killed the Cyclops who had fabricated the thunderbolts. Jupiter was incensed at this act of violence, and he banished Apollo from heaven, and deprived him of his dignity. The exiled deity came to Admetus king of Thessaly, and hired himself to be one of his shepherds, in which ignoble employment he remained nine years; from which circumstance he was called the god of shepherds, and at his sacrifices a wolf was generally offered, as that animal is the declared enemy of the sheepfold. During his residence in Thessaly, he rewarded the tender treatment of Admetus. He gave him a chariot drawn by a lion and a bull, with which he was able to obtain in marriage Alceste the daughter of Pelias; and soon after, the Parcæ granted, at Apollo’s request, that Admetus might be redeemed from death, if another person laid down his life for him. He assisted Neptune in building the walls of Troy; and when he was refused the promised reward from Laomedon the king of the country, he destroyed the inhabitants by a pestilence. As soon as he was born, Apollo destroyed with arrows the serpent Python, whom Juno had sent to persecute Latona; hence he was called Pythius; and he afterwards vindicated the honour of his mother, by putting to death the children of the proud Niobe. See: Niobe. He was not the inventor of the lyre, as some have imagined, but Mercury gave it him, and received as a reward the famous caduceus with which Apollo was wont to drive the flocks of Admetus. His contest with Pan and Marsyas, and the punishment inflicted upon Midas, are well known. He received the surnames of Phœbus, Delius, Cynthius, Pœan, Delphicus, Nomius, Lycius, Clarius, Ismenius, Vulturius, Smintheus, &c., for reasons which are explained under those words. Apollo is generally represented with long hair, and the Romans were fond of imitating his figure, and therefore in their youth they were remarkable for their fine heads of hair, which they cut short at the age of 17 or 18. He is always represented as a tall, beardless young man, with a handsome shape, holding in his hand a bow, and sometimes a lyre; his head is generally surrounded with beams of light. He was the deity who, according to the notions of the ancients, inflicted plagues, and in that moment he appeared surrounded with clouds. His worship and power were universally acknowledged: he had temples and statues in every country, particularly in Egypt, Greece, and Italy. His statue, which stood upon mount Actium, as a mark to mariners to avoid the dangerous coasts, was particularly famous, and it appeared to a great distance at sea. Augustus, before the battle of Actium, addressed himself to it for victory. The griffin, the cock, the grasshopper, the wolf, the crow, the swan, the hawk, the olive, the laurel, the palm tree, &c., were sacred to him; and in his sacrifices, wolves and hawks were offered, as they were the natural enemies of the flocks, over which he presided. Bullocks and lambs were also immolated to him. As he presided over poetry, he was often seen on mount Parnassus with the nine muses. His most famous oracles were at Delphi, Delos, Claros, Tenedos, Cyrrha, and Patara. His most splendid temple was at Delphi, where every nation and individual made considerable presents when they consulted the oracle. Augustus, after the battle of Actium, built him a temple on mount Palatine, which he enriched with a valuable library. He had a famous colossus in Rhodes, which was one of the seven wonders of the world. Apollo has been taken for the sun; but it may be proved by different passages in the ancient writers, that Apollo, the Sun, Phœbus, and Hyperion, were all different characters and deities, though confounded together. When once Apollo was addressed as the Sun, and represented with a crown of rays on his head, the idea was adopted by every writer, and from thence arose the mistake. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 1, fables 9 & 10; bk. 4, fable 3, &c.—Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 7; bk. 5, ch. 7; bk. 7, ch. 20; bk. 9, ch. 30, &c.—Hyginus, fables 9, 14, 50, 93, 140, 161, 202, 203, &c.—Statius, bk. 1, Thebiad, li. 560.—Tibullus, bk. 2, poem 3.—Plutarch, de Amore Prolis.—Homer, Iliad & Hymn to Apollo.—Virgil, Æneid, bks. 2, 3, &c.; Georgics, bk. 4, li. 323.—Horace, bk. 1, ode 10.—Lucian, ♦Dialogi Deorum.—Propertius, bk. 1, poem 28.—Callimachus, Hymn to Apollo.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, chs. 3, 4, & 9; bk. 2, ch. 5; bk. 3, chs. 5, 10, & 12.――One of the ships in the fleet of Æneas. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 171.――Also a temple of Apollo upon mount Leucas, which appeared at a great distance at sea; and served as a guide to mariners, and reminded them to avoid the dangerous rocks that were along the coast. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 275.

♦ ‘Dial. Mer. & Vulc.’ replaced with ‘Dialogi Deorum’

Apollocrătes, a friend of Dion, supposed by some to be the son of Dionysius.

Apollodōrus, a famous grammarian and mythologist of Athens, son of Asclepias and disciple to Panætius the Rhodian philosopher. He flourished about 115 years before the christian era, and wrote a history of Athens, besides other works. But of all his compositions, nothing is extant but his Bibliotheca, a valuable work, divided into three books. It is an abridged history of the gods, and of the ancient heroes, of whose actions and genealogy it gives a true and faithful account. The best edition is that of Heyne, Göttingen, in 8vo, 4 vols., 1782. Athenæus.—Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 37.—Diodorus, bks. 4 & 13.――A tragic poet of Cilicia, who wrote tragedies entitled Ulysses, Thyestes, &c.――A comic poet of Gela in Sicily, in the age of Menander, who wrote 47 plays.――An architect of Damascus, who directed the building of Trajan’s bridge across the Danube. He was put to death by Adrian, to whom, when in a private station, he had spoken in too bold a manner.――A writer who composed a history of Parthia.――A disciple of Epicurus, the most learned of his school, and deservedly surnamed the illustrious. He wrote about 40 volumes on different subjects. Diogenes Laërtius.――A painter of Athens, to whom Zeuxis was a pupil. Two of his paintings were admired at Pergamus, in the age of Pliny; a priest in a suppliant posture, and Ajax struck with Minerva’s thunders. Pliny, bk. 35, ch. 9.――A statuary in the age of Alexander. He was of such an irascible disposition, that he destroyed his own pieces upon the least provocation. Pliny, bk. 34, ch. 8.――A rhetorician of Pergamus, preceptor and friend to Augustus, who wrote a book on rhetoric. Strabo, bk. 13.――A tragic poet of Tarsus.――A Lemnian who wrote on husbandry.――A physician of Tarentum.――Another of Cytium.

Apollonia, a festival at Ægialea in honour of Apollo and Diana. It arose from this circumstance: these two deities came to Ægialea, after the conquest of the serpent Python; but they were frightened away, and fled to Crete. Ægialea was soon visited with an epidemical distemper, and the inhabitants, by the advice of their prophets, sent seven chosen boys, with the same number of girls, to entreat them to return to Ægialea. Apollo and Diana granted their petition, in honour of which a temple was raised to πειθω, the goddess of persuasion; and ever after a number of youths, of both sexes, were chosen to march in solemn procession, as if anxious to bring back Apollo and Diana. Pausanias, Corinth.――A town of Mygdonia,――of Crete,――of Sicily,――on the coast of Asia Minor.――Another on the coast of Thrace, part of which was built on a small island of Pontus, where Apollo had a temple.――A town of Macedonia, on the coasts of the Adriatic.――A city of Thrace.――Another on mount Parnassus.

Apolloniădes, a tyrant of Sicily, compelled to lay down his power by Timoleon.

Apollonias, the wife of Attalus king of Phrygia, to whom she bore four children.

Apollonĭdes, a writer of Nicæa.――A physician of Cos at the court of Artaxerxes, who became enamoured of Amytis, the monarch’s sister, and was some time after put to death for slighting her after the reception of her favours.

Apollonius, a Stoic philosopher of Chalcis, sent for by Antoninus Pius, to instruct his adopted son Marcus Antoninus. When he came to Rome, he refused to go to the palace, observing that the master ought not to wait upon his pupil, but the pupil upon him. The emperor hearing this, said, laughing, “It was then easier for Apollonius to come from Chalcis to Rome, than from Rome to the palace.”――A geometrician of Perge in Pamphylia, whose works are now lost. He lived about 240 years before the christian era, and composed a commentary on Euclid, whose pupils he attended at Alexandria. He wrote treatises on conic sections, eight of which are now extant; and he first endeavoured to explain the causes of the apparent stopping and retrograde motion of the planets, by cycles and epicycles, or circles within circles. The best edition of Apollonius is Dr. Halley’s, Oxford, folio, 1710.――A poet of Naucratis in Egypt, generally called Apollonius of Rhodes, because he lived for some time there. He was pupil, when young, to Callimachus and Panætius, and succeeded to Eratosthenes as third librarian of the famous library of Alexandria, under Ptolemy Evergetes. He was ungrateful to his master Callimachus, who wrote a poem against him, in which he denominated him Ibis. Of all his works, nothing remains but his poem on the expedition of the Argonauts, in four books. The best editions of Apollonius are those printed at Oxford, in 4to, by Shaw, 1777, 2 vols.; and in 1 vol., 8vo, 1779; and that of Brunck, Strasbourg, 12mo, 1780. Quintilian, bk. 10, ch. 1.――A Greek orator, surnamed Molo, was a native of Alabanda in Caria. He opened a school of rhetoric at Rhodes and Rome, and had Julius Cæsar and Cicero among his pupils. He discouraged the attendance of those whom he supposed incapable of distinguishing themselves as orators, and he recommended to them pursuits more congenial to their abilities. He wrote a history, in which he did not candidly treat the people of Judæa, according to the complaint of Josephus, against Apion.—Cicero, On Oratory, bk. 1, chs. 28, 75, 126, & 130; Letters to his Friends, bk. 3, ltr. 16; De Inventione, bk. 1, ch. 81.—Quintilian, bk. 3, ch. 1; bk. 12, ch. 6.—Suetonius, Cæsar, ch. 4.—Plutarch, Cæsar.――A Greek historian about the age of Augustus, who wrote upon the philosophy of Zeno and of his followers. Strabo, bk. 14.――A Stoic philosopher, who attended Cato of Utica in his last moments. Plutarch, Cato.――An officer set over Egypt by Alexander. Curtius, bk. 4, ch. 8.――A wrestler. Pausanias, bk. 5.――A physician of Pergamus, who wrote on agriculture. Varro.――A grammarian of Alexandria.――A writer in the age of Antoninus Pius.――Thyaneus, a Pythagorean philosopher, well skilled in the secret arts of magic. Being one day haranguing the populace at Ephesus, he suddenly exclaimed, “Strike the tyrant, strike him; the blow is given, he is wounded, and fallen!” At that very moment the emperor Domitian had been stabbed at Rome. The magician acquired much reputation when this circumstance was known. He was courted by kings and princes, and commanded unusual attention by his numberless artifices. His friend and companion, called Damis, wrote his life, which 200 years after engaged the attention of Philostratus. In his history the biographer relates so many curious and extraordinary anecdotes of the hero, that many have justly deemed it a romance; yet for all this, Hierocles had the presumption to compare the impostures of Apollonius with the miracles of Jesus Christ.――A sophist of Alexandria, distinguished for his Lexicon Græcum Iliadis et Odysseæ, a book that was beautifully edited by Villoison, in 4to, 2 vols., Paris, 1773. Apollonius was one of the pupils of Didymus, and flourished in the beginning of the first century.――A physician.――A son of Sotades at the court of Ptolemy Philadelphus.――Syrus, a Platonic philosopher.――Herophilus, wrote concerning ointments.――A sculptor of Rhodes.

Apollŏphănes, a Stoic, who greatly flattered king Antigonus, and maintained that there existed but one virtue, prudence. Diogenes Laërtius.――A physician in the court of Antiochus. Polybius, bk. 5.――A comic poet. Ælian, De Natura Animalium, bk. 6.

Apomyīos, a surname of Jupiter.

Aponiana, an island near Lilybæum. Hirtius, African War, ch. 2.

Marcus Aponius, a governor of Mœsia, rewarded with a triumphal statue by Otho, for defeating 9000 barbarians. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 1, ch. 79.

Apŏnus, now Abano, a fountain, with a village of the same name, near Patavium in Italy. The waters of the fountain, which were hot, were wholesome, and were supposed to have an oracular power. Lucan, bk. 7, li. 194.—Suetonius, Tiberius, ch. 14.

Apostrophia, a surname of Venus in Bœotia, who was distinguished under these names, Venus Urania, Vulgaria, and Apostrophia. The former was the patroness of a pure and chaste love; the second of carnal and sensual desires; and the last incited men to illicit and unnatural gratifications, to incests, and rapes. Venus Apostrophia was invoked by the Thebans, that they might be saved from such unlawful desires. She is the same as the Verticordia of the Romans. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 16.—Valerius Maximus, bk. 8, ch. 15.

Apotheōsis, a ceremony observed by the ancient nations of the world, by which they raised their kings, heroes, and great men to the rank of deities. The nations of the east were the first who paid divine honours to their great men, and the Romans followed their example, and not only deified the most prudent and humane of their emperors, but also the most cruel and profligate. Herodian, bk. 4, ch. 2, has left us an account of the apotheosis of a Roman emperor. After the body of the deceased was burnt, an ivory image was laid on a couch for seven days, representing the emperor under the agonies of disease. The city was in sorrow, the senate visited it in mourning, and the physicians pronounced it every day in a more decaying state. When the death was announced, a band of young senators carried the couch and image to the Campus Martius, where it was deposited on an edifice in the form of a pyramid, where spices and combustible materials were thrown. After this the knights walked round the pile in solemn procession, and the images of the most illustrious Romans were drawn in state, and immediately the new emperor, with a torch, set fire to the pile, and was assisted by the surrounding multitude. Meanwhile an eagle was let fly from the middle of the pile, which was supposed to carry the soul of the deceased to heaven, where he was ranked among the gods. If the deified was a female, a peacock, and not an eagle, was sent from the flames. The Greeks observed ceremonies much of the same nature.

Appia via, a celebrated road leading from the porta Capena at Rome to Brundusium, through Capua. Appius Claudius made it as far as Capua, and it received its name from him. It was continued and finished by Gracchus, Julius Cæsar, and Augustus. See: Via. Lucan, bk. 3, li. 285.—Statius, bk. 2, Sylvæ, poem 2, li. 12.—Martial, bk. 9, ltr. 104.—Suetonius, Tiberias, ch. 14.

Appiădes, a name given to these five deities, Venus, Pallas, Vesta, Concord, and Peace, because a temple was erected to them near the Appian road. The name was also applied to those courtesans at Rome who lived near the temple of Venus by Appiæ Aquæ, and the forum of Julius Cæsar. Ovid, de Ars Amatoria, bk. 3, li. 452.

Appiānus, a Greek historian of Alexandria, who flourished A.D. 123. His universal history, which consisted of 24 books, was a series of history of all the nations that had been conquered by the Romans, in the order of time; and in the composition, the writer displayed, with a style simple and unadorned, a great knowledge of military affairs, and described his battles in a masterly manner. This excellent work is greatly mutilated, and there is extant now only the account of the Punic, Syrian, Parthian, Mithridatic, and Spanish wars, with those of Illyricum and the civil dissensions, with a fragment of the Celtic wars. In his preface, Appian has enlarged on the boundaries of that mighty empire, of which he was the historian. The best editions are those of Tollius and Variorum, 2 vols., 8vo, Amsterdam, 1670, and that of Schweigheuserus, 3 vols., 8vo, Lipscomb, 1785. He was so eloquent that the emperor highly promoted him in the state.

Appii Forum, now Borgo Longo, a little village not far from Rome, built by the consul Appius. Horace, bk. 1, satire 5.

Appius, the prænomen of an illustrious family at Rome.――A censor of that name, A.U.C. 442. Horace, bk. 1, satire 6.

Appius Claudius, a decemvir who obtained his power by force and oppression. He attempted the virtue of Virginia, whom her father killed to preserve her chastity. This act of violence was the cause of a revolution in the state, and the ravisher destroyed himself when cited to appear before the tribunal of his country. Livy, bk. 3, ch. 33.――Claudius Cæcus, a Roman orator, who built the Appian way and many aqueducts in Rome. When Pyrrhus, who was come to assist the Tarentines against Rome, demanded peace of the senators, Appius, grown old in the service of the republic, caused himself to be carried to the senate house, and by his authority dissuaded them from granting a peace which would prove dishonourable to the Roman name. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 6, li. 203.—Cicero, Brutus & Tusculanæ Disputationes, bk. 4.――A Roman who, when he heard that he had been proscribed by the triumvirs, divided his riches among his servants, and embarked with them for Sicily. In their passage the vessel was shipwrecked, and Appius alone saved his life. Appian, bk. 4.――Claudius Crassus, a consul, who, with Spurius Naut. Rutilius, conquered the Celtiberians, and was defeated by Perseus king of Macedonia. Livy.――Claudius Pulcher, a grandson of Appius Claudius Cæcus, consul in the age of Sylla, retired from grandeur to enjoy the pleasures of a private life.――Clausus, a general of the Sabines, who, upon being ill treated by his countrymen, retired to Rome with 5000 of his friends, and was admitted into the senate in the early ages of the republic. Plutarch, Poplicola [Publicola].――Herdonius, seized the capitol with 4000 exiles, A.U.C. 292, and was soon after overthrown. Livy, bk. 3, ch. 15.—Florus, bk. 3, ch. 19.――Claudius Lentulus, a consul with Marcus Perpenna.――A dictator who conquered the Hernici.――The name of Appius was common in Rome, and particularly to many consuls, whose history is not marked by any uncommon event.

Appŭla, an immodest woman, &c. Juvenal, satire 6, li. 64.

Apries and Aprius, one of the kings of Egypt in the age of Cyrus, supposed to be the Pharaoh Hophra of Scripture. He took Sidon, and lived in great prosperity till his subjects revolted to Amasis, by whom he was conquered and strangled. Herodotus, bk. 2, ch. 159, &c.—Diodorus, bk. 1.

Apsinthii, a people of Thrace. They received their name from a river called Apsinthus, which flowed through their territory. Dionysius Periegetes.

Apsinus, an Athenian sophist in the third century, author of a work called Præceptor de Arte Rhetoricâ.

Apsus, a river of Macedonia falling into the Ionian sea between Dyrrhachium and Apollonia. Lucan, bk. 5, li. 46.

Aptĕra, an inland town of Crete. Ptolemy.—Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12.

Apuleia lex, was enacted by Lucius Apuleius the tribune, A.U.C. 652, for inflicting a punishment upon such as were guilty of raising seditions, or showing violence in the city.――Varilia, a granddaughter of Augustus, convicted of adultery with a certain Manlius, in the reign of Tiberius. Tacitus, Annals, ch. 50.

Apuleius, a learned man, born at Madaura in Africa. He studied at Carthage, Athens, and Rome, where he married a rich widow called Pudentilla, for which he was accused by some of her relations of using magical arts to win her heart. His apology was a masterly composition. In his youth, Apuleius had been very expensive; but he was, in a maturer age, more devoted to study, and learnt Latin without a master. The most famous of his works extant is the Golden Ass, in 11 books, an allegorical piece, replete with morality. The best editions of Apuleius are the Delphin, 2 vols., 4to, Paris, 1688, and Pricæi, 8vo, Goudæ, 1650.

Apūlia, now Puglia, a country of Italy between Daunia and Calabria. It was part of the ancient Magna Græcia, and generally divided into Apulia Daunia and Apulia Peucetia. It was famous for its wool, superior to all the produce of Italy. Some suppose that it is called after Apulus, an ancient king of the country before the Trojan war. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 11.—Cicero, de Divinatione, bk. 1, ch. 43.—Strabo, bk. 6.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 4.—Martial, Apophoreta, ltr. 155.

Apuscidāmus, a lake of Africa. All bodies, however heavy, were said to swim on the surface of its waters. Pliny, bk. 32, ch. 2.

Aquarius, one of the signs of the zodiac, rising in January and setting in February. Some suppose that Ganymede was changed into this sign. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 3, li. 304.

Aquilaria, a place of Africa. Cæsar, bk. 2, Civil War, ch. 23.

Aquileia, or Aquilegia, a town founded by a Roman colony, called from its grandeur, Roma secunda, and situate at the north of the Adriatic sea, on the confines of Italy. The Romans built it chiefly to oppose the frequent incursions of the barbarians. The Roman emperors enlarged and beautified it, and often made it their residence. Silius Italicus, bk. 8, li. 605.—Martial, bk. 4, ltr. 25.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 4.

Aquilius Niger, an historian mentioned by Suetonius, Augustus, ch. 11.――Marcus, a Roman consul who had the government of Asia Minor. Justin, bk. 36, ch. 4.――Sabinus, a lawyer of Rome, surnamed the Cato of his age. He was father to Aquilia Severus, whom Heliogabalus married.――Severus, a poet and historian in the age of Valentinian.

Aquillia and Aquilia, a patrician family at Rome, from which few illustrious men rose.

Aquĭlo, a wind blowing from the north. Its name is derived, according to some, from Aquila, on account of its keenness and velocity.

Aquilonia, a city of the Hirpini in Italy. Livy, bk. 10, ch. 38.

Aquinius, a poet of moderate capacity. Cicero, bk. 5, Tusculanæ Disputationes.

Aquīnum, a town of Latium, on the borders of the Samnites, where Juvenal was born. A dye was invented there, which greatly resembled the real purple. Horace, bk. 1, ltr. 10, li. 27.—Strabo.—Silius Italicus, bk. 8, li. 404.—Juvenal, satire 3, li. 319.

Aquitania, a country of Gaul, bounded on the west by Spain, north by the province of Lugdunum, south by the province called Gallia Narbonensis. Its inhabitants are called Aquitani. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 17.—Strabo, bk. 4.

Ara, a constellation, consisting of seven stars, near the tail of the Scorpion. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 2, li. 138.

Ara lugdunensis, a place at the confluence of the Arar and Rhone. Juvenal, satire 1, li. 44.

Arabarches, a vulgar person among the Egyptians, or perhaps an unusual expression for the leaders of the Arabians, who resided in Rome. Juvenal, satire 1, li. 130. Some believe that Cicero, bk. 2, ltr. 17, Letters to Atticus, alluded to Pompey under the name of Arabarches.

Arăbia, a large country of Asia, forming a peninsula between the Arabian and Persian gulfs. It is generally divided into three different parts, Petræa, Deserta, and Felix. It is famous for its frankincense and aromatic plants. The inhabitants were formerly under their own chiefs, an uncivilized people, who paid adoration to the sun, moon, and even serpents, and who had their wives in common, and circumcised their children. The country has often been invaded, but never totally subdued. Alexander the Great expressed his wish to place the seat of his empire in their territories. The soil is rocky and sandy, the inhabitants are scarce, the mountains rugged, and the country without water. In Arabia, whatever woman was convicted of adultery was capitally punished. The Arabians for some time supported the splendour of literature which was extinguished by the tyranny and superstition which prevailed in Egypt, and to them we are indebted for the invention of algebra, or the application of signs and letters to represent lines, numbers, and quantities, and also for the numerical characters of 1, 2, 3, &c., first used in Europe, A.D. 1253.—Herodotus, bks. 1, 2, 3.—Diodorus, bks. 1 & 2.—Pliny, bks. 12 & 14.—Strabo, bk. 16.—Xenophon.—Tibullus, bk. 2, poem 2.—Curtius, bk. 5, ch. 1.—Virgil, Georgics, bk. 1, li. 57.――Also the name of the wife of Ægyptus. Apollodorus.

Arabĭcus sinus, a sea between Egypt and Arabia, different, according to some authors, from the Red sea, which they supposed to be between Æthiopia and India, and the Arabian gulf further above, between Egypt and Arabia. It is about 40 days’ sail in length, and not half a day’s in its most extensive breadth. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 11.—Strabo.

Arăbis, Arabius, Arbis, an Indian river. Curtius, bk. 9, ch. 10.

Arabs and Arăbus, a son of Apollo and Babylone, who first invented medicine, and taught it in Arabia, which is called after his name. Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 56.

Aracca and Arecca, a city of Susiana. Tibullus, bk. 4, poem 1.

Arachne, a woman of Colophon, daughter to Idmon a dyer. She was so skilful in working with the needle, that she challenged Minerva, the goddess of the art, to a trial of skill. She represented on her work the amours of Jupiter with Europa, Antiope, Leda, Asteria, Danae, Alcmene, &c.; but though her piece was perfect and masterly, she was defeated by Minerva, and hanged herself in despair, and was changed into a spider by the goddess. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 6, fable 1, &c.――A city of Thessaly.

Arachosia, a city of Asia, near the Massagetæ. It was built by Semiramis.――One of the Persian provinces beyond the Indus. Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 23.—Strabo, bk. 11.

Arachōtæ and Arachōti, a people of India, who received their name from the river Arachotus which flows down from mount Caucasus. Dionysius Periegetes.—Curtius, bk. 9, ch. 7.

Arachthias, one of the four capital rivers of Epirus near Nicopolis, falling into the bay of Ambracia. Strabo, bk. 7.

Aracillum, a town of Hispania Tarraconensis. Florus, bk. 4, ch. 12.

Aracosii, an Indian nation. Justin, bk. 13, ch. 4.

Aracynthus, a mountain of Acarnania, between the Achelous and Evenus, not far from the shore, and thence called Actæus. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 2.—Virgil, Eclogues, poem 2, li. 24.

Arădus, an island near Phœnicia, joined to the continent by a bridge. Dionysius Periegetes.

Aræ, rocks in the middle of the Mediterranean, between Africa and Sardinia, where the Romans and Africans ratified a treaty. It was upon them that Æneas lost the greatest part of his fleet. They are supposed to be those islands which are commonly called Ægates. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 113.

Aræ Philænorum, a maritime city of Africa, on the borders of Cyrene. Sallust, Jugurthine War, chs. 19 & 79.

Arar, now the Saone, a river of Gaul, flowing into the Rhone, over which Cæsar’s soldiers made a bridge in one day. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 1, ch. 12.—Silius Italicus, bk. 3, li. 452.

Arărus, a Scythian river flowing through Armenia. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 48.

Arathyrea, a small province of Achaia, afterwards called Asophis, with a city of the same name. Homer, Iliad, bk. 2.—Strabo, bk. 8.

Arātus, a Greek poet of Cilicia, about 277 B.C. He was greatly esteemed by Antigonus Gonatas king of Macedonia, at whose court he passed much of his time, and by whose desire he wrote a poem on astronomy, in which he gives an account of the situations, rising and setting, number and motion of the stars. Cicero represented him as unacquainted with astrology, yet capable of writing upon it in elegant and highly finished verses, which, however, from the subject, admit of little variety. Aratus wrote, besides, hymns and epigrams, &c., and had among his interpreters and commentators many of the learned men of Greece whose works are lost, besides Cicero, Claudius, and Germanicus Cæsar, who in their youth, or moments of relaxation, translated the Phænomena into Latin verse. The best editions of Aratus are, Grotius, 4to, apud Raphalengius, 1600; and Oxford, 8vo, 1672. Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 2, ch. 41.—Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 2.—Ovid, Amores, bk. 1, poem 15, li. 26.――The son of Clinias and Aristodama, was born at Sicyon in Achaia, near the river Asopus. When he was but seven years of age, his father, who held the government of Sicyon, was assassinated by Abantidas, who made himself absolute. After some revolutions, the sovereignty came into the hands of Nicocles, whom Aratus murdered to restore his country to liberty. He was so jealous of tyrannical power, that he even destroyed a picture which was the representation of a tyrant. He joined the republic of Sicyon to the Achæan league, which he strengthened, by making a treaty of alliance with the Corinthians, and with Ptolemy king of Egypt. He was chosen chief commander of the forces of the Achæans, and drove away the Macedonians from Athens and Corinth. He made war against the Spartans, but was conquered in a battle by their king Cleomenes. To repair the losses he had sustained, he solicited the assistance of king Antigonus, and drove away Cleomenes from Sparta, who fled to Egypt, where he killed himself. The Ætolians soon after attacked the Achæans; and Aratus, to support his character, was obliged to call to his aid Philip king of Macedonia. His friendship with this new ally did not long continue. Philip showed himself cruel and oppressive; and put to death some of the noblest of the Achæans, and even seduced the wife of the son of Aratus. Aratus, who was now advanced in years, showed his displeasure by withdrawing himself from the society and friendship of Philip. But this rupture was fatal. Philip dreaded the power and influence of Aratus, and therefore he caused him and his son to be poisoned. Some days before his death, Aratus was observed to spit blood; when apprised of it by his friends, he replied, “Such are the rewards which a connection with kings will produce.” He was buried with great pomp by his countrymen; and two solemn sacrifices were annually made to him, the first on the day that he delivered Sicyon from tyranny, and the second on the day of his birth. During those sacrifices, which were called Arateia, the priests wore a ribbon bespangled with white and purple spots, and the public schoolmaster walked in procession at the head of his scholars, and was always accompanied by the richest and most eminent senators, adorned with garlands. Aratus died in the 62nd year of his age, B.C. 213. He wrote a history of the Achæan league, much commended by Polybius. Plutarch, Lives of the Roman Emperors.—Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 8.—Cicero, de Officiis, bk. 2, ch. 23.—Strabo, bk. 14.—Livy, bk. 27, ch. 31.—Polybius, bk. 2.

Araxes, now Arras, a celebrated river which separates Armenia from Media, and falls into the Caspian sea. Lucan, bk. 1, li. 19; bk. 7, li. 188.—Strabo, bk. 8.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 8, li. 728.—Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 202, &c.――Another in Europe, now called Wolga.

Arbāces, a Mede who revolted with Belesis against Sardanapalus, and founded the empire of Media upon the ruins of the Assyrian power, 820 years before the christian era. He reigned above 50 years, and was famous for the greatness of his undertakings, as well as for his valour. Justin, bk. 1, ch. 3.—Paterculus, bk. 1, ch. 6.

Arbēla (orum), now Irbil, a town of Persia, on the river Lycus, famous for a battle fought there between Alexander and Darius, the 2nd of October, B.C. 331. Curtius, bk. 5, ch. 1.—Plutarch, Alexander.

Arbĕla, a town of Sicily, whose inhabitants were very credulous.

Arbis, a river on the western boundaries of India. Strabo.

Arbocāla, a city taken by Annibal as he marched against Rome.

Arbuscŭla, an actress on the Roman stage, who laughed at the hisses of the populace while she received the applauses of the knights. Horace, bk. 1, satire 10, li. 77.

Arcădia, a country in the middle of Peloponnesus, surrounded on every side by land, situate between Achaia, Messenia, Elis, and Argolis. It received its name from Arcas son of Jupiter, and was anciently called Drymodes, on account of the great number of oaks (δρυς) which it produced, and afterwards Lycaonia and Pelasgia. The country has been much celebrated by the poets, and was famous for its mountains. The inhabitants were for the most part all shepherds, who lived upon acorns, were skilful warriors, and able musicians. They thought themselves more ancient than the moon. Pan, the god of shepherds, chiefly lived among them.—Aristotle, bk. 4, Metaphysics, says that the wine of Arcadia, when placed in a goat’s skin near a fire, will become chalky, and at last be turned into salt. Strabo, bk. 1.—Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 5.—Pausanias, bk. 8, chs. 1, 2, &c.—Athenæus, bk. 14.――A fortified village of Zacynthus.

Arcadius, eldest son of Theodosius the Great, succeeded his father A.D. 395. Under him the Roman power was divided into the eastern and western empire. He made the eastern empire his choice, and fixed his residence at Constantinople; while his brother Honorius was made emperor of the west, and lived in Rome. After this separation of the Roman empire, the two powers looked upon one another with indifference; and, soon after, their indifference was changed into jealousy, and contributed to hasten their mutual ruin. In the reign of Arcadius, Alaricus attacked the western empire, and plundered Rome. Arcadius married Eudoxia, a bold and ambitious woman, and died in the 31st year of his age, after a reign of 13 years, in which he bore the character of an effeminate prince, who suffered himself to be governed by favourites, and who abandoned his subjects to the tyranny of ministers, while he lost himself in the pleasures of a voluptuous court.

Arcānum, a villa of Cicero’s near the Minturni. Cicero, bk. 7, Letters to Atticus, ltr. 10.

Arcas, a son of Jupiter and Calisto. He nearly killed his mother, whom Juno had changed into a bear. He reigned in Pelasgia, which from him was called Arcadia, and taught his subjects agriculture and the art of spinning wool. After his death, Jupiter made him a constellation with his mother. As he was one day hunting, he met a wood nymph, who begged his assistance, because the tree over which she presided, and on whose preservation her life depended, was going to be carried away by the impetuous torrent of a river. Arcas changed the course of the waters, and preserved the tree, and married the nymph, by whom he had three sons, Azan, Aphidas, and Elatus, among whom he divided his kingdom. The descendants of Azan planted colonies in Phrygia. Aphidas received for his share Tegea, which on that account has been called the inheritance of Aphidas; and Elatus became master of mount Cyllene, and some time after passed into Phocis. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 4.—Hyginus, fables 155 & 176.—Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 8.—Strabo, bk. 8.—Ovid, Fasti, bk. 1, li. 470.――One of Actæon’s dogs.

Arce, a daughter of Thaumas, son of Pontus and Terra. Ptolemy Hephæstion.

Arcēna, a town of Phœnicia, where Alexander Severus was born.

Arcens, a Sicilian who permitted his son to accompany Æneas into Italy, where he was killed by Mezentius. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 581, &c.

Arcesilāus, son of Battus king of Cyrene, was driven from his kingdom in a sedition, and died B.C. 575. The second of that name died B.C. 550. Polyænus, bk. 8, ch. 41.—Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 159.――One of Alexander’s generals, who obtained Mesopotamia at the general division of the provinces after the king’s death.――A chief of Catana, which he betrayed to Dionysius the elder. Diodorus, bk. 14.――A philosopher of Pitane in Æolia, disciple of Polemon. He visited Sardis and Athens, and was the founder of the middle academy, as Socrates founded the ancient, and Carneades the new one. He pretended to know nothing, and accused others of the same ignorance. He acquired many pupils in the character of teacher; but some of them left him for Epicurus, though no Epicurean came to him; which gave him occasion to say that it is easy to make a eunuch of a man, but impossible to make a man of a eunuch. He was very fond of Homer, and generally divided his time among the pleasures of philosophy, love, reading, and the table. He died in his 75th year, B.C. 241, or 300 according to some. Diogenes Laërtius, Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers.—Persius, bk. 3, li. 78.—Cicero, de Finibus.――The name of two painters,――a statuary,――a leader of the Bœotians during the Trojan war.――A comic and elegiac poet.

Arcēsius, son of Jupiter, was grandfather to Ulysses. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 13, li. 144.

Archæa, a city of Æolia.

Archæănax of Mitylene, was intimate with Pisistratus tyrant of Athens. He fortified Sigæum with a wall from the ruins of ancient Troy. Strabo, bk. 13.

Archæatĭdas, a country of Peloponnesus. Polybius.

Archăgăthus, son of Archagathus, was slain in Africa by his soldiers, B.C. 285. He killed his grandfather, Agathocles tyrant of Syracuse. Diodorus, bk. 20.—Justin, bk. 22, ch. 5, &c., says that he was put to death by Archesilaus.――A physician at Rome, B.C. 219.

Archander, father-in-law to Danaus. Herodotus, bk. 2, ch. 98.

Archandros, a town of Egypt.

Arche, one of the Muses, according to Cicero.

Archegētes, a surname of Hercules.

Archelāus, a name common to some kings of Cappadocia. One of them was conquered by Sylla, for assisting Mithridates.――A person of that name married Berenice, and made himself king of Egypt; a dignity he enjoyed only six months, as he was killed by the soldiers of Gabinius, B.C. 56. He had been made priest of Comana by Pompey. His grandson was made king of Cappadocia by Antony, whom he assisted at Actium, and he maintained his independence under Augustus, till Tiberius perfidiously destroyed him.――A king of Macedonia, who succeeded his father Perdiccas II. As he was but a natural child, he killed the legitimate heirs to gain the kingdom. He proved himself to be a great monarch; but he was at last killed by one of his favourites, because he had promised him his daughter in marriage, and given her to another, after a reign of 23 years. He patronized the poet Euripides. Diodorus, bk. 14.—Justin, bk. 7, ch. 4.—Ælian. Varia Historia, bks. 2, 8, 12, 14.――A king of the Jews, surnamed Herod. He married Glaphyre, daughter of Archelaus king of Macedonia, and widow of his brother Alexander. Cæsar banished him, for his cruelties, to Vienna, where he died. Dio Cassius.――A king of Lacedæmon, son of Agesilaus. He reigned 42 years with Charilaus, of the other branch of the family. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 204.—Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 2.――A general of Antigonus the younger appointed governor of the Acrocorinth, with the philosopher Persæus. Polyænus, bk. 6, ch. 5.――A celebrated general of Mithridates against Sylla. Polyænus, bk. 8, ch. 8.――A philosopher of Athens or Messenia, son of Apollodorus and successor to Anaxagoras. He was preceptor to Socrates, and was called Physicus. He supposed that heat and cold were the principles of all things. He first discovered the voice to be propagated by the vibration of the air. Cicero, Tusculanæ Disputationes, bk. 5.—Diogenes Laërtius, Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers.—Augustine, City of God, bk. 8.――A man set over Susa by Alexander, with a garrison of 3000 men. Curtius, bk. 5, ch. 2.――A Greek philosopher, who wrote a history of animals, and maintained that goats breathed not through the nostrils, but through the ears. Pliny, bk. 8, ch. 50.――A son of Electryon and Anaxo. Apollodorus, bk. 2.――A Greek poet who wrote epigrams. Varro, de Re Rustica, bk. 3, ch. 16.――A sculptor of Priene, in the age of Claudius. He made an apotheosis of Homer, a piece of sculpture highly admired, and said to have been discovered under ground, A.D. 1658.――A writer of Thrace.

Archemăchus, a Greek writer, who published a history of Eubœa. Athenæus, bk. 6.――A son of Hercules,――of Priam. Apollodorus, bks. 2 & 3.

Archemŏrus, or Opheltes, son of Lycurgus king of Nemæa, in Thrace, by Eurydice, was brought up by Hypsipyle queen of Lemnos, who had fled to Thrace, and was employed as a nurse in the king’s family. Hypsipyle was met by the army of Adrastus, who was going against Thebes: and she was forced to show them a fountain where they might quench their thirst. To do this more expeditiously, she put down the child on the grass, and at her return found him killed by a serpent. The Greeks were so afflicted at this misfortune, that they instituted games in honour of Archemorus, which were called Nemæan, and king Adrastus enlisted among the combatants, and was victorious. Apollodorus, bks. 2 & 3.—Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 48.—Statius, Thebiad, bk. 6.

Archepŏlis, a man in Alexander’s army, who conspired against the king with Dymnus. Curtius, bk. 6, ch. 7.

Archeptolĕmus, son of Iphitus king of Elis, went to the Trojan war, and fought against the Greeks. As he was fighting near Hector, he was killed by Ajax son of Telamon. It is said that he re-established the Olympic games. Homer, Iliad, bk. 8, li. 128.

Archestrătus, a tragic poet, whose pieces were acted during the Peloponnesian war. Plutarch, Aristotle.――A man so small and lean, that he could be placed in a dish without filling it, though it contained no more than an obolus.――A follower of Epicurus, who wrote a poem in commendation of gluttony.

Archetīmus, the first philosophical writer in the age of the seven wise men of Greece. Diogenes Laërtius.

Archetius, a Rutulian, killed by the Trojans. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 12, li. 459.

Archia, one of the Oceanides, wife to Inachus. Hyginus, fable 143.

Archias, a Corinthian descended from Hercules. He founded Syracuse, B.C. 732. Being told by an oracle to make choice of health or riches, he chose the latter. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 2.――A poet of Antioch, intimate with the Luculli. He obtained the rank and name of a Roman citizen by the means of Cicero, who defended him in an elegant oration, when his enemies had disputed his privileges of citizen of Rome. He wrote a poem on the Cimbrian war and began another concerning Cicero’s consulship, which are now lost. Some of his epigrams are preserved in the Anthologia. Cicero, For Archias.――A polemarch of Thebes, assassinated in the conspiracy of Pelopidas, which he could have prevented, if he had not deferred to the morrow the reading of a letter which he had received from Archias the Athenian high priest, and which gave him information of his danger. Plutarch, Pelopidas.――A high priest of Athens, contemporary and intimate with the polemarch of the same name. Plutarch, Pelopidas.――A Theban taken in the act of adultery, and punished according to the law, and tied to a post in the public place, for which punishment he abolished the oligarchy. Aristotle.

Archibiădes, a philosopher of Athens, who affected the manners of the Spartans, and was very inimical to the views and measures of Phocion. Plutarch, Phocion.――An ambassador of Byzantium, &c. Polyænus, bk. 4, ch. 44.

Archibius, the son of the geographer Ptolemy.

Archidamia, a priestess of Ceres, who, on account of her affection for Aristomenes, restored him to liberty when he had been taken prisoner by her female attendants at the celebration of their festivals. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 17.――A daughter of Cleadas, who upon hearing that her countrymen the Spartans were debating whether they should send away their women to Crete against the hostile approach of Pyrrhus, seized a sword, and ran to the senate house, exclaiming that the women were as able to fight as the men. Upon this the decree was repealed. Plutarch, Pyrrhus.—Polyænus, bk. 8, ch. 8.

Archidāmus, son of Theopompus king of Sparta, died before his father. Pausanias.――Another, king of Sparta, son of Anaxidamus, succeeded by Agasicles.――Another, son of Agesilaus of the family of the Proclidæ.――Another, grandson of Leotychidas by his son Zeuxidamus. He succeeded his grandfather, and reigned in conjunction with Plistoanax. He conquered the Argives and Arcadians, and privately assisted the Phocians in plundering the temple of Delphi. He was called to the aid of Tarentum against the Romans, and killed there in a battle, after a reign of 33 years. Diodorus, bk. 16.—Xenophon.――Another, son of Eudamidas.――Another, who conquered the Helots, after a violent earthquake. Diodorus, bk. 11.――A son of Agesilaus, who led the Spartan auxiliaries to Cleombrotus at the battle of Leuctra, and was killed in a battle against the Lucanians. B.C. 338.――A son of Xenius Theopompus. Pausanias.

Archidas, a tyrant of Athens, killed by his troops.

Archidēmus, a Stoic philosopher, who willingly exiled himself among the Parthians. Plutarch, de Exilio.

Archidēus, a son of Amyntas king of Macedonia. Justin, bk. 7, ch. 4.

Archidium, a city of Crete, named after Archidius son of Tegeates. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 53.

Archigallus, the high priest of Cybele’s temple. See: Galli.

Archigĕnes, a physician, born at Apamea in Syria. He lived in the reign of Domitian, Nerva, and Trajan, and died in the 73rd year of his age. He wrote a treatise on adorning the hair, as also 10 books on fevers. Juvenal, satire 6, li. 235.

Archilŏchus, a poet of Paros; who wrote elegies, satires, odes, and epigrams, and was the first who introduced iambics in his verses. He had courted Neobule the daughter of Lycambes, and had received promises of marriage; but the father gave her to another superior to the poet in rank and fortune; upon which Archilochus wrote such a bitter satire, that Lycambes hanged himself in a fit of despair. The Spartans condemned his verses on account of their indelicacy, and banished him from their city as a petulant and dangerous citizen. He flourished 685 B.C., and it is said that he was assassinated. Some fragments of his poetry remain, which display vigour and animation, boldness and vehemence, in the highest degree; from which reason, perhaps, Cicero calls virulent edicts, Archilochia edicta. Cicero, Tusculanæ Disputationes, bk. 1.—Quintilian, bk. 10, ch. 1.—Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 12.—Horace, Art of Poetry, li. 79.—Athenæus, bks. 1, 2, &c.――A son of Nestor, killed by Memnon in the Trojan war. Homer, Iliad, bk. 2.――A Greek historian who wrote a chronological table, and other works, about the 20th or 30th olympiad.

Archimēdes, a famous geometrician of Syracuse, who invented a machine of glass that faithfully represented the motion of all the heavenly bodies. When Marcellus the Roman consul besieged Syracuse Archimedes constructed machines which suddenly raised up in the air the ships of the enemy from the bay before the city, and let them fall with such violence into the water that they sunk. He set them also on fire with his burning glasses. When the town was taken, the Roman general gave strict orders to his soldiers not to hurt Archimedes, and he even offered a reward to him who should bring him alive and safe into his presence. All these precautions were useless; the philosopher was so deeply engaged in solving a problem, that he was even ignorant that the enemy were in possession of the town; and a soldier, without knowing who he was, killed him, because he refused to follow him, B.C. 212. Marcellus raised a monument over him, and placed upon it a cylinder and a sphere; but the place remained long unknown, till Cicero, during his questorship in Sicily, found it near one of the gates of Syracuse, surrounded with thorns and brambles. Some suppose that Archimedes raised the site of the towns and villages of Egypt, and began those mounds of earth by means of which communication is kept from town to town during the inundations of the Nile. The story of his burning glasses had always appeared fabulous to some of the moderns, till the experiments of Buffon demonstrated it beyond contradiction. These celebrated glasses were supposed to be reflectors made of metal, and capable of producing their effect at the distance of a bowshot. The manner in which he discovered how much brass a goldsmith had mixed with gold in making a golden crown for the king is well known to every modern hydrostatic, as well as the pumping screw which still bears his name. Among the wild schemes of Archimedes, is his saying that, by means of his machines, he could move the earth with ease, if placed on a fixed spot near it. Many of his works are extant, especially treatises de sphærâ et cylindro, circuli dimensio, de lineis spiralibus, de quadraturâ paraboles, de numero arenæ, &c.; the best edition of which is that of David Rivaltius, folio, Paris, 1615. Cicero, Tusculanæ Disputationes, bk. 1, ch. 25; De Natura Deorum, bk. 2, ch. 34.—Livy, bk. 24, ch. 34.—Quintilian, bk. 1, ch. 10.—Vitruvius, bk. 9, ch. 3.—Polybius, bk. 7.—Plutarch, Marcellus.—Valerius Maximus, bk. 8, ch. 7.

Archīnus, a man who, when he was appointed to distribute new arms among the populace of Argos, raised a mercenary band, and made himself absolute. Polyænus, bk. 3, ch. 8.――A rhetorician of Athens.

Archipĕlăgus, a part of the sea where islands in great number are interspersed such as that part of the Mediterranean which lies between Greece and Asia Minor, and is generally called Mare Ægeum.

Archipŏlis, or Archepolis, a soldier who conspired against Alexander with Dymnus. Curtius, bk. 6, ch. 7.

Archippe, a city of the Marsi, destroyed by an earthquake, and lost in the lake of Fucinus. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 19.

Archippus, a king of Italy, from whom, perhaps, the town of Archippe received its name. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 752.――A philosopher of Thebes, pupil to Pythagoras.――An archon at Athens.――A comic poet of Athens, of whose eight comedies only one obtained the prize.――A philosopher in the age of Trajan.

Archītis, a name of Venus, worshipped on mount Libanus.

Archon, one of Alexander’s generals, who received the provinces of Babylon, at the general division after the king’s death. Diodorus, bk. 18.

Archontes, the name of the chief magistrates of Athens. They were nine in number, and none were chosen but such as were descended from ancestors who had been free citizens of the republic for three generations. They were also to be without deformity in all the parts and members of their body, and were obliged to produce testimonies of their dutiful behaviour to their parents, of the services they had rendered their country, and the competency of their fortune to support their dignity. They took a solemn oath that they would observe the laws, administer justice with impartiality, and never suffer themselves to be corrupted. If they ever received bribes, they were compelled by the laws to dedicate to the god of Delphi a statue of gold of equal weight with their body. They all had the power of punishing malefactors with death. The chief among them was called Archon. The year took its denomination from him; he determined all causes between man and wife, and took care of legacies and wills; he provided for orphans, protected the injured, and punished drunkenness with uncommon severity. If he suffered himself to be intoxicated during the time of his office, the misdemeanour was punished with death. The second of the archons was called Basileus . It was his office to keep good order, and to remove all causes of quarrel in the families of those who were dedicated to the service of the gods. The profane and the impious were brought before his tribunal; and he offered public sacrifices for the good of the state. He assisted at the celebration of the Eleusinian festivals, and other religious ceremonies. His wife was to be related to the whole people of Athens, and of a pure and unsullied life. He had a vote among the Areopagites, but was obliged to sit among them without his crown. The Polemarch was another archon of inferior dignity. He had the care of all foreigners, and provided a sufficient maintenance from the public treasury for the families of those who had lost their lives in defence of their country. These three chief archons generally chose each of them two persons of respectable character, and of an advanced age, whose counsels and advice might assist and support them in their public capacity. The six other archons were indistinctly called Thesmothetæ, and received complaints against persons accused of impiety, bribery, and ill behaviour. They settled all disputes between the citizens, redressed the wrongs of strangers and forbade any laws to be enforced but such as were conducive to the safety of the state. These officers of state were chosen after the death of king Codrus; their power was originally for life, but afterwards it was limited to 10 years, and at last to one year. After some time, the qualifications which were required to be an archon were not strictly observed. Adrian, before he was elected emperor of Rome, was made archon at Athens, though a foreigner; and the same honours were conferred upon Plutarch. The perpetual archons, after the death of Codrus, were Medon, whose office began B.C. 1070; Acastus, 1050; Archippus, 1014; Thersippus, 995; Phorbas, 954; Megacles, 923; Diognetus, 893; Pherecles, 865; Ariphron, 846; Thespius, 826; Agamestor, 799; Æschylus, 778; Alcmæon, 756; after whose death the archons were decennial, the first of whom was Charops, who began 753; Æsimedes, 744; Clidicus, 734; Hippomenes, 724; Leocrates, 714; Apsander, 704; Eryxias, 694; after whom the office became annual, and of these annual archons Creon was the first. Aristophanes, The Clouds & The Birds.—Plutarch, Convivium Septem Sapientium, ch. 1.—Demosthenes.—Pollux.—Lysias.

Archy̆lus Thurius, a general of Dionysius the elder. Diodorus, bk. 14.

Archytas, a musician of Mitylene, who wrote a treatise on agriculture. Diogenes Laërtius.――The son of Hestiæus of Tarentum, was a follower of the Pythagorean philosophy, and an able astronomer and geometrician. He redeemed his master, Plato, from the hands of the tyrant Dionysius, and for his virtues he was seven times chosen, by his fellow-citizens, governor of Tarentum. He invented some mathematical instruments, and made a wooden pigeon which could fly. He perished in a shipwreck about 394 years before the christian era. He is also the reputed inventor of the screw and the pulley. A fragment of his writings has been preserved by Porphyry. Horace, bk. 1, ode 28.—Cicero, bk. 3, On Oratory.—Diogenes Laërtius, Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers.

Arcĭtĕnens, an epithet applied to Apollo, from his bearing a bow, with which, as soon as born, he destroyed the serpent Python. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 75.

Arctīnus, a Milesian poet, said to be pupil to Homer. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 1.

Arctophy̆lax, a star near the great bear, called also Bootes. Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 2, ch. 42.

Arctos, a mountain near Propontis, inhabited by giants and monsters.――Two celestial constellations near the north pole, commonly called Ursa Major and Minor; supposed to be Arcas and his mother, who were made constellations. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 1.—Aratus.—Ovid, Fasti, bk. 3, li. 107.

Arctūrus, a star near the tail of the great bear, whose rising and setting were generally supposed to portend great tempests. Horace, bk. 3, ode 1. The name is derived from its situation, ἀρκτος ursus, οὐρα cauda. It rises now about the beginning of October, and Pliny tells us it rose in his age on the 12th, or, according to Columella, on the 5th of September.

Ardălus, a son of Vulcan, said to have been the first who invented the pipe. He gave it to the Muses, who on that account have been called Ardalides and Ardalīotides. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 31.

Ardalia, a country of Egypt. Strabo.

Ardaxānus, a small river of Illyricum. Polybius.

Ardea, formerly Ardua, a town of Latium, built by Danae, or, according to some, by a son of Ulysses and Circe. It was the capital of the Rutuli. Some soldiers set it on fire, and the inhabitants publicly reported that their city had been changed into a bird, called by the Latins Ardea. It was rebuilt, and it became a rich and magnificent city, whose enmity to Rome rendered it famous. Tarquin the Proud was pressing it with a siege, when his son ravished Lucretia. A road called Ardeatina branched from the Appian road to Ardea. Cornelius Nepos, Atticus, ch. 14.—Livy, bk. 1, ch. 57; bk. 3, ch. 71; bk. 4, ch. 9, &c.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 412.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 14, li. 573.—Strabo, bk. 5.

Ardericca, a small town on the Euphrates, north of Babylon.

Ardiæi, a people of Illyricum, whose capital was called Ardia. Strabo, bk. 7.

Ardonea, a town of Apulia. Livy, bk. 24, ch. 20.

Ardua, an ancient name of Ardea. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 411.

Arduenna, now Ardenne, a large forest of Gaul, in the time of Julius Cæsar, which extended 50 miles from the Rhine to the borders of the Nervii. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 8, ch. 42.—Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 6, ch. 29.

Arduine, the goddess of hunting among the Gauls; represented with the same attributes as the Diana of the Romans.

Ardyenses, a nation near the Rhone. Polybius, bk. 3.

Ardys, a son of Gyges king of Lydia, who reigned 49 years, took Priene, and made war against Miletus. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 15.

Area, a surname of Minerva, from her temple on Mars’ hill (ἀρης) erected by Orestes. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 28.

Areacidæ, a nation of Numidia. Polybius.

Areas, a general chosen by the Greeks against Ætolia. Justin, bk. 24, ch. 1.

Aregŏnis, the mother of Mopsus by Ampyx. Orpheus, Argonautica.

Arelātum, a town of Gallia Narbonensis. Strabo, bk. 4.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 5.

Arellius, a celebrated painter of Rome in the age of Augustus. He painted the goddesses in the form of his mistresses. Pliny, bk. 35, ch. 10.――A miser in Horace.

Aremorĭca, a part of Gaul, at the north of the Loire, now called Britany. Pliny, bk. 4.

Arēna and Arene, a city of Messenia in Peloponnesus. Homer, Iliad, bk. 2.

Arenăcum, a town of Germany. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 5, ch. 20.

Areopagītæ, the judges of the Areopagus, a seat of justice on a small eminence near Athens, whose name is derived from Αρεος παγος, the hill of Mars, because Mars was the first who was tried there, for the murder of Hallirhotius, who had offered violence to his daughter Alcippe. Some say that the place received the name of Areopagus because the Amazons pitched their camp there, and offered sacrifices to their progenitor Mars, when they besieged Athens; and others maintain that the name was given to the place because Mars is the god of bloodshed, war, and murder, which were generally punished by that court. The time in which this celebrated seat of justice was instituted is unknown. Some suppose that Cecrops, the founder of Athens, first established it, while others give the credit of it to Cranaus, and others to Solon. The number of judges that composed this august assembly is not known. They have been limited by some to 9, to 31, to 51, and sometimes to a greater number. The most worthy and religious of the Athenians were admitted as members, and such archons as had discharged their duty with care and faithfulness. In the latter ages of the republic, this observance was often violated, and we find some of their members of loose and debauched morals. If any of them were convicted of immorality, if they were seen sitting at a tavern, or had used any indecent language, they were immediately expelled from the assembly, and held in the greatest disgrace, though the dignity of a judge of the Areopagus always was for life. The Areopagites took cognizance of murders, impiety, and immoral behaviour, and particularly of idleness, which they deemed the cause of all vice. They watched over the laws, and they had the management of the public treasury; they had the liberty of rewarding the virtuous, and of inflicting severe punishment upon such as blasphemed against the gods, or slighted the celebration of the holy mysteries. They always sat in the open air, because they took cognizance of murder; and by their laws it was not permitted for the murderer and his accuser to be both under the same roof. This custom also might originate because the persons of the judges were sacred, and they were afraid of contracting pollution by conversing in the same house with men who had been guilty of shedding innocent blood. They always heard causes and passed sentence in the night, that they might not be prepossessed in favour of the plaintiff or of the defendant by seeing them. Whatever causes were pleaded before them, were to be divested of all oratory and fine speaking, lest eloquence should charm their ears and corrupt their judgment. Hence arose the most just and most impartial decisions, and their sentence was deemed sacred and inviolable, and the plaintiff and defendant were equally convinced of its justice. The Areopagites generally sat on the 27th, 28th, and 29th days of every month. Their authority continued in its original state till Pericles, who was refused admittance among them, resolved to lessen their consequence and destroy their power. From that time the morals of the Athenians were corrupted, and the Areopagites were no longer conspicuous for their virtue and justice; and when they censured the debaucheries of Demetrius, one of the family of Phalereus, he plainly told them, that if they wished to make a reform in Athens, they must begin at home.

Areopăgus, a hill in the neighbourhood of Athens. See: Areopagitæ.

Arestæ, a people of India, conquered by Alexander. Justin, bk. 12, ch. 8.

Aresthanas, a countryman, whose goat suckled Æsculapius, when exposed by his mother. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 26.

Arestorĭdes, a patronymic given to the hundred-eyed Argus, as son of Arestor. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 1, li. 584.

Arĕta, the mother of Aristippus the philosopher. Diogenes Laërtius, bk. 2.――A daughter of Dionysius, who married Dion. She was thrown into the sea. Plutarch, Dion.――A female philosopher of Cyrene, B.C. 377.

Arēta, a daughter of Rhexenor, descended from Neptune, who married her uncle Alcinous, by whom she had Nausicaa. Homer, Odyssey, bks. 7 & 8.—Apollodorus, bk. 1.

Aretæus, a physician of Cappadocia, very inquisitive after the operations of nature. His treatise on agues has been much admired. The best edition of his works which are extant, is that of Boerhaave, Leiden, folio, 1735.

Aretaphĭla, the wife of Melanippus, a priest of Cyrene. Nicocrates murdered her husband to marry her. She, however, was so attached to Melanippus, that she endeavoured to poison Nicocrates, and at last caused him to be assassinated by his brother Lysander, whom she married. Lysander proved as cruel as his brother, upon which Aretaphila ordered him to be thrown into the sea. After this she retired to a private station. Plutarch, de Mulierum Virtutes.—Polyænus, bk. 8, ch. 38.

Aretāles, a Cnidian, who wrote a history of Macedonia, besides a treatise on islands. Plutarch.

Arēte. See: Areta.

Arētes, one of Alexander’s officers. Curtius, bk. 4, ch. 15.

Arethūsa, a nymph of Elis, daughter of Oceanus, and one of Diana’s attendants. As she returned one day from hunting, she sat near the Alpheus, and bathed in the stream. The god of the river was enamoured of her, and he pursued her over the mountains and all the country, when Arethusa, ready to sink under fatigue, implored Diana, who changed her into a fountain. The Alpheus immediately mingled his streams with hers, and Diana opened a secret passage under the earth and under the sea, where the waters of Arethusa disappeared, and rose in the island of Ortygia, near Syracuse in Sicily. The river Alpheus followed her also under the sea, and rose also in Ortygia; so that, as mythologists relate, whatever is thrown into the Alpheus in Elis, rises again, after some time, in the fountain Arethusa near Syracuse. See: Alpheus. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 5, fable 10.—Athenæus, bk. 7.—Pausanias.――One of the Hesperides. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 5.――A daughter of Herileus, mother of Abas by Neptune. Hyginus, fable 157.――One of Actæon’s dogs. Hyginus, fable 181.――A lake of Upper Armenia, near the fountains of the Tigris. Nothing can sink under its waters. Pliny, bk. 2, ch. 103.――A town of Thrace.――Another in Syria.

Aretīnum, a Roman colony in Etruria. Silius Italicus, bk. 5, li. 123.

Arētus, a son of Nestor and Anaxibia. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 3, li. 413.――A Trojan against the Greeks. He was killed by Automedon. Homer, Iliad, bk. 17, li. 494.――A famous warrior, whose only weapon was an iron club. He was treacherously killed by Lycurgus king of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 11.

Areus, a king of Sparta, preferred in the succession to Cleonymus, brother of Acrotatus, who had made an alliance with Pyrrhus. He assisted Athens when Antigonus besieged it, and died at Corinth. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 6.—Plutarch.――A king of Sparta, who succeeded his father Acrotatus II., and was succeeded by his son Leonidas, son of Cleonymus.――A philosopher of Alexandria, intimate with Augustus. Suetonius.――A poet of Laconia.――An orator mentioned by Quintilian.

Argæus and Argēus, a son of Apollo and Cyrene. Justin, bk. 13, ch. 7.――A son of Perdiccas, who succeeded his father in the kingdom of Macedonia. Justin, bk. 7, ch. 1.――A mountain of Cappadocia, covered with perpetual snows, at the bottom of which is the capital of the country called Maxara. Claudian.――A son of Ptolemy, killed by his brother. Pausanias, bk. 1.――A son of Licymnius. Apollodorus, bk. 2.

Argălus, a king of Sparta, son of Amyclas. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 1.

Argathŏna, a huntress of Cios in Bithynia, whom Rhesus married before he went to the Trojan war. When she heard of his death, she died in despair. Parthenius, Narrationum Amatoriarum Libellus, ch. 36.

Argathōnius, a king of Tartessus, who, according to Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 48, lived 120 years, and 300 according to Silius Italicus, bk. 3, li. 396.

Arge, a beautiful huntress changed into a stag by Apollo. Hyginus, fable 205.――One of the Cyclops. Hesiod.――A daughter of Thespius, by whom Hercules had two sons. Apollodorus, bk. 2.――A nymph, daughter of Jupiter and Juno. Apollodorus, bk. 1.

Argea, a place at Rome where certain Argives were buried.

Argæāthæ, a village of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 23.

Argennum, a promontory of Ionia.

Arges, a son of Cœlus and Terra, who had only one eye in his forehead. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 1.

Argestrătus, a king of Lacedæmon, who reigned 35 years.

Argēus, a son of Perdiccas king of Macedonia, who obtained the kingdom when Amyntas was deposed by the Illyrians. Justin, bk. 7, ch. 2.

Argi (plural, masculine). See: Argos.

Argīa, daughter of Adrastus, married Polynices, whom she loved with uncommon tenderness. When he was killed in the war, she buried his body in the night, against the positive orders of Creon, for which pious action she was punished with death. Theseus revenged her death by killing Creon. Hyginus, fables 69 & 72.—Statius, Thebiad, bk. 12. See: Antigone and Creon.――A country of Peloponnesus, called also Argolis, of which Argos was the capital.――One of the Oceanides. Hyginus, preface.――The wife of Inachus, and mother of Io. Hyginus, fable 145.――The mother of Argos by Polybus. Hyginus, fable 145.――A daughter of Autesion, who married Aristodemus, by whom she had two sons, Eurysthenes and Procles. Apollodorus, bk. 2.—Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 3.

Argias, a man who founded Chalcedon, A.U.C. 148.

Argilētum, a place at Rome near the Palatium, where the tradesmen generally kept their shops. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 8, li. 355.—Martial, bk. 1, ltr. 4.

Argilius, a favourite youth of Pausanias, who revealed his master’s correspondence with the Persian king to the Ephori. Cornelius Nepos, Pausanias.

Argillus, a mountain of Egypt near the Nile.

Argĭlus, a town of Thrace near the Strymon, built by a colony of Andrians. Thucydides, bk. 4, ch. 103.—Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 115.

Arginūsæ, three small islands near the continent, between Mitylene and Methymna, where the Lacedæmonian fleet was conquered by Conon the Athenian. Strabo, bk. 13.

Argiŏpe, a nymph of mount Parnassus, mother of Thamyris by Philammon the son of Apollo. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 33.

Argiphontes, a surname given to Mercury, because he killed the hundred-eyed Argus, by order of Jupiter.

Argippēi, a nation among the Sauromatians, born bald, and with flat noses. They lived upon trees. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 23.

Argīva, a surname of Juno, worshipped at Argos. She had also a temple at Sparta, consecrated to her by Eurydice the daughter of Lacedæmon. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 13.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 547.

Argīvi, the inhabitants of the city of Argos and the neighbouring country. The word is indiscriminately applied by the poets to all the inhabitants of Greece.

Argius, a steward of Galba, who privately interred the body of his master in his gardens. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 1, ch. 49.

Argo, the name of the famous ship which carried Jason and his 54 companions to Colchis, when they resolved to recover the golden fleece. The derivation of the word Argo has often been disputed. Some derive it from Argos, the person who first proposed the expedition, and who built the ship. Others maintain that it was built at Argos, whence its name. Cicero, Tusculanæ Disputationes, bk. 1, ch. 20, calls it Argo, because it carried Grecians, commonly called Argives. Diodorus, bk. 4, derives the word from ἀργος, which signifies swift. Ptolemy says, but falsely, that Hercules built the ship, and called it Argo after a son of Jason, who bore the same name. The ship Argo had 50 oars. According to many authors, she had a beam on her prow, cut in the forest of Dodona by Minerva, which had the power of giving oracles to the Argonauts. This ship was the first that ever sailed on the sea, as some report. After the expedition was finished, Jason ordered her to be drawn aground at the isthmus of Corinth, and consecrated to the god of the sea. The poets have made her a constellation in heaven. Jason was killed by a beam which fell from the top, as he slept on the ground near it. Hyginus, fable 14; Poetica astronomica, bk. 2, ch. 37.—Catullus, Marriage of Peleus and Thetis.—Valerius Flaccus, bk. 1, li. 93, &c.—Phædras, bk. 4, fable 6.—Seneca, Medea.—Apollonius, Argonautica.—Apollodorus.—Cicero, de Natura Deorum.—Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 56.—Marcus Manilius, bk. 1.

Argolĭcus sinus, a bay on the coast of Argolis.

Argŏlis and Argia, a country of Peloponnesus between Arcadia and the Ægean sea. Its chief city was called Argos.

Argon, one of the descendants of Hercules, who reigned in Lydia 505 years before Gyges. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 7.

Argonautæ, a name given to those ancient heroes who went with Jason on board the ship Argo to Colchis, about 79 years before the taking of Troy, or 1263 B.C. The causes of this expedition arose from the following circumstance:—Athamas king of Thebes had married Ino the daughter of Cadmus, whom he divorced to marry Nephele, by whom he had two children, Phryxus and Helle. As Nephele was subject to certain fits of madness, Athamas repudiated her, and took a second time Ino, by whom he had soon after two sons, Learchus and Melicerta. As the children of Nephele were to succeed to their father by right of birth, Ino conceived an immortal hatred against them, and she caused the city of Thebes to be visited by a pestilence, by poisoning all the grain which had been sown in the earth. Upon this the oracle was consulted; and as it had been corrupted by means of Ino, the answer was, that Nephele’s children should be immolated to the gods. Phryxus was apprised of this, and he immediately embarked with his sister Helle, and fled to the court of Æetes king of Colchis, one of his near relations. In the voyage Helle died, and Phryxus arrived safe at Colchis, and was received with kindness by the king. The poets have embellished the flight of Phryxus, by supposing that he and Helle fled through the air on a ram which had a golden fleece and wings, and was endowed with the faculties of speech. This ram, as they say, was the offspring of Neptune’s amours, under the form of a ram, with the nymph Theopane. As they were going to be sacrificed, the ram took them on his back, and instantly disappeared in the air. On their way Helle was giddy, and fell into that part of the sea which from her was called the Hellespont. When Phryxus came to Colchis, he sacrificed the ram to Jupiter, or, according to others, to Mars, to whom he also dedicated the golden fleece. He soon after married Chalciope the daughter of Æetes; but his father-in-law envied him the possession of the golden fleece, and therefore to obtain it he murdered him. Some time after this event, when Jason the son of Æson demanded of his uncle Pelias the crown which he usurped [See: Pelias, Jason, Æson], Pelias said that he would restore it to him, provided he avenged the death of their common relation Phryxus, whom Æetes had basely murdered in Colchis. Jason, who was in the vigour of youth, and of an ambitious soul, cheerfully undertook the expedition, and embarked with all the young princes of Greece in the ship Argo. They stopped at the island of Lemnos, where they remained two years, and raised a new race of men from the Lemnian women who had murdered their husbands. See: Hypsipyle. After they had left Lemnos, they visited Samothrace, where they offered sacrifices to the gods, and thence passed to Troas and Cyzicum. Here they met with a favourable reception from Cyzicus the king of the country. The night after their departure, they were driven back by a storm again on the coast of Cyzicum, and the inhabitants, supposing them to be their enemies, the Pelasgi, furiously attacked them. In this nocturnal engagement the slaughter was great, and Cyzicus was killed by the hand of Jason, who, to expiate the murder he had ignorantly committed, buried him in a magnificent manner, and offered a sacrifice to the mother of the gods, to whom he built a temple on mount Dindymus. From Cyzicum they visited Bebrycia, otherwise called Bithynia, where Pollux accepted the challenge of Amycus king of the country in the combat of the cestus, and slew him. They were driven from Bebrycia by a storm to Salmydessa, on the coast of Thrace, where they delivered Phineus king of the place from the persecution of the harpies. Phineus directed their course through the Cyanean rock or the Symplegades [See: Cyaneæ], and they safely entered the Euxine sea. They visited the country of the Mariandynians, where Lycus reigned, and lost two of their companions, Idmon, and Tiphys their pilot. After they had left this coast, they were driven upon the island of Arecia, where they found the children of Phryxus, whom Æetes their grandfather had sent to Greece to take possession of their father’s kingdom. From this island they at last arrived safe in Æa, the capital of Colchis. Jason explained the causes of his voyage to Æetes; but the conditions on which he was to recover the golden fleece were so hard, that the Argonauts must have perished in the attempt, had not Medea the king’s daughter fallen in love with their leader. She had a conference with Jason, and after mutual oaths of fidelity in the temple of Hecate, Medea pledged herself to deliver the Argonauts from her father’s hard conditions, if Jason married her, and carried her with him to Greece. He was to tame two bulls, which had brazen feet and horns, and which vomited clouds of fire and smoke, and to tie them to a plough made of adamant stone, and to plough a field of two acres of ground never before cultivated. After this he was to sow in the plain the teeth of a dragon, from which an armed multitude were to rise up, and to be all destroyed by his hands. This done, he was to kill an ever-watchful dragon, which was at the bottom of the tree, on which the golden fleece was suspended. All these labours were to be performed in one day; and Medea’s assistance, whose knowledge of herbs, magic, and potions was unparalleled, easily extricated Jason from all danger to the astonishment and terror of his companions, and of Æetes, and the people of Colchis, who had assembled to be spectators of this wonderful action. He tamed the bulls with ease, ploughed the field, sowed the dragon’s teeth, and when the armed men sprang from the earth, he threw a stone in the midst of them, and they immediately turned their weapons one against the other, till they all perished. After this he went to the dragon and by means of enchanted herbs, and a draught which Medea had given him he lulled the monster to sleep, and obtained the golden fleece, and immediately set sail with Medea. He was soon pursued by Absyrtus the king’s son, who came up to them, and was seized and murdered by Jason and Medea. The mangled limbs of Absyrtus were strewed in the way through which Æetes was to pass, that his further pursuit might be stopped. After the murder of Absyrtus, they entered the Palus Mæotis, and by pursuing their course towards the left, according to the foolish account of poets who were ignorant of geography, they came to the island Peucestes, and to that of Circe. Here Circe informed Jason that the cause of all his calamities arose from the murder of Absyrtus, of which she refused to expiate him. Soon after, they entered the Mediterranean by the columns of Hercules, and passed the straits of Charybdis and Scylla, where they must have perished, had not Tethys the mistress of Peleus, one of the Argonauts, delivered them. They were preserved from the Sirens by the eloquence of Orpheus, and arrived in the island of the Phæacians, where they met the enemy’s fleet, which had continued their pursuit by a different course. It was therefore resolved that Medea should be restored, if she had not been actually married to Jason; but the wife of Alcinous the king of the country, being appointed umpire between the Colchians and Argonauts, had the marriage privately consummated by night, and declared that the claims of Æetes to Medea were now void. From Phæacia the Argonauts came to the bay of Ambracia, whence they were driven by a storm upon the coast of Africa, and, after many disasters, at last came in sight of the promontory of Melea in the Peloponnesus, where Jason was purified of the murder of Absyrtus, and soon after arrived safe in Thessaly. The impracticability of such a voyage is well known. Apollonius Rhodius gives another account, equally improbable. He says that they sailed from the Euxine up one of the mouths of the Danube, and that Absyrtus pursued them by entering another mouth of the river. After they had continued their voyage for some leagues, the waters decreased, and they were obliged to carry the ship Argo across the country to the Adriatic, upwards of 150 miles. Here they met with Absyrtus, who had pursued the same measures, and conveyed his ships in like manner over the land. Absyrtus was immediately put to death; and soon after the beam of Dodona [See: Argo] gave an oracle, that Jason should never return home if he was not previously purified of the murder. Upon this they sailed to the island of Æa, where Circe, who was the sister of Æetes, expiated him without knowing who he was. There is a third tradition, which maintains that they returned to Colchis a second time, and visited many places of Asia. This famous expedition has been celebrated in the ancient ages of the world; it has employed the pen of many writers, and among the historians, Diodorus, Siculus, Strabo, Apollodorus, and Justin; and among the poets, Onomacritus, more generally called Orpheus, Apollonius Rhodius, Pindar, and Valerius Flaccus, have extensively given an account of its most remarkable particulars. The number of the Argonauts is not exactly known. Apollodorus and Diodorus say that they were 54. Tzetzes admits the number of 50, but Apollodorus mentions only 45. The following list is drawn from the various authors who have made mention of the Argonautic expedition. Jason son of Æson, as is well known, was the chief of the rest. His companions were Acastus son of Pelias, Actor son of Hippasus, Admetus son of Pheres, Æsculapius son of Apollo, Ætalides son of Mercury and Eupoleme, Almenus son of Mars, Amphiaraus son of Œcleus, Amphidamus son of Aleus, Amphion son of Hyperasius, Anceus a son of Lycurgus, and another of the same name, Areus, Argus the builder of the ship Argo, Argus son of Phryxus, Armenus, Ascalaphus son of Mars, Asterion son of Cometes, Asterius son of Neleus, Augeas son of Sol, Atalanta daughter of Schœneus, disguised in a man’s dress, Autolycus son of Mercury, Azorus, Buphagus, Butes son of Teleon, Calais son of Boreas, Canthus son of Abas, Castor son of Jupiter, Ceneus son of Elatus, Cepheus son of Aleus, Cius, Clytius and Iphitus sons of Eurythus, Coronus, Deucalion son of Minos, Echion son of Mercury and Antianira, Ergynus son of Neptune, Euphemus son of Neptune and Macionassa, Eribotes, Euryalus son of Cisteus, Eurydamus and Eurythion sons of Iras, Eurytus son of Mercury, Glaucus, Hercules son of Jupiter, Idas son of Aphareus, Ialmenus son of Mars, Idmon son of Abas, Iolaus son of Iphiclus, Iphiclus son of Thestius, Iphiclus son of Philacus, Iphis son of Alector, Lynceus son of Aphareus, Iritus son of Naubolus, Laertes son of Arcesius, Laocoon, Leodatus son of Bias, Leitus son of Alector, Meleager son of Œneus, Menœtius son of Actor, Mopsus son of Amphycus, Nauplius son of Neptune, Neleus the brother of Peleus, Nestor son of Neleus, Oileus the father of Ajax, Orpheus son of Œager, Palemon son of Ætolus, Peleus and Telamon sons of Æacus, Periclymenes son of Neleus, Peneleus son of Hipalmus, Philoctetes son of Pœan, Phlias, Pollux son of Jupiter, Polyphemus son of Elates, Pœas son of Thaumacus, Phanus son of Bacchus, Phalerus son of Alcon, Phocas and Priasus sons of Ceneus one of the Lapithæ, Talaus, Tiphys son of Aginus, Staphilus son of Bacchus, two of the name of Iphitus, Theseus son of Ægeus, with his friend Pirithous. Among these Æsculapius was physician, and Tiphys was pilot.

Argos (singular neuter, and Argi, masculine plural), an ancient city, capital of Argolis in Peloponnesus, about two miles from the sea, on the bay called Argolicus sinus. Juno was the chief deity of the place. The kingdom of Argos was founded by Inachus 1856 years before the christian era, and after it had flourished for about 550 years, it was united to the crown of Mycenæ. Argos was built according to Euripides, Iphigeneia in Aulis, lis. 152, 534, by seven Cyclops who came from Syria. These Cyclops were not Vulcan’s workmen. The nine first kings of Argos were called Inachides, in honour of the founder. Their names were Inachus, Phoroneus, Apis, Argus, Chryasus, Phorbas, Triopas, Stelenus, and Gelanor. Gelanor gave a kind reception to Danaus, who drove him from his kingdom in return for his hospitality. The descendants of Danaus were called Belides. Agamemnon was king of Argos during the Trojan war; and, 80 years after, the Heraclidæ seized the Peloponnesus and deposed the monarchs. The inhabitants of Argos were called Argivi and Argolici; and this name has been often applied to all the Greeks without distinction. Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 56.—Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 15, &c.—Horace, bk. 1, ode 7.—Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 9, ch. 15.—Strabo, bk. 8.—Mela, bk. 1, ch. 13, &c.; bk. 2, ch. 3.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, 4to, &c.――A town of Thessaly, called Pelasgicon by the Pelasgians. Lucan, bk. 6, li. 355.――Another in Epirus, called Amphilochium.

Argus, a king of Argos, who reigned 70 years.――A son of Arestor, whence he is often called Arestorides. He married Ismene the daughter of the Asopus. As he had 100 eyes, of which only two were asleep at one time, Juno set him to watch Io, whom Jupiter had changed into a heifer: but Mercury, by order of Jupiter, slew him, by lulling all his eyes asleep with the sound of his lyre. Juno put the eyes of Argus on the tail of the peacock, a bird sacred to her divinity. Moschus, Idyl.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 1, fables 12 & 13.—Propertius, bk. 1, li. 585, &c.; poem 3.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 2, ch. 1.――A son of Agenor. Hyginus, fable 145.――A son of Danaus, who built the ship Argo. Hyginus, fable 14.――A Son of Jupiter and Niobe, the first child which the father of the gods had by a mortal. He built Argos, and married Evadne the daughter of Strymon. Hyginus, fable 145.――A son of Pyras and Callirhoe. Hyginus, fable 145.――A son of Phryxus. Hyginus, fable 3.――A son of Polybus. Hyginus, fable 14.――One of Actæon’s dogs. Apollodorus.――A dog of Ulysses, which knew his master after an absence of 20 years. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 17, li. 300.

Argyllæ, an ancient name of Cære in Etruria. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 652; bk. 8, li. 478.

Argynnis, a name of Venus, which she received from Argynnus, a favourite youth of Agamemnon, who was drowned in the Cephisus. Propertius, bk. 3, poem 5, li. 52.

Argy̆ra, a nymph greatly beloved by a shepherd called Selimnus. She was changed into a fountain, and the shepherd into a river of the same name, whose waters made lovers forget the object of their affections. See: Selimnus. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 23.――A city of Troas.――Also the native place of Diodorus Siculus in Sicily.

Argy̆raspĭdes, a Macedonian legion which received this name from their silver helmets. Curtius, bk. 4, ch. 13.

Argy̆re, an island beyond the mouth of the river Indus, abounding in metal. Mela, bk. 3, ch. 7.

Argyrĭpa, a town of Apulia built by Diomedes after the Trojan war, and called by Polybius Argipana. Only ruins remain to show where it once stood, though the place still preserves the name of Arpi. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 11, li. 246.

Aria, a country of Asia, situate at the east of Parthia. Mela, bk. 1, ch. 2; bk. 2, ch. 7.――The wife of Pætus Cecinna of Padua, a Roman senator who was accused of conspiracy against Claudius, and carried to Rome by sea. She accompanied him, and in the boat she stabbed herself, and presented the sword to her husband, who followed her example. Pliny, bk. 7.

Ariadne, daughter of Minos II. king of Crete by Pasiphae, fell in love with Theseus, who was shut up in the labyrinth to be devoured by the Minotaur, and gave him a clue of thread, by which he extricated himself from the difficult windings of his confinement. After he had conquered the Minotaur, he carried her away according to the promise he had made, and married her; but when he arrived at the island of Naxos he forsook her, though she was already pregnant, and repaid his love with the most endearing tenderness. Ariadne was so disconsolate upon being abandoned by Theseus, that she hung herself, according to some; but Plutarch says that she lived many years after, and had some children by Onarus the priest of Bacchus. According to some writers, Bacchus loved her after Theseus had forsaken her, and he gave her a crown of seven stars, which, after her death, was made a constellation. The Argives showed Ariadne’s tomb, and when one of their temples was repaired, her ashes were found in an earthen urn. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 11, li. 320, says that Diana detained Ariadne at Naxos. Plutarch, Theseus.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 8, fable 2; Heroides, poem 10; De Ars Amatoria, bk. 2; Fasti, bk. 3, li. 462.—Catullus, Marriage of Peleus and Thetis; poem 61.—Hyginus, fables 14, 43, 270.—Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 1.

Ariæus, an officer who succeeded to the command of the surviving army after the death of Cyrus the younger, after the battle of Cunaxa. He made peace with Artaxerxes. Xenophon.

Ariāni and Ariēni, a people of Asia. Dionysius Periegetes, li. 714.

Ariantas, a king of Scythia, who yearly ordered every one of his subjects to present him with an arrow. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 81.

Ariamnes, a king of Cappadocia, son of Ariarathes III.

Ariarāthes, a king of Cappadocia, who joined Darius Ochus in his expedition against Egypt, where he acquired much glory.――His nephew, the second of that name, defended his kingdom against Perdiccas the general of Alexander, but he was defeated and hung on a cross in the 81st year of his age, 321 B.C.――His son Ariarathes III. escaped the massacre which attended his father and his followers; and after the death of Perdiccas, he recovered Cappadocia, by conquering Amyntas the Macedonian general. He was succeeded by his son Ariamnes.――Ariarathes IV. succeeded his father Ariamnes, and married Stratonice daughter of Antiochus Theos. He died after a reign of 28 years, B.C. 220, and was succeeded by his son Ariarathes V., a prince who married Antiochia the daughter of king Antiochus, whom he assisted against the Romans. Antiochus being defeated, Ariarathes saved his kingdom from invasion by paying the Romans a large sum of money remitted at the instance of the king of Pergamus.――His son, the sixth of that name, called Philopater, from his piety, succeeded him 166 B.C. An alliance with the Romans shielded him against the false claims that were laid to his crown by one of the favourites of Demetrius king of Syria. He was maintained on his throne by Attalus, and assisted his friends of Rome against Aristonicus the usurper of Pergamus; but he was killed in the war, B.C. 130, leaving six children, five of whom were murdered by his surviving wife Laodice.――The only one who escaped, Ariarathes VII., was proclaimed king, and soon after married Laodice the sister of Mithridates Eupator, by whom he had two sons. He was murdered by an illegitimate brother, upon which his widow Laodice gave herself and kingdom to Nicomedes king of Bithynia. Mithridates made war against the new king, and raised his nephew to the throne. The young king, who was the eighth of the name of Ariarathes, made war against the tyrannical Mithridates, by whom he was assassinated in the presence of both armies, and the murderer’s son, a child eight years old, was placed on the vacant throne. The Cappadocians revolted, and made the late monarch’s brother, Ariarathes IX., king; but Mithridates expelled him, and restored his own son. The exiled prince died of a broken heart, and Nicomedes of Bithynia, dreading the power of the tyrant, interested the Romans in the affairs of Cappadocia. The arbiters wished to make the country free; but the Cappadocians demanded a king, and received Ariobarzanes, B.C. 91. On the death of Ariobarzanes, his brother ascended the throne, under the name of Ariarathes X.; but his title was disputed by Sisenna, the eldest son of Glaphyra by Arthelaus priest of Comana. Marcus Antony, who was umpire between the contending parties, decided in favour of Sisenna; but Ariarathes recovered it for a while, though he was soon after obliged to yield in favour of Archelaus, the second son of Glaphyra, B.C. 36. Diodorus, bk. 18.—Justin, bks. 13 & 29.—Strabo, bk. 12.

Aribbæus, a general mentioned by Polyænus, bk. 7, ch. 29.

Arīcia, an Athenian princess, niece to Ægeus, whom Hippolytus married after he had been raised from the dead by Æsculapius. He built a city in Italy, which he called by her name. He had a son by her called Virbius. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 15, li. 544.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 762, &c.――A very ancient town of Italy, now Riccia, built by Hippolytus son of Theseus, after he had been raised from the dead by Æsculapius, and transported into Italy by Diana. In a grove in the neighbourhood of Aricia, Theseus built a temple to Diana, where he established the same rites as were in the temple of that goddess in Tauris. The priest of this temple, called Rex, was always a fugitive, and the murderer of his predecessor, and went always armed with a dagger, to prevent whatever attempts might be made upon his life by one who wished to be his successor. The Arician forest, frequently called nemorensis or nemoralis sylva, was very celebrated, and no horses would ever enter it, because Hippolytus had been killed by them. Egeria, the favourite nymph, and invisible protectress of Numa, generally resided in this famous grove, which was situated on the Appian way, beyond mount Albanus. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 15; Fasti, bk. 3, li. 263.—Lucan, bk. 6, li. 74.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 761, &c.

Aricīna, a surname of Diana, from her temple near Aricia. See: Aricia.――The mother of Octavius. Cicero, bk. 3, Philippics, ch. 6.

Aridæus, a companion of Cyrus the younger. After the death of his friend he reconciled himself to Artaxerxes, by betraying to him the surviving Greeks in their return. Diodorus.――An illegitimate son of Philip, who, after the death of Alexander, was made king of Macedonia till Roxane, who was pregnant by Alexander brought into the world a legitimate male successor. Aridæus had not the free enjoyment of his senses; and therefore Perdiccas, one of Alexander’s generals, declared himself his protector, and even married his sister to strengthen their connection. He was seven years in possession of the sovereign power, and was put to death, with his wife Eurydice, by Olympias. Justin, bk. 9, ch. 8.—Diodorus.

Ariēnis, daughter of Alyattes, married Astyages king of Media. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 74.

Arigæum, a town of India, which Alexander found burnt, and without inhabitants. Arrian, bk. 4.

Arīi, a savage people of India,――of Arabia. Pliny, bk. 6.――Of Scythia. Herodotus.――Of Germany. Tacitus.

Arĭma, a place of Cilicia or Syria, where Typhœus was overwhelmed under the ground. Homer, Iliad, bk. 2.

Arimarius, a god of Persia and Media.

Arimaspi, a people conquered by Alexander the Great. Curtius, bk. 7, ch. 3.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 1.

Arimaspias, a river of Scythia with golden sands. The neighbouring inhabitants had but one eye, in the middle of their forehead, and waged continual wars against the griffins, monstrous animals that collected the gold of the river. Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 3.—Herodotus, bks. 3 & 4.—Strabo, bks. 1 & 13.

Arimasthæ, a people near the Euxine sea. Orpheus, Argonautica.

Arimazes, a powerful prince of Sogdiana, who treated Alexander with much insolence, and even asked whether he could fly to aspire to so extensive a dominion. He surrendered and was exposed on a cross with his friends and relations. Curtius, bk. 7, ch. 11.

Arĭmi, a nation of Syria. Strabo.

Arīmĭnum (now Rimini), an ancient city of Italy, near the Rubicon, on the borders of Gaul, on the Adriatic founded by a colony of Umbrians. It was the cause of Cæsar’s civil wars. Lucan, bk. 1, li. 231.—Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 15.

Ariminus, a river of Italy rising in the Apennine mountains. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 15.

Arimphœi, a people of Scythia near the Riphæan mountains, who lived chiefly upon berries in the woods, and were remarkable for their innocence and mildness. Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 7.

Arĭmus, a king of Mysia. Varro.

Ariobarzānes, a man made king of Cappadocia by the Romans, after the troubles which the false Ariarathes had raised had subsided. Mithridates drove him from his kingdom, but the Romans restored him. He followed the interest of Pompey, and fought at Pharsalia against Julius Cæsar. He and his kingdom were preserved by means of Cicero. Cicero, bk. 5, Letters to Atticus, ltr. 29.—Horace, ltr. 6, li. 38.—Florus, bk. 3, ch. 5.――A satrap of Phrygia, who, after the death of Mithridates, invaded the kingdom of Pontus, and kept it for 26 years. He was succeeded by the son of Mithridates. Diodorus, bk. 17.――A general of Darius, who defended the passes of Susa with 15,000 foot against Alexander. After a bloody encounter with the Macedonians, he was killed as he attempted to seize the city of Persepolis. Diodorus, bk. 17.—Curtius, bks. 4 & 5.――A Mede of elegant stature and great prudence, whom Tiberius appointed to settle the troubles of Armenia. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 2, ch. 4.――A mountain between Parthia and the country of the Massagetæ.――A satrap, who revolted from the Persian king.

Ariomandes, son of Gobryas, was general of Athens against the Persians. Plutarch, Cimon.

Ariomardus, a son of Darius, in the army of Xerxes when he went against Greece. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 78.

Ariomēdes, a pilot of Xerxes.

Arīon, a famous lyric poet and musician, son of Cyclos of Methymna, in the island of Lesbos. He went into Italy with Periander tyrant of Corinth, where he obtained immense riches by his profession. Some time after, he wished to revisit his country; and the sailors of the ship in which he embarked resolved to murder him, to obtain the riches which he was carrying to Lesbos. Arion, seeing them inflexible in their resolution, begged that he might be permitted to play some melodious tune; and as soon as he had finished it, he threw himself into the sea. A number of dolphins had been attracted round the ship by the sweetness of his music; and it is said that one of them carried him safe on his back to Tænarus, whence he hastened to the court of Periander, who ordered all the sailors to be crucified at their return. Hyginus, fable 194.—Herodotus, bk. 1, chs. 23 & 24.—Ælian, de Natura Animalium, bk. 13, ch. 45.—Silius Italicus, bk. 11.—Propertius, bk. 2, poem 26, li. 17.—Plutarch, Convivium Septem Sapientium.――A horse, sprung from Ceres and Neptune. Ceres, when she travelled over the world in quest of her daughter Proserpine, had taken the figure of a mare, to avoid the importuning addresses of Neptune. The god changed himself also into a horse, and from their union arose a daughter called Hera, and the horse Arion, which had the power of speech, the feet on the right side like those of a man, and the rest of the body like a horse. Arion was brought up by the Nereides, who often harnessed him to his father’s chariot, which he drew over the sea with uncommon swiftness. Neptune gave him to Copreus, who presented him to Hercules. Adrastus king of Argos received him as a present from Hercules and with this wonderful animal he won the prize at the Nemæan games. Arion, therefore, is often called the horse of Adrastus. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 25.—Propertius, bk. 2, poem 34, li. 37.—Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 6.

Ariovistus, a king of Germany, who professed himself a friend of Rome. When Cæsar was in Gaul, Ariovistus marched against him, and was conquered with the loss of 80,000 men. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 1.—Tacitus, Histories, bk. 4.

Aris, a river of Messenia. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 31.

Arisba, a town of Lesbos, destroyed by an earthquake. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 31.――A colony of the Mityleneans in Troas, destroyed by the Trojans before the coming of the Greeks. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 264.—Homer, Iliad, bk. 7.――The name of Priam’s first wife, divorced that the monarch might marry Hecuba.

Aristænĕtus, a writer whose epistles have been beautifully edited by Abresch. Zwollæ, 1749.

Aristæum, a city of Thrace at the foot of mount Hæmus. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 11.

Aristæus, son of Apollo and the nymph Cyrene, was born in the deserts of Libya, and brought up by the Seasons, and fed upon nectar and ambrosia. His fondness for hunting procured him the surname of Nomus and Agreus. After he had travelled over the greatest part of the world, Aristæus came to settle in Greece, where he married Autonoe the daughter of Cadmus, by whom he had a son called Actæon. He fell in love with Eurydice the wife of Orpheus, and pursued her in the fields. She was stung by a serpent that lay in the grass, and died, for which the gods destroyed all the bees of Aristæus. In this calamity he applied to his mother, who directed him to seize the sea-god Proteus, and consult him how he might repair the losses he had sustained. Proteus advised him to appease the manes of Eurydice by the sacrifice of four bulls and four heifers; and as soon as he had done it and left them in the air, swarms of bees immediately sprang from the rotten carcases, and restored Aristæus to his former prosperity. Some authors say that Aristæus had the care of Bacchus when young, and that he was initiated in the mysteries of this god. Aristæus went to live on mount Hæmus, where he died. He was, after death, worshipped as a demi-god. Aristæus is said to have learned from the nymphs the cultivation of olives, and the management of bees, &c., which he afterwards communicated to the rest of mankind. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 4, li. 317.—Diodorus, bk. 4.—Justin, bk. 13, ch. 7.—Ovid, Fasti, bk. 1, li. 363.—Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 3, ch. 18.—Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 17.—Hyginus, fables 161, 180, 247.—Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 4.—Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 4, &c.—Polyænus, bk. 1, ch. 24.――A general who commanded the Corinthian forces at the siege of Potidæa. He was taken by the Athenians and put to death.

Aristagŏras, a writer who composed a history of Egypt. Pliny, bk. 36, ch. 12.――A son-in-law of Histiæus tyrant of Miletus, who revolted from Darius, and incited the Athenians against Persia, and burnt Sardis. This so exasperated the king, that every evening before supper he ordered his servants to remind him of punishing Aristagoras. He was killed in a battle against the Persians, B.C. 499. Herodotus, bk. 5, ch. 30, &c.; bk. 7, ch. 8.—Polyænus, bk. 1, ch. 14.――A man of Cyzicus.――Another of Cumæ. Herodotus, bk. 4.

Aristander, a celebrated soothsayer, greatly esteemed by Alexander. Plutarch, Alexander.—Pliny, bk. 17, ch. 25.――An Athenian, who wrote on agriculture.

Aristandros, a statuary of Sparta. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 18.

Aristarche, a matron of Ephesus, who by order of Diana sailed to the coasts of Gaul with the Phocæans, and was made priestess. Strabo, bk. 4.

Aristarchus, a celebrated grammarian of Samos, disciple of Aristophanes. He lived the greatest part of his life at Alexandria, and Ptolemy Philometer entrusted him with the education of his sons. He was famous for his critical powers, and he revised the poems of Homer with such severity that ever after all severe critics were called Aristarchi. He wrote above 800 commentaries on different authors, much esteemed in his age. In his old age he became dropsical, upon which he starved himself, and died in his 72nd year, B.C. 157. He left two sons called Aristarchus and Aristagoras, both famous for their stupidity. Horace, Art of Poetry, li. 499.—Ovid, bk. 3, ex Ponto, ltr. 9, li. 24.—Cicero, Letters to his Friends, bk. 3, ltr. 11; Letters to Atticus, bk. 1, ltr. 14.—Quintilian, bk. 10, ch. 1.――A tragic poet of Tegea in Arcadia, about 454 years B.C. He composed 70 tragedies, of which two only were rewarded with the prize. One of them, called Achilles, was translated into Latin verse by Ennius. Suidas.――A physician to queen Berenice the widow of Antiochus. Polyænus, bk. 8.――An orator of Ambracia.――An astronomer of Samos, who first supposed that the earth turned round its axis, and revolved round the sun. This doctrine nearly proved fatal to him, as he was accused of disturbing the peace of the gods Lares. He maintained that the sun was 19 times further distant from the earth than the moon, and that the moon was 56 semi-diameters of our globe, and little more than one-third, and the diameter of the sun six or seven times more than that of the earth. The age in which he flourished is not precisely known. His treatise on the largeness and the distance of the sun and moon is extant, of which the best edition is that of Oxford, 8vo, 1688.

Aristazānes, a noble Persian in favour with Artaxerxes Ochus. Diodorus, bk. 16.

Aristeas, a poet of Proconnesus, who, as fables report, appeared seven years after his death to his countrymen, and 540 years after to the people of Metapontum in Italy, and commanded them to raise him a statue near the temple of Apollo. He wrote an epic poem on the Arimaspi in three books, and some of his verses are quoted by Longinus. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 13.—Strabo, bk. 14.—Maximus Tyrius, bk. 22.――A ♦physician of Rhodes.――A geometrician, intimate with Euclid.――A poet, son of Demochares, in the age of Crœsus.

♦ ‘physican’ replaced with ‘physician’

Aristĕræ, an island on the coast of Peloponnesus. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 34.

Aristeus, a man of Argos, who excited king Pyrrhus to take up arms against his countrymen the Argives. Polyænus, bk. 8, ch. 68.

Aristhĕnes, a shepherd who found Æsculapius, when he had been exposed in the woods by his mother Coronis.

Aristhus, an historian of Arcadia. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 1.

Aristībus, a river of Pæonia. Polyænus, bk. 4, ch. 12.

Aristīdes, a celebrated Athenian, son of Lysimachus, whose great temperance and virtue procured him the surname of Just. He was rival to Themistocles, by whose influence he was banished for 10 years, B.C. 484; but before six years of his exile had elapsed, he was recalled by the Athenians. He was at the battle of Salamis, and was appointed chief commander with Pausanias against Mardonius, who was defeated at Platæa. He died so poor, that the expenses of his funeral were defrayed at the public charge, and his two daughters, on account of their father’s virtues, received a dowry from the public treasury when they were come to marriageable years. Poverty, however, seemed hereditary in the family of Aristides, for the grandson was seen in the public streets, getting his livelihood by explaining dreams. The Athenians became more virtuous in imitating their great leader: and from the sense of his good qualities, at the representation of one of the tragedies of Æschylus, on the mentioning of a sentence concerning moral goodness, the eyes of the audience were all at once turned from the actor to Aristides. When he sat as judge, it is said that the plaintiff, in his accusation, mentioned the injuries his opponent had done to Aristides. “Mention the wrongs you have received,” replied the equitable Athenian; “I sit here as judge, and the lawsuit is yours, and not mine.” Cornelius Nepos & Plutarch, Parallel Lives.――An historian of Miletus, fonder of stories, and of anecdotes, than of truth. He wrote a history of Italy, of which the 40th volume has been quoted by Plutarch, Parallela minora.――An athlete, who obtained a prize at the Olympian, Nemæan, and Pythian games. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 16.――A painter of Thebes in Bœotia, in the age of Alexander the Great, for one of whose pieces Attalus offered 6000 sesterces. Pliny, bks. 7 & 35.――A Greek orator who wrote 50 orations, besides other tracts. When Smyrna was destroyed by an earthquake, he wrote so pathetic a letter to Marcus Aurelius, that the emperor ordered the city immediately to be rebuilt, and a statue was in consequence raised to the orator. His works consist of hymns in prose in honour of the gods, funeral orations, apologies, panegyrics, and harangues, the best edition of which is that of Jebb, 2 vols., 4to, Oxoford, 1722, and that in a smaller size in 12mo, 3 vols., of Canterus apud P. Steph. 1604.――A man of Locris, who died by the bite of a weasel. Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 14.――A philosopher of Mysia, intimate with Marcus Antoninus.――An Athenian, who wrote treatises on animals, trees, and agriculture.

Aristillus, a philosopher of the Alexandrian school, who about 300 years B.C. attempted, with Timocharis, to determine the place of the different stars in the heavens, and to trace the course of the planets.

Aristio, a sophist of Athens, who by the support of Archelaus, the general of Mithridates, seized the government of his country, and made himself absolute. He poisoned himself when defeated by Sylla. Livy, bks. 81, 82.

Aristippus, the elder, a philosopher of Cyrene, disciple to Socrates, and founder of the Cyrenaic sect. He was one of the flatterers of Dionysius of Sicily, and distinguished himself for his epicurean voluptuousness, in support of which he wrote a book, as likewise a history of Libya. When travelling in the deserts of Africa, he ordered his servants to throw away the money they carried, as too burdensome. On another occasion, discovering that the ship in which he sailed belonged to pirates, he designedly threw his property into the sea, adding, that he chose rather to lose it than his life. Many of his sayings and maxims are recorded by Diogenes Laërtius, in his life. Horace, bk. 2, satire 3, li. 100.――His grandson of the same name, called the younger, was a warm defender of his opinions, and supported that the principles of all things were pain and pleasure. He flourished about 363 years B.C.――A tyrant of Argos, whose life was one continued series of apprehension. He was killed by a Cretan in a battle against Aratus, B.C. 242. Diogenes Laërtius.――A man who wrote a history of Arcadia. Diogenes Laërtius, bk. 2.

Marcus Aristius, a tribune of the soldiers in Cæsar’s army. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 7, ch. 42.――Another. See: Fuscus.――A satirist, who wrote a poem called Cyclops.

Aristo. See: Ariston.

Aristobūla, a name given to Diana by Themistocles.

Aristobūlus, a name common to some of the high priests and kings of Judæa, &c. Josephus.――A brother of Epicurus.――One of Alexander’s attendants, who wrote the king’s life, replete with adulation and untruth.――A philosopher of Judæa, B.C. 150.

Aristoclēa, a beautiful woman, seen naked by Strato as she was offering a sacrifice. She was passionately loved by Callisthenes, and was equally admired by Strato. The two rivals so furiously contended for her hand, that she died during their quarrel, upon which Strato killed himself, and Callisthenes was never seen after. Plutarch, Amatoriæ Narrationes.

Aristŏcles, a peripatetic philosopher of Messenia, who reviewed, in a treatise on philosophy, the opinions of his predecessors. The 14th book of this treatise is quoted, &c. He also wrote on rhetoric, and likewise nine books on morals.――A grammarian of Rhodes.――A stoic of Lampsacus.――An historian. Strabo, bk. 4.――A musician. Athenæus, &c.――A prince of Tegæa, &c. Polyænus.――This name is common to many Greeks, of whom few or no particulars are recorded.

Aristoclīdes, a tyrant of Orchomenes, who, because he could not win the affection of Stymphalis, killed her and her father, upon which all Arcadia took up arms and destroyed the murderer.

Aristocrătes, a king of Arcadia, put to death by his subjects for offering violence to the priestess of Diana. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 5.――His grandson, of the same name, was stoned to death for taking bribes, during the second Messenian war, and being the cause of the defeat of his Messenian allies, B.C. 682. Pausanias, ibid.――A Rhodian.――A man who endeavoured to destroy the democratical power at Athens.――An Athenian general sent to the assistance of Corcyra with 25 galleys. Diodorus, bk. 15.――An Athenian who was punished with death for flying from the field of battle.――A Greek historian, son of Hipparchus. Plutarch, Lycurgus.

Aristocreon, the writer of a book on geography.

Aristocrĭtus, wrote a treatise concerning Miletus.

Aristodēme, a daughter of Priam.

Aristodēmus, son of Aristomachus, was one of the Heraclidæ. He, with his brothers Temenus and Cresphontes, invaded Peloponnesus, conquered it, and divided the country among themselves, 1104 years before the christian era. He married Argia, by whom he had the twins Procles and Eurysthenes. He was killed by a thunderbolt at Naupactum, though some say that he died at Delphi in Phocis. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 18; bk. 3, chs. 1 & 16.—Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 204; bk. 8, ch. 131.――A king of Messenia, who maintained a famous war against Sparta. After some losses, he recovered his strength, and so effectually defeated the enemy’s forces, that they were obliged to prostitute their women to repeople their country. The offspring of this prostitution were called Partheniæ, and 30 years after their birth they left Sparta, and seized upon Tarentum. Aristodemus put his daughter to death for the good of his country; but being afterwards persecuted in a dream by her manes, he killed himself, after a reign of six years and some months, in which he had obtained much military glory, B.C. 724. His death was lamented by his countrymen, who did not appoint him a successor, but only invested Damis, one of his friends, with absolute power to continue the war, which was at last terminated after much bloodshed and many losses on both sides. Pausanias, Messenia.――A tyrant of Cumæ.――A philosopher of Ægina.――An Alexandrian who wrote some treatises, &c.――A Spartan who taught the children of Pausanias.――A man who was preceptor to the children of Pompey.――A tyrant of Arcadia.――A Carian who wrote a history of painting.――A philosopher of Nysa, B.C. 68.

Aristogĕnes, a physician of Cnidos, who obtained great reputation by the cure of Demetrius Gonatus king of Macedonia.――A Thasian who wrote 24 books on medicine.

Aristogīton and Harmodius, two celebrated friends of Athens, who by their joint efforts delivered their country from the tyranny of the Pisistratidæ, B.C. 510. They received immortal honours from the Athenians, and had statues raised to their memory. These statues were carried away by Xerxes when he took Athens. The conspiracy of Aristogiton was so secretly planned, and so wisely carried into execution, that it is said a courtesan bit her tongue off, not to betray the trust reposed in her. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 29.—Herodotus, bk. 5, ch. 55.—Plutarch, Lives of the Ten Orators.――An Athenian orator, surnamed Canis, from his impudence. He wrote orations against Timarchus, Timotheus, Hyperides, and Thrasyllus.――A statuary. Pausanias.

Aristolāus, a painter. Pliny, bk. 31, ch. 11.

Aristomăche, the wife of Dionysius of Syracuse. Cicero, Tusculanæ Disputationes, bk. 5, ch. 20.――The wife of Dion.――A poetess. Plutarch, Convivium Septem Sapientium.――A daughter of Priam, who married Critolaus. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 26.

Aristomăchus, an Athenian, who wrote concerning the preparation of wine. Pliny, bk. 14, ch. 9.――A man so excessively fond of bees, that he devoted 58 years of his life in raising swarms of them. Pliny, bk. 11, ch. 9.――The son of Cleodæus and grandson of Hyllus, whose three sons, Cresphontes, Temenus, and Aristodemus, called Heraclidæ, conquered Peloponnesus. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 7; bk. 3, ch. 15.—Herodotus, bks. 6, 7, & 8.――A man who laid aside his sovereign power at Argos, at the persuasion of Aratus. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 8.

Aristomēdes, a Thessalian general in the interest of Darius III. Curtius, bk. 3, ch. 9.

Aristomĕnes, a commander of the fleet of Darius on the Hellespont, conquered by the Macedonians. Curtius, bk. 4, ch. 1.――A famous general of Messenia, who encouraged his countrymen to shake off the Lacedæmonian yoke under which they had laboured for above 30 years. He once defended the virtue of some Spartan women, whom his soldiers had attempted; and when he was taken prisoner and carried to Sparta, the women whom he had protected interested themselves so warmly in his cause that they procured his liberty. He refused to assume the title of king, but was satisfied with that of commander. He acquired the surname of Just, from his equity, to which he joined the true valour, sagacity, and perseverance of a general. He often entered Sparta without being known and was so dexterous in eluding the vigilance of the Lacedæmonians, who had taken him captive, that he twice escaped from them. As he attempted to do it a third time, he was unfortunately killed, and his body being opened, his heart was found all covered with hair. He died 671 years B.C., and it is said that he left dramatical pieces behind him. Diodorus, bk. 15.—Pausanias, Messenia.――A Spartan sent to the assistance of Dionysius. Polyænus, bk. 2.

Ariston, the son of Agasicles king of Sparta. Being unable to raise children by two wives, he married another famous for her beauty, by whom he had, after seven months, a son Demaratus, whom he had the impudence to call not his own. Herodotus, bk. 6, ch. 61, &c.――A general of Ætolia.――A sculptor.――A Corinthian who assisted the Syracusans against the Athenians.――An officer in Alexander’s army.――A tyrant of Methymna, who, being ignorant that Chios had surrendered to the Macedonians, entered into the harbour, and was taken and put to death. Curtius, bk. 4, ch. 9.――A philosopher of Chios, pupil to Zeno the stoic, and founder of a sect which continued but a little while. He supported that the nature of the divinity is unintelligible. It is said that he died by the heat of the sun, which fell too powerfully upon his bald head. In his old age he was much given to sensuality. Diogenes Laërtius.――A lawyer in Trajan’s reign, whose eulogium has been written by Pliny, ltr. 22, bk. 1.――A peripatetic philosopher of Alexandria, who wrote concerning the course of the Nile. Strabo.――A wrestler of Argos, under whom Plato performed some exercises.――A musician of Athens.――A tragic poet.――A peripatetic of Cos.――A native of Pella, in the age of Adrian, who wrote on the rebellion of the Jews.

Aristonautæ, the naval dock of Pellene. Pausanias, bk. 2.

Aristonīcus, son of Eumenes by a concubine of Ephesus, 126 B.C., invaded Asia and the kingdom of Pergamus, which Attalus had left by his will to the Roman people. He was conquered by the consul Perpenna, and strangled in prison. Justin, bk. 36, ch. 4.—Florus, bk. 2, ch. 20.――A musician of Olynthus.――A grammarian of Alexandria, who wrote a commentary on Hesiod and Homer, besides a treatise on the museum established in Alexandria by the Ptolemies.

Aristonĭdes, a noble statuary. Pliny, bk. 34, ch. 14.

Aristŏnus, a captain of Alexander’s cavalry. Curtius, bk. 9, ch. 5.

Aristony̆mus, a comic poet under Philadelphus, keeper of the library at Alexandria. He died of a retention of urine, in his 77th year. Athenæus.――One of Alexander’s musicians. Plutarch, Alexander.

Aristophănes, a celebrated comic poet of Athens, son of Philip of Rhodes. He wrote 54 comedies, of which only 11 are come down to us. He lived in the age of Socrates, Demosthenes, and Euripides, B.C. 434, and lashed the vices of his age with a masterly hand. The wit and excellence of his comedies are well known; but they abound sometimes too much with obscenity; and his attack upon the venerable character of Socrates has been always censured, and with justice. As a reward for his mental greatness, the poet received a crown of olive, in a public assembly; but if he deserved praise, he merited blame for his licentiousness, which spared not even the gods, and was so offensive to his countrymen, that Alcibiades made a law at Athens, which forbade the comic writers from mimicking or representing on the stage any living character by name. Aristophanes has been called the prince of ancient comedy, as Menander of the new. The play called Nubes is pointedly against Socrates, and the philosopher is exposed to ridicule, and his precepts placed in a most ludicrous point of view by the introduction of one of his pupils in the characters of the piece. It is said that St. Chrysostom used to keep the comedies of Aristophanes under his pillow, on account of the brilliancy of the composition. Plutarch has made a comparison between the princes of the new and old comedy, which abounds with many anecdotes concerning these original characters. The best editions of the works of Aristophanes are, Kuster’s, folio, Amsterdam, 1710, and the 12mo, Leiden, 1670, and that of Brunck, 4 vols., 8vo, Strasbourg, 1783, which would still be more perfect did it contain the valuable scholia. Quintilian, bk. 10, ch. 1.—Paterculus, bk. 1, ch. 16.—Horace, bk. 1, satire 4, li. 1.――A grammarian of Byzantium, keeper of the library of Alexandria under Ptolemy Evergetes. He wrote a treatise on the harlots of Attica. Diogenes Laërtius, Plutarch & Epicurus.—Athenæus, bk. 9.――A Greek historian of Bœotia, quoted by Plutarch, de Herodoti Malignitate.――A writer on agriculture.

Aristophilīdes, a king of Tarentum in the reign of Darius son of Hystaspes. Herodotus, bk. 3.

Aristŏphon, a painter in the age of Socrates. He drew the picture of Alcibiades softly reclining on the bosom of the courtesan Nemea, and all the people of Athens ran in crowds to be spectators of the masterly piece. He also made a painting of Mars leaning on the arm of Venus. Plutarch, Alcibiades.—Athenæus, bk. 13.—Pliny, bk. 35, ch. 11.――A comic poet in the age of Alexander, many of whose fragments are collected in Athenæus.

Aristor, the father of Argus the hundred-eyed keeper of Io.

Aristorĭdes, the patronymic of Argus. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 1, li. 624.

Aristoteleia, festivals in honour of Aristotle, because he obtained the restitution of his country from Alexander.

Aristotĕles, a famous philosopher, son of the physician Nicomachus by Festiada, born at Stagira. After his father’s death he went to Athens to hear Plato’s lectures, where he soon signalized himself by the brightness of his genius. He had been of an inactive and dissolute disposition in his youth, but now he applied himself with uncommon diligence; and after he had spent 20 years in hearing the instructions of Plato, he opened a school for himself, for which he was accused of ingratitude and illiberality by his ancient master. He was moderate in his meals; he slept little, and always had one arm out of his couch with a bullet in it, which by falling into a brazen basin underneath, early awakened him. He was, according to some, 10 years preceptor to Alexander, who received his instructions with much pleasure and deference, and always respected him. According to Plutarch, the improvement that Alexander made under Aristotle was of more service to him than all the splendour and power which he received from Philip. Almost all his writings, which are composed on a variety of subjects, are extant: he gave them to Theophrastus at his death, and they were bought by one of the Ptolemies, and placed in the famous library of Alexandria. Diogenes Laertes has given us a very extensive catalogue of them. Aristotle had a deformed countenance, but his genius was a sufficient compensation for all his personal defects. He has been called by Plato the philosopher of truth; and Cicero compliments him with the title of a man of eloquence, universal knowledge, readiness and acuteness of invention, and fecundity of thought. The writings of Aristotle have been compared with those of Plato; but the one are the effusions of a lively and fruitful imagination, whilst the philosopher of Stagira studied nature more than art, and had recourse to simplicity of expression more than ornament. He neither worshipped nor cared for the divinity, concerning which his opinions were ever various and dissonant; and the more he disregarded the mythology of the ancients, the greater was the credit he acquired over his less philosophical predecessors. He was so authoritative in his opinions, that, as Bacon observes, he wished to establish the same dominion over men’s minds, as his pupil over nations. Alexander, it is said, wished and encouraged his learned tutor to write the history of animals; and the more effectually to assist him, he supplied him with 800 talents, and in his Asiatic expedition employed above 1000 men to collect animals, either in fishing, hunting, or hawking, which were carefully transmitted to the philosopher. Aristotle’s logic has long reigned in the schools, and been regarded as the perfect model of all imitation. As he expired, the philosopher is said to have uttered the following sentiment: Fœde hunc mundum intravi, anxius vixi, perturbatus egredior, causa causarum miserere mei. The letter which Philip wrote to Aristotle has been preserved, and is in these words: “I inform you I have a son; I thank the gods, not so much for making me a father, as for giving me a son in an age when he can have Aristotle for his instructor. I hope you will make him a successor worthy of me, and a king worthy of Macedonia.” Aristotle wished to make his wife Pythias a deity, and to pay her the same worship as was paid to Ceres. He died in the 63rd year of his age, B.C. 322. His treatises have been published separately; but the best edition of the works collectively, is that of Duval, 2 vols., folio, Paris, 1629. Tyrwhitt’s edition of the Poetica, Oxford, 4to, 1794, is a valuable acquisition to literature. He had a son whom he called Nicomachus, by the courtesan Herpyllis. Some have accused him of being accessary to the death of Alexander, and said that he drowned himself in the Euripus, because he could not find out the cause of its flux and reflux. There are, however, different reports about the manner of his death, and some believe that he died at Athens of a cholic, two years after Alexander’s death. The people of Stagira instituted festivals in his honour, because he had rendered important services to their city. Diogenes Laërtius, Lives of Eminent Philosophers.—Plutarch, Alexander & de Alexandri Magni Fortuna Aut Virtute, &c.—Cicero, Academica Quæstiones, bk. 4; On Oratory, bk. 3; de Finibus, bk. 5.—Quintilian, bks. 1, 2, 5, 10.—Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 4.—Justin, bk. 12.—Justin Martyr.—Augustine, City of God, bk. 8.—Pliny, bks. 2, 4, 5, &c.—Athenæus.—Valerius Maximus, bk. 5, ch. 6, &c. There were besides seven of the same name. A magistrate of Athens.――A commentator on Homer’s Iliad.――An orator of Sicily, who answered the panegyric of Isocrates.――A friend of Æschines.――A man of Cyrene who wrote on poetry.――A schoolmaster mentioned in Plato’s life, written by Aristoxenus.――An obscure grammarian. Diogenes Laërtius, Aristotle.

Aristotīmus, a tyrant of Elis, 271 years B.C. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 5.

Aristoxĕnus, a celebrated musician, disciple of Aristotle, and born at Tarentum. He wrote 453 different treatises on philosophy, history, &c., and was disappointed in his expectations of succeeding in the school of Aristotle, for which he always spoke with ingratitude of his learned master. Of all his works nothing remains but three books upon music, the most ancient on that subject extant.――A philosopher of Cyrene. Athenæus.――A physician whose writings are quoted by Galen.――A poet of Selinus.――A Pythagorean philosopher.

Aristus, a Greek historian of Salamas, who wrote an account of Alexander’s expedition. Strabo, bk. 14.—Arrian, bk. 7.

Aristyllus, an obscure poet. Aristophanes.――An astronomer of Alexandria, 292 B.C.

Arius, a river of Gaul, and――of Asia. The inhabitants in the neighbourhood are called Arii.――A celebrated writer, the origin of the Arian controversy, that denied the eternal divinity and consubstantiality of the Word. Though he was greatly persecuted for his opinions, he gained the favour of the emperor Constantine, and triumphed over his powerful antagonist Athanasius. He died the very night he was going to enter the church of Constantinople in triumph. Pressed by nature, he went aside to ease himself; but his bowels gushed out, and he expired on the spot, A.D. 336. Athanasius.

Armĕnes, a son of Nabis, led in triumph at Rome. Livy, bk. 34, ch. 1.

Armenia, a large country of Asia, divided into Upper and Lower Armenia. Upper Armenia, called also Major, has Media on the east, Iberia on the north, and Mesopotamia on the south. Lower Armenia, or Minor, is bounded by Cappadocia, Armenia Major, Syria, Cilicia, and the Euphrates. The Armenians were a long time under the dominion of the Medes and Persians, till they were conquered with the rest of Asia, by Alexander and his successors. The Romans made it one of their provinces, and under some of the emperors the Armenians had the privilege of choosing their own kings, but they were afterwards reduced. The country received its name from Armenus, who was one of the Argonauts, and of Thessalian origin. They borrowed the names and attributes of their deities from the Persians. They paid great adoration to Venus Anaitis, and the chiefest of the people always prostituted their daughters in honour of this goddess. Armenia Major is now called Turcomania, and Minor, Aladulia. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 194; bk. 5, ch. 49.—Curtius, bk. 4, ch. 12; bk. 5, ch. 1.—Strabo, bks. 1 & 11.—Mela, bk. 3, chs. 5 & 8.—Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 4, &c.—Lucan, bk. 2.

Armentarius, a Cæsar in Diocletian’s reign.

Armillatus, one of Domitian’s favourites. Juvenal, satire 4, li. 53.

Armilustrium, a festival at Rome on the 19th of October. When the sacrifices were offered, all the people appeared under arms. The festival has often been confounded with that of the Salii, though easily distinguished; because the latter was observed the 2nd of March, and on the celebration of the Armilustrium they always played on a flute, and the Salii played upon the trumpet. It was instituted A.U.C. 543. Varro, de Lingua Latina, bk. 5, ch. 3.—Livy, bk. 27, ch. 37.

Arminius, a warlike general of the Germans, who supported a bloody war against Rome for some time, and was at last conquered by Germanicus in two great battles. He was poisoned by one of his friends, A.D. 19, in the 37th year of his age. Dio Cassius, bk. 56.—Tacitus, Annals, bk. 1, &c.

Armorĭcæ, cities of Celtic Gaul, famous for the warlike, rebellious, and inconstant disposition of the inhabitants called Armorici. Armorica extended between the rivers Liger and Sequana, and comprehended those rich and populous provinces now called Britany and Normandy. Cæsar, Gallic War.

Arne, a city of Lycia, called afterwards Xanthus.――A town of Umbria in Italy.――A daughter of Æolus, who gave her name to two towns, one in Thessaly, the other in Bœotia. Neptune changed himself into a bull to enjoy her company. Strabo, bks. 1 & 2.—Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 40.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 6, fable 4.

Arni, a people of Italy, destroyed by Hercules.

Arniensis, a tribe in Rome. Livy, bk. 6.

Arnobius, a philosopher in Diocletian’s reign, who became a convert to christianity. He applied for ordination, but was refused by the bishops till he gave them a proof of his sincerity. Upon this he wrote his celebrated treatise, in which he exposed the absurdity of irreligion, and ridiculed the heathen gods. Opinions are various concerning the purity of his style, though all agree in praise of his extensive erudition. The book that he wrote, De Rhetoricâ Institutione, is not extant. The best edition of his treatise Adversus Gentes is the 4to, printed Leiden, 1651.

Arnus, a river of Etruria, rising in the Apennine mountains, and falling into the Mediterranean. Livy, bk. 22, ch. 2.

Aroa, a town of Achaia. Pausanias, bk. 7.

Aroma, a town of Caria,――of Cappadocia.

Arpāni, a people of Italy.

Arpi, a city of Apulia, built by Diomedes after the Trojan war. Justin, bk. 20, ch. 1.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 28.

Arpīnum, a town of the Volsci, famous for giving birth to Cicero and Marius. The words Arpinæ chartæ are sometimes applied to Cicero’s works. Martial, bk. 10, ltr. 19.—Juvenal, satire 8, li. 237.—Cicero, De Lege Agraria contra Rullum, speech 3.――A town of Magna Græcia.

Arræi, a people of Thrace. Pliny.

Arrharæus, the king of a nation in the neighbourhood of Macedonia, who greatly distressed Archelaus. Aristotle, bk. 5, Politics, ch. 10.

Arria. See: Aria.

Arria Galla, a beautiful but immodest woman in the reign of the emperors. Tacitus, bk. 15, ch. 19.

Arriānus, a philosopher of Nicomedia, priest of Ceres and Proserpine, and disciple of Epictetus, called a second Xenophon, from the elegance and sweetness of his diction, and distinguished for his acquaintance with military and political life. He wrote seven books on Alexander’s expedition, the periplus of the Euxine and Red seas, four books on the dissertations of Epictetus, besides an account of the Alani, Bithynians, and Parthians. He flourished about the 140th year of Christ, and was rewarded with the consulship and government of Cappadocia, by Marcus Antoninus. The best edition of Arrian’s Expeditio Alexandri, is the folio Gronovii, Leiden, 1704, and the 8vo, à Raphelio, 2 vols., 1757, and the Tactica, 8vo, Amsterdam, 1683.――A Greek historian.――An Athenian who wrote a treatise on hunting, and the manner of keeping dogs.――A poet who wrote an epic poem in 24 books on Alexander; also another poem on Attalus king of Pergamus. He likewise translated Virgil’s Georgics into Greek verse.

Arrius, a friend of Cicero, whose sumptuous feast Horace describes, bk. 2, satire 3, li. 86.――Aper, a Roman general who murdered the emperor, &c.

Arrius and Arius, a philosopher of Alexandria, who so ingratiated himself with Augustus, after the battle of Actium, that the conqueror declared the people of Alexandria owed the preservation of their city to three causes; because Alexander was their founder, because of the beauty of the situation, and because Arrius was a native of the place. Plutarch, Antonius.

Arruntius, a Roman consul.――A famous geographer who, upon being accused of adultery and treason, under Tiberius, opened his veins. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 6.

Arsabes, a satrap of Armenia.――Of Persia. Polyænus.

Arsăces, a man of obscure origin, who, upon seeing Seleucus defeated by the Gauls, invaded Parthia, and conquered the governor of the province called Andragoras, and laid the foundations of an empire, 250 B.C. He added the kingdom of the Hyrcani to his newly acquired possessions, and spent his time in establishing his power, and regulating the laws. After death he was made a god of his nation, and all his successors were called, in honour of his name, Arsacidæ. Justin, bk. 41, chs. 5 & 6.—Strabo, bks. 11 & 12.――His son and successor bore the same name. He carried war against Antiochus the son of Seleucus, who entered the field with 100,000 foot and 20,000 horse. He afterwards made peace with Antiochus, and died B.C. 217. Justin, bk. 41, ch. 5.――The third king of Parthia, of the family of the Arsacidæ, bore the same name, and was also called Priapatius. He reigned 12 years, and left two sons, Mithridates and Phraates. Phraates succeeded as being the elder, and at his death he left his kingdom to his brother, though he had many children; observing that a monarch ought to have in view, not the dignity of his family, but the prosperity of his subjects. Justin, bk. 31, ch. 5.――A king of Pontus and Armenia, in alliance with the Romans. He fought long with success against the Persians, till he was deceived by the snares of king Sapor, his enemy, who put out his eyes, and soon after deprived him of life. Marcellinus.――The eldest son of Artabanus, appointed over Armenia by his father, after the death of king Artaxias. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 6.――A servant of Themistocles.

Arsacĭdæ, a name given to some of the monarchs of Parthia, in honour of Arsaces, the founder of the empire. Their power subsisted till the 229th year of the christian era, when they were conquered by Artaxerxes king of Persia. Justin, bk. 41.

Arsamĕnes, a satrap of Persia, at the battle of the Granicus.

Arsametes, a river of Asia, near Parthia. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 15.

Arsamosāta, a town of Armenia Major, 70 miles from the Euphrates. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 15.

Arsānes, the son of Ochus and father of Codomanus.

Arsanias, a river of Armenia, which, according to some, flows into the Tigris, and afterwards into the Euphrates. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 24.

Arsēna, a marsh of Armenia Major whose fishes are all of the same sort. Strabo.

Arses, the youngest son of Ochus, whom the eunuch Bagoas raised to the throne of Persia, and destroyed with his children, after a reign of three years. Diodorus, bk. 17.

Arsia, a wood of Etruria, famous for a battle between the Romans and the Veientes. Plutarch, Poplicola.――A small river between Illyricum and Istria, falling into the Adriatic.――A river of Italy, flowing through Campania.

Arsidæus, a son of Datames, &c.

Arsinoe, daughter of Leucippus and Philodice, was mother of Æsculapius by Apollo, according to some authors. She received divine honours after death at Sparta. Apollodorus, bk. 3.—Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 26; bk. 3, ch. 12.――A daughter of Phlegeus, promised in marriage to Alcmæon. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 7.――A fountain of Peloponnesus. Pausanias, Messenia.――The sister and wife of Ptolemy Philadelphus, worshipped after death under the name of Venus Zephyritis. Dinochares began to build her a temple with loadstones, in which there stood a statue of Arsinoe suspended in the air by the power of the magnet; but the death of the architect prevented its being perfected. Pliny, bk. 34, ch. 14.――A daughter of Ptolemy Lagus, who married Lysimachus king of Macedonia. After her husband’s death, Ceraunus, her own brother, married her, and ascended the throne of Macedonia. He previously murdered Lysimachus and Philip, the sons of Arsinoe by Lysimachus, in their mother’s arms. Arsinoe was some time after banished to Samothrace. Justin, bk. 17, ch. 1, &c.――A younger daughter of Ptolemy Auletes, sister to Cleopatra. Antony despatched her to gain the good graces of her sister. Hirtius, Alexandrine War, ch. 4.—Appian.――The wife of Magas king of Cyrene, who committed adultery with her son-in-law. Justin, bk. 26, ch. 3.――A daughter of Lysimachus. Pausanias.――A town of Egypt, situated near the lake of Mœris, on the western shore of the Nile, where the inhabitants paid the highest veneration to the crocodiles. They nourished them in a splendid manner, and embalmed them after death, and buried them in the subterraneous cells of the labyrinth. Strabo.――A town of Cilicia,――of Æolia,――of Syria,――of Cyprus,――of Lycia, &c.

Arsites, a satrap of Paphlagonia.

Artabānus, son of Hystaspes, was brother to Darius I. He dissuaded his nephew Xerxes from making war against the Greeks, and at his return, he assassinated him with the hopes of ascending the throne. Darius the son of Xerxes was murdered in a similar manner; and Artaxerxes his brother would have shared the same fate, had not he discovered the snares of the assassin, and punished him with death. Diodorus, bk. 11.—Justin, bk. 3, ch. 1, &c.—Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 38; bk. 7, ch. 10, &c.――A king of Parthia, after the death of his nephew Phraates II. He undertook a war against a nation of Scythia, in which he perished. His son Mithridates succeeded him, and merited the appellation of Great. Justin, bk. 42, ch. 2.――A king of Media, and afterwards of Parthia, after the expulsion of Vonones, whom Tiberius had made king there. He invaded Armenia, from whence he was driven away by one of the generals of Tiberius. He was expelled from his throne, which Tiridates usurped; and some time after he was restored again to his ancient power, and died A.D. 48. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 5, &c.――A king of Parthia, very inimical to the interest of Vespasian.――Another king of Parthia, who made war against the emperor Caracalla, who had attempted his life on pretence of courting his daughter. He was murdered, and the power of Parthia abolished, and the crown transferred to the Persian monarchs. Dio Cassius.—Herodian.

Artabazānes, or Artamĕnes, the eldest son of Darius, when a private person. He attempted to succeed to the Persian throne, in preference to Xerxes. Justin.

Artabāzus, a son of Pharnaces, general in the army of Xerxes. He fled from Greece upon the ill success of Mardonius. Herodotus, bks. 7, 8, & 9.――A general who made war against Artaxerxes, and was defeated. He was afterwards reconciled to his prince, and became the familiar friend of Darius III. After the murder of this prince, he surrendered himself up with his sons to Alexander, who treated him with much humanity and confidence. Curtius, bk. 5, chs. 9 & 12; bk. 6, ch. 5; bk. 7, chs. 3 & 5; bk. 8, ch. 1.――An officer of Artaxerxes against Datames. Diodorus, bk. 15.

Artabri and Artabrĭtæ, a people of Lusitania, who received their name from Artabrum, a promontory on the coast of Spain, now called Finisterre. Silius Italicus, bk. 3, li. 362.

Artacæas, an officer in the army of Xerxes, the tallest of all the troops, the king excepted.

Artacæna, a city of Asia, near Aria.

Artăce, a town and seaport near Cyzicus. It did not exist in the age of Pliny. There was in its neighbourhood a fountain called Artacia. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 14.—Procopius, The Persian War, bk. 1, ch. 25.—Strabo, bk. 13.—Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 32.――A city of Phrygia.――A fortified place of Bithynia.

Artacēne, a country of Assyria near Arbela, where Alexander conquered Darius. Strabo, bk. 16.

Artăcia, a fountain in the country of the Læstrygones. Tibullus, bk. 4, poem 1, li. 60.

Artæi, a name by which the Persians were called among their neighbours. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 61.

Artagreras, a town of Upper Armenia. Strabo.

Artagerses, a general in the army of Artaxerxes, killed by Cyrus the younger.—Plutarch, Artaxerxes.

Artanes, a king of the southern parts of Armenia. Strabo, bk. 11.――A river of Thrace flowing into the Ister. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 49.――A river of Colchis.

Artaphernes, a general whom Darius sent into Greece with Datis. He was conquered at the battle of Marathon, by Miltiades. See: Datis. Cornelius Nepos, Miltiades.—Herodotus.

Artatus, a river of Illyria. Livy, bk. 43, ch. 19.

Artavasdes, a son of Tigranes king of Upper Armenia, who wrote tragedies, and shone as an elegant orator and faithful historian. He lived in alliance with the Romans, but Crassus was defeated, partly on account of his delay. He betrayed Marcus Antony in his expedition against Parthia, for which Antony reduced his kingdom, and carried him to Egypt, where he adorned the triumph of the conqueror led in golden chains. He was some time after murdered. Strabo, bk. 11.――The crown of Armenia was given by Tiberius to a person of the same name, who was expelled.――Augustus had also raised to the throne of Armenia a person of the same name. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 2.

Artaxa and Artaxias, a general of Antiochus the Great, who erected the province of Armenia into a kingdom, by his reliance on the friendship of the Romans. King Tigranes was one of his successors. Strabo, bk. 11.

Artaxăta (orum), now Ardesh, a strongly fortified town of Upper Armenia, the capital of the empire, where the kings generally resided. It is said that Annibal built it for Artaxias the king of the country. It was burnt by Corbulo, and rebuilt by Tiridates, who called it Neronea, in honour of Nero. Strabo, bk. 11.

Artaxerxes I., succeeded to the kingdom of Persia, after his father Xerxes. He destroyed Artabanus, who had murdered Xerxes, and attempted to cut off the whole royal family to raise himself to the throne. He made war against the Bactrians, and reconquered Egypt that had revolted, with the assistance of the Athenians, and was remarkable for his equity and moderation. One of his hands was longer than the other, whence he has been called Macrochir or Longimanus. He reigned 39 years, and died B.C. 425. Cornelius Nepos, Kings.—Plutarch, Artaxerxes.――The second of that name, king of Persia, was surnamed Mnemon, on account of his extensive memory. He was son of Darius II. by Parysatis the daughter of Artaxerxes Longimanus, and had three brothers, Cyrus, Ostanes, and Oxathres. His name was Arsaces, which he changed into Artaxerxes when he ascended the throne. His brother Cyrus was of such an ambitious disposition, that he resolved to make himself king, in opposition to Artaxerxes. Parysatis always favoured Cyrus; and when he had attempted the life of Artaxerxes, she obtained his pardon by her entreaties and influence. Cyrus, who had been appointed over Lydia and the sea coasts, assembled a large army under various pretences, and at last marched against his brother at the head of 100,000 barbarians and 13,000 Greeks. He was opposed by Artaxerxes with 900,000 men, and a bloody battle was fought at Cunaxa, in which Cyrus was killed, and his forces routed. It has been reported that Cyrus was killed by Artaxerxes, who was so desirous of the honour, that he put to death two men for saying that they had killed him. The Greeks, who had assisted Cyrus against his brother, though at the distance of above 600 leagues from their country, made their way through the territories of the enemy; and nothing is more famous in the Grecian history, than the retreat of the 10,000. After he was delivered from the attacks of his brother, Artaxerxes stirred up a war among the Grecian states against Sparta, and exerted all his influence to weaken the power of the Greeks. He married two of his own daughters, called Atossa and Amestria, and named his eldest son Darius to be his successor. Darius, however, conspired against his father, and was put to death; and Ochus, one of the younger sons, called also Artaxerxes, made his way to the throne, by causing his elder brothers Ariaspes and Arsames to be assassinated. It is said that Artaxerxes died of a broken heart, in consequence of his son’s unnatural behaviour, in the 94th year of his age, after a reign of 46 years, B.C. 358. Artaxerxes had 150 children by his 350 concubines, and only four legitimate sons. Plutarch, Parallel Lives.—Cornelius Nepos, Kings.—Justin, bk. 10, ch. 1, &c.—Diodorus, bk. 13, &c.――The third, surnamed Ochus, succeeded his father Artaxerxes II., and established himself on his throne by murdering above 80 of his nearest relations. He punished with death one of his officers who conspired against him, and recovered Egypt, which had revolted, destroyed Sidon, and ravaged all Syria. He made war against the Cadusii, and greatly rewarded a private man called Codomanus for his uncommon valour. But his behaviour in Egypt, and his cruelty towards the inhabitants, offended his subjects, and Bagoas at last obliged his physician to poison him, B.C. 337, and afterwards gave his flesh to be devoured by cats, and made handles for swords with his bones. Codomanus, on account of his virtues, was soon after made king by the people; and that he might seem to possess as much dignity as the house of Artaxerxes, he reigned under the name of Darius III. Justin, bk. 10, ch. 3.—Diodorus, bk. 17.—Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 6, ch. 8.

Artaxerxes, or Artaxares I., a common soldier of Persia, who killed Artabanus, A.D. 228, and erected Persia again into a kingdom, which had been extinct since the death of Darius. Severus the Roman emperor conquered him, and obliged him to remain within his kingdom. Herodian, bk. 5.――One of his successors, son of Sapor, bore his name, and reigned 11 years, during which he distinguished himself by his cruelties.

Artaxias, son of Artavasdes king of Armenia, was proclaimed king by his father’s troops. He opposed Antony, by whom he was defeated, and became so odious that the Romans, at the request of the Armenians, raised Tigranes to the throne.――Another, son of Polemon, whose original name was Zeno. After the expulsion of Vonones from Armenia, he was made king by Germanicus. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 6, ch. 31.――A general of Antiochus. See: Artaxa.

Artayctes, a Persian appointed governor of Sestos by Xerxes. He was hung on a cross by the Athenians for his cruelties. Herodotus, bks. 7 & 9.

Artaynta, a Persian lady whom Xerxes gave in marriage to his son Darius. She was one of the mistresses of her father-in-law. Herodotus, bk. 9, ch. 103, &c.

Artayntes, a Persian appointed over a fleet in Greece by Xerxes. Herodotus, bk. 8, ch. 13; bk. 9, ch. 107.

Artembares, a celebrated Mede in the reign of Cyrus the Great. Herodotus, bks. 1 & 9.

Artemidōrus, a native of Ephesus, who wrote a history and description of the earth, in 11 books. He flourished about 104 years B.C.――A physician in the age of Adrian.――A man in the reign of Antoninus, who wrote a learned work on the interpretation of dreams, still extant; the best edition of which is that of Rigaltius, Paris, 4to, 1604, to which is annexed Achmetis oneirocritica.――A man of Cnidus, son to the historian Theopompus. He had a school at Rome, and he wrote a book on illustrious men, not extant. As he was the friend of Julius Cæsar, he wrote down an account of the conspiracy which was formed against him. He gave it to the dictator from among the crowd as he was going to the senate, but Julius Cæsar put it with other papers which he held in his hand, thinking it to be of no material consequence. Plutarch, Cæsar.

Artĕmis, the Greek name of Diana. Her festivals, called Artemisia, were celebrated in several parts of Greece, particularly at Delphi, where they offered to the goddess a mullet, which, as was supposed, bore some affinity to the goddess of hunting, because it is said to hunt and kill the sea-hare. There was a solemnity of the same name at Syracuse; it lasted three days, which were spent in banqueting and diversions. Athenæus, bk. 7.

Artemisia, daughter of Lygdamis of Halicarnassus, reigned over Halicarnassus and the neighbouring country. She assisted Xerxes in his expedition against Greece with a fleet, and her valour was so great that the monarch observed that all his men fought like women, and all his women like men. The Athenians were so ashamed of fighting against a woman, that they offered a reward of 10,000 drachms for her head. It is said that she was fond of a youth of Abydos, called Dardanus, and that, to punish his disdain, she put out his eyes while he was asleep, and afterwards leaped down the promontory of Leucas. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 99; bk. 8, ch. 68, &c.—Justin, bk. 2, ch. 12.――There was also another queen of Caria of that name, often confounded with the daughter of Lygdamis. She was daughter of Hecatomnus king of Caria or Halicarnassus, and was married to her own brother Mausolus famous for his personal beauty. She was so fond of her husband, that at his death she drank in her liquor his ashes after his body had been burned, and erected to his memory a monument, which, for its grandeur and magnificence, was called one of the seven wonders of the world. This monument she called Mausoleum, a name which has been given from that time to all monuments of unusual splendour. She invited all the literary men of her age, and proposed rewards to him who composed the best elegiac panegyric upon her husband. The prize was adjudged to Theopompus. She was so inconsolable for the death of her husband that she died through grief two years after. Vitruvius.—Strabo, bk. 14.—Pliny, bk. 25, ch. 7; bk. 36, ch. 5.

Artemisia. See: Artemis.

Artemisium, a promontory of Eubœa, where Diana had a temple. The neighbouring part of the sea bore the same name. The fleet of Xerxes had a skirmish there with the Grecian ships. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 175, &c.――A lake near the grove Aricia, with a temple sacred to Artemis, whence the name.

Artemīta, a city at the east of Seleucia.――An island opposite the mouth of the Achelous. Strabo.

Artĕmon, an historian of Pergamus.――A native of Clazomenæ, who was with Pericles at the siege of Samos, where it is said he invented the battering ram, the testudo, and other equally valuable military engines.――A man who wrote a treatise on collecting books.――A native of Magnesia, who wrote the history of illustrious women.――A physician of Clazomenæ.――A painter.――A Syrian, whose features resembled, in the strongest manner, those of Antiochus. The queen, after the king’s murder, made use of Artemon to represent her husband in a lingering state, that, by his seeming to die a natural death, she might conceal her guilt, and effect her wicked purpose. See: Antiochus.

Artimpasa, a name of Venus among the Scythians. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 59.

Artobarzănes, a son of Darius, who endeavoured to ascend the throne in preference to his brother Xerxes, but to no purpose. Herodotus, bk. 7, chs. 2 & 3.

Artochmes, a general of Xerxes, who married one of the daughters of Darius. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 73.

Artōna, a town of the Latins, taken by the Æqui. Livy, bk. 2, ch. 43.

Artontes, a son of Mardonius. Pausanias, Bœotia.

Artonius, a physician of Augustus, who, on the night previous to the battle of Philippi, saw Minerva in a dream, who told him to assure Augustus of victory. Valerius Maximus, bk. 1, ch. 7.

Artoxares, a eunuch of Paphlagonia, in the reign of Artaxerxes I., cruelly put to death by Parysatis.

Arturius, an obscure fellow, raised to honours and wealth by his flatteries, &c. Juvenal, satire 3, li. 29.

Artynes, a king of Media.

Artynia, a lake of Asia Minor.

Artystŏna, a daughter of Darius. Herodotus, bk. 3, ch. 88.

Aruæ, a people of Hyrcania, where Alexander kindly received the chief officers of Darius. Curtius, bk. 6, ch. 4.

Arvāles, a name given to 12 priests who celebrated the festivals called Ambarvalia. According to some, they were descended from the 12 sons of Acca Laurentia, who suckled Romulus. They wore a crown of ears of corn, and a white fillet. Varro, de Lingua Latina, bk. 4. See: Ambarvalia.

Arueris, a god of the Egyptians, son of Isis and Osiris. According to some accounts, Osiris and Isis were married together in their mother’s womb, and Isis was pregnant of Arueris before she was born.

Arverni, a powerful people of Gaul, now Auvergne, near the Ligeris, who took up arms against Julius Cæsar. They were conquered with great slaughter. They pretended to be descended from the Trojans as well as the Romans. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 7.—Strabo, bk. 14.

Arvĭrăgus, a king of Britain. Juvenal, satire 4, li. 127.

Arvīsium and Arvīsus, a promontory of Chios, famous for its wine. Virgil, Eclogues, poem 5.

Lucius Arunculeius Costa [Cotta], an officer sent by Julius Cæsar against the Gauls, by whom he was killed. Cæsar, Gallic War.

Aruns, an Etrurian soothsayer in the age of Marius. Lucan, bk. 1, li. 586.――A soldier who slew Camilla, and was killed by a dart of Diana. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 11, li. 759.――A brother of Tarquin the Proud. He married Tullia, who murdered him to espouse Tarquin, who had assassinated his wife.――A son of Tarquin the Proud, who, in the battle that was fought between the partisans of his father and the Romans, attacked Brutus the Roman consul, who wounded him and threw him down from his horse. Livy, bk. 2, ch. 6.――A son of Porsenna king of Etruria, sent by his father to take Aricia. Livy, bk. 2, ch. 14.

Aruntius, a Roman who ridiculed the rites of Bacchus, for which the god inebriated him to such a degree that he offered violence to his daughter Medullina, who murdered him when she found that he acted so dishonourably to her virtue. Plutarch, Parallela minora.――A man who wrote an account of the Punic wars in the style of Sallust, in the reign of Augustus. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 1.—Seneca, ltr. 14.――Another Latin writer. Seneca, de Beneficiis, bk. 6.――Paterculus, a man who gave Æmylius Censorinus tyrant of Ægesta a brazen horse to torment criminals. The tyrant made the first experiment upon the body of the donor. Plutarch, Parallela minora.――Stella, a poet descended of a consular family in the age of Domitian.

Arupīnus, a maritime town of Istria. Tibullus, bk. 4, poem 1, li. 110.

Aruspex. See: Haruspex.

Aryxăta, a town of Armenia, near the Araxes. Strabo, bk. 11.

Aryandes, a Persian appointed governor of Egypt by Cambyses. He was put to death because he imitated Darius in whatever he did, and wished to make himself immortal. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 166.

Arybas, a native of Sidon, whose daughter was carried away by pirates. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 15, li. 425.――A king of the Molossi, who reigned 10 years.

Aryptæus, a prince of the Molossi, who privately encouraged the Greeks against Macedonia, and afterwards embraced the party of the Macedonians.

Asander, a man who separated, by a wall, Chersonesus Taurica from the continent. Strabo, bk. 7.

Asbestæ and Asbystæ, a people of Libya above Cyrene, where the temple of Ammon is built. Jupiter is sometimes called, on that account, Asbystius. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 170.—Ptolemy, bk. 4, ch. 3.

Asbŏlus (black hair), one of Actæon’s dogs. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 3.

Ascalăphus, a son of Mars and Astyoche, who was among the Argonauts, and went to the Trojan war at the head of the Ochomenians, with his brother Ialmenus. He was killed by Deiphobus. Homer, Iliad, bk. 2, li. 13; bk. 9, li. 82; bk. 13, li. 518.――A son of Acheron by Gorgyra or Orphne, stationed by Pluto to watch over Proserpine in the Elysian fields. When Ceres had obtained from Jupiter her daughter’s freedom and return upon earth, provided she had eaten nothing in the kingdom of Pluto, Ascalaphus discovered that she had eaten some pomegranates from a tree; upon which Proserpine was ordered by Jupiter to remain six months with Pluto, and the rest of the year with her mother. Proserpine was so displeased with Ascalaphus, that she sprinkled water on his head, and immediately turned him into an owl. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 5; bk. 2, ch. 5.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 5, fable 8.

Ascălon, a town of Syria, near the Mediterranean, about 520 stadia from Jerusalem, still in being. It was anciently famous for its onions. Josephus, The Jewish War, bk. 3, ch. 2.—Theophrastus, Enquiry into Plants, bk. 7, ch. 4.

Ascania, an island of the Ægean sea.――A city of Troas, built by Ascanius.

Ascănius, son of Æneas by Creusa, was saved from the flames of Troy by his father, whom he accompanied in his voyage to Italy. He was afterwards called Iulus. He behaved with great valour in the war which his father carried on against the Latins, and succeeded Æneas in the kingdom of Latinus, and built Alba, to which he transferred the seat of his empire from Lavinium. The descendants of Ascanius reigned in Alba for above 420 years, under 14 kings, till the age of Numitor. Ascanius reigned 38 years; 30 at Lavinium, and eight at Alba; and was succeeded by Sylvius Posthumus son of Æneas by Lavinia. Iulus the son of Ascanius disputed the crown with him; but the Latins gave it in favour of Sylvius, as he was descended from the family of Latinus, and Iulus was invested with the office of high priest, which remained a long while in his family. Livy, bk. 1, ch. 3.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, &c.――According to Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 1, ch. 15, &c., the son of Æneas by Lavinia was also called Ascanius.――A river of Bithynia. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 3, li. 270.

Ascii, a nation of India, in whose country objects at noon have no shadow. Pliny, bk. 2.

Asclēpia, festivals in honour of Asclepius, or Æsculapius, celebrated all over Greece, when prizes for poetical and musical compositions were honourably distributed. At Epidaurus they were called by a different name.

Asclēpiădes, a rhetorician in the age of Eumenes, who wrote an historical account of Alexander. Arrian.――A disciple of Plato.――A philosopher, disciple to Stilpo, and very intimate with Menedemus. The two friends lived together, and that they might not be separated when they married, Asclepiades married the daughter, and Menedemus, though much the younger, the mother. When the wife of Asclepiades was dead, Menedemus gave his wife to his friend, and married another. He was blind in his old age, and died in Eretria. Plutarch.――A physician of Bithynia, B.C. 90, who acquired great reputation at Rome, and was the founder of a sect in physic. He relied so much on his skill that he laid a wager he should never be sick; and won it, as he died of a fall, in a very advanced age. Nothing of his medical treatises is now extant.――An Egyptian, who wrote hymns on the gods of his country, and also a treatise on the coincidence of all religions.――A native of Alexandria, who gave a history of the Athenian archons.――The writer of a treatise on Demetrius Phalereus.――A disciple of Isocrates, who wrote six books on those events which had been the subject of tragedies.――A physician in the age of Pompey.――A tragic poet.――Another physician of Bithynia, under Trajan. He lived 70 years, and was a great favourite of the emperor’s court.

Asclepiodōrus, a painter in the age of Apelles, 12 of whose pictures of the gods were sold, for 300 minæ each, to an African prince. Pliny, bk. 35.――A soldier who conspired against Alexander with Hermolaus. Curtius, bk. 8, ch. 6.

Asclepiodotus, a general of Mithridates.

Asclepius. See: Æsculapius.

Ascletarion, a mathematician in the age of Domitian, who said that he should be torn by dogs. The emperor ordered him to be put to death, and his body carefully secured; but as soon as he was set on the burning pile, a sudden storm arose which put out the flames, and the dogs came and tore to pieces the mathematician’s body. Suetonius, Domitian, ch. 15.

Asclus, a town of Italy. Silius Italicus, bk. 8.

Ascolia, a festival in honour of Bacchus, celebrated about December by the Athenian husbandmen, who generally sacrificed a goat to the god, because that animal is a great enemy to the vine. They made a bottle with the skin of the victim, which they filled with oil and wine, and afterwards leaped upon it. He who could stand upon it first was victorious, and received the bottle as a reward. This was called ἀσκωλιαζειν παρα το ἐπι ἀσκον ἀλλεσθαι, leaping upon the bottle, whence the name of the festival is derived. It was also introduced in Italy, where the people besmeared their faces with the dregs of wine, and sang hymns to the god. They always hanged some small images of the god on the tallest trees in their vineyards, and these images they called Oscilla. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 2, li. 384.—Pollux, bk. 9, ch. 7.

Asconius Labeo, a preceptor of Nero.――Pedia, a man intimate with Virgil and Livy.――Another of the same family in the age of Vespasian, who became blind in his old age, and lived 12 years after. He wrote, besides some historical treatises, annotations on Cicero’s orations.

Ascra, a town of Bœotia, built, according to some, by the giants Otus and Ephialtes, at the foot of Mount Helicon. Hesiod was born there, whence he is often called the Ascrean poet, and whatever poem treats on agricultural subjects Ascræum carmen. The town received its name from Ascra, a nymph, mother of Œoclus by Neptune. Strabo, bk. 9.—Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 29.—Paterculus, bk. 1.

Ascŭlum, now Ascoli, a town of Picenum, famous for the defeat of Pyrrhus by Curius and Fabricius. Florus, bk. 3, ch. 18.――Another in Apulia, near the Aufidus.

Asdrŭbal, a Carthaginian, son-in-law of Hamilcar. He distinguished himself in the Numidian war, and was appointed chief general on the death of his father-in-law, and for eight years presided with much prudence and valour over Spain, which submitted to his arms with cheerfulness. Here he laid the foundation of new Carthage, and saw it complete. To stop his progress towards the east, the Romans, in a treaty with Carthage, forbade him to pass the Iberus, which was faithfully observed by the general. He was killed in the midst of his soldiers, B.C. 220, by a slave whose master he had murdered. The slave was caught and put to death in the greatest torments, which he bore with patience, and even ridiculed. Some say that he was killed in hunting. Silius Italicus, bk. 1, li. 165.—Appian, Wars in Spain.—Polybius, bk. 2.—Livy, bk. 21, ch. 2, &c.――A son of Hamilcar, who came from Spain with a large reinforcement for his brother Annibal. He crossed the Alps and entered Italy; but some of his letters to Annibal having fallen into the hands of the Romans, the consuls Marcus Livius Salinator and Claudius Nero attacked him suddenly near the Metaurus, and defeated him, B.C. 207. He was killed in the battle, and 56,000 of his men shared his fate, and 5400 were taken prisoners; about 8000 Romans were killed. The head of Asdrubal was cut off, and some days after thrown into the camp of Annibal, who, in the moment that he was in the greatest expectations for a promised supply, exclaimed at the sight, “In losing Asdrubal, I lose all my happiness, and Carthage all her hopes.” Asdrubal had before made an attempt to penetrate into Italy by sea, but had been defeated by the governor of Sardinia. Livy, bks. 21, 23, 27, &c.—Polybius.—Horace, bk. 4, ode 4.――A Carthaginian general, surnamed Calvus, appointed governor of Sardinia, and taken prisoner by the Romans. Livy.――Another, son of Gisgon, appointed general of the Carthaginian forces in Spain, in the time of the great Annibal. He made head against the Romans in Africa, with the assistance of Scyphax, but he was soon after defeated by Scipio. He died B.C. 206. Livy.――Another, who advised his countrymen to make peace with Rome, and upbraided Annibal for laughing in the Carthaginian senate. Livy.――A grandson of Masinissa, murdered in the senate house by the Carthaginians.――Another, whose camp was destroyed in Africa by Scipio, though at the head of 20,000 men, in the last Punic war. When all was lost, he fled to the enemy, and begged his life. Scipio showed him to the Carthaginians, upon which his wife, with a thousand imprecations, threw herself and her two children into the flames of the temple of Æsculapius, which she and others had set on fire. He was not of the same family as Annibal. Livy, bk. 51.――A Carthaginian general, conquered by Lucius Cæcilius Metellus in Sicily, in a battle in which he lost 130 elephants. These animals were led in triumph all over Italy by the conquerors.

Asellio Sempronius, an historian and military tribune, who wrote an account of the actions in which he was present. Dionysius of Halicarnassus.

Asia, one of the three parts of the ancient world, separated from Europe by the Tanais, the Euxine, Ægean, and Mediterranean seas. The Nile and Egypt divide it from Africa. It received its name from Asia the daughter of Oceanus. This part of the globe has given birth to many of the greatest monarchies of the universe, and to the ancient inhabitants of Asia we are indebted for most of the arts and sciences. The soil is fruitful, and abounds with all the necessaries as well as luxuries of life. Asia was divided into many different empires, provinces, and states, of which the most conspicuous were the Assyrian and Persian monarchies. The Assyrian monarchy, according to Eusebius, lasted 1240 years, and according to Justin 1300 years, down to the year of the world 4380. The empire of Persia existed 228 years, till the death of Darius III., whom Alexander the Great conquered. The empire of the Medes lasted 259 years, according to Eusebius, or less, according to others, till the reign of Astyages, who was conquered by Cyrus the Great, who transferred the power from the Medes, and founded the Persian monarchy. It was in Asia that the military valour of the Macedonians, and the bold retreat of the 10,000 Greeks, were so conspicuously displayed. It is in that part of the world that we are to look for the more visible progress of luxury, despotism, sedition, effeminacy, and dissipation. Asia was generally divided into Major and Minor. Asia Major was the most extensive, and comprehended all the eastern parts; and Asia Minor was a large country in the form of a peninsula, whose boundaries may be known by drawing a line from the bay of Issus, in a northern direction, to the eastern part of the Euxine sea. Asia Minor has been subject to many revolutions. It was tributary to the Scythians for upwards of 1500 years, and was a long time in the power of the Lydians, Medes, &c. The western parts of Asia Minor were the receptacle of all the ancient emigrations from Greece, and it was totally peopled by Grecian colonies. The Romans generally and indiscriminately called Asia Minor by the name of Asia. Strabo.—Mela.—Justin.—Pliny.—Tacitus, &c.――One of the Oceanides, who married Japetus, and gave her name to one of the three divisions of the ancient globe. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 2.――One of the Nereides. Hyginus.――A mountain of Laconia. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 24.

Asia Palus, a lake in Mysia. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 701.

Asiātĭcus, a Gaul in the age of Vitellius. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 2.――The surname of one of the Scipios, and others, from their conquests or campaigns in Asia.

Asĭlas, an augur, who assisted Æneas against Turnus.――A Trojan officer. Virgil, Æneid, bks. 9, 10, &c.

Asināria, a festival in Sicily, in commemoration of a victory obtained over Demosthenes and Nicias at the river Asinarius.

Asinārius, a river of Sicily, where the Athenian generals, Demosthenes and Nicias, were taken prisoners.

Asĭne, one of the Sporades.――An island of the Adriatic.――Three towns of Peloponnesus bore that name, viz. in Laconia, Argolis, and Messenia.

Asĭnes, a river of Sicily.

Asinius Gallus, son of Asinius Pollio the orator, married Vipsania, after she had been divorced by Tiberius. This marriage gave rise to a secret enmity between the emperor and Asinius, who starved himself to death, either voluntarily, or by order of his imperial enemy. He had six sons by his wife. He wrote a comparison between his father and Cicero, in which he gave a decided superiority to the former. Tacitus bks. 1 & 5, Annals.—Dio Cassius, bk. 58.—Pliny, bk. 7, ltr. 4.――Marcellus, grandson of Asinius Pollio, was accused of some misdemeanours, but acquitted, &c. Tacitus, bk. 14, Annals.――Pollio, an excellent orator, poet, and historian, intimate with Augustus. He triumphed over the Dalmatians, and wrote an account of the wars of Cæsar and Pompey, in 17 books, besides poems. He refused to answer some verses against him by Augustus, “because,” said he, “you have the power to proscribe me, should my answer prove offensive.” He died in the 80th year of his age, A.D. 4. He was consul with Cnaeus Domitius Calvinus, A.U.C. 714. It is to him that the fourth of Virgil’s Bucolics is inscribed. Quintilian.—Suetonius, Cæsar, chs. 30 & 55.—Dio Cassius, bks. 37, 49, 55.—Seneca, de Tranquilitate Animi & ltr. 100.—Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 30.—Tacitus, bk. 6.—Paterculus, bk. 2.—Plutarch, Cæsar.――A commander of Mauritania, under the first emperors, &c. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 2.――An historian in the age of Pompey.――Another in the third century.――Quadratus, a man who published the history of Parthia, Greece, and Rome.

Asius, a son of Dymas, brother of Hecuba. He assisted Priam in the Trojan war, and was killed by Idomeneus. Homer, Iliad, bk. 2, li. 342; bk. 12, li. 95; bk. 13, li. 384.――A poet of Samos, who wrote about the genealogy of ancient heroes and heroines. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 4.――A son of Imbracus, who accompanied Æneas into Italy. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 123.

Asius Campus, a place near the Cayster.

Asnāus, a mountain of Macedonia, near which the river Aous flows. Livy, bk. 32, ch. 5.

Asōphis, a small country of Peloponnesus, near the Asopus.

Asōpia, the ancient name of Sicyon. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 1.

Asōpiădes, a patronymic of Æacus, son of Ægina, the daughter of Asopus. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 7, li. 484.

Asōpis, the daughter of the Asopus.――A daughter of Thespius mother of Mentor. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 7.

Asōpus, a river of Thessaly, falling into the bay of Malta at the north of Thermopylæ. Strabo, bk. 8.――A river of Bœotia, rising near Platæa, and flowing into the Euripus, after it has separated the country of the Thebans and Platæans. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 4.――A river of Asia, flowing into the Lycus, near Laodicea.――A river of Peloponnesus, passing by Sicyon.――Another of Macedonia, flowing near Heraclea. Strabo, &c.――A river of Phœnicia.――A son of Neptune, who gave his name to a river of Peloponnesus. Three of his daughters are particularly celebrated, Ægina, Salamis, and Ismene. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 3, ch. 12.—Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 12.

Aspa, a town of Parthia, now Ispahan, the capital of the Persian empire.

Aspamithres, a favourite eunuch of Xerxes, who conspired with Artabanus to destroy the king and the royal family, &c. Ctesias.

Asparagium, a town near Dyrrhachium. Cæsar, Civil War, bk. 3, ch. 30.

Aspăsia, a daughter of Hermotimus of Phocæa, famous for her personal charms and elegance. She was priestess of the sun, mistress to Cyrus, and afterwards to his brother Artaxerxes, from whom she passed to Darius. She was called Milto, vermilion, on account of the beauty of her complexion. Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 12, ch. 1.—Plutarch, Artaxerxes.――Another woman, daughter of Axiochus, born at Miletus. She came to Athens, where she taught eloquence, and Socrates was proud to be among her scholars. She so captivated Pericles, by her mental and personal accomplishments, that he became her pupil, and at last took her for his mistress and wife. He was so fond of her, that he made war against Samos at her instigation. The behaviour of Pericles towards Aspasia greatly corrupted the morals of the Athenians, and introduced dissipation and lasciviousness into the state. She, however, possessed the merit of a superior excellence in mind as well as person, and her instructions helped to form the greatest and most eloquent orators of Greece. Some have confounded the mistress of Pericles with Aspasia the daughter of Hermotimus. Plutarch, Pericles.—Quintilian, bk. 11.――The wife of Xenophon was also called Aspasia, if we follow the improper interpretation given by some to Cicero, de Inventione, bk. 1, ch. 31.

Aspasius, a peripatetic philosopher in the second century, whose commentaries on different subjects were highly valued.――A sophist, who wrote a panegyric on Adrian.

Aspastes, a satrap of Carmania, suspected of infidelity to his trust while Alexander was in the east. Curtius, bk. 9, ch. 20.

Aspathīnes, one of the seven noblemen of Persia who conspired against the usurper Smerdis. Herodotus, bk. 5, ch. 70, &c.――A son of Prexaspes. Herodotus, bk. 7.

Aspendus, a town of Pamphylia, at the mouth of the river Eurymedon. Cicero, Against Verres, bk. 1, ch. 20. The inhabitants sacrificed swine to Venus.

Asphaltītes, a lake. See: Mare Mortuum.

Aspis, a satrap of Chaonia, who revolted from Artaxerxes. He was reduced by Datames. Cornelius Nepos, Datames.――A city and mountain of Africa.――One of the Cyclades.――A city of Macedonia.

Asplēdon, a son of Neptune by the nymph Midea. He gave his name to a city of Bœotia, whose inhabitants went to the Trojan war. Homer, Iliad, bk. 2, li. 18.—Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 38.

Asporēnus, a mountain of Asia Minor near Pergamus, where the mother of the gods was worshipped, and called Asporena. Strabo, bk. 13.

Assa, a town near mount Athos.

Assabīnus, the Jupiter of the Arabians.

Assărăcus, a Trojan prince, son of Tros by Callirhoe. He was father to Capys, the father of Anchises. The Trojans were frequently called the descendants of Assaracus, Gens Assaraci. Homer, Iliad, bk. 20.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1.――Two friends of Æneas in the Rutulian war. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 124.

Asserīni, a people of Sicily.

Assōrus, a town of Sicily, between Enna and Argyrium.

Assos, a town of Lycia on the sea coast.

Assy̆ria, a large country of Asia, whose boundaries have been different in its flourishing times. At first it was bounded by the Lycus and Caprus; but the name of Assyria, more generally speaking, is applied to all that territory which lies between Media, Mesopotamia, Armenia, and Babylon. The Assyrian empire is the most ancient in the world. It was founded by Ninus or Belus, B.C. 2059, according to some authors, and lasted till the reign of Sardanapalus, the 31st sovereign since Ninus, B.C. 820. According to Eusebius, it flourished for 1240 years; according to Justin, 1300 years; but Herodotus says that its duration was not above 500 or 600 years. Among the different monarchs of the Assyrian empire Semiramis greatly distinguished herself, and extended the boundaries of her dominions as far as Æthiopia and Libya. In ancient authors the Assyrians are often called Syrians, and the Syrians Assyrians. The Assyrians assisted Priam in the Trojan war, and sent him Memnon with an army. The king of Assyria generally styled himself king of kings, as a demonstration of his power and greatness. The country is now called Curdistan. See: Syria. Strabo, bk. 16.—Herodotus, bks. 1 & 2.—Justin, bk. 1.—Pliny, bk. 6, chs. 13 & 26.—Ptolemy, bk. 1, ch. 2.—Diodorus, bk. 2.—Mela, bk. 1, ch. 2.

Asta, a city in Spain.

Astacœni, a people of India near the Indus. Strabo, bk. 15.

Astăcus, a town of Bithynia, built by Acastus son of Neptune and Olbia, or rather by a colony from Megara and Athens. Lysimachus destroyed it, and carried the inhabitants to the town of Nicomedia, which was then lately built. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 12.—Arrian.—Strabo, bk. 17.――A city of Acarnania. Pliny, bk. 5.

Astăpa, a town of Hispania Bætica. Livy, bk. 38, ch. 20.

Astăpus, a river of Æthiopia, falling into the Nile.

Astarte, a powerful divinity of Syria, the same as the Venus of the Greeks. She had a famous temple at Hierapolis in Syria, which was served by 300 priests, who were always employed in offering sacrifices. She was represented in medals with a long habit, and a mantle over it, tucked up on the left arm. She had one hand stretched forward, and held in the other a crooked staff in the form of a cross. Lucian, de Deâ Syriâ.—Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 3, ch. 23.

Aster, a dexterous archer of Amphipolis, who offered his service to Philip king of Macedonia. Upon being slighted, he retired into the city, and aimed an arrow at Philip, who pressed it with a siege. The arrow, on which was written “Aimed at Philip’s right eye,” struck the king’s eye, and put it out; and Philip, to return the pleasantry, threw back the same arrow, with these words, “If Philip takes the town, Aster shall be hanged.” The conqueror kept his word. Lucian, Quomodo historia conscribenda sit.

Astĕria, a daughter of Ceus, one of the Titans, by Phœbe daughter of Cœlus and Terra. She married Perses son of Crius, by whom she had the celebrated Hecate. She enjoyed for a long time the favours of Jupiter, under the form of an eagle; but falling under his displeasure, she was changed into a quail, called Ortyx by the Greeks; whence the name of Ortygia, given to that island in the Archipelago, where she retired. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 6, fable 4.—Hyginus, fable 58.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 2, &c.――A town of Greece, whose inhabitants went to the Trojan war. Homer, Iliad, bk. 2, li. 782.――One of the daughters of Danaus, who married Chætus son of Ægyptus. Apollodorus, bk. 2.――One of the daughters of Atlas, mother of Œnomaus king of Pisa. Hyginus, fable 250.――A mistress of Gyges, to whom Horace wrote three odes to comfort her during her lover’s absence.

Astĕrion and Astĕrius, a river of Peloponnesus, which flowed through the country of Argolis. This river had three daughters, Eubœa, Prosymna, and Acræa, who nursed the goddess Juno. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 17.――A son of Cometes, who was one of the Argonauts. Apollonius, bk. 1.――A statuary, son of Æschylus. Pausanias.――A son of Minos II., king of Crete, by Pasiphæ. He was killed by Theseus, though he was thought the strongest of his age. Apollodorus supposes him to be the same as the famous Minotaur. According to some, Asterion was son of Teutamus, one of the descendants of Æolus, and they say that he was surnamed Jupiter, because he had carried away Europa, by whom he had Minus I. Diodorus, bk. 4.—Apollodorus, bk. 3.—Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 31.――A son of Neleus and Chloris. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 12.

Asterodia, the wife of Endymion. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 1.

Asterŏpe and Asteropēa, one of the Pleiades, who were beloved by the gods and most illustrious heroes, and made constellations after death.――A daughter of Pelias king of Iolchos, who assisted her sisters to kill her father, whom Medea promised to restore to life. Her grave was seen in Arcadia, in the time of Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 11.――A daughter of Deion by Diomede. Apollodorus, bk. 1.――The wife of Æsacus. Apollodorus, bk. 3.

Asteropæus, a king of Pæonia, son of Pelegon. He assisted Priam in the Trojan war, and was killed, after a brave resistance, by Achilles. Homer, Iliad, bk. 17, &c.

Asterūsius, a mountain at the south of Crete.――A town of Arabia Felix.

Astinŏme, the wife of Hipponous.

Astiŏchus, a general of Lacedæmon, who conquered the Athenians near Cnidus, and took Phocæa and Cumæ, B.C. 411.

Astræa, a daughter of Astræus king of Arcadia, or, according to others, of Titan, Saturn’s brother, by Aurora. Some make her daughter of Jupiter and Themis, and others consider her to be the same as Rhea wife of Saturn. She was called Justice, of which virtue she was the goddess. She lived upon the earth, as the poets mention, during the golden age, which is often called the age of Astræa; but the wickedness and impiety of mankind drove her to heaven in the brazen and iron ages, and she was placed among the constellations of the zodiac, under the name of Virgo. She is represented as a virgin, with a stern but majestic countenance, holding a pair of scales in one hand and a sword in the other. Seneca, Octavia.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 1, li. 149.—Aratus, bk. 1, Phænomena, li. 98.—Hesiod, Theogony.

Astræus, one of the Titans who made war against Jupiter.――A river of Macedonia, near Thermæ. Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 15, ch. 1.

Astu, a Greek word which signifies city, generally applied, by way of distinction, to Athens, which was the most capital city of Greece. The word urbs is applied with the same meaning of superiority to Rome, and πολις to Alexandria the capital of Ægypt, as also to Troy.

Astur, an Etrurian who assisted Æneas against Turnus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 180.

Astŭra, a small river and village of Latium, where Antony’s soldiers cut off Cicero’s head.

Astŭres, a people of Hispania Tarraconensis, who spent all their lives in digging for mines of ore. Lucan, bk. 4, li. 298.—Silius Italicus, bk. 1, li. 231.

Astyăge, a daughter of Hypseus, who married Periphas, by whom she had some children, among whom was Antion the father of Ixion.

Astyăges, a son of Cyaxares, was the last king of Media. He was father to Mandane, whom he gave in marriage to Cambyses, an ignoble person of Persia, because he was told by a dream that his daughter’s son would dispossess him of his crown. From such a marriage he hoped that none but mean and ignorant children could be raised; but he was disappointed, and though he had exposed his daughter’s son by the effects of a second dream, he was deprived of his crown by his grandson, after a reign of 35 years. Astyages was very cruel and oppressive; and Harpagus, one of his officers, whose son he had wantonly murdered, encouraged Mandane’s son, who was called Cyrus, to take up arms against his grandfather, and he conquered him and took him prisoner, 559 B.C. Xenophon, in his Cyropædia, relates a different story, and asserts that Cyrus and Astyages lived in the most undisturbed friendship together. Justin, bk. 1, ch. 4, &c.—Herodotus, bk. 1, chs. 74, 75, &c.――A grammarian who wrote a commentary on Callimachus.――A man changed into a stone by Medusa’s head. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 5, fable 6.

Astyălus, a Trojan killed by Neoptolemus. Homer, Iliad, bk. 6.

Astyănax, a son of Hector and Andromache. He was very young when the Greeks besieged Troy; and when the city was taken, his mother saved him in her arms from the flames. Ulysses, who was afraid lest the young prince should inherit the virtues of his father, and one day avenge the ruin of his country upon the Greeks, seized him, and threw him down from the walls of Troy. According to Euripides, he was killed by Menelaus; and Seneca says that Pyrrhus the son of Achilles put him to death. Hector had given him the name of Scamandrius; but the Trojans, who hoped he might prove as great as his father, called him Astyanax, or the bulwark of the city. Homer, Iliad, bk. 6, li. 400; bk. 22, li. 500.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 2, li. 457; bk. 3, li. 489.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 13, li. 415.――An Arcadian, who had a statue in the temple of Jupiter, on mount Lyceus. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 38.――A son of Hercules. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 7.――A writer in the age of Gallienus.

Astycratia, a daughter of Æolus. Homer, Iliad.――A daughter of Amphion and Niobe.

Astydămas, an Athenian, pupil to Isocrates. He wrote 240 tragedies, of which only 15 obtained the poetical prize.――A Milesian, three times victorious at Olympia. He was famous for his strength, as well as for his voracious appetite. He was once invited to a feast by king Ariobarzanes, and he ate what had been prepared for nine persons. Athenæus, bk. 10.――Two tragic writers bore the same name, one of whom was disciple to Socrates.――A comic poet of Athens.

Astydămīa, or Astyadamia, daughter of Amyntor king of Orchomenos in Bœotia, married Acastus son of Pelias, who was king of Iolchos. She became enamoured of Peleus son of Æacus, who had visited her husband’s court, and because he refused to gratify her passion, she accused him of attempting her virtue. Acastus readily believed his wife’s accusation; but as he would not violate the laws of hospitality by punishing his guest with instant death, he waited for a favourable opportunity, and dissembled his resentment. At last they went in a hunting party to mount Pelion, where Peleus was tied to a tree by order of Acastus, that he might be devoured by wild beasts. Jupiter was moved at the innocence of Peleus, and sent Vulcan to deliver him. When Peleus was set at liberty, he marched with an army against Acastus, whom he dethroned, and punished with death the cruel and false Astydamia. She is called by some Hippolyte, and by others Cretheis. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 13.—Pindar, Nemean, bk. 4.――A daughter of Ormenus, carried away by Hercules, by whom she had Tlepolemus. Ovid, Heroides, poem 9, li. 50.

Asty̆lus, one of the centaurs who had the knowledge of futurity. He advised his brothers not to make war against the Lapithæ. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12, li. 338.――A man of Crotona, who was victorious three successive times at the Olympic games. Pausanias.

Astymedūsa, a woman whom Œdipus married after he had divorced Jocasta.

Astynŏme, the daughter of Chryses the priest of Apollo, sometimes called Chryseis. She fell to the share of Achilles, at the division of the spoils of Lyrnessus.――A daughter of Amphion,――of Talaus. Hyginus.

Astynous, a Trojan prince. Homer, Iliad, bk. 5, li. 144.

Astyŏche and Astyochīa, a daughter of Actor, who had by Mars, Ascalaphus and Ialmenus, who were at the Trojan war. Homer, Iliad, bk. 2, li. 20.――A daughter of Phylas king of Ephyre, who had a son called Tlepolemus by Hercules. Hyginus, fables 97, 162.――A daughter of Laomedon by Strymo. Apollodorus, bk. 3.――A daughter of Amphion and Niobe. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 4.――A daughter of the Simois, who married Erichthonius. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 12.――The wife of Strophius, sister to Agamemnon.

Astypalæa, one of the Cyclades, between Cos and Carpathos, called after Astypalæa the daughter of Phœnix, and mother of Ancæus by Neptune. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 4.—Strabo, bk. 14.

Astyphĭlus, a soothsayer, well skilled in the knowledge of futurity. Plutarch, Cimon.

Astȳron, a town built by the Argonauts on the coast of Illyricum. Strabo.

Asychis, a king of Egypt, who succeeded Mycerinus, and made a law, that whoever borrowed money, must deposit his father’s body in the hand of his creditors, as a pledge of his promise of payment. He built a magnificent pyramid. Herodotus, bk. 2, ch. 136.

Asȳlas, a friend of Æneas, skilled in auguries. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 571; bk. 10, li. 175.

Asyllus, a gladiator. Juvenal, satire 6, li. 266.

Atābŭlus, a wind which was frequent in Apulia. Horace, bk. 1, satire 5, li. 78.

Atabȳris, a mountain in Rhodes, where Jupiter had a temple, whence he was surnamed Atabyris. Strabo, bk. 14.

Atăce, a town of Gaul, whence the adjective Atacinus.

Atalanta, a daughter of Schœneus king of Scyros. According to some she was the daughter of Jasus or Jasius by Clymene; but others say that Menalion was her father. This uncertainty of not rightly knowing the name of her father has led the mythologists into error, and some have maintained that there were two persons of that name, though their supposition is groundless. Atalanta was born in Arcadia, and according to Ovid she determined to live in perpetual celibacy; but her beauty gained her many admirers, and to free herself from their importunities, she proposed to run a race with them. They were to run without arms, and she was to carry a dart in her hand. Her lovers were to start first, and whoever arrived at the goal before her would be made her husband; but all those whom she overtook were to be killed by the dart with which she had armed herself. As she was almost invincible in running, many of her suitors perished in the attempt, till Hippomenes the son of Macareus proposed himself as her admirer. Venus had presented him with three golden apples from the garden of the Hesperides, or, according to others, from an orchard in Cyprus; and as soon as he had started in the course, he artfully threw down the apples at some distance one from the other. While Atalanta, charmed at the sight, stopped to gather the apples, Hippomenes hastened on his course, arrived first at the goal, and obtained Atalanta in marriage. These two fond lovers, in the impatience of consummating their nuptials, entered the temple of Cybele; and the goddess was so offended at their impiety, and at the profanation of her house, that she changed them into two lions. Apollodorus says that Atalanta’s father was desirous of raising male issue, and that therefore she was exposed to wild beasts as soon as born. She was, however, suckled by a she-bear, and preserved by shepherds. She dedicated her time to hunting, and resolved to live in celibacy. She killed two centaurs, Hyleus and Rhecus, who attempted her virtue. She was present at the hunting of the Calydonian boar, which she first wounded, and she received the head as a present from Meleager, who was enamoured of her. She was also at the games instituted in honour of Pelias, where she conquered Peleus; and when her father, to whom she had been restored, wished her to marry, she consented to give herself to him who could overcome her in running, as has been said above. She had a son called Parthenopæus by Hippomenes. Hyginus says that that son was the fruit of her love with Meleager; and Apollodorus says she had him by Milanion, or, according to others, by the god Mars. See: Meleager. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 8; bk. 3, ch. 9, &c.—Pausanias, bk. 1, chs. 36, 45, &c.—Hyginus, fables 99, 174, 185, 270.—Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 13.—Diodorus, bk. 4.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 8, fable 4; bk. 10, fable 11.—Euripides, Phœnician Women.――An island near Eubœa and Locris. Pausanias.

Atarantes, a people of Africa, ten days’ journey from the Garamantes. There was in their country a hill of salt with a fountain of sweet water upon it. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 184.

Atarbĕchis, a town in one of the islands of the Delta, where Venus had a temple.

Atargătis, a divinity among the Syrians represented as a Syren. She is considered by some to be the same as Venus, and honoured by the Assyrians under the name of Astarte. Strabo, bk. 16.

Atarnea, a part of Mysia opposite Lesbos, with a small town in the neighbourhood of the same name. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 35.

Atas and Athas, a youth of wonderful velocity, who is said to have run 75 miles between noon and the evening. Martial, bk. 4, ltr. 19.—Pliny, bk. 7.

Atax, now Aude, a river of Gaul Narbonensis, rising in the Pyrenean mountains, and falling into the Mediterranean sea. Mela, bk. 2.

Ate, the goddess of all evil, and daughter of Jupiter. She raised such jealousy and sedition in heaven among the gods, that Jupiter dragged her away by the hair, and banished her for ever from heaven, and sent her to dwell on earth, where she incited mankind to wickedness, and sowed commotions among them. Homer, Iliad, bk. 19. She is the same as the Discord of the Latins.

Atella, a town of Campania, famous for a splendid amphitheatre, where interludes were first exhibited, and thence called Atellanæ fabulæ. Juvenal, satire 6.

Atenomārus, a chieftain of Gaul, who made war against the Romans. Plutarch, Parallela minora.

Athamānes, an ancient people of Epirus, who existed long before the Trojan war, and still preserved their name and customs in the age of Alexander. There was a fountain in their territories, whose waters, about the last quarter of the moon, were so sulphureous that they would set wood on fire. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 15, li. 311.—Strabo, bk. 7.—Pliny, bk. 2, ch. 103.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 3.

Athămas, king of Thebes in Bœotia, was son of Æolus. He married Themisto, whom some call Nephele, and Pindar, Demotice, and by her he had Phryxus and Helle. Some time after, on pretence that Nephele was subject to fits of madness, he married Ino the daughter of Cadmus, by whom he had two sons, Learchus and Melicerta. Ino became jealous of the children of Nephele. Because they were to ascend their father’s throne in preference to her own, therefore she resolved to destroy them; but they escaped from her fury to Colchis, on a golden ram. See: Phryxus and Argonautæ. According to the Greek scholiast of Lycophron, li. 22, Ino attempted to destroy the corn of the country; and as if it were the consequence of divine vengeance, the soothsayers, at her instigation, told Athamas, that before the earth would yield her usual increase, he must sacrifice one of the children of Nephele to the gods. The credulous father led Phryxus to the altar, where he was saved by Nephele. The prosperity of Ino was displeasing to Juno, and more particularly because she was descended from Venus. The goddess therefore sent Tisiphone, one of the furies, to the house of Athamas, who became inflamed with such sudden fury that he took Ino to be a lioness, and her two sons to be whelps. In this fit of madness he snatched Learchus from her, and killed him against a wall; upon which Ino fled with Melicerta, and, with him in her arms, she threw herself into the sea from a high rock, and was changed into a sea deity. After this, Athamas recovered the use of his senses; and as he was without children, he adopted Coronus and Aliartus, the sons of Thersander his nephew. Hyginus, fables 1, 2, 5, 239.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, chs. 7 & 9.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 4, li. 467, &c.; Fasti, bk. 6, li. 419.—Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 34.――A servant of Atticus. Cicero, Letters to Atticus, bk. 12, ltr. 10.――A stage dancer. Cicero, Piso, ch. 36.――A tragic poet. Cicero, Piso, ch. 20.――One of the Greeks, concealed in the wooden horse at the siege of Troy. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 2, li. 263.

Athamantiădes, a patronymic of Melicerta, Phryxus, or Helle, children of Athamas. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 13, li. 319; Fasti, bk. 4, li. 903.

Athanasius, a bishop of Alexandria, celebrated for his sufferings, and the determined opposition he maintained against Arius and his doctrines. His writings, which were numerous, and some of which have perished, contain a defence of the mystery of the Trinity, the divinity of the Word and of the Holy Ghost, and an apology to Constantine. The creed which bears his name, is supposed by some not to be his composition. Athanasius died 2nd May, 373 A.D., after filling the archiepiscopal chair 47 years, and leading alternately a life of exile and of triumph. The latest edition of his works is that of the Benedictines, 3 vols., folio, Paris, 1698.

Athanis, a man who wrote an account of Sicily. Athenæus, bk. 3.

Atheas, a king of Scythia, who implored the assistance of Philip of Macedonia against the Istrians, and laughed at him when he had furnished him with an army. Justin, bk. 9, ch. 2.

Athēna, the name of Minerva among the Greeks; and also among the Egyptians, before Cecrops had introduced the worship of the goddess into Greece. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 2.

Athēnæ, a celebrated city of Attica, founded about 1556 years before the christian era, by Cecrops and an Egyptian colony. It was called Cecropia from its founder, and afterwards Athenæ in honour of Minerva, who had obtained the right of giving it a name in preference to Neptune. See: Minerva. It was governed by 17 kings in the following order:—After a reign of 50 years, Cecrops was succeeded by Cranaus, who began to reign 1506 B.C.; Amphictyon, 1497; Erichthonius, 1487; Pandion, 1437; Erichtheus, 1397; Cecrops II., 1347; Pandion II., 1307; Ægeus, 1283; Theseus, 1235; Menestheus, 1205; Demophoon, 1182; Oxyntes, 1149; Aphidas, 1137; Thymœtes, 1136; Melanthus, 1128; and Codrus, 1091, who was killed after a reign of 21 years. The history of the 12 first of these monarchs is mostly fabulous. After the death of Codrus the monarchical power was abolished, and the state was governed by 13 perpetual, and 317 years after, by seven decennial, and lastly, B.C. 684, after an anarchy of three years, by annual magistrates, called Archons. See: Archontes. Under this democracy, the Athenians signalized themselves by their valour in the field, their munificence, and the cultivation of the fine arts. They were deemed so powerful by the Persians, that Xerxes, when he invaded Greece, chiefly directed his arms against Athens, which he took and burnt. Their military character was chiefly displayed in the battles of Marathon, of Salamis, of Platæa, and of Mycale. After these immortal victories, they rose in consequence and dignity, and they demanded the superiority in the affairs of Greece. The town was rebuilt and embellished by Themistocles, and a new and magnificent harbour erected. Their success made them arrogant, and they raised contentions among the neighbouring states, that they might aggrandize themselves by their fall. The luxury and intemperance, which had been long excluded from the city by the salutary laws of their countrymen, Draco and Solon, crept by degrees among all ranks of people, and soon after all Greece united to destroy that city, which claimed a sovereign power over all the rest. The Peloponnesian war, though at first a private quarrel, was soon fomented into a universal war; and the arms of all the states of Peloponnesus [See: Peloponnesiacum bellum] were directed against Athens, which, after 28 years of misfortunes and bloodshed, was totally ruined, the 24th April, 404 years before the christian era, by Lysander. After this, the Athenians were oppressed by 30 tyrants, and for a while laboured under the weight of their own calamities. They recovered something of their usual spirit in the age of Philip, and boldly opposed his ambitious views; but their short-lived efforts were not of great service to the interest of Greece, and they fell into the hands of the Romans, B.C. 86. The Athenians have been admired in all ages for their love of liberty, and for the great men that were born among them; but favour there was attended with danger; and there are very few instances in the history of Athens that can prove that the jealousy and frenzy of the people did not persecute and disturb the peace of the man who had fought their battles and exposed his life in the defence of his country. Perhaps, not one single city in the world can boast, in such a short space of time, of such a number of truly illustrious citizens, equally celebrated for their humanity, their learning, and their military abilities. The Romans, in the more polished ages of their republic, sent their youths to finish their education at Athens, and respected the learning, while they despised the military character of the inhabitants. The reputation which the Athenian schools had acquired under Socrates and Plato was maintained by their degenerate and less learned successors; and they flourished with diminished lustre, till an edict of emperor Justinian suppressed, with the Roman consulship, the philosophical meetings of the academy. It has been said by Plutarch that the good men whom Athens produced were the most just and equitable in the world; but that its bad citizens could not be surpassed in any age or country, for their impiety, perfidiousness, or cruelties. Their criminals were always put to death by drinking the juice of hemlock. The ancients, to distinguish Athens in a more particular manner, called it Astu, one of the eyes of Greece, the learned city, the school of the world, the common patroness of Greece. The Athenians thought themselves the most ancient nation of Greece, and supposed themselves the original inhabitants of Attica, for which reason they were called ἀυτοχθονες, produced from the same earth which they inhabited, γηγενες sons of the earth, and τεττιγες grasshoppers. They sometimes wore golden grasshoppers in their hair as badges of honour, to distinguish them from other people of later origin and less noble extraction, because those insects are supposed to be sprung from the ground. The number of men able to bear arms at Athens in the reign of Cecrops was computed at 20,000, and there appeared no considerable augmentation in the more civilized age of Pericles; but in the time of Demetrius Phalereus there were found 21,000 citizens, 10,000 foreigners, and 40,000 slaves. Among the numerous temples and public edifices none was more celebrated than that of Minerva, which, after being burnt by the Persians, was rebuilt by Pericles, with the finest marble, and still exists a venerable monument of the hero’s patriotism, and of the abilities of the architect. Cicero, Letters to Atticus, Against Verres, &c.—Thucydides, bk. 1, &c.—Justin, bk. 2, &c.—Diodorus, bk. 13, &c.—Ælian, Varia Historia.—Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 56.—Xenophon, Memorabilia.—Plutarch, in vitis, &c.—Strabo, bk. 9, &c.—Pausanias, bk. 1, &c.—Valerius Maximus.—Livy, bk. 31, &c.—Cornelius Nepos, Miltiades, &c.—Polybius.—Paterculus.

Athenæa, festivals celebrated at Athens in honour of Minerva. One of them was called ♦Panathenæa, and the other Chalcea; for an account of which see those words.

♦ ‘Bana, thenæe’ replaced with ‘Panathenæa’

Athenæum, a place at Athens sacred to Minerva, where the poets, philosophers, and rhetoricians generally declaimed and repeated their compositions. It was public to all the professors of the liberal arts. The same thing was adopted at Rome by Adrian, who made a public building for the same laudable purposes.――A promontory of Italy.――A fortified place between Ætolia and Macedonia. Livy, bk. 38, ch. 1; bk. 39, ch. 25.

Athenæus, a Greek cosmographer.――A peripatetic philosopher of Cilicia in the time of Augustus. Strabo.――A Spartan sent by his countrymen to Athens, to settle the peace during the Peloponnesian war.――A grammarian of Naucratis, who composed an elegant and miscellaneous work, called ♦Deipnosophistæ, replete with very curious and interesting remarks and anecdotes of the manners of the ancients, and likewise valuable for the scattered pieces of ancient poetry which it preserves. The work consists of 15 books, of which the two first, part of the third, and almost the whole of the last, are lost. Athenæus wrote, besides this, a history of Syria, and other works now lost. He died A.D. 194. The best edition of his works is that of Casaubon, folio, 2 vols., Lugdunum, 1612, by far superior to the editions of 1595 and 1657.――An historian, who wrote an account of Semiramis. Diodorus.――A brother of king Eumenes II., famous for his paternal affection.――A Roman historian, in the age of Gallienus, who is supposed to have written a book on military engines.――A physician of Cilicia in the age of Pliny, who made heat, cold, wet, dry, and air the elements, instead of the four commonly received.

♦ ‘Deipnosphistæ’ replaced with ‘Deipnosophistæ’

Athenagŏras, a Greek in the time of Darius, to whom Pharnabazus gave the government of Chios, &c. Curtius, bk. 8, ch. 5.――A writer on agriculture. Varro.――A christian philosopher, in the age of Aurelius, who wrote a treatise on the resurrection, and an apology for the christians, still extant. He died A.D. 177. The best edition of his works is that of Dechair, 8vo, Oxford, 1706. The romance of Theagenes and Charis is falsely ascribed to him.

Athenāis, a Sibyl of Erythræa, in the age of Alexander. Strabo.――A daughter of the philosopher Leontius.

Athenion, a peripatetic philosopher, 108 B.C.――A general of the Sicilian slaves.――A tyrant of Athens, surnamed Ariston.

Athenŏcles, a general, &c. Polyænus, bk. 6.――A turner of Mitylene. Pliny, bk. 34.

Athenodōrus, a philosopher of Tarsus, intimate with Augustus. The emperor often profited by his lessons, and was advised by him always to repeat the 24 letters of the Greek alphabet before he gave way to the impulse of anger. Athenodorus died in his 82nd year, much lamented by his countrymen. Suetonius.――A poet who wrote comedy, tragedy, and elegy, in the age of Alexander. Plutarch, Alexander.――A stoic philosopher of Cana, near Tarsus, in the age of Augustus. He was intimate with Strabo. Strabo, bk. 14.――A philosopher, disciple to Zeno, and keeper of the royal library at Pergamus.――A marble sculptor.――A man assassinated at Bactra for making himself absolute.

Atheos, a surname of Diagoras and Theodorus, because they denied the existence of a deity. Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 1, ch. 1.

Athĕsis, now Adige, a river of Cisalpine Gaul, near the Po, falling into the Adriatic sea. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 680.

Athos, a mountain of Macedonia, 150 miles in circumference, projecting into the Ægean sea like a promontory. It is so high that it overshadows the island of Lemnos, though at the distance of 87 miles; or, according to modern calculation, only 8 leagues. When Xerxes invaded Greece, he made a trench of a mile and a half in length at the foot of the mountain, into which he brought the sea water, and conveyed his fleet over it, so that two ships could pass one another, thus desirous either to avoid the danger of sailing round the promontory, or to show his vanity and the extent of his power. A sculptor, called Dinocrates, offered Alexander to cut mount Athos, and to make with it a statue of the king holding a town in his left hand, and in the right a spacious basin to receive all the waters which flowed from it. Alexander greatly admired the plan, but objected to the place; and he observed, that the neighbouring country was not sufficiently fruitful to produce corn and provisions for the inhabitants which were to dwell in the city, in the hand of the statue. Athos is now called Monte Santo, famous for monasteries, said to contain some ancient and valuable manuscripts. Herodotus, bk. 6, ch. 44; bk. 7, ch. 21, &c.—Lucan, bk. 2, li. 672.—Ælian, de Natura Animalium, bk. 13, ch. 20, &c.—Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 10.—Aeschines, Against Ctesiphon.

Athrulla, a town of Arabia. Strabo.

Athymbra, a city of Caria, afterwards called Nyssa. Strabo, bk. 14.

Atia, a city of Campania.――A law enacted A.U.C. 690 by Titus Atius Labienus, the tribune of the people. It abolished the Cornelian law, and put in full force the Lex Domitia, by transferring the right of electing priests from the college of priests to the people.――The mother of Augustus. See: Accia.

Atilia lex, gave the pretor and a majority of the tribunes power of appointing guardians to those minors who were not previously provided for by their parents. It was enacted about A.U.C. 560.――Another, A.U.C. 443, which gave the people power of electing 20 tribunes of the soldiers in four legions. Livy, bk. 9, ch. 30.

Atilius, a freedman, who exhibited combats of gladiators at Fidenæ. The amphitheatre, which contained the spectators, fell during the exhibition, and about 50,000 persons were killed or mutilated. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 4, ch. 62.

Atilla, the mother of the poet Lucan. She was accused of conspiracy by her son, who expected to clear himself of the charge. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 15, ch. 56.

Atīna, an ancient town of the Volsci, one of the first which began hostilities against Æneas. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 630.

Atinas, a friend of Turnus, &c. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 11, li. 869.

Atinia lex, was enacted by the tribune Atinius. It gave a tribune of the people the privileges of a senator, and the right of sitting in the senate.

Atlantes, a people of Africa, in the neighbourhood of mount Atlas, who lived chiefly on the fruits of the earth, and were said not to have their sleep at all disturbed by dreams. They daily cursed the sun at his rising and at his setting, because his excessive heat scorched and tormented them. Herodotus.

Atlantiades, a patronymic of Mercury as grandson of Atlas. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 1, li. 639.

Atlantĭdes, a people of Africa near mount Atlas. They boasted of being in possession of the country in which all the gods of antiquity received their birth. Uranus was their first king, whom, on account of his knowledge in astronomy, they enrolled in the number of their gods. Diodorus, bk. 3.――The daughters of Atlas, were seven in number, Maia, Electra, Taygeta, Asterope, Merope, Alcyone, and Celæno. They married some of the gods, and most illustrious heroes, and their children were founders of many nations and cities. The Atlantides were called nymphs, and even goddesses, on account of their great intelligence and knowledge. The name of Hesperides was also given them, on account of their mother Hesperis. They were made constellations after death. See: Pleiades.

Atlantis, a celebrated island mentioned by the ancients. Its situation is unknown, and even its existence is doubted by some writers.

Atlas, one of the Titans, son of Japetus and Clymene, one of the Oceanides. He was brother to Epimetheus, Prometheus, and Menœtius. His mother’s name, according to Apollodorus, was Asia. He married Pleione daughter of Oceanus, or Hesperis, according to others, by whom he had seven daughters, called Atlantides. See: Atlantides. He was king of Mauritania, and master of 1000 flocks of every kind, as also of beautiful gardens, abounding in every species of fruit, which he had entrusted to the care of a dragon. Perseus, after the conquest of the Gorgons, passed by the palace of Atlas, and demanded hospitality. The king, who was informed by an oracle of Themis that he should be dethroned by one of the descendants of Jupiter, refused to receive him, and even offered him violence. Perseus, who was unequal in strength, showed him Medusa’s head, and Atlas was instantly changed into a large mountain. This mountain, which runs across the deserts of Africa east and west, is so high that the ancients have imagined that the heavens rested on its top, and that Atlas supported the world on his shoulders. Hyginus says that Atlas assisted the giants in their wars against the gods, for which Jupiter compelled him to bear the heavens on his shoulders. The fable that Atlas supported the heavens on his back, arises from his fondness for astronomy, and his often frequenting elevated places and mountains, whence he might observe the heavenly bodies. The daughters of Atlas were carried away by Busiris king of Egypt, but redeemed by Hercules, who received, as a reward from the father, the knowledge of astronomy, and a celestial globe. This knowledge Hercules communicated to the Greeks; whence the fable has further said, that he eased for some time the labours of Atlas by taking upon his shoulders the weight of the heavens. According to some authors there were two other persons of that name, a king of Italy, father of Electra, and a king of Arcadia, father of Maia the mother of Mercury. Virgil,, Æneid, bk. 4, li. 481; bk. 8, li. 186.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 4, fable 17.—Diodorus, bk. 3.—Lucan, bk. 9, li. 667, &c.—Valerius Flaccus, bk. 5.—Hyginus, fables 83, 125, 155, 157, 192.—Aratus, Astronomia.—Apollodorus, bk. 1.—Hesiod, Theogony, li. 508, &c.――A river flowing from mount Hæmus into the Ister. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 49.

Atossa, a daughter of Cyrus, who was one of the wives of Cambyses, of Smerdis, and afterwards of Darius, by whom she had Xerxes. She was cured of a dangerous cancer by Democedes. She is supposed by some to be the Vashti of scripture. Herodotus, bk. 3, ch. 68, &c.

Atrăces, a people of Ætolia, who received their name from Atrax son of Ætolus. Their country was called Atracia.

Atramyttium, a town of Mysia.

Atrăpes, an officer of Alexander, who, at the general division of the provinces, received Media. Diodorus, bk. 18.

Atrax, son of Ætolus, or, according to others, of the river Peneus. He was king of Thessaly, and built a town which he called Atrax or Atracia. This town became so famous that the word Atracias has been applied to any inhabitant of Thessaly. He was father of Hippodamia, who married Pirithous, and whom we must not confound with the wife of Pelops, who bore the same name. Propertius, bk. 1, poem 8, li. 25.—Statius, bk. 1, Thebiad, li. 106.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12, li. 209.――A city of Thessaly, whence the epithet of Atracius.――A river of Ætolia, which falls into the Ionian sea.

Atrebātæ, a people of Britain, who were in possession of the modern counties of Berks, Oxford, &c.

Atrĕbātes, now Artois, a people of Gaul, who, together with the Nervii, opposed Julius Cæsar with 15,000 men. They were conquered, and Comius, a friend of the general, was set over them as king. They were reinstated in their former liberty and independence, on account of the services of Comius. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 2, &c.

Atrēni, a people of Armenia.

Atreus, a son of Pelops by Hippodamia, daughter of Œnomaus king of Pisa, was king of Mycenæ, and brother to Pittheus, Trœzon, Thyestes, and Chrysippus. As Chrysippus was an illegitimate son, and at the same time a favourite of his father, Hippodamia resolved to remove him. She persuaded her sons Thyestes and Atreus to murder him; but their refusal exasperated her more, and she executed it herself. This murder was grievous to Pelops: he suspected his two sons, who fled away from his presence. Atreus retired to the court of Eurystheus king of Argos, his nephew, and upon his death he succeeded him on the throne. He married, as some report, Ærope, his predecessor’s daughter, by whom he had Plisthenes, Menelaus, and Agamemnon. Others affirm that Ærope was the wife of Plisthenes, by whom he had Agamemnon and Menelaus, who are the reputed sons of Atreus, because that prince took care of their education, and brought them up as his own. See: Plisthenes. Thyestes had followed his brother to Argos, where he lived with him, and debauched his wife, by whom he had two, or, according to some, three children. This incestuous commerce offended Atreus, and Thyestes was banished from his court. He was, however, soon after recalled by his brother, who determined cruelly to revenge the violence offered to his bed. To effect this purpose, he invited his brother to a sumptuous feast, where Thyestes was served up with the flesh of the children he had had by his sister-in-law the queen. After the repast was finished, the arms and the heads of the murdered children were produced, to convince Thyestes of what he had feasted upon. This action appeared so cruel and impious, that the sun is said to have shrunk back in his course at the bloody sight. Thyestes immediately fled to the court of Thesprotus, and thence to Sicyon, where he ravished his own daughter Pelopea, in a grove sacred to Minerva, without knowing who she was. This incest he committed intentionally, as some report, to revenge himself on his brother Atreus, according to the words of the oracle, which promised him satisfaction for the cruelties he had suffered only from the hand of a son who should be born of himself and his own daughter. Pelopea brought forth a son whom she called Ægisthus, and soon after she married Atreus, who had lost his wife. Atreus adopted Ægisthus, and sent him to murder Thyestes, who had been seized at Delphi and imprisoned. Thyestes knew his son, and made himself known to him; he made him espouse his cause, and instead of becoming his father’s murderer, he rather avenged his wrongs, and returned to Atreus, whom he assassinated. See: Thyestes, Ægisthus, Pelopea, Agamemnon, and Menelaus. Hyginus, fables 83, 86, 87, 88, & 258.—Euripides, Orestes; Iphigeneia in Taurus.—Plutarch, Parallela minora.—Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 40.—Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 10.—Seneca on Atreus.

Atrīdæ, a patronymic given by Homer to Agamemnon and Menelaus, as being the sons of Atreus. This is false, upon the authority of Hesiod, Lactantius [Placidus], Dictys of Crete, &c., who maintain that these princes were not the sons of Atreus, but of Plisthenes, and that they were brought up in the house and under the eye of their grandfather. See: Plisthenes.

Atronius, a friend of Turnus, killed by the Trojans. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10.

Atropatia, a part of Media. Strabo.

Atrŏpos, one of the Parcæ, daughters of Nox and Erebus. According to the derivation of her name (a non, τρεπω muto), she is inexorable and inflexible, and her duty among the three sisters is to cut the thread of life, without any regard to sex, age, or quality. She was represented by the ancients in a black veil, with a pair of scissors in her hand. See: Parcæ.

T. Q. Atta, a writer of merit in the Augustan age, who seems to have received this name from some deformity in his legs or feet. His compositions, dramatical as well as satirical, were held in universal admiration, though Horace thinks of them with indifference. Horace, bk. 2, ltr. 1, li. 79.

Attălia, a city of Pamphylia, built by king Attalus. Strabo.

Attalĭcus. See: Attalus III.

Attălus I., king of Pergamus, succeeded Eumenes I. He defeated the Gauls who had invaded his dominions, extended his conquests to mount Taurus, and obtained the assistance of the Romans against Antiochus. The Athenians rewarded his merit with great honours. He died at Pergamus after a reign of 44 years, B.C. 197. Livy, bks. 26, 27, 28, &c.—Polybius, bk. 5.—Strabo, bk. 13.――The second of that name was sent on an embassy to Rome by his brother Eumenes II., and at his return was appointed guardian to his nephew Attalus III., who was then an infant. Prusias made successful war against him, and seized his capital; but the conquest was stopped by the interference of the Romans, who restored Attalus to his throne. Attalus, who has received the name of Philadelphus, from his fraternal love, was a munificent patron of learning, and the founder of several cities. He was poisoned by his nephew in the 82nd year of his age, B.C. 138. He had governed the nation with great prudence and moderation for 20 years. Strabo, bk. 13.—Polybius, bk. 5.――The third succeeded to the kingdom of Pergamus, by the murder of Attalus II., and made himself odious by his cruelty to his relations and his wanton exercise of power. He was son to Eumenes II., and surnamed Philopater. He left the cares of government to cultivate his garden, and to make experiments on the melting of metals. He lived in great amity with the Romans; and as he died without issue by his wife Berenice, he left in his will the words Populus Romanus meorum hæres esto, which the Romans interpreted as themselves, and therefore took possession of his kingdom, B.C. 133, and made of it a Roman province, which they governed by a proconsul. From this circumstance, whatever was a valuable acquisition, or an ample fortune, was always called by the epithet Attalicus. Attalus, as well as his predecessors, made themselves celebrated for the valuable libraries which they collected at Pergamus, and for the patronage which merit and virtue always found at their court. Livy, bk. 24, &c.—Pliny, bks. 7, 8, 33, &c.—Justin, bk. 39.—Horace, bk. 1, ode 1.――An officer in Alexander’s army. Curtius, bk. 4, ch. 13.――Another very inimical to Alexander. He was put to death by Parmenio, and Alexander was accused of the murder. Curtius, bk. 6, ch. 9; bk. 8, ch. 1.――A philosopher, preceptor to Seneca. Seneca ltr. 108.――An astronomer of Rhodes.

Attarras, an officer who seized those that had conspired with Dymnus against Alexander. Curtius, bk. 6.

Atteius Capĭto, a consul in the age of Augustus, who wrote treatises on sacerdotal laws, public courts of justice, and the duty of a senator. See: ♦Ateius.

♦ No reference to ‘Ateius’ found.

Attes, a son of Calaus of Phrygia, who was born impotent. He introduced the worship of Cybele among the Lydians, and became a great favourite of the goddess. Jupiter was jealous of his success, and sent a wild boar to lay waste the country and destroy Attes. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 17.

Atthis, a daughter of Cranaus II. king of Athens, who gave her name to Attica, according to Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 14.

Attĭca, a country of Achaia or Hellas, at the south of Bœotia, west of the Ægean sea, north of the Saronicus Sinus, and east of Megara. It received its name from Atthis, the daughter of Cranaus. It was originally called Ionia, from the Ionians, who settled there; and also Acte, which signifies shore, and Cecropia, from Cecrops the first of its kings. The most famous of its cities is called Athens, whose inhabitants sometimes bear the name of Attici. Attica was famous for its gold and silver mines, which constituted the best part of the public revenues. The face of the country was partly level and partly mountainous, divided into the 13 tribes of Acamantis, Æantis, Antiochis, Attalis, Ægeis, Erechtheis, Adrianis, Hippothoontis, Cecropis, Leontis, Æneis, Ptolemais, and Pandionis; whose inhabitants were numbered in the 116th olympiad, at 31,000 citizens, and 400,000 slaves, within 174 villages, some of which were considerable towns. See: Athenæ.

Attĭcus, one of Galba’s servants, who entered his palace with a bloody sword, and declared he had killed Otho. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 1.――Titus Pomponius, a celebrated Roman knight, to whom Cicero wrote a great number of letters, which contained the general history of the age. They are now extant, and divided into 17 books. In the time of Marius and Sylla, Atticus retired to Athens, where he so endeared himself to the citizens, that after his departure they erected statues to him in commemoration of his munificence and liberality. He was such a perfect master of the Greek writers, and spoke their language so fluently, that he was surnamed Atticus; and, as a proof of his learning, he favoured the world with some of his compositions. He behaved in such a disinterested manner, that he offended neither of the inimical parties at Rome, and both were equally anxious of courting his approbation. He lived in the greatest intimacy with the illustrious men of his age, and he was such a lover of truth, that he not only abstained from falsehood even in a joke, but treated with the greatest contempt and indignation a lying tongue. It is said that he refused to take aliments when unable to get the better of a fever; and died in the 77th year, B.C. 32, after bearing the amiable character of peacemaker among his friends. Cornelius Nepos, one of his intimate friends, has written a minute account of his life. Cicero, Letters to Atticus, &c.――Herodes, an Athenian in the age of the Antonines, descended from Miltiades, and celebrated for his munificence. His son of the same name was honoured with the consulship, and he generously erected an aqueduct at Troas, of which he had been made governor by the emperor Adrian, and raised, in other parts of the empire, several public buildings as useful as they were magnificent. Philostratus, Lives of the Sophists, bk. 2, p. 548.—Aulus Gellius, Noctes Atticæ.――A consul in the age of Nero, &c. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 15.

Attĭla, a celebrated king of the Huns, a nation in the southern parts of Scythia, who invaded the Roman empire in the reign of Valentinian, with an army of 500,000 men, and laid waste the provinces. He took the town of Aquileia, and marched against Rome; but his retreat and peace were purchased with a large sum of money by the feeble emperor. Attila, who boasted in the appellation of the scourge of God, died A.D. 453, of an uncommon effusion of blood, the first night of his nuptials. He had expressed his wish to extend his conquests over the whole world; and he often feasted his barbarity by dragging captive kings in his train. Jornandes, Getica.

Attilius, a Roman consul in the first Punic war. See: Regulus.――Calatinus, a Roman consul who fought the Carthaginian fleet.――Marcus, a poet who translated the Electra of Sophocles into Latin verse, and wrote comedies whose unintelligible language procured him the appellation of Ferreus.――Regulus, a Roman censor who built a temple to the goddess of concord. Livy, bk. 23, ch. 23, &c.――The name of Attilius was common among the Romans, and many of the public magistrates are called Attilii; their life, however, is not famous for any illustrious event.

Attinas, an officer set over Bactriana by Alexander. Curtius, bk. 8.

Attius Pelignus, an officer of Cæsar. Cæsar, Civil War, bk. 1.――Tullius, the general of the Volsci, to whom Coriolanus fled when banished from Rome. Livy.――Varius seized Auxinum in Pompey’s name, whence he was expelled. After this he fled to Africa, which he alienated from Julius Cæsar. Cæsar, bk. 1, Civil War.――A poet. See: Accius.――The family of the Attii was descended from Atys, one of the companions of Æneas, according to the opinion which Virgil has adopted, Æneid, bk. 5, li. 568.

Atūrus, a river of Gaul, now the Adour, which runs at the foot of the Pyrenean mountains into the bay of Biscay. Lucan, bk. 1, li. 420.

Atyădæ, the descendants of Atys the Lydian.

Atys, an ancient king of Lydia, who sent away his son Tyrrhenus with a colony of Lydians, who settled in Italy. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 7.――A son of Crœsus king of Lydia. He was forbidden the use of all weapons by his father, who had dreamt that he had been killed. Some time after this, Atys prevailed on his father to permit him to go to hunt a wild boar which laid waste the country of Mysia, and he was killed in the attempt by Adrastus, whom Crœsus had appointed guardian over his son, and thus the apprehensions of the monarch were realized. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 34, &c. See: Adrastus.――A Trojan who came to Italy with Æneas, and is supposed to be the progenitor of the family of the Atti at Rome. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 5, li. 568.――A youth to whom Ismene the daughter of Œdipus was promised in marriage. He was killed by Tydeus before his nuptials. Statius, Thebiad, bk. 8, li. 598.――A son of Limniace the daughter of the river Ganges, who assisted Cepheus in preventing the marriage of Andromeda, and was killed by Perseus with a burning log of wood. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 5, li. 47.――A celebrated shepherd of Phrygia, of whom the mother of the gods, generally called Cybele, became enamoured. She entrusted him with the care of her temple, and made him promise that he always would live in celibacy. He violated his vow by an amour with the nymph Sangaris, for which the goddess made him so insane and delirious, that he castrated himself with a sharp stone. This was afterwards intentionally done by his sacerdotal successors in the service of Cybele, to prevent their breaking their vows of perpetual chastity. This account is the most general and most approved. Others say that the goddess became fond of Atys, because he had introduced her festivals in the greatest part of Asia Minor, and that she herself mutilated him. Pausanias relates, in Achaia, ch. 17, that Atys was the son of the daughter of the Sangar, who became pregnant by putting the bough of an almond tree in her bosom. Jupiter, as the passage mentions, once had an amorous dream, and some of the impurity of the god fell upon the earth, which soon after produced a monster of a human form, with the characteristics of the two sexes. This monster was called Agdistis, and was deprived by the gods of those parts which distinguished the male sex. From the mutilated parts which were thrown upon the ground, rose an almond tree, one of whose branches a nymph of the Sangar gathered, and placed in her bosom as mentioned above. Atys, as soon as born, was exposed in a wood, but preserved by a she-goat. The genius Agdistis saw him in the wood, and was captivated with his beauty. As Atys was going to celebrate his nuptials with the daughter of the king of Pessinus, Agdistis, who was jealous of his rival, inspired by his enchantments the king and his future son-in-law with such an uncommon fury, that they both attacked and ♦mutilated one another in the struggle. Ovid says, Metamorphoses, bk. 10, fable 2, &c., that Cybele changed Atys into a pine tree as he was going to lay violent hands upon himself, and ever after that tree was sacred to the mother of the gods. After his death, Atys received divine honours, and temples were raised to his memory, particularly at Dymæ. Catullus, the Adventures of Atys [Attis] and Berecynthia [Cybele].—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 10, fable 3; Fasti, bk. 4, li. 223, &c.—Lucian, Deâ Syriâ.――Sylvius, son of Albius Sylvius, was king of Alba. Livy, bk. 1, ch. 3.

♦ ‘multilated’ replaced with ‘mutilated’

Avarīcum, a strong and fortified town of Gaul, now called Bourges, the capital of Berry. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 7.

Avella, a town of Campania, abounding in nuts, whence nuts have been called avellinæ. Silius Italicus, bk. 8, li. 45, &c.—Virgil, Æneid, ♦bk. 7, li. 740.

♦ ‘Book 7’ omitted from reference

Aventīnus, a son of Hercules by Rhea, who assisted Turnus against Æneas, and distinguished himself by his valour. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 657.――A king of Alba, buried upon mount Aventine. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 4, li. 51.――One of the seven hills on which part of the city of Rome was built, it was 13,300 feet in circumference, and was given to the people to build houses upon, by king Ancus Martius. It was not reckoned within the precincts of the city till the reign of the emperor Claudius, because the soothsayers looked upon it as a place of ill omen, as Remus had been buried there, whose blood had been criminally shed. The word is derived, according to some, ab avibus, because birds were fond of the place. Others suppose that it receives its name because Aventinus, one of the Alban kings, was buried upon it. Juno, the Moon, Diana, Bona Dea, Hercules, and the goddess of Victory and Liberty, had magnificent temples built upon it. Varro, de Lingua Latina, bk. 4.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 8, li. 235.—Livy, bk. 1, ch. 33.

Avernus, or Averna, a lake of Campania near Baiæ, whose waters were so unwholesome and putrid, that no birds were seen on its banks; hence its original name was ἀορνος, avibus carens. The ancients made it the entrance of hell, as also one of its rivers. Its circumference was five stadia, and its depth could not be ascertained. The waters of the Avernus were indispensably necessary in all enchantments and magical processes. It may be observed, that all lakes whose stagnated waters were putrid and offensive to the smell, were indiscriminately called Averna. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 4, lis. 5, 12, &c.; bk. 6, li. 201, &c.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 4.—Strabo, bk. 5.—Diodorus, bk. 4.—Aristotle, on Admethics [Ethics].

Avesta, a book composed by Zoroaster.

Aufeia aqua, called afterwards Marcia, was the sweetest and most wholesome water in Rome, and it was first conveyed into the city by Ancus Martius.

Aufidēna, now Alfidena, a city of the Peligni in Italy, whose inhabitants, called Aufidenates, were among the Sabines. Livy, bk. 10, ch. 12.

Aufĭdia lex, was enacted by the tribune Aufidius Lurco, A.U.C. 692. It ordained, that if any candidate, in canvassing for an office, promised money to the tribunes, and failed in the performance, he should be excused; but if he actually paid it, he should be compelled to pay every tribune 6000 sesterces.

Aufidius, an effeminate person of Chios. Juvenal, satire 9, li. 25.――Bassus, a famous historian in the age of Quintilian, who wrote an account of Germany, and of the civil wars.――A Roman senator, famous for his blindness and abilities. Cicero, Tusculanæ Disputations, bk. 5.――Lurco, a man who enriched himself by fattening peacocks, and selling them for meat. Pliny, bk. 10.――Luscus, a man obscurely born, and made pretor of Fundi, in the age of Horace. Horace, bk. 1, satire 5, li. 34.

Aufĭdus, a river of Apulia falling into the Adriatic sea, and now called Ofanto. It was on its banks that the Romans were defeated by Hannibal at Cannæ. The spot is still shown by the inhabitants, and bears the name of the field of blood. Horace, bk. 3, ode 30; bk. 4, ode 9.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 11, li. 405.

Auga, Auge, and Augea, daughter of Aleus king of Tegea by Neæra, was ravished by Hercules, and brought forth a son, whom she exposed in the woods to conceal her amours from her father. The child was preserved, and called Telephus. Aleus was informed of his daughter’s shame, and gave her to Nauplius to be put to death. Nauplius refused to perform the cruel office, and gave Auge to Teuthras king of Mysia, who, being without issue, adopted her as his daughter. Some time after the dominions of Teuthras were invaded by an enemy, and the king promised his crown and daughter to him who could deliver him from the impending calamity. Telephus, who had been directed by the oracle to go to the court of Teuthras, if he wished to find his parents, offered his services to the king, and they were accepted. As he was going to unite himself to Auge, in consequence of the victory he had obtained, Auge rushed from him with secret horror, and the gods sent a serpent to separate them. Auge implored the aid of Hercules, who made her son known to her, and she returned with him to Tegea. Pausanias says, that Auge was confined in a coffer with her infant son, and thrown into the sea, where, after being preserved and protected by Minerva, she was found by king Teuthras. Apollodorus, bks. 2 & 3.—Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 4.—Hyginus, fables 99 & 100.

Augarus, an Arabian who, for his good offices obtained the favours of Pompey, whom he vilely deceived. Dio Cassius.――A king of Osroene, whom Caracalla imprisoned, after he had given him solemn promises of friendship and support. Dio Cassius, bk. 78.

Augeæ, a town of Laconia. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 21.――Another of Locris.

Augias and Augeas, son of Eleus, or Elius, was one of the Argonauts, and afterwards ascended the throne of Elis. He had an immense number of oxen and goats, and the stables in which they were kept had never been cleaned, so that the task seemed an impossibility to any man. Hercules undertook it, on promise of receiving as a reward the tenth part of the herds of Augias, or something equivalent. The hero changed the course of the river Alpheus, or, according to others, of the Peneus, which immediately carried away the dung and filth from the stables. Augias refused the promised recompense on pretence that Hercules had made use of artifice, and had not experienced any labour or trouble, and he further drove his own son Phyleus from his kingdom, because he supported the claims of the hero. The refusal was a declaration of war. Hercules conquered Elis, put to death Augias, and gave the crown to Phyleus. Pausanias says, bk. 5, chs. 2 & 3, that Hercules spared the life of Augias for the sake of his son, and that Phyleus went to settle in Dulichium; and that at the death of Augias his other son, Agasthenes succeeded to the throne. Augias received, after his death, the honours which were generally paid to a hero. Augias has been called the son of Sol, because Elius signifies the sun. The proverb of Augean stable is now applied to an impossibility. Hyginus, fables 14, 30, 157.—Pliny, bk. 17, ch. 9.—Strabo, bk. 8.—Apollodorus, bk. 2.

Augĭlæ, a people of Africa, who supposed that there were no gods except the manes of the dead, of whom they sought oracles. Mela, bk. 1.

Augīnus, a mountain of Liguria. Livy, bk. 39, ch. 2.

Augŭres, certain officers at Rome who foretold future events, whence their name, ab avium garritu. They were first created by Romulus, to the number of three. Servius Tullius added a fourth, and the tribunes of the people, A.U.C. 454, increased the number to nine; and Sylla added six more during his dictatorship. They had a particular college, and the chief amongst them was called Magister collegii. Their office was honourable; and if any one of them was convicted of any crime, he could not be deprived of his privileges; an indulgence granted to no other sacerdotal body at Rome. The augur generally sat on a high tower to make his observations. His face was turned towards the east, and he had the north to his left, and the south at his right. With a crooked staff he divided the face of the heavens into four different parts, and afterwards sacrificed to the gods, covering his head with his vestment. There were generally five things from which the augurs drew omens. The first consisted in observing the phænomena of the heavens, such as thunder, lightning, comets, &c. The second kind of omen was drawn from the chirping or flying of birds. The third was from the sacred chickens, whose eagerness or indifference in eating the bread which was thrown to them, was looked upon as lucky or unlucky. The fourth was from quadrupeds, from their crossing or appearing in some unaccustomed place. The fifth was from different casualties, which were called Dira, such as spilling salt upon a table, or wine upon one’s clothes, hearing strange noises, stumbling or sneezing, meeting a wolf, hare, fox, or pregnant bitch. From such superstitious notions did the Romans draw their prophecies. The sight of birds on the left hand was always deemed a lucky object, and the words sinister and lævus, though generally supposed to be terms of ill luck, were always used by the augurs in an auspicious sense. Cicero, de Divinatione.—Livy, bk. 1, &c.—Dionysius of Halicarnassus.—Ovid, Fasti.

♦Augurīnus Julius, a Roman knight who conspired against Nero, &c. Tacitus, ♠Annals, bk. 15, ch. 70.

♦ ‘Tugurīnus Julius’ replaced with ‘Augurīnus Julius’

Placed in correct alphebetical order.

♠ ‘H. 15, c. 70’ replaced with ‘Annals, bk. 15, ch. 50’

Augusta, a name given to 70 cities in the Roman provinces in honour of Augustus Cæsar.――London, as capital of the country of the Trinobantes, was called Augusta Trinobantia.――Messalina, famous for her debaucheries, was called Augusta, as wife of the emperor Claudius. Juvenal, satire 6, li. 118.

Augustālia, a festival at Rome, in commemoration of the day on which Augustus returned to Rome, after he had established peace over the different parts of the empire.

Augustīnus, a bishop of Hippo in Africa, distinguished himself by his writings, as well as by the austerity of his life. In his works, which are numerous, he displayed the powers of a great genius, and an extensive acquaintance with the philosophy of Plato. He died in the 76th year of his age, A.D. 430. The best edition of his works is that of the Benedict, folio, Antwerp, 1700 to 1703, 12 vols.

Augustodūnum, now Autun, a town of Gaul, the capital of the ancient Ædui.

Augustŭlus, the last Roman emperor of the west, A.D. 475, conquered by Odoacer king of the Heruli.

Augustus Octaviānus Cæsar, second emperor of Rome, was son of Octavius a senator, and Accia daughter of Julius, and sister to Julius Cæsar. He was adopted by his uncle Cæsar, and inherited the greatest part of his fortune. He lost his father at the age of four; and though only 18 when his uncle was murdered, he hastened to Rome, where he ingratiated himself with the senate and people, and received the honours of the consulship two years after, as the reward of his hypocrisy. Though his youth and his inexperience were ridiculed by his enemies, who branded him with the appellation of boy, yet he rose in consequence by his prudence and valour, and made war against his opponents, on pretence of avenging the death of his murdered uncle. But when he perceived that by making him fight against Antony, the senate wished to debilitate both antagonists, he changed his views, and uniting himself with his enemy, soon formed the second triumvirate, in which his cruel proscriptions shed the innocent blood of 300 senators and 200 knights, and did not even spare the life of his friend Cicero. By the divisions which were made among the triumvirs, Augustus retained for himself the more important provinces of the west, and banished, as it were, his colleagues, Lepidus and Antony, to more distant territories. But as long as the murderers of Cæsar were alive, the reigning tyrants had reason for apprehension, and therefore the forces of the triumvirate were directed against the partisans of Brutus and the senate. The battle was decided at Philippi, where it is said that the valour and conduct of Antony alone preserved the combined armies, and effected the defeat of the republican forces. The head of the unfortunate Brutus was carried to Rome, and in insolent revenge thrown at the feet of Cæsar’s statue. On his return to Italy, Augustus rewarded his soldiers with the lands of those that had been proscribed; but among the sufferers were many who had never injured the conqueror of Philippi, especially Virgil, whose modest application procured the restitution of his property. The friendship which subsisted between Augustus and Antony was broken as soon as the fears of a third rival vanished away, and the aspiring heir of Cæsar was easily induced to take up arms by the little jealousies and resentment of Fulvia. Her death, however, retarded hostilities; the two rivals were reconciled; their united forces were successfully directed against the younger Pompey; and, to strengthen their friendship, Antony agreed to marry Octavia the sister of Augustus. But as this step was political, and not dictated by affection, Octavia was slighted, and Antony resigned himself to the pleasures and company of the beautiful Cleopatra. Augustus was incensed, and immediately took up arms to avenge the wrongs of his sister, and perhaps more eagerly to remove a man whose power and existence kept him in continual alarms, and made him dependent. Both parties met at Actium, B.C. 31, to decide the fate of Rome. Antony was supported by all the power of the east, and Augustus by Italy. Cleopatra fled from the battle with 60 ships, and her flight ruined the interest of Antony, who followed her into Egypt. The conqueror soon after passed into Egypt, besieged Alexandria, and honoured, with a magnificent funeral, the unfortunate Roman and the celebrated queen, whom the fear of being led in the victor’s triumph at Rome had driven to commit suicide. After he had established peace all over the world, Augustus shut up the gates of the temple of Janus, the year our Saviour was born. It is said he twice resolved to lay down the supreme power, immediately after the victory obtained over Antony, and afterwards on account of his ill-health; but his friend Mecænas dissuaded him, and observed that he would leave it to be the prey of the most powerful, and expose himself to ingratitude and to danger. He died at Nola, in the 76th year of his age, A.D. 14, after he had held the sovereign power during 44 years. Augustus was an active emperor, and consulted the good of the Romans with the most anxious care. He visited all the provinces except Africa and Sardinia, and his consummate prudence and experience gave rise to many salutary laws, but it may be said, that be finished with a good grace what he began with cruelty. While making himself absolute, he took care to leave his countrymen the shadow of liberty; and if, under the character and office ♦of perpetual tribune, of priest and imperator, he was invested with all the power of sovereignty, he guarded against offending the jealous Romans, by not assuming the regal title. His refusal to read the letters he found after Pompey’s defeat arose more from fear than honour, and he dreaded the discovery of names which would have perhaps united to sacrifice his ambition. His good qualities, and many virtues he perhaps never possessed, have been transmitted to posterity by the pen of adulation or gratitude, in the poems of Virgil, Horace, and Ovid. To distinguish himself from the obscurity of the Octavii, and, if possible, to suppress the remembrance of his uncle’s violent fate, he aspired after a new title; and the submissive senate yielded to his ambition, by giving him the honourable appellation of Augustus. He has been accused of licentiousness and adultery by his biographer; but the goodness of his heart, and the fidelity of his friendship, which in some instances he possessed, made some amends for his natural foibles. He was ambitious of being thought handsome; and as he was publicly reported to be the son of Apollo, according to his mother’s declaration, he wished his flatterers to represent him with the figure and attributes of that god. Like Apollo, his eyes were clear, and he affected to have it thought that they possessed some divine irradiation; and was well pleased if, when he fixed his looks upon anybody, they held down their eyes as if overcome by the glaring brightness of the sun. He distinguished himself by his learning; he was a perfect master of the Greek language, and wrote some tragedies, besides memoirs of his life, and other works, all now lost. He was married three times; to Claudia, to Scribonia, and to Livia; but he was unhappy in his matrimonial connections, and his only daughter Julia by Scribonia disgraced herself and her father by the debauchery and licentiousness of her manners. He recommended, at his death, his adopted son Tiberius as his successor. He left his fortune, partly to Tiberius and to Drusus, and made donations to the army and to the Roman people. Virgil wrote his heroic poem at the desire of Augustus, whom he represented under the amiable and perfect character of Æneas. Suetonius, The Twelve Caesars.—Horace.—Virgil.—Pausanias.—Tacitus.—Paterculus.—Dio Cassius.—Ovid.――The name of Augustus was afterwards given to the successors of Octavianus in the Roman empire as a personal, and the name of Cæsar as a family, distinction. In a more distant period of the empire, the title of Augustus was given only to the emperor, while that of Cæsar was bestowed on the second person in the state, who was considered as presumptive heir.

♦ ‘or’ replaced with ‘of’

Avĭdiēnus, a rich and sordid man, whom Horace styles happy, bk. 2, satire 2, li. 55.

Avidius Cassius, a man saluted emperor, A.D. 175. He reigned only three months, and was assassinated by a centurion. He was called a second Catiline, from his excessive love of bloodshed. Diodorus.

Rufus Festus Aviēnus, a poet in the age of Theodosius, who translated the phænomena of Aratus, as also all Livy, into iambic verses. The best edition of what remains of him is that of Cannegetier, 8vo, 1731.

Avitus, a governor of Britain under Nero. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 14.――Alcinus, a christian poet, who wrote a poem in six books on original sin, &c.

Avium, a city between Tyre and Sidon. Strabo, bk. 16.

Aulerci, a people of Gaul, between the Seine and the Loire.

Aulestes, a king of the Etrurians when Æneas came into Italy. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 12, li. 290.

Aulētes, a general who assisted Æneas in Italy, with 100 ships. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 207.――The surname of one of the Ptolemean kings, father to Cleopatra.

Aulis, a daughter of Ogyges. Pausanias, Bœotia.――A town of Bœotia near Chalcis on the sea coast, where all the Greeks conspired against Troy. They were detained there by contrary winds, by the anger of Diana, whose favourite stag had been killed by Agamemnon. To appease the resentment of the goddess, Agamemnon was obliged to sacrifice his own daughter Iphigenia, whom, however, Diana spared by substituting a ram. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 4, li. 426.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12, li. 9, &c.—Homer, Iliad, bk. 2, li. 303.

Aulon, a mountain of Calabria, opposite Tarentum, famous for its wine, which, according to Horace bk. 2, ode 6, li. 18, is superior to that of Falernum. Martial, bk. 13, ltr. 125.—Strabo, bk. 6.――A place of Messenia. Pausanias.

Aulonius, a surname of Æsculapius.

Aulus, a prænomen common among the Romans.――Gellius. See: Gellius.

Auras, a European river, flowing into the Ister from mount Hæmus. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 49.

Aurelia lex, was enacted A.U.C. 653, by the pretor Lucius Aurelius Cotta, to invest the Senatorian and Equestrian orders, and the Tribuni Ærarii, with judicial power.――Another, A.U.C. 678. It abrogated a clause of the Lex Cornelia and permitted the tribunes to hold other offices after the expiration of the tribuneship.

Aurelia, a town of Hispania Bætica.――The mother of Julius Cæsar. Suetonius, Cæsar, ch. 74.――A fishwoman. Juvenal, satire 4, li. 98.

Aureliānus, emperor of Rome after Flavius Claudius, was austere, and even cruel in the execution of the laws, and punished his soldiers with unusual severity. He rendered himself famous for his military character; and his expedition against Zenobia, the celebrated queen of Palmyra, gained him great honours. He beautified Rome, was charitable to the poor, and the author of many salutary laws. He was naturally brave, and in all the battles he fought, it is said, he killed no less than 800 men with his own hand. In his triumph, he exhibited to the Romans people of 15 different nations, all of which he had conquered. He was the first emperor who wore a diadem. After a glorious reign of six years, as he marched against the northern barbarians, he was assassinated near Byzantium, A.D. 275, January 29th, by his soldiers, whom Mnestheus had incited to rebellion against their emperor. This Mnestheus had been threatened with death, for some ill behaviour to the emperor, and therefore he meditated his death. The soldiers, however, soon repented of their ingratitude and cruelty to Aurelian, and threw Mnestheus to be devoured by wild beasts.――A physician of the fourth century.

Aurelius, emperor of Rome. See: Antoninus Bassianus.――A painter in the age of Augustus. Pliny, bk. 35.――Victor, an historian in the age of Julian, two of whose compositions are extant—an account of illustrious men, and a biography of all the Cæsars to Julian. The best edition of Aurelius are the 4to of Artuzenius, Amsterdam, 1733, and the 8vo of Pitiscus, Utrecht, 1696.――Antoninus, an emperor. See: Antoninus.

Aureolus, a general who assumed the purple in the age of Gallienus.

Aurinia, a prophetess held in great veneration by the Germans. Tacitus, Germania, ch. 8.

Aurōra, a goddess, daughter of Hyperion and Thia or Thea, or, according to others, of Titan and Terra. Some say that Pallas, son of Crius and brother to Perseus, was her father; hence her surname of Pallantias. She married Astræus, by whom she had the winds, the stars, &c. Her amours with Tithonus and Cephalus are also famous; by the former she had Memnon and Æmathion, and Phaeton by the latter. See: Cephalus and Tithonus. She had also an intrigue with Orion, whom she carried to the island of Delos, where he was killed by Diana’s arrows. Aurora is generally represented by the poets drawn in a rose-coloured chariot, and opening with her rosy fingers the gates of the east, pouring the dew upon the earth, and making the flowers grow. Her chariot is generally drawn by white horses, and she is covered with a veil. Nox and Somnus fly before her, and the constellations of heaven disappear at her approach. She always sets out before the sun, and is the forerunner of his rising. The Greeks call her Eos. Homer, Iliad, bk. 8; Odyssey, bk. 10; Hymn to Aphrodite.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bks. 3, 9, 15.—Apollodorus, bks. 1, 3.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 535.—Varro, de Lingua Latina, bk. 5, &c.—Hesiod, Theogony.—Hyginus, preface to fables.

Aurunce, an ancient town of Latium, built by Auson the son of Ulysses by Calypso. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 727, &c.

Auschīsæ, a people of Libya. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 171.

Ausci, a people of Gaul.

Auser, Auseris, and Anser, a river of Etruria, which joins the Arnus before it falls into the Tyrrhene sea.

Auses, a people of Africa, whose virgins yearly fight with sticks in honour of Minerva. She who behaves with the greatest valour receives unusual honour, &c. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 180.

Auson, a son of Ulysses and Calypso, from whom the Ausones, a people of Italy, are descended.

Ausonia, one of the ancient names of Italy, which it received from Auson the son of Ulysses. If Virgil makes Æneas speak of Ausonia, it is by anticipation. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 171.

Decimius Magnus Ausōnius, a poet, born at Bordeaux in Gaul, in the fourth century, preceptor to Gratian son of the emperor Valentinian, and made consul by the means of his pupil. His compositions have been long admired. The thanks he returned the emperor Gratian is one of the best of his poems, which were too often hurried for publication, and consequently not perfect. He wrote the consular fasti of Rome, a useful performance, now lost. His style is occasionally obscene, and he has attempted upon the words of Virgil, what revolts everything against his indelicacy. The best edition is that of Tollius, 8vo, Leiden, 1671; or that of Jaubert, with a French translation, 4 vols., 12mo, Paris, 1769.

Auspĭces, a sacerdotal order at Rome, nearly the same as the Augurs. See: Augures.

Auster, one of the winds blowing from the south, whose breath was pernicious to flowers as well as to health. He was parent of rain. Virgil, Eclogues, poem 2, li. 58. See: Venti.

Austesion, a Theban, son of Tisamenus. His son Theras led a colony into an island which, from him, was called Thera. Herodotus, bk. 4.—Pausanias.

Autobūlus, a painter. Pliny, bk. 35.

Autochthŏnes, the original inhabitants of a country who are the first possessors of it, and who never have mingled with other nations. The Athenians called themselves Autochthones, and boasted that they were as old as the country which they inhabited. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 14.—Tacitus, Germania.—Cicero, On Oratory, bk. 3, ch. 83.

Autŏcles, an Athenian, sent by his countrymen with a fleet to the assistance of Alexander of Pheræ.

Autocrătes, an historian mentioned by Athenæus, bks. 9 & 11.

Autolŏlæ, a people of Mauritania descended from the Gætuli. They excelled all their neighbours in running. Lucan, bk. 4, li. 677.

Autŏly̆cus, a son of Mercury by Chione a daughter of Dædalion. He was one of the Argonauts. His craft as a thief has been greatly celebrated. He stole the flocks of his neighbours, and mingled them with his own, after he had changed their marks. He did the same to Sisyphus son of Æolus; but Sisyphus was as crafty as Autolycus, and he knew his own oxen by a mark which he had made under their feet. Autolycus was so pleased with the artifice of Sisyphus, that he immediately formed an intimacy with him, and even permitted him freely to enjoy the company of his daughter Anticlea, who became pregnant of Ulysses, and was soon after married to Laertes. See: Sisyphus, Laertes. Hyginus, fable 200, &c.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 1, fable 8.—Apollodorus, bk. 1.—Homer, Odyssey, bk. 14.――A son of Phryxus and Chalciope. Hyginus, fable 14.

Automăte, one of the Cyclades, called also Hera. Pliny, bks. 2, 6, 37.――A daughter of Danaus.

Automĕdon, a son of Dioreus, who went to the Trojan war with 10 ships. He was the charioteer of Achilles, after whose death he served Pyrrhus in the same capacity. Homer, Iliad, bks. 9, 16, &c.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 2, li. 477.

Automedūsa, a daughter of Alcathous, killed by Tydeus. Apollodorus, bk. 2.

Automĕnes, one of the Heraclidæ, king of Corinth. At his death, B.C. 779, annual magistrates, called Prytanes, were chosen at Corinth, and their power continued 90 years, till Cypselus and his son Periander made themselves absolute.

Automŏli, a nation of Æthiopia. Herodotus, bk. 2.

Autonoe, a daughter of Cadmus, who married Aristæus, by whom she had Actæon, often called Autoneius heros. The death of her son [See: Actæon] was so painful to her, that she retired from Bœotia to Megara, where she soon after died. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 44.—Hyginus, fable 179.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 3, li. 720.――One of the Danaides. Apollodorus, bk. 2.――One of the Nereides. Hesiod, Theogony.――A female servant of Penelope. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 18.

Autophradātes, a satrap of Lydia, who revolted from Artaxerxes. Diodorus.

Autūra, the Eure, a river of Gaul which falls into the Seine.

Auxesia and Damia, two virgins who came from Crete to Trœzene, where the inhabitants stoned them to death in a sedition. The Epidaurians raised them statues by order of the oracle, when their country was become barren. They were held in great veneration at Trœzene. Herodotus, bk. 5, ch. 82.—Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 30.

Axĕnus, the ancient name of the Euxine sea. The word signifies inhospitable, which was highly applicable to the manners of the ancient inhabitants of the coast. Ovid, bk. 4; Tristia, poem 4, li. 56.

Axiŏchus, a philosopher, to whom Plato dedicated a treatise concerning death.

Axīon, brother of Alphesibœa, murdered Alcmæon his sister’s husband, because he wished to recover from her a golden necklace. See: Alcmæon and Alphesibœa.

Axiotea, a woman who regularly went in a man’s dress to hear the lectures of Plato.

Axiothea, the wife of Nicocles king of Cyprus. Polyænus, bk. 8.

Axis, a town of Umbria. Propertius, poem 4.

Axius, a river of Macedonia. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 123.

Axona, a river of Belgic Gaul, which falls into the Seine below Paris. The inhabitants of the neighbourhood were called Axones.

Axur and Anxur, a surname of Jupiter, who had a temple at Trachis in Thessaly. He was represented as a beardless youth.

Axus, a town about the middle of Crete. Apollodus.

Azan, a mountain of Arcadia, sacred to Cybele.――A son of Arcas king of Arcadia by Erato, one of the Dryades. He divided his father’s kingdom with his brothers Aphidas and Elatus, and called his share Azania. There was in Azania a fountain called Clitorius, whose waters gave a dislike for wine to those who drank them. Vitruvius, bk. 8, ch. 3.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 15, li. 322.—Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 4.

Azīris, a place of Libya, surrounded on both sides by delightful hills covered with trees, and watered by a river where Battus built a town. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 157.

Azonax, a man who taught Zoroaster the art of magic. Pliny, bk. 30.

Azorus, one of the Argonauts.

Azōtus, now Asdod, a large town of Syria on the borders of the Mediterranean. Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, bk. 15.

________________________________________

B

Babilius, a Roman, who, by the help of a certain herb, is said to have passed in six days from the Sicilian sea to Alexandria. Pliny, preface to ch. 19.

Babilus, an astrologer in Nero’s age, who told the emperor to avert the danger which seemed to hang upon his head, from the appearance of a hairy comet, by putting all the leading men of Rome to death. His advice was faithfully followed. Suetonius, Nero, ch. 36.

Baby̆lon, a son of Belus, who, as some suppose, founded a city which bears his name.――A celebrated city, the capital of the Assyrian empire, on the banks of the Euphrates. It had 100 brazen gates; and its walls, which were cemented with bitumen, and greatly enlarged and embellished by the activity of Semiramis; measured 480 stadia in circumference, 50 cubits in thickness, and 200 in height. It was taken by Cyrus, B.C. 538, after he had drained the waters of the Euphrates into a new channel, and marched his troops by night into the town, through the dried bed; and it is said that the fate of the extensive capital was unknown to the inhabitants of the distant suburbs till late in the evening. Babylon became famous for the death of Alexander, and for the new empire which was afterwards established there under the Seleucidæ. See: Syria. Its greatness was so reduced in succeeding ages, according to Pliny’s observations, that in his time it was but a desolate wilderness, and at present the place where it stood is unknown to travellers. The inhabitants were early acquainted with astrology. Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 26.—Herodotus, bks. 1, 2, 3.—Justin, bk. 1, &c.—Diodorus, bk. 2.—Xenophon, Cyropædia, bk. 7, &c.—Propertius, bk. 3, poem 11, li. 21.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 4, fable 2.—Martial, bk. 9, ltr. 77.――There is also a town of the same name near the Bubastic branch of the Nile, in Egypt.

Babylōnia, a large province of Assyria, of which Babylon was the capital. The inhabitants shook off the Assyrian yoke, and afterwards became very powerful.――The surname of Seleucia, which arose from the ruins of Babylon, under the successors of Alexander. Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 26.

Babylōnii, the inhabitants of Babylon, famous for their knowledge of astrology, first divided the year into 12 months, and the zodiac into 12 signs.

Babyrsa, a fortified castle near Artaxata. Strabo, bk. 11.

Babytăce, a city of Armenia, whose inhabitants despise gold. Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 27.

Bacabasus, betrayed the snares of Artabanus, brother of Darius, against Artaxerxes. Justin, bk. 3, ch. 1.

Bacchæ, the priestesses of Bacchus. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 7.

Bacchanālia, festivals in honour of Bacchus at Rome, the same as the Dionysia of the Greeks. See: Dionysia.

Bacchantes, ♦priestesses of Bacchus, who are represented at the celebration of the orgies almost naked, with garlands of ivy, with a thyrsus, and dishevelled hair. Their looks are wild, and they utter dreadful sounds, and clash different musical instruments together. They were also called Thyades and Menades. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 6, li. 592.—Horace, bk. 3, ode 25.—Propertius, bk. 3, poem 21.—Lucan, bk. 1, li. 674.

♦ ‘priestessess’ replaced with ‘priestesses’

Bacchi, a mountain of Thrace, near Philippi. Appian.

Bacchiădæ, a Corinthian family descended from Bacchia daughter of Dionysius. In their nocturnal orgies they, as some report, tore to pieces Actæon son of Mellissus, which so enraged the father, that before the altar he entreated the Corinthians to revenge the death of his son, and immediately threw himself into the sea. Upon this the Bacchiadæ were banished, and went to settle in Sicily, between Pachynum and Pelorus. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 5, li. 407.—Strabo, bk. 8.

Bacchĭdes, a general who betrayed the town of Sinope to Lucullus. Strabo, bk. 12.

Bacchis, or Balus, king of Corinth, succeeded his father Prumnides. His successors were always called Bacchidæ, in remembrance of the equity and moderation of his reign. The Bacchidæ increased so much, that they chose one of their number to preside among them with regal authority, and it is said that the sovereign power continued in their hands near 200 years. Cypselus overturned this institution by making himself absolute. Strabo, bk. 8.—Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 4.—Herodotus, bk. 5, ch. 92.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 5, li. 407.

Bacchium, a small island in the Ægean sea, opposite Smyrna. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 3.

Bacchius and Bithus, two celebrated gladiators of equal age and strength; whence the proverb to express equality: Bithus contra Bacchium. Suetonius, Augustus.—Horace, bk. 1, satire 7, li. 20.

Bacchus, was son of Jupiter and Semele the daughter of Cadmus. After she had enjoyed the company of Jupiter, Semele was deceived, and perished by the artifice of Juno. This goddess, always jealous of her husband’s amours, assumed the shape of Beroe, Semele’s nurse, and persuaded Semele that the lover whom she entertained was not Jupiter, but a false lover, and that to prove his divinity she ought to beg of him, if he really were Jupiter, to come to her bed with the same majesty as when he courted the embraces of Juno. The artifice succeeded, and when Jupiter promised his mistress whatever she asked, Semele required him to visit her with all the divinity of a god. Jupiter was unable to violate his oath, and Semele unwilling to retract it; therefore, as she was a mortal, and unable to bear the majesty of Jupiter, she was consumed and reduced to ashes. The child, of which she had been pregnant for seven months, was with difficulty saved from the flames, and put in his father’s thigh, where he remained the full time which he naturally was to have been in his mother’s womb. From this circumstance Bacchus has been called Bimater. According to some, Dirce, a nymph of the Achelous, saved him from the flames. There are different traditions concerning the manner of his education. Ovid says that, after his birth, he was brought up by his aunt Ino, and afterwards entrusted to the care of the nymphs of Nysa. Lucian supposes that Mercury carried him, as soon as born, to the nymphs of Nysa; and Apollonius says that he was carried by Mercury to a nymph in the island of Eubœa, whence he was driven by the power of Juno, who was the chief deity of the place. Some support that Naxus can boast of the place of his education, under the nymphs Philia, Coronis, and Clyda. Pausanias relates a tradition which prevailed in the town of Brasiæ in Peloponnesus; and accordingly mentions that Cadmus, as soon as he heard of his daughter’s amours, shut her up, with her child lately born, in a coffer, and exposed them on the sea. The coffer was carried safe by the waves to the coast of Brasiæ; but Semele was found dead, and the child alive. Semele was honoured with a magnificent funeral, and Bacchus properly educated. This diversity of opinion shows that there were many of the same name. Diodorus speaks of three, and Cicero of a greater number; but among them all, the son of Jupiter and Semele seems to have obtained the merit of the rest. Bacchus is the Osiris of the Egyptians, and his history is drawn from the Egyptian traditions concerning that ancient king. Bacchus assisted the gods in their wars against the giants, and was cut to pieces; but the son of Semele was not then born. This tradition, therefore, is taken from the history of Osiris, who was killed by his brother Typhon, and the worship of Osiris has been introduced by Orpheus into Greece, under the name of Bacchus. In his youth he was taken asleep in the island of Naxos, and carried away by some mariners whom he changed into dolphins, except the pilot, who had expressed some concern at his misfortune. His expedition into the east is most celebrated. He marched, at the head of an army composed of men, as well as of women, all inspired with divine fury, and armed with thyrsi, cymbals, and other musical instruments. The leader was drawn in a chariot by a lion and a tiger, and was accompanied by Pan and Silenus, and all the Satyrs. His conquests were easy, and without bloodshed: the people easily submitted, and gratefully elevated to the rank of a god the hero who taught them the use of the vine, the cultivation of the earth, and the manner of making honey. Amidst his benevolence to mankind, he was relentless in punishing all want of respect to his divinity; and the punishment he inflicted on Pentheus, Agave, Lycurgus, &c., is well known. He has received the name of Liber, Bromius, Lyæus, Evan, Thyonæus, Psilas, &c., which are mostly derived from the places where he received adoration, or from the ceremonies observed in his festivals. As he was the god of vintage, of wine, and of drinkers, he is generally represented crowned with vine and ivy leaves, with a thyrsus in his hand. His figure is that of an effeminate young man, to denote the joys which commonly prevail at feasts; and sometimes that of an old man, to teach us that wine taken immoderately will enervate us, consume our health, render us loquacious and childish like old men, and unable to keep secrets. The panther is sacred to him, because he went in his expedition covered with the skin of that beast. The magpie is also his favourite bird, because in triumphs people were permitted to speak with boldness and liberty. Bacchus is sometimes represented like an infant, holding a thyrsus and clusters of grapes with a horn. He often appears naked, and riding upon the shoulders of Pan, or in the arms of Silenus, who was his foster-father. He also sits upon a celestial globe, bespangled with stars, and is then the same as the Sun or Osiris of Egypt. The festivals of Bacchus, generally called Orgies, Bacchanalia, or Dionysia, were introduced into Greece from Egypt by Danaus and his daughters. The infamous debaucheries which arose from the celebration of these festivals are well known. See: Dionysia. The amours of Bacchus are not numerous. He married Ariadne, after she had been forsaken by Theseus in the island of Naxos; and by her he had many children, among whom were Ceranus, Thoas, Œnopion, Tauropolis, &c. According to some, he was the father of Hymenæus, whom the Athenians made the god of marriage. The Egyptians sacrificed pigs to him, before the doors of their houses. The fir tree, the yew tree, the fig tree, the ivy, and the vine, were sacred to him; and the goat was generally sacrificed to him, on account of the great propensity of that animal to destroy the vine. According to Pliny, he was the first who ever wore a crown. His beauty is compared to that of Apollo, and, like him, he is represented with fine hair loosely flowing down his shoulders, and he is said to possess eternal youth. Sometimes he has horns, either because he taught the cultivation of the earth with oxen, or because Jupiter his father appeared to him in the deserts of Libya under the shape of a ram, and supplied his thirsty army with water. Bacchus went down to hell to recover his mother, whom Jupiter willingly made a goddess, under the name of Thyone. The three persons of the name of Bacchus, whom Diodorus mentions, are, the one who conquered the Indies, and is surnamed the bearded Bacchus; a son of Jupiter and Proserpine, who was represented with horns; and the son of Jupiter and Semele, called the Bacchus of Thebes. Those mentioned by Cicero are, a son of Proserpine; a son of Nisus, who built Nysa; a son of Caprius, who reigned in the Indies; a son of Jupiter and the moon; and a son of Thyone and Nisus. Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bks. 2 & 3.—Pausanias, bk. 2, chs. 22, 37; bk. 3, ch. 24; bk. 5, ch. 19, &c.—Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 150; bk. 2, chs. 42, 48, 49.—Plutarch, De Iside et Osiride.—Diodorus, bks. 1, 3, &c.—Orpheus, Dionysius.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 3, ch. 4, &c.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 3, fable 3, &c.—Amores, bk. 3, poem 3.—Fasti, bk. 3, li. 715.—Hyginus, fables 155, 167, &c.—Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 56; bk. 8, ch. 2; bk. 36, ch. 5.—Homer, Iliad, bk. 6.—Lactantius, de falsa religione, bk. 1, ch. 22.—Virgil, Georgics, bk. 2, &c.—Euripides, Bacchæ.—Lucian, de Sacrificiis; Bacchus; Dialogi Deorum.—Oppian, Cynegetica.—Philostratus, bk. 1, Imagines, ch. 50.—Seneca, Chorus of Œdipus.—Martial, bk. 8, ltr. 26; bk. 14, ltr. 107.

Bacchylides, a lyric poet of Cos, nephew to Simonides, who, like Pindar, wrote the praises of Hiero. Some of his verses have been preserved. Marcellinus.

Bacenis, a wood of Germany. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 6, ch. 10.

Bacis, a famous soothsayer of Bœotia. Cicero, bk. 1, de Divinatione, ch. 34.――A king of Corinth, called also Bacchis. See: Bacchis.――An athlete of Trœzene. Pausanias, bk. 6.

Bactra (orum), now Balk, the capital of Bactriana, on the river Bactros in Asia. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 2, li. 138.—Strabo, bk. 2.

Bactri and Bactriāni, the inhabitants of Bactriana, who lived upon plunder, and were always under arms. They gave to their dogs those that died through old age or disease, and suffered slaves and strangers to take whatever liberties they pleased with their wives. They were conquered by Alexander the Great. Curtius, bk. 4, ch. 6, &c.—Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 23.—Plutarch, An vitiositas ad infelicitatem sufficia.—Herodotus, bks. 1 & 3.

Bactriāna, a country of Asia, fruitful as well as extensive. It formed once part of the Persian empire, on the eastern parts of which it is situated. Zoroaster was the most ancient king of this country, who taught his subjects the art of magic and astrology. Diodorus, bk. 2.—Justin, bk. 1, ch. 1.

Bactros, now Dahesh, a river on the borders of Asiatic Scythia, from which Bactriana receives its name. Lucan, bk. 3, li. 267.

Bacuntius, a river of Pannonia, which falls into the Save above Sirmium.

Badaca, a town of Media. Diodorus, bk. 19.

Badia, a town of Spain. Valerius Maximus, bk. 3, ch. 7.

Badius, a Campanian, who challenged Titus Quinctius Crispinus, one of his friends, by whom he was killed. Livy, bk. 35, ch. 18.

Baduhennæ, a place in the country of the Frisii, where 900 Romans were killed. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 4, ch. 73.

Bæbia lex, was enacted for the election of four pretors every other year. Livy, bk. 40.――Another law by Massa Bæbius a tribune of the people, which forbade the division of the lands, whilst it substituted a yearly tax to be paid by the possessors, and to be divided among the people. Appian, bk. 1.

Massa Bæbius, a Roman, in whose consulship the tomb of Numa was discovered. Plutarch, Numa.—Valerius Maximus, bk. 1, ch. 1.――Lucius, a Roman pretor, who, being surprised by the Ligurians, fled to Marseilles, where he died three days after. Livy, bk. 37, ch. 57.

Bætis, a river of Spain, from which a part of the country has received the name of Bætica. It was formerly called Tartessus, and now bears the name of Guadalquiver. The wool produced there was so good that Bætica was an epithet of merit, applied to garments. Martial, bk. 12, ltr. 100.

Bæton, a Greek historian in the age of Alexander.

Bagistame, a delightful country of Media. Diodorus, bk. 17.

Bagistanes, a friend of Bessus, whom he abandoned when he murdered Darius. Curtius, bk. 5, ch. 13.

Bagōas and Bagōsas, an Egyptian eunuch in the court of Artaxerxes Ochus, so powerful that nothing could be done without his consent. He led some troops against the Jews, and profaned their temple. He poisoned Ochus, gave his flesh to cats, and made knife handles with his bones, because he had killed the god Apis. He placed on the throne Arses, the youngest of the slaughtered Prince’s children, and afterwards put him to death. He was at last killed, B.C. 335, by Darius, whom, after raising to the crown, he had attempted to poison. Diodorus, bks. 16 & 17.――Another, greatly esteemed by Alexander. He was the cause that one of the satraps was put to death by the most excruciating torments. Curtius, bk. 10, ch. 1.—Plutarch in Alexander.――The name of Bagoas occurs very frequently in the Persian history; and it seems that most of the eunuchs of the monarchs of Persia were generally known by that appellation.

Bagodares, a friend of Bessus, whom he abandoned when he attempted the life of Darius. Diodorus, bk. 17.

Bagophănes, a governor of Babylon, who, when Alexander approached the city, strewed all the streets and burned incense on the altars, &c. Curtius, bk. 5, ch. 1.

Bagrăda, now Megerda, a river of Africa near Utica, where Regulus killed a serpent 120 feet long. Pliny, bk. 8, ch. 14.

♦Baiæ, a city of Campania near the sea, founded by Baius, one of the companions of Ulysses. It was famous for its delightful situation and baths, where many of the Roman senators had country houses. Its ancient grandeur, however, has now disappeared, and Baiæ, with its magnificent villas, has yielded to the tremendous earthquakes which afflict and convulse Italy, and it is no longer to be found. Martial, bk. 14, ltr. 81.—Horace, bk. 1, ltr. 1.—Strabo, bk. 5.

♦ ‘Balæ’ replaced with ‘Baiæ’

Bala, a surname of Alexander king of Syria. Justin, bk. 35, ch. 1.

Balacrus, an officer in Alexander’s army, who took Miletus. Curtius, bk. 4, ch. 13.――Another officer, who commanded some auxiliaries. Curtius, bk. 4, ch. 5.

Balanagræ, a town of Cyrene. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 26.

Balanea, a town between Syria and Phœnicia. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 20.

Balanus, a prince of Gaul, who assisted the Romans in their Macedonian war, A.U.C. 581.—Livy, bk. 44, ch. 14.

Balari, a people of Sardinia. Livy, bk. 41, ch. 6.

Claudius Balbillus, a learned and benevolent man, governor of Egypt, of which he wrote the history, under Nero. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 13, ch. 22.

Balbīnus, an admirer of Agna, mentioned Horace, bk. 1, satire 3, li. 40.――A Roman who, after governing provinces with credit and honour, assassinated the Gordians, and seized the purple. He was some time after murdered by his ♦soldiers. A.D. 238.

♦ ‘soldier’ replaced with ‘soldiers’

Balbus, a mountain of Africa, famous for the retreat of Masinissa, after he had fought a battle against Syphax.

Lucius Balbus, a lawyer, &c., one among the pupils of Scævola.――A man killed by the assassins of the triumvirs.

Baleares, three islands in the Mediterranean, modernly called Majorca, Minorca, and Yvica, on the coast of Spain. The word is derived from βαλλειν, to throw, because the inhabitants were expert archers and slingers, besides great pirates. We are told by Florus, that the mothers never gave their children breakfast before they had struck with an arrow a certain mark in a tree. When a woman was married, she was not admitted to her husband’s bed before she had received the embraces of all her relations. The inhabitants were naturally of a lascivious propensity, and in their wars they required nothing but females and wine, and often exchanged four men for one woman. Strabo, bk. 14.—Florus, bk. 3, ch. 8.—Diodorus, bk. 5.

Balētus, a son of Hippo, who first founded Corinth. Paterculus bk. 1, ch. 3.

Balius, a horse of Achilles. Homer, Iliad, bk. 16, li. 146.

Balista, a mountain of Liguria. Livy, bk. 40, ch. 41.

Ballonŏti, a people of European Sarmatia. Flaccus, bk. 6, li. 160.

Balneæ (baths), were very numerous at Rome, private as well as public. In the ancient times simplicity was observed; but in the age of the emperors they became expensive; they were used after walking, exercise, or labour, and were deemed more necessary than luxurious. Under the emperors it became so fashionable to bathe, that without this the meanest of the people seemed to be deprived of one of the necessaries of life. There were certain hours of the day appointed for bathing, and a small piece of money admitted the poorest, as well as the most opulent. In the baths there were separate apartments for the people to dress and to undress; and after they had bathed, they commonly covered themselves, the hair was plucked out of the skin, and the body rubbed over with a pumice stone, and perfumed to render it smooth and fair. The Roman emperors generally built baths, and all endeavoured to eclipse each other in the magnificence of the building. It is said that ♦Diocletian employed 40,000 of his soldiers in building his baths; and when they were finished, he destroyed all the workmen. Alexander Severus first permitted the people to use them in the night, and he himself often bathed with the common people. For some time both sexes bathed promiscuously and without shame, and the edicts of the emperors proved abortive for a while in abolishing that indecent custom, which gradually destroyed the morals of the people. They generally read in bathing, and we find many compositions written in the midst of this luxurious enjoyment.

♦ ‘Dioclesian’ replaced with ‘Diocletian’ for consistency

Balventius, a centurion of great valour in Cæsar’s army, killed by Ambiorix. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 5, ch. 35.

Balyras, a river of Peloponnesus. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 33.

Bamurūæ, a people of Libya. Silius Italicus, bk. 3, li. 303.

Bantia, now St. Maria de Vanse, a town of Apulia, whence Bantinus. Horace, bk. 3, ode 4, li. 15.

Lucius Bantius, a gallant youth of Nola, whom Annibal found after the battle of Cannæ, almost dead among the heaps of slain. He was sent home with great humanity, upon which he resolved to betray his country to so generous an enemy. Marcellus the Roman general heard of it, and rebuked Bantius, who continued firm and faithful to the interest of Rome. Livy, bk. 35, ch. 15.

Baphy̆rus, a river of Macedonia. Livy, bk. 44, ch. 6.

Baptæ, the priests of Cotytto, the goddess of lasciviousness and debauchery at Athens. Her festivals were celebrated in the night; and so infamous and obscene was the behaviour of the priests, that they disgusted even Cotytto herself, though the goddess of obscenity. The name is derived from βαπτειν, to wash, because the priests bathed themselves in the most effeminate manner. Juvenal, satire 2, li. 91.――A comedy of Eupolis, on which men are introduced dancing on the stage, with all the indecent gestures of common prostitutes.

Baræi, a people of Cholcis and Iberia, who burnt the bodies of their friends who died by disease, but gave to the fowls of the air such as fell in war. Ælian, de Natura Animalium, bk. 10, ch. 22.

Barăthrum, a deep and obscure gulf at Athens, where criminals were thrown.――The word is applied to the infernal regions by Valerius Flaccus, bk. 2, lis. 86 & 192.

Barbări, a name originally applied to those who spoke inelegantly, or with harshness and difficulty. The Greeks and Romans generally called all nations, except their own, by the despicable name of Barbarians.

Barbăria, a river of Macedonia. Livy, bk. 44, ch. 31.――A name given to Phrygia and Troy. Horace, bk. 1, ltr. 2, li. 7.

Barbătus, the surname of a Roman family. Suetonius, Claudius, ch. 21.

Barbosthĕnes, a mountain of Peloponnesus, 10 miles from Sparta. Livy, bk. 35, ch. 27.

Barbythăce, a city of Persia. Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 27.

Barca, a friend of Cato the elder. Plutarch, Cato the Younger.

Barcæi, or Barcitæ, a warlike nation of Africa, near the city of Carthage. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 4, li. 43.

Barce, the nurse of Sichæus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 4, li. 632.――A large country of Africa.――Also a city about nine miles from the sea, founded by the brothers of Arcesilaus king of Cyrene, 515 years before the christian era. Strabo says, that in his age it was called Ptolemais; but this arises because most of the inhabitants retired to Ptolemais, which was on the sea coast, to enrich themselves by commerce. Strabo, bk. 17.—Ptolemy, bk. 4, ch. 4.――A small village of Bactriana, where the people who had been taken prisoners by Darius in Africa, were confined. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 204.――A city of Media. Justin, bk. 1, ch. 7.

Barcha, the surname of a noble family at Carthage, from which Annibal and Hamilcar were descended. By means of their bribes and influence, they excited a great faction, which is celebrated in the annals of Carthage by the name of the Barchinian faction, and at last raised themselves to power, and to the independent disposal of all the offices of trust or emolument in the state. Livy, bk. 21, chs. 2 & 9.

Bardæi, a people of Illyricum concerned in the factions of Marius. Plutarch, Marius.

Bardi, a celebrated sacerdotal order among the ancient Gauls, who praised their heroes, and published their fame in their verses, or on musical instruments. They were so esteemed and respected by the people, that, at their sight, two armies which were engaged in battle laid down their arms, and submitted to their orders. They censured, as well as commended, the behaviour of the people. Lucan, bk. 1, li. 447.—Strabo, bk. 4.—Marcellinus, bk. 15, ch. 24.

Bardyllis, an Illyrian prince, whose daughter Bircenna married king Pyrrhus. Plutarch, Pyrrhus.

Bareas Soranus, a youth killed by his tutor Egnatius, a Stoic philosopher. Juvenal, satire 3, li. 116.

Bares, a naval officer of Persia, who wished to destroy Cyrene, but was opposed by Amasis. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 203.

Bargusii, a people of Spain, at the east of the Iberus. Livy, bk. 21, ch. 19.

Bargyliæ, a town of Caria.

Barīne, a prostitute whom Horace accuses of perjury. Bk. 2, ode 8.

Barisses, one of the seven conspirators against the usurper Smerdis. Ctesias.

Barium, a town of Apulia, on the Adriatic, now called Bari, and remarkable for its fine fish. Horace, bk. 1, satire 5, li. 97.

Barnuus, a town of Macedonia near Heraclea. Strabo, bk. 7.

Barrus, a man ridiculed by Horace as proud of his beauty. Horace, bk. 1, satire 6, li. 30.

Barsīne and Barsēne, a daughter of Darius, who married Alexander, by whom she had a son called Hercules. Cassander ordered her and her child to be put to death. Justin, bk. 13, ch. 2; bk. 15, ch. 2.—Arrian.

Barzaentes, a satrap who revolted from Alexander, &c. Curtius, bk. 8, ch. 13.

Barzanes, a king of Armenia, tributary to Ninus. Diodorus, bk. 2.

Basilēa, a daughter of Cœlus and Terra, who was mother of all the gods. Diodorus, bk. 3.――An island at the north of Gaul, famous for its amber. Diodorus, bk. 5.――An island in the Euxine sea. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 13.

Basilīdæ, European Sarmatians, descended from Hercules and Echidna. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 1.

Basilīdes, the father of Herodotus, who, with others, attempted to destroy Strattes tyrant of Chios. Herodotus, bk. 8, ch. 132.――A family who held an oligarchical power at Erythræ. Strabo, bk. 14.――A priest of mount Carmel, who foretold many momentous events to Vespasian, when he offered sacrifices. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 2, ch. 87.—Suetonius, Vespasian, ch. 7.

Basilĭpŏtămos, the ancient name of the Eurotas. Strabo, bk. 6.

Basĭlis, an historian who wrote concerning India. Athenæus.――A city of Arcadia, built by Cypselus, near the river Alpheus. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 29.

Basilius, a river of Mesopotamia falling into the Euphrates. Strabo.――A celebrated bishop of Africa, very animated against the Arians, whose tenets and doctrines he refuted with warmth, but great ability. He was eloquent as well as ingenious, and possessed of all those abilities which constitute the persuasive orator and the elegant writer. Erasmus has placed him in the number of the greatest orators of antiquity. He died in his 51st year, A.D. 379. The latest edition of his works is that of the Benedictines, folio, Paris, 1721.

Basĭlus, a general who assisted Antony. Lucan, bk. 4, li. 416.――An insignificant lawyer. Juvenal, satire 7, li. 146.――A pretor who plundered the provinces. Juvenal, satire 10, li. 222.

Bassæ, a place of Arcadia, where Apollo had a temple. Pausanias, bk. 8, chs. 30 & 41.

Bassania, a town of Macedonia near Illyricum. Livy, bk. 44, ch. 30.

Bassăreus, a surname of Bacchus, from the dress or long robe, called Bassaris, which his priests wore. Horace, bk. 1, ode 18.

Bassărĭdes, a name given to the votaries of Bacchus, and to Agave by Persius, which seems derived from Bassara, a town of Libya sacred to the god, or from a particular dress worn by his priestesses, and so called by the Thracians. Persius, bk. 1, li. 101.

Bassus Aufidius, an historian in the age of Augustus, who wrote on the Germanic war. Quintilian, bk. 10, ch. 1.――Cæsius, a lyric poet in Nero’s age, to whom Persius addressed his sixth satire. Some of his verses are extant.――Julius, an orator in the reign of Augustus, some of whose orations have been preserved by Seneca.――A man spoken of by Horace, bk. 1, ode 36, li. 14, and described as fond of wine and women.

Bastarnæ and Basternæ, a people of European Sarmatia, destroyed by a sudden storm as they pursued the Thracians. Livy, bk. 40, ch. 58.—Ovid, Tristia, bk. 2, li. 198.—Strabo, bk. 7.

Bastia, the wife of Metellus. Livy, fragment, bk. 89.

Bata, a seaport of Asia, on the Euxine, opposite Sinope. Strabo, bk. 6.

Batāvi, a people of Germany who inhabited that part of the continent known under the modern name of Holland, and called by the ancients, Batavorum insula. Livy, bk. 4, ch. 15.—Lucan, bk. 1, li. 431.

Bathos, a river near the Alpheus. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 29.

Bathycles, a celebrated artist of Magnesia. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 19.

Bathyllus, a beautiful youth of Samos, greatly beloved by Polycrates the tyrant, and by Anacreon. Horace, epode 14, li. 9.――Mecænas was also fond of a youth of Alexandria, of the same name. Juvenal, satire 6, li. 63.――The poet who claimed as his own Virgil’s distich, Nocte pluit totâ, &c., bore also the same name.――A fountain of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 31.

Lentulus Batiātus, a man of Campania, who kept a house full of gladiators who rebelled against him. Plutarch, Crassus.

Batīa, a naiad who married Œbalus. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 10.――A daughter of Teucer, who married Dardanus. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 10.

Batīna and Bantīna. See: Bantia.

Bātis, a eunuch, governor of Gaza, who, upon being unwilling to yield, was dragged round the city tied by the heels to Alexander’s chariot. Curtius, bk. 4, ch. 6.

Bato, a Dardanian, who revolted to Rome from king Philip. Livy, bk. 31, ch. 28.

Baton of Sinope, wrote commentaries on the Persian affairs. Strabo, bk. 12.――A charioteer of Amphiaraus. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 17.

Batrachomyomachia, a poem, describing the fight between frogs and mice, written by Homer, which has been printed sometimes separately from the Iliad or Odyssey. The best edition of it is Maittaire’s, 8vo, London, 1721.

Battiădes, a patronymic of Callimachus, from his father Battus. Ovid, Ibis, li. 53.――A name given to the people of Cyrene from king Battus. Silius Italicus, bk. 3, li. 253.

Battis, a girl, celebrated by Philetus the elegiac poet. Ovid, Tristia, bk. 1, poem 5.

Battus I., a Lacedæmonian who built the town of Cyrene, B.C. 630, with a colony from the island of Thera. He was son of Polymnestus and Phronime, and reigned in the town he had founded, and after death received divine honours. The difficulty with which he spoke first procured him the name of Battus. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 155, &c.—Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 15.――The second of that name was grandson to Battus I. by Arcesilaus. He succeeded his father on the throne of Cyrene, and was surnamed Felix, and died 554 B.C. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 159, &c.――A shepherd of Pylos, who promised Mercury that he would not discover his having stolen the flocks of Admetus, which Apollo tended. He violated his promise, and was turned into a pumice stone. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 2, li. 702.――A general of Corinth against Athens. Thucydides, bk. 4, ch. 43.――A buffoon of Caesar’s. Plutarch, Convivium Septem Sapientium, ch. 6.

Batŭlum, a town of Campania, whose inhabitants assisted Turnus against Æneas. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 739.

Batŭlus, a surname of Demosthenes, from his effeminacy when young. Plutarch, Demosthenes.

Batyllus, a celebrated dancer in Domitian’s reign. Juvenal, satire 6, li. 63.

Baubo, a woman who received Ceres when she sought her daughter all over the world, and gave her some water to quench her thirst. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 5, fable 7.

Baucis, an old woman of Phrygia, who, with her husband Philemon, lived in a small cottage, in a penurious manner, when Jupiter and Mercury travelled in disguise over Asia. The gods came to the cottage, where they received the best things it afforded; and Jupiter was so pleased with their hospitality, that he metamorphosed their dwelling into a magnificent temple, of which Baucis and her husband were made priests. After they had lived happy to an extreme old age, they died both at the same hour, according to their request to Jupiter, that one might not have the sorrow of following the other to the grave. Their bodies were changed into trees before the doors of the temple. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 8, li. 631, &c.

Bavius and Mævius, two stupid and malevolent poets in the age of Augustus, who attacked the superior talents of the contemporary writers. Virgil, Eclogues, poem 3.

Bauli, a small town of Latium near Baiæ. Silius Italicus, bk. 12, li. 155.

Bazaentes, a friend of Bessus, &c.

Bazaria, a country of Asia. Curtius, bk. 8, ch. 1.

Bebius, a famous informer in Vespasian’s reign. Juvenal, satire 1, li. 35. See: Bæbius.

Bebriăcum, now Caneto, a village between Cremona and Verona, where Vitellius overcame Otho. Juvenal, satire 2, li. 106.—Tacitus, Histories, bk. 3, ch. 15.

Bebry̆ce, a daughter of Danaus, who is said to have spared her husband. Most authors, however, attribute that character of humanity to Hypermnestra. See: Danaides.

Bebry̆ces and Bebry̆cii, a nation of Asia near Pontus, of Thracian origin, and, according to Arrian, descended from Bebryce. They were expert in the battle of the cestus. The Argonauts touched on their coasts in their expedition to Colchis. Apollodorus, bk. 1.—Strabo, bks. 7 & 12.

Bebry̆cia, an ancient name of Bithynia, from Bebryce the daughter of Danaus. Strabo, bk. 13.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 5, li. 373.

Belemīna, a town of Laconia. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 21.

Belēnus, a divinity of the Gauls, the same as the Apollo of the Greeks, and the Orus of the Ægyptians.

Belephantes, a Chaldean, who, from his knowledge of astronomy, told Alexander that his entering Babylon would be attended with fatal consequences to him. Diodorus, bk. 17.

Belĕsis, priest of Babylon, who told Arbaces governor of Media that he should reign one day in the place of Sardanapalus. His prophecy was verified, and he was rewarded by the new king with the government of Babylon, B.C. 826. Diodorus, bk. 2.

Belgæ, a warlike people of ancient Gaul, separated from the Celtæ by the rivers Matrona and Sequana. Their country, according to Strabo, extended from the Rhine to the river modernly called the Loire. Cæsar, Gallic War, bks. 1 & 2.

Belgĭca, one of the four provinces of Gaul near the Rhine.

Belgium, the capital of Gallia Belgica. The word is often used to express the whole country. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 5, ch. 24.

Belgius, a general of Gaul, who destroyed an army of Macedonians. Justin, bk. 23, ch. 2.—Polybius, bk. 2.

Belĭdes, a surname given to the daughters of Belus. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 4, li. 463.

Belīdes, a name applied to Palamedes, as descended from Belus. Virgil, Æneid bk. 2, li. 82.

Belisama, the name of Minerva among the Gauls, signifying queen of heaven. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 6.

Belisarius, a celebrated general, who, in a degenerate and an effeminate age, in the reign of Justinian emperor of Constantinople, renewed all the glorious victories, battles, and triumphs which had rendered the first Romans so distinguished in the time of their republic. He died after a life of military glory, and the trial of royal ingratitude, in the 565th year of the christian era. The story of his begging charity, with date obolum Belisario, is said to be a fabrication of modern times.

Belistīda, a woman who obtained a prize at Olympia. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 8.

Belitæ, a nation of Asia. Curtius, bk. 4, ch. 12.

Bellerŏphon, a son of Glaucus king of Ephyre by Eurymede, was at first called Hipponous. The murder of his brother, whom some call Alcimenus or Beller, procured him the name of Bellerophon, or murderer of Beller. After this murder, Bellerophon fled to the court of Prœtus king of Argos. As he was of a handsome appearance, the king’s wife, called Antæa or Stenobœa, fell in love with him; and as he slighted her passion, she accused him before her husband of attempts upon her virtue. Prœtus, unwilling to violate the laws of hospitality by punishing Bellerophon, sent him away to his father-in-law Jobates king of Lycia, and gave him a letter, in which he begged the king to punish with death a man who had so dishonourably treated his daughter. From that circumstance, all letters which are of an unfavourable tendency to the bearer have been called letters of Bellerophon. Jobates, to satisfy his son-in-law, sent Bellerophon to conquer a horrible monster called Chimæra, in which dangerous expedition he hoped, and was even assured, he must perish. See: Chimæra. But the providence of Minerva supported him, and, with the aid of the winged horse Pegasus, he conquered the monster, and returned victorious. After this Jobates sent him against the Solymi, in hopes of seeing him destroyed; but he obtained another victory, and conquered afterwards the Amazons, by the king’s order. At his return from this third expedition, he was attacked by a party sent against him by Jobates; but he destroyed all his assassins, and convinced the king that innocence is always protected by the gods. Upon this, Jobates no longer sought to destroy his life; but he gave him his daughter in marriage, and made him his successor on the throne of Lycia, as he was without male issue. Some authors have supported that he attempted to fly to heaven upon the horse Pegasus, but that Jupiter sent an insect which stung the horse, and threw down the rider who wandered upon the earth in the greatest melancholy and dejection till the day of his death, one generation before the Trojan war. Bellerophon had two sons, Isander, who was killed in his war against the Solymi, and Hippolochus, who succeeded to the throne after his death, besides one daughter called Hippodamia, who had Sarpedon by Jupiter. The wife of Bellerophon is called Philonoe by Apollodorus, and Achemone by Homer. Homer, Iliad, bk. 6, li. 156, &c.—Juvenal, satire 10.—Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 3; bk. 3, ch. 1.—Hyginus, fables 157 & 243; Poeticon Astronomicon, bk. 2, ch. 18.—Hesiod, Theogony, li. 325.—Horace, bk. 4, ode 11, li. 26.—Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 31.

Bellĕrus and Beller, a brother of Hipponous. See: Bellerophon.

Belliēnus, a Roman whose house was set on flames at Cæsar’s funeral. Cicero, Philippics, bk. 2, ch. 36.

Bellōna, the goddess of war, daughter to Phorcys and Ceto, was called by the Greeks Enyo, and often confounded with Minerva. She was anciently called Duelliona, and was the sister of Mars, or, according to others, his daughter or his wife. She prepared the chariot of Mars when he was going to war; and she appeared in battles armed with a whip to animate the combatants, with dishevelled hair, and a torch in her hand. The Romans paid great adoration to her; but she was held in the greatest veneration by the Cappadocians, and chiefly at Comana, where she had about 3000 priests. Her temple at Rome was near the Porta Carmentalis. In it the senators gave audience to foreign ambassadors, and to generals returned from war. At the gate was a small column called the column of war, against which they threw a spear whenever war was declared against an enemy. The priests of this goddess consecrated themselves by great incisions in their body, and particularly in the thigh, of which they received the blood in their hands to offer as a sacrifice to the goddess. In their wild enthusiasm they often predicted bloodshed and wars, the defeat of enemies, or the besieging of towns. Juvenal, satire 4, li. 124.—Varro, de Lingua Latina, bk. 5.—Hesiod, Theogony, li. 270.—Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 30.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 8, li. 703.—Statius, Thebiad, bk. 2, li. 718; bk. 7, li. 73.—Silius Italicus, bk. 5, li. 221.

Bellōnarii, the priests of Bellona.

Bellovăci, a people of Gaul conquered by Julius Cæsar. They inhabited the modern Beauvais in the isle of France. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 2, ch. 4.

Bellovēsus, a king of the Celtæ, who, in the reign of Tarquin Priscus, was sent at the head of a colony to Italy by his uncle Ambigatus. Livy, bk. 5, ch. 34.

Belon, a general of Alexander’s. Curtius, bk. 6, ch. 11.――A city and river of Hispania Bætica. Strabo, bk. 3.

Belus, one of the most ancient kings of Babylon, about 1800 years before the age of Semiramis, was made a god after death, and worshipped with much ceremony by the Assyrians and Babylonians. He was supposed to be the son of the Osiris of the Egyptians. The temple of Belus was the most ancient and most magnificent in the world. It was originally the tower of Babel, which was converted into a temple. It had lofty towers, and it was enriched by all the succeeding monarchs till the age of Xerxes, who, after his unfortunate expedition against Greece, plundered and demolished it. Among the riches it contained, were many statues of massive gold, one of which was 40 feet high. In the highest of the towers was a magnificent bed, where the priests daily conducted a woman, who, as they said, was honoured with the company of the god. Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, bk. 10.—Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 181, &c.—Strabo, bk. 16.—Arrian, bk. 7.—Diodorus, bk. 1, &c.――A king of Egypt, son of Epaphus and Libya, and father of Agenor.――Another, son of Phœnix the son of Agenor, who reigned in Phœnicia.――A river of Syria, where the making of glass was first invented. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 19.

Benācus, a lake of Italy, now Lago di Garda, from which the Mincius flows into the Po. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 2, li. 160; Æneid, bk. 10, li. 205.

Bendidium, a temple of Diana Bendis. Livy, bk. 38, ch. 41.

Bendis, a name of Diana among the Thracians and their northern neighbours. Strabo, bk. 9. Her festivals, called Bendidia, were introduced from Thrace into Athens.

Beneventum, a town of the Hirpini, built by Diomedes, 28 miles from Capua. Its original name was Maleventum, changed into the more auspicious word of Beneventum, when the Romans had a colony there. It abounds in remains of ancient sculpture above any other town in Italy. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 11.

Benthesicyme, a daughter of Neptune the nurse of Eumolpus. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 15.

Bepolitānus, a youth whose life was saved by the delay of the executioner, who wished not to stain the youth’s fine clothes with blood. Plutarch, Mulierum virtutes.

Berbicæ, a nation who destroyed their relations when arrived at a certain age. Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 4, ch. 1.

Beræa, a town of Syria, 90 miles from the sea, and 100 from the Euphrates, now called Aleppo.

Berecynthia, a surname of Cybele, from mount Berecynthus in Phrygia, where she was particularly worshipped. She has been celebrated in a poem by Catullus. Diodorus, bk. 5.—Statius, Thebiad, bk. 4, li. 782.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 82.

Berenīce and Beronice, a woman famous for her beauty, mother of Ptolemy Philadelphus by Lagus. Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 14, ch. 43.—Theocritus.—Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 7.――A daughter of Philadelphus, who married Antiochus king of Syria, after he had divorced Laodice his former wife. After the death of Philadelphus, Laodice was recalled, and mindful of the treatment which she had received, she poisoned her husband, placed her son on the vacant throne, and murdered Berenice and her child at Antioch, where she had fled, B.C. 248.――A daughter of Ptolemy Auletes, who usurped her father’s throne for some time, strangled her husband Seleucus, and married Archelaus, a priest of Bellona. Her father regained his power, and put her to death B.C. 55.――The wife of Mithridates, who, when conquered by Lucullus, ordered all his wives to destroy themselves, for fear the conqueror should offer violence to them. She accordingly drank poison, but this not operating soon enough, she was strangled by a eunuch.――The mother of Agrippa, who shines in the history of the Jews as daughter-in-law of Herod the Great.――A daughter of Agrippa, who married her uncle Herod, and afterwards Polemon king of Cilicia. She was accused by Juvenal of committing incest with her brother Agrippa. It is said that she was passionately loved by Titus, who would have made her empress but for fear of the people.――A wife of king Attalus.――Another, daughter of Philadelphus and Arsinoe, who married her own brother Evergetes, whom she loved with much tenderness. When he went on a dangerous expedition, she vowed all the hair of her head to the goddess Venus, if he returned. Some time after his victorious return, the locks which were in the temple of Venus disappeared; and Conon, an astronomer, to make his court to the queen, publicly reported that Jupiter had carried them away, and had made them a constellation. She was put to death by her son, B.C. 221. Catullus, poem 67.—Hyginus, Poeticon Astronomicon, bk. 2, ch. 24.—Justin, bk. 26, ch. 3.――This name is common to many of the queens and princesses in the Ptolemean family in Egypt.――A city of Libya. Strabo.—Mela, bk. 3, ch. 8.――Two towns of Arabia. Strabo, bk. 16.――One in Egypt on the Red sea, where the ships from India generally landed their cargoes. Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 23.――Another near the Syrtes, &c. Pliny, bk. 17.

Berenīcis, a part of Africa near the town of Berenice. Lucan, bk. 9, li. 523.

Bergion and Albion, two giants, sons of Neptune, who opposed Hercules as he attempted to cross the Rhone, and were killed with stones from heaven. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 5.

Bergistăni, a people of Spain, at the east of the Iberus. Livy, bk. 34, ch. 16.

Beris and Baris, a river of Cappadocia.――A mountain of Armenia.

Bermius, a mountain of Macedonia. Herodotus, bk. 8, ch. 138.

Beroe, an old woman of Epidaurus, nurse to Semele. Juno assumed her shape when she persuaded Semele not to grant her favours to Jupiter, if he did not appear in the majesty of a god. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 3, li. 278.――The wife of Doryclus, whose form was assumed by Iris at the instigation of Juno, when she advised the Trojan women to burn the fleet of Æneas in Sicily. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 5, li. 620.――One of the Oceanides, attendant upon Cyrene. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 4, li. 341.

Berœa, a town of Thessaly. Cicero, Piso, ch. 36.

Beronīce. See: Berenice.

Berōsus, a native of Babylon, priest to Belus. He passed into Greece, and remained a long time at Athens. He composed a history of Chaldæa, and signalized himself by his astronomical predictions, and was rewarded for his learning with a statue in the gymnasium at Athens. The age in which he lived is not precisely known, though some fix it in the reign of Alexander, or 268 years B.C. Some fragments of his Chaldæan history are preserved by Josephus, Against Appion & Antiquities of the Jews, bk. 105. The book that is now extant under his name, and speaks of kings that never existed, is a supposititious fabrication.

Berrhœa, a town of Macedonia. Thucydides, bk. 1, ch. 61.

Bery̆tus, now Berut, an ancient town of Phœnicia, on the coast of the Mediterranean, famous in the age of Justinian for the study of law. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 20.

Besa, a fountain in Thessaly. Strabo, bk. 8.

Besidlæ, a town of the Brutii. Livy, bk. 30, ch. 19.

Besippo, a town of Hispania Bætica, where Mela was born. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 6.

Bessi, a people of Thrace, on the left side of the Strymon, who lived upon rapine. Ovid, Tristia, bk. 4, poem 1, li. 67.—Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 111.

Bessus, a governor of Bactriana, who, after the battle of Arbela, seized Darius his sovereign and put him to death. After this murder, he assumed the title of king, and was some time after brought before Alexander, who gave him to Oxatres the brother of Darius. The prince ordered his hands and ears to be cut off, and his body to be exposed on a cross, and shot at by the soldiers. Justin, bk. 12, ch. 5.—Curtius, bks. 6 & 7.――A parricide who discovered the murder he had committed, upon observing a nest of swallows, which, as he observed, reproached him with his crime. Plutarch.

Lucius Bestia, a seditious Roman, who conspired with Catiline against his country. Cicero, bk. 2, Philippics.

Betis, a river in Spain, See: Bætis.――A governor of Gaza, who bravely defended himself against Alexander, for which he was treated with cruelty by the conqueror.

Beturia, a country in Spain.

Bia, a daughter of Pallas by Styx. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 2.

Biānor, a son of Tiberius and Manto the daughter of Tiresias, who received the surname of Ocnus, and reigned over Etruria. He built a town which he called Mantua, after his mother’s name. His tomb was seen in the age of Virgil on the road between Mantua and Andes. Virgil, Eclogues, poem 9, li. 60.――A Trojan chief killed by Agamemnon. Homer, Iliad, bk. 11, li. 92.――A centaur killed by Theseus. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12, li. 342.

Bias, son of Amythaon and Idomene, was king of Argos, and brother to the famous soothsayer Melampus. He fell in love with Perone, daughter of Neleus king of Pylos; but the father refused to give his daughter in marriage before he received the oxen of Iphiclus. Melampus, at his brother’s request, went to seize the oxen, and was caught in the act. He, however, in one year after received his liberty from Iphiclus who presented him with his oxen as a reward for his great services. Bias received the oxen from his brother, and obliged Neleus to give him his daughter in marriage. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 11.—Pausanias, bk. 2, chs. 6 & 18; bk. 4, ch. 34.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9.――A Grecian prince, who went to the Trojan war. Homer, Iliad, bk. 4, lis. 13 & 20.――A river of Peloponnesus. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 34.――One of the seven wise men of Greece, son of Teutamidas, born at Priene, which he long saved from ruin. He flourished B.C. 566, and died in the arms of his grandson, who begged a favour of him for one of his friends. Diogenes Laërtius, bk. 1.—Plutarch, Convivium Septem Sapientium.—Valerius Maximus, bk. 7, ch. 2.—Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 24.

Bibācŭlus Marcus Furius, a Latin poet in the age of Cicero. He composed annals in iambic verses, and wrote epigrams full of wit and humour, and other poems now lost. Horace, bk. 2, satire 5, li. 41.—Quintilian, bk. 10.――A pretor, &c. Valerius Maximus, bk. 1, ch. 1.

Biblia and Billia, a Roman lady famous for her chastity. She married Duillius.

Biblis, a woman who became enamoured of her brother Caunus, and was changed into a fountain near Miletus. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 9, li. 662.

Biblina, a country of Thrace.

Biblus, a city of Phœnicia. Curtius, bk. 4.

Bibracte, a large town of the Ædui in Gaul, where Cæsar often wintered. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 7, ch. 55, &c.

Bibŭlus, a son of Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus by Portia, Cato’s daughter. He was Cæsar’s colleague in the consulship, but of no consequence in the state, according to this distich mentioned by Suetonius, Julius Cæsar, ch. 20:

Non Bibulo quicquam nuper, sed Cæsare factum est;

Nam Bibulo fieri consule nil memini.

――One of the friends of Horace bore that name. Bk. 1, satire 10, li. 86.

Bices, a marsh near the Palus Mœotis. Flaccus, bk. 6, li. 68.

Bicon, a Greek who assassinated Athenodorus, because he made himself master of a colony which Alexander had left at Bactra. Curtius, bk. 9, ch. 7.

Bicornĭger, a surname of Bacchus.

Bicornis, the name of Alexander among the Arabians.

Biformīs (two forms), a surname of Bacchus and of Janus. Bacchus received it because he changed himself into an old woman to fly from the persecution of Juno; or perhaps because he was represented sometimes as a young, and sometimes as an old, man.

Bifrons, a surname of Janus, because he was represented with two faces among the Romans, as acquainted with the past and future. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 180.

Bilbĭlis, a town of Celtiberia, where Martial was born. Martial, bk. 1, ltr. 50.――A river of Spain. Justin, bk. 44, ch. 3.

Bimāter, a surname of Bacchus, which signifies that he had two mothers, because, when he was taken from his mother’s womb, he was placed in the thigh of his father Jupiter. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 4, li. 12.

Bingium, a town of Germany. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 4, ch. 70.

Bion, a philosopher and sophist of Borysthenes in Scythia, who rendered himself famous for his knowledge of poetry, music, and philosophy. He made everybody the object of his satire, and rendered his compositions distinguished for clearness of expression, for facetiousness, wit, and pleasantry. He died 241 B.C. Diogenes Laërtius, Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers.――A Greek poet of Smyrna, who wrote pastorals in an elegant style. Moschus, his friend and disciple, mentions in an elegiac poem that he died by poison, about 300 years B.C. His Idyllia are written with elegance and simplicity, purity and ease, and they abound with correct images, such as the view of the country may inspire. There are many good editions of this poet’s works, generally printed with those of Moschus, the best of which is that of Heskin, 8vo, Oxford, 1748.――A soldier in Alexander’s army, &c. Curtius, bk. 4, ch. 13.――A native of Propontis, in the age of Pherecydes.――A native of Abdera, disciple to Democritus. He first found out that there were certain parts of the earth where there were six months of perpetual light and darkness alternately.――A man of Soli, who composed a history of Æthiopia.――Another of Syracuse, who wrote nine books on rhetoric, which he called by the names of the muses, and hence Bionei sermones mentioned by Horace, bk. 2, ltr. 2, li. 60.—Diogenes Laërtius, bk. 4.

Birrhus. See: Cœlius.

Bisaltæ, a people of Scythia, or, according to some, of Thrace or Macedonia. Their country is called Bisaltia. Livy, bk. 45, ch. 29.—Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 10.

Bisaltes, a man of Abydos, &c. Herodotus, bk. 6, ch. 26.

♦Bisaltis, a patronymic of Theophane, by whom Neptune, under the form of a ram, had the golden ram. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 6, li. 117.—Hyginus, fable 18.

♦ ‘Bisaltes’ replaced with ‘Bisaltis’

Bisanthe, a town on the Hellespont. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 137.

Biston, son of Mars and Callirhoe, built Bistonia in Thrace, whence the Thracians are often called Bistones. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 110.—Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 14.—Lucan, bk. 7, li. 569.

Bistŏnis, a lake of Thrace near Abdera. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 109.

Bithus. See: Bacchius.

Bithyæ, a certain race of women of Scythia, whose eyes, as Pliny reports, bk. 7, ch. 2, killed those who gazed upon them for some time.

Bithȳnia, a country of Asia Minor, formerly called Bebrycia. It was bounded by the Euxine on the north, on the south by Phrygia and Mysia, on the west by the Propontis, and the east by Paphlagonia. The country was first invaded by the Thracians, under Bithynus the son of Jupiter, who gave it the name of Bithynia. It was once a powerful kingdom. Strabo, bk. 12.—Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 75.—Mela, bks. 1 & 2. According to Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 9, the inhabitants were descended from Mantinea in Peloponnesus.

Bitias, a Trojan, son of Alcanor and Hiera, brought up in a wood sacred to Jupiter. He followed the fortune of Æneas, and, with his brother, was killed by the Rutuli in Italy. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 672, &c.――One of Dido’s lovers, present when Æneas and the Trojans were introduced to the queen. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 742.

Biton. See: Cleobis.

Bituītus, a king of the Allobroges, conquered by a small number of Romans, &c.—Valerius Maximus, bk. 9, ch. 6.—Florus, bk. 3, ch. 2.

Bituntum, a town of Spain. Martial, bk. 4, ltr. 55.

Bitŭrĭges, a people of Gaul, divided from the Ædui by the Ligeris. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 7, ch. 21.

Biturĭcum, a town of Gaul, formerly the capital of the Belgæ. Strabo, bk. 4.

Bizia, a citadel near Rhodope belonging to the kings of Thrace. Tereus was born there.

Blæna, a fruitful country of Pontus, where the general of Mithridates Eupator destroyed the forces of Nicomedes the Bithynian. Strabo, bk. 12.

Blæsii, two Romans who killed themselves because Tiberius deprived them of the priesthood. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 6, ch. 40.

Junius Blæsus, a governor of Gaul. Tacitus.

Blandenona, a place near Placentia. Cicero, bk. 2, ltr. 15, Letters to his brother Quintus.

Blandŭsia, a fountain on the borders of the country of the Sabines near Mandela, Horace’s country seat. Horace, bk. 3, ode 13.

Blastophœnīces, a people of Lusitania. Appian.

Blemmyes, a people of Africa, who, as is fabulously reported, had no heads, but had the eyes and mouth placed in the breast. Mela, bk. 1, ch. 4.

Blenīna, a town of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 27.

Blitius Catulinus, was banished into the Ægean sea, after Piso’s conspiracy, &c. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 15, ch. 71.

Blucium, a castle where king Dejotarus kept his treasures in Bithynia. Strabo, bk. 12.

Boadicea. See: Boudicea.

Boæ and Boea, a town of Laconia. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 21.

Boagrius, a river of Locris. Strabo, bk. 9.

Bocalias, a river in the island of Salamis.

Boccar, a king of Mauritania. Juvenal, satire 4, li. 90, applies the word in a general sense to any native of Africa.

Bocchŏris, a wise king and legislator of Egypt. Diodorus, bk. 1.

Bocchus, a king of Gætulia, in alliance with Rome, who perfidiously delivered Jugurtha to Sylla the lieutenant of Marius. Sallust, Jugurthine War.—Paterculus, bk. 2, ch. 12.

Boduagnātus, a leader of the Nervii, when Cæsar made war against them. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 2, ch. 23.

Bodūni, a people of Britain who surrendered to Claudius. Dio Cassius, bk. 60.

Boea. See: Boæ.

Bœbe, a town of Thessaly. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 7, fable 5.――A lake of Crete. Strabo, bk. 9.

Bœbēis, a lake of Thessaly, near mount Ossa. Lucan, bk. 7, li. 176.

Bœbia lex, was enacted to elect four pretors every year.――Another to insure proprietors in the possession of their lands.――Another, A.U.C. 571, against using bribes at elections.

Boedromia, an Athenian festival instituted in commemoration of the assistance which the people of Athens received in the reign of Erechtheus, from Ion son of Xuthus, when their country was invaded by Eumolpus son of Neptune. The word is derived ἁπο του βοηδρομειν, coming to help. Plutarch in Theseus mentions it as in commemoration of the victory which Theseus obtained over the Amazons, in a month called at Athens Boedromion.

Bœotarchæ, the chief magistrates in Bœotia. Livy, bk. 42, ch. 43.

Bœotia, a country of Greece, bounded on the north by Phocis, south by Attica, east by Eubœa, and west by the bay of Corinth. It has been successively called Aonia, Mesapia, Hyantis, Ogygia, and Cadmeis, and now forms a part of Livadia. It was called Bœotia, from Bœotus son of Itonus; or, according to others, a bove, from a cow, by which Cadmus was led into the country where he built Thebes. The inhabitants were reckoned rude and illiterate, fonder of bodily strength than of mental excellence; yet their country produced many illustrious men, such as Pindar, Hesiod, Plutarch, &c. The mountains of Bœotia, particularly Helicon, were frequented by the Muses, to whom also many of their fountains and rivers were consecrated. Herodotus, bk. 2, ch. 49; bk. 5, ch. 57.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 3, li. 10.—Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 1, &c.—Cornelius Nepos, bk. 7, ch. 11.—Strabo, bk. 9.—Justin, bk. 3, ch. 6; bk. 8, ch. 4.—Horace, bk. 2, ltr. 1, li. 244.—Diodorus, bk. 19.—Livy, bk. 27, ch. 30, &c.

Bœotus, a son of Itonus by Menalippa. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 1.

Bœorobistas, a man who made himself absolute among the Getæ, by the strictness of his discipline. Strabo, bk. 7.

Boethius, a celebrated Roman, banished and afterwards punished with death, on a suspicion of a conspiracy, by Theodoric king of the Ostrogoths, A.D. 525. It was during his imprisonment that he wrote his celebrated poetical treatise De consolatione philosophiæ, in five books. The best edition of his works is that of Hagenau, 4to, 1491, or that of Leiden, 1671, with the notis variorum.

Boetus, a foolish poet of Tarsus, who wrote a poem on the battle of Philippi. Strabo, bk. 14.――A river of Spain, more properly called Bætis. See: Bætis.

Boeus, one of the Heraclidæ.

Boges and Boes, a Persian who destroyed himself and family when besieged by the Athenians. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 107.—Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 8.

Bogud, a king of Mauritania in the interest of Cæsar. Cæsar, Alexandrine War, ch. 59.

Bogus, a king of the Maurusii, present at the battle of Actium. Strabo, bk. 8.

Boii, a people of Celtic Gaul, who migrated into Cisalpine Gaul, and the north of Italy on the banks of the Po. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 1, ch. 28; bk. 7, ch. 17.—Silius Italicus, bk. 4, li. 158.

Bojocalus, a general of the Germans in the age of Tiberius, &c. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 13, ch. 55.

Bola, a town of the Æqui in Italy. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 775.

Bolānus. See: Bollanus.

Bolbe, a marsh near Mygdonia. Thucydides, bk. 1, ch. 58.

Bolbitīnum, one of the mouths of the Nile, with a town of the same name. Naucrautis was built near it. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 17.

Bolgius, a general of Gaul, in an expedition against Ptolemy king of Macedonia. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 19.

Bolīna, a virgin of Achaia, who rejected the addresses of Apollo, and threw herself into the sea to avoid his importunities. The god made her immortal. There is a city which bears her name in Achaia. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 23.

Bolinæus, a river near Bolina. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 23.

Bolissus, a town and island near Chios. Thucydides, bk. 8, ch. 24.

Bollānus, a man whom Horace represents, bk. 1, satire 9, li. 11, as of the most irascible temper and the most inimical to loquacity.

Bolus, a king of the Cimbri, who killed a Roman ambassador. Livy, bk. 67.

Bomienses, a people near Ætolia. Thucydides, bk. 3, ch. 96.

Bomilcar, a Carthaginian general, son of Amilcar. He was suspected of a conspiracy with Agathocles, and hung in the forum, where he had received all his dignity. Diodorus, bk. 26.—Justin, bk. 22, ch. 7.――An African, for some time the instrument of all Jugurtha’s cruelties. He conspired against Jugurtha, who put him to death. Sallust, Jugurthine War.

Bomonīcæ, youths that were whipped at the altar of Diana Orthia during the festivals of the goddess. He who bore the lash of the whip with the greatest patience, and without uttering a groan, was declared victorious, and received an honourable prize. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 16.—Plutarch, Lycurgus.

Bona Dea, a name given to Ops, Vesta, Cybele, and Rhea, by the Greeks; and by the Latins, to Fauna, or Fatua. This goddess was so chaste that no man but her husband saw her after her marriage; from which reason, her festivals were celebrated only in the night by the Roman matrons in the houses of the highest officers of the state, and all the statues of the men were carefully covered with a veil where the ceremonies were observed. In the latter ages of the republic, however, the sanctity of these mysteries was profaned by the introduction of lasciviousness and debauchery. Juvenal, satire 6, li. 313.—Propertius, bk. 4, poem 10, li. 25.—Ovid, de Ars Amatoria, bk. 3, li. 637.

Bonōnia, called also Felsina, a town on the borders of the Rhine, or Rheno, which falls into the Po. Valerius Maximus, bk. 8, ch. 1.—Silius Italicus, bk. 8, li. 599.

Bonosius, an officer of Probus, who assumed the imperial purple in Gaul.

Bonus Eventus, a Roman deity, whose worship was first introduced by the peasants. He was represented holding a cup in his right hand, and in his left, ears of corn. Varro, de Re Rustica, bk. 1.—Pliny, bk. 34, ch. 8.

Boosūra (bovis cauda), a town of Cyprus, where Venus had an ancient temple. Strabo.

Boōtes, a northern constellation near the Ursa Major, also called Bubulcus and Arctophylax. Some suppose it to be Icarus the father of Erigone, who was killed by shepherds for inebriating them. Others maintain that it is Arcas, whom Jupiter placed in heaven. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 3, li. 405.—Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 2, ch. 42.

Bootus and Bœotus, a son of Neptune and Menalippe, exposed by his mother, but preserved by shepherds. Hyginus, fable 186.

Borea, a town taken by Sextus Pompey. Cicero, bk. 16, Letters to Atticus, ltr. 4.

Boreădes, the descendants of Boreas, who long possessed the supreme power and the priesthood in the island of the Hyperboreans. Diodorus, bks. 1 & 2.

Boreas, the name of the north wind blowing from the Hyperborean mountains. According to the poets, he was son of Astræus and Aurora, but others make him son of the Strymon. He was passionately fond of Hyacinthus [See: Hyacinthus], and carried away Orithyia, who refused to receive his addresses, and by her he had Zetes and Calais, Cleopatra and Chione. He was worshipped as a deity, and represented with wings and white hair. The Athenians dedicated altars to him, and to the winds, when Xerxes invaded Europe. Boreas changed himself into a horse, to unite himself with the mares of Dardanus, by which he had 12 mares so swift, that they ran or rather flew over the sea, without scarce wetting their feet. Homer, Iliad, bk. 20, li. 222.—Hesiod, Theogony, li. 379.—Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 15.—Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 189.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 6, li. 700.

Boreasmi, A festival at Athens in honour of Boreas, who, as the Athenians supposed, was related to them on account of his marriage with Orithyia the daughter of one of their kings. They attributed the overthrow of the enemy’s fleet to the respect which he paid to his wife’s native country. There were also sacrifices at Megalopolis in Arcadia, in honour of Boreas. Pausanias, Attica & Arcadia.

Boreus, a Persian, &c. Polyænus, bk. 7, ch. 40.

Borges, a Persian who burnt himself rather than submit to the enemy, &c. Polyænus, bk. 7, ch. 24.

Bornos, a place of Thrace. Cornelius Nepos, Alcibiades, ch. 7.

Borsippa, a town of Babylonia, sacred to Apollo and Diana. The inhabitants ate bats. Strabo, bk. 16.

Borus, a son of Perieres, who married Polydora the daughter of Peleus. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 13.—Homer, Iliad, bk. 16, li. 177.

Borysthĕnes, a large river of Scythia, falling into the Euxine sea, now called the Dnieper, and inferior to no other European river but the Danube, according to Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 45, &c.――There was a city of the same name on the borders of the river, built by a colony of Milesians, 655 years before the christian era. It was also called Olba Salvia. Mela, bk. 2, chs. 1 & 7.――A horse with which the emperor Adrian used to hunt. At his death he was honoured with a monument. Diodorus.

Bosphŏrus and Bospŏrus, two narrow straits, situate at the confines of Europe and Asia. One was called Cimmerian, and joined the Palus Mœotis to the Euxine, now known by the name of the straits of Caffa; and the other, which was called the Thracian Bosphorus, and by the moderns the straits of Constantinople, made a communication between the Euxine sea and the Propontis. It is 16 miles long, and one and a half broad, and where narrowest 500 paces or four stadia, according to Herodotus. The word is derived from Βοος πορος, bovis meatus, because, on account of its narrowness, an ox could easily cross it. Cocks were heard to crow, and dogs to bark, from the opposite banks, and in a calm day persons could talk one to the other. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12; bk. 6, ch. 1.—Ovid, Tristia, bk. 3, poem 4, li. 49.—Mela, bk. 1, ch. 1.—Strabo, bk. 12.—Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 85.

Boter, a freedman of Claudius. Suetonius, Claudius.

Bottia, a colony of Macedonians in Thrace. The people were called Bottiæi. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 1.—Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 185, &c.—Thucydides, bk. 2, ch. 99.

Bottiæis, a country at the north of Macedonia, on the bay of Therma. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 123, &c.

Boudicea, a queen in Britain, who rebelled upon being insulted by the Romans. She poisoned herself when conquered, A.D. 61. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 14, ch. 31.

Bouiānum, an ancient colony of the Samnites, at the foot of the Apennines not far from Beneventum. Livy, bk. 9, ch. 28.

Bovillæ, a town of Latium near Rome. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 3, li. 607.――Another in Campania.

Brachmanes, Indian philosophers, who derive their name from Brahma, one of the three beings whom God, according to their theology, created, and with whose assistance he formed the world. They devoted themselves totally to the worship of the gods, and were accustomed from their youth to endure labours, and to live with frugality and abstinence. They never ate flesh, and abstained from the use of wine, and all carnal enjoyments. After they had spent 37 years in the greatest trials, they were permitted to marry and indulge themselves in a more free and unbounded manner. According to modern authors, Brahma is the parent of all mankind, and he produced as many worlds as there are parts in the body, which they reckoned 14. They believed that there were seven seas, of water, milk, curds, butter, salt, sugar, and wine, each blessed with its particular paradise. Strabo, bk. 15.—Diodorus, bk. 17.

Bræsia, a daughter of Cinyras and Metharme. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 14.

Branciădes, a surname of Apollo.

Branchĭdæ, a people of Asia, near the river Oxus, put to the sword by Alexander. They were originally of Miletus, near the temple of Branchus, but had been removed from thence by Xerxes. Strabo, bk. 11.—Curtius, bk. 7, ch. 5.――The priests of Apollo Didymæus, who gave oracles in Caria. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 29.

Branchyllĭdes, a chief of the Bœotians. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 13.

Branchus, a youth of Miletus, son of Smicrus, beloved by Apollo, who gave him the power of prophecy. He gave oracles at Didyme, which became inferior to none of the Grecian oracles except Delphi, and which exchanged the name of Didymean for that of Branchidæ. The temple, according to Strabo, was set on fire by Xerxes, who took possession of the riches it contained, and transported the people into Sogdiana, where they built a city, which was afterwards destroyed by Alexander. Strabo, bk. 15.—Statius, Thebiad, bk. 3, li. 479.—Lucian, de Domo.

Braslæ, a town of Laconia. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 24.

Brasĭdas, a famous general of Lacedæmon, son of Tellus, who, after many great victories over Athens and other Grecian states, died of a wound at Amphipolis, which Cleon the Athenian had besieged, B.C. 422. A superb monument was raised to his memory. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 24.—Thucydides, bks. 4 & 5.—Diodorus, bk. 3.――A man of Cos. Theocritus, Idylls, poem 7.

Brasidēia, festivals at Lacedæmon, in honour of Brasidas. None but freemen born Spartans were permitted to enter the lists, and such as were absent were fined.

Brasĭlas, a man of Cos. Theocritus, poem 7.

Braure, a woman who assisted in the murder of Pittacus king of the Edoni. Thucydides, bk. 4, ch. 107.

Brauron, a town of Attica, where Diana had a temple. The goddess had three festivals called Brauronia, celebrated once every fifth year by 10 men, who were called ἱεροποιοι. They sacrificed a goat to the goddess, and it was usual to sing one of the books of Homer’s Iliad. The most remarkable that attended were young virgins in yellow gowns, consecrated to Diana. They were about 10 years of age, and not under five, and therefore their consecration was called δεκατευειν, from δεκα, decem; and sometimes ἀρκτευειν, as the virgins themselves bore the name of ἀρκτοι, bears, from this circumstance. There was a bear in one of the villages of Attica so tame, that he ate with the inhabitants, and played harmlessly with them. This familiarity lasted long, till a young virgin treated the animal too roughly, and was killed by it. The virgin’s brother killed the bear, and the country was soon after visited by a pestilence. The oracle was consulted, and the plague removed by consecrating virgins to the service of Diana. This was so faithfully observed, that no woman in Athens was ever married before a previous consecration to the goddess. The statue of Diana of Tauris, which had been brought into Greece by Iphigenia, was preserved in the town of Brauron. Xerxes carried it away when he invaded Greece. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 46.—Strabo, bk. 9.

Brenni and Breuni, a people of Noricum. Horace, bk. 4, ode 14.

Brennus, a general of the Galli Senones, who invaded Italy, defeated the Romans at the river Allia, and entered their city without opposition. The Romans fled into the capitol, and left the whole city in the possession of the enemies. The Gauls climbed the Tarpeian rock in the night, and the capitol would have been taken had not the Romans been awakened by the noise of geese which were before the doors, and immediately repelled the enemy. Camillus, who was in banishment, marched to the relief of his country, and so totally defeated the Gauls, that not one remained to carry the news of their destruction. Livy, bk. 5, ch. 36, &c.—Plutarch, Camillus.――Another Gaul, who made an irruption into Greece with 150,000 men and 15,000 horse, and endeavoured to plunder the temple of Apollo at Delphi. He was destroyed, with all his troops, by the god, or more properly, he killed himself in a fit of intoxication, B.C. 278, after being defeated by the Delphians. Pausanias, bk. 10, chs. 22 & 23.—Justin, bk. 24, ch. 6, &c.

Brenthe, a ruined city of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 28.

Brescia, a city of Italy, which had gods peculiar to itself.

Brettii, a people of Italy. Strabo, bk. 6.

Briăreus, a famous giant, son of Cœlus and Terra, who had 100 hands and 50 heads, and was called by men Ægeon, and only by the gods Briareus. When Juno, Neptune, and Minerva conspired to dethrone Jupiter, Briareus ascended the heavens, and seated himself next to him, and so terrified the conspirators by his fierce and threatening looks that they desisted. He assisted the giants in their war against the gods, and was thrown under mount Ætna, according to some accounts. Hesiod, Theogony, li. 148.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 1.—Homer, Iliad, bk. 1, li. 403.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 287; bk. 10, li. 565.――A Cyclops, made judge between Apollo and Neptune, in their dispute about the isthmus and promontory of Corinth. He gave the former to Neptune, and the latter to Apollo. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 1.

Brias, a town of Pisidia.

Brigrantes, a people in the northern parts of Britain. Juvenal, satire 14, li. 196.—Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 43.

Brigrantīnus, a lake of Rhœtia between the Alps, now the lake of Constance. The town on its eastern banks is now Bregentz in the Tyrol, anciently called Brigantium. Pliny, bk. 9, ch. 17.

Brilessus, a mountain of Attica. Thucydides, bk. 2, ch. 23.

Brīmo (terror), a name given to Proserpine and Hecate. Propertius, bk. 2, poem 2, li. 11.

Brisēis, a woman of Lyrnessus, called also Hippodamia. When her country was taken by the Greeks, and her husband Mines and brother killed in the fight, she fell to the share of Achilles in the division of the spoils. Agamemnon took her away some time after from Achilles, who made a vow to absent himself from the field of battle. Briseis was very faithful to Achilles; and when Agamemnon restored her to him, he swore he had never offended her chastity. Homer, Iliad, bks. 1, 2, &c.—Ovid, Heroides, poem 3; De Ars Amatoria, bks. 2 & 3.—Propertius, bk. 2, poems 8, 20, & 22.—Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 24.—Horace, bk. 2, ode 4.

Brises, a man of Lyrnessus, brother to the priest Chryses. His daughter Hippodamia was called Briseis, from him.

Briseus, a surname of Bacchus, from his nurse Briso, or his temple at Brisa, a promontory at Lesbos. Persius, bk. 1, li. 76.

Britanni, the inhabitants of Britain. See: Britannia.――A man in Gallia Belgica. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 17.

Britannia, an island in the northern ocean, the greatest in Europe, conquered by Julius Cæsar during his Gallic wars, B.C. 55, and first known to be an island by Agricola, who sailed round it. It was a Roman province from the time of its conquest till the 448th year of the christian era. The inhabitants, in the age of Cæsar, used to paint their bodies, to render themselves more terrible in the eyes of their enemies. The name of Britain was unknown to the Romans before Cæsar conquered it. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 4.—Diodorus, bk. 5.—Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 33.—Tacitus, Agricola, ch. 10.—Pliny, bk. 34, ch. 17.

Britannĭcus, a son of Claudius Cæsar by Messalina. Nero was raised to the throne in preference to him, by means of Agrippina, and caused him to be poisoned. His corpse was buried in the night; but it is said that a shower of rain washed away the white paint which the murderer had put over his face, so that it appeared quite black, and discovered the effects of poison. Tacitus, Annals.—Suetonius, Nero, ch. 33.

Britomartis, a beautiful nymph of Crete, daughter of Jupiter and Charme, who devoted herself to hunting, and became a great favourite of Diana. She was loved by Minos, who pursued her so closely, that, to avoid his importunities, she threw herself into the sea. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 30; bk. 3, ch. 14.――A surname of Diana.

Britomarus, a chief of the Galli Insubres conquered by Æmilius. Florus, bk. 2, ch. 4.

Britŏnes, the inhabitants of Britain. Juvenal, satire 15, li. 124.

Brixellum, a town in Italy near Mantua, where Otho slew himself when defeated. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 2, ch. 32.

Brixia, a town of Italy beyond the Po, at the north of Cremona, now Brescia. Justin, bk. 20, ch. 5.

Brizo, the goddess of dreams worshipped in Delos.

Brocubēlus, a governor of Syria, who fled to Alexander, when Darius was murdered by Bessus. Curtius, bk. 5, ch. 13.

Bromius, a surname of Bacchus, from βρεμειν, frendere, alluding to the groans which Semele uttered when consumed by Jupiter’s fire. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 4, li. 11.――A son of Ægyptus. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 1.

Bromus, one of the Centaurs. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12, li. 459.

Brongus, a river falling into the Ister. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 49.

Brontēs (thunder), one of the Cyclops. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 8, li. 425.

Brontīnus, a Pythagorean philosopher.――The father of Theano the wife of Pythagoras. Diogenes Laërtius.

Broteas and Ammon, two men famous for their skill in the cestus. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 5, li. 107.――One of the Lapithæ.

Brotheus, a son of Vulcan and Minerva, who burned himself to avoid the ridicule to which his deformity subjected him. Ovid, Ibis, li. 517.

Bructēri, a people of Germany, inhabiting the country at the east of Holland. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 1, ch. 51.

Brumālia, festivals celebrated at Rome in honour of Bacchus, about the month of December. They were first instituted by Romulus.

Brundusium, now Brundisi, a city of Calabria, on the Adriatic sea where the Appian road was terminated. It was founded by Diomedes after the Trojan war, or, according to Strabo, by Theseus, with a Cretan colony. The Romans generally embarked at Brundusium for Greece. It is famous for the birth of the poet Pacuvius and the death of Virgil, and likewise for its harbour, which is capacious and sheltered by the land, and by a small island at the entrance, against the fury of the winds and waves. Little remains of the ancient city, and even its harbour has now been choked up by the negligence of the inhabitants. Justin, bk. 3, ch. 4; bk. 12, ch. 2.—Strabo, bk. 5.—Cæsar, Civil War, bk. 1, ch. 24.—Cicero, Letters to Atticus, bk. 4, ltr. 1.

Brutidius, a man dragged to prison in Juvenal’s age, on suspicion of his favouring Sejanus. Juvenal, satire 10, li. 82.

Brutii, a people in the furthest parts of Italy, who were originally shepherds of the Lucanians, but revolted, and went in quest of a settlement. They received the name of Brutii, from their stupidity and cowardice in submitting, without opposition, to Annibal in the second Punic war. They were ever after held in the greatest disgrace, and employed in every servile work. Justin, bk. 23, ch. 9.—Strabo, bk. 6.—Diodorus, bk. 16.

Brutŭlus, a Samnite, who killed himself, upon being delivered to the Romans for violating a treaty. Livy, bk. 8, ch. 39.

Brutus Lucius Junius, a son of Marcus Junius and Tarquinia, second daughter of Tarquin Priscus. The father, with his eldest son, were murdered by Tarquin the Proud, and Lucius, unable to revenge their death, pretended to be insane. The artifice saved his life; he was called Brutus for his stupidity, which he, however, soon after showed to be feigned. When Lucretia killed herself, B.C. 509, in consequence of the brutality of Tarquin, Brutus snatched the dagger from the wound, and swore, upon the reeking blade, immortal hatred to the royal family. His example animated the Romans. The Tarquins were proscribed by a decree of the senate, and the royal authority vested in the hands of consuls chosen from patrician families. Brutus, in his consular office, made the people swear they never would again submit to kingly authority; but the first who violated their oath were in his own family. His sons conspired with the Tuscan ambassador to restore the Tarquins; and when discovered, they were tried and condemned before their father, who himself attended at their execution. Some time after, in a combat that was fought between the Romans and Tarquins, Brutus engaged with Aruns, and so fierce was the attack that they pierced one another at the same time. The dead body was brought to Rome, and received as in triumph; a funeral oration was spoken over it, and the Roman matrons showed their grief by mourning a year for the father of the republic. Florus, bk. 1, ch. 2.—Livy, bk. 1, ch. 56; bk. 2, ch. 1, &c.—Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bks. 4 & 5.—Cornelius Nepos, Atticus, ch. 8.—Eutropius on Tarquin.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 818.—Plutarch, Brutus & Cæsar.――Marcus Junius, father of Cæsar’s murderer, wrote three books on civil law. He followed the party of Marius, and was conquered by Pompey. After the death of Sylla, he was besieged in Mutina by Pompey, to whom he surrendered, and by whose orders he was put to death. He had married Servilia, Cato’s sister, by whom he had a son and two daughters. Cicero, On Oratory, ch. 55.—Plutarch, Brutus.――His son of the same name by Servilia, was lineally descended from Junius Brutus, who expelled the Tarquins from Rome. He seemed to inherit the republican principles of his great progenitor, and in the civil wars joined himself to the side of Pompey, though he was his father’s murderer, only because he looked upon him as more just and patriotic in his claims. At the battle of Pharsalia, Cæsar not only spared the life of Brutus, but he made him one of his most faithful friends. He, however, forgot the favour because Cæsar aspired to tyranny. He conspired with many of the most illustrious citizens of Rome against the tyrant, and stabbed him in Pompey’s Basilica. The tumult which this murder occasioned was great; the conspirators fled to the capitol, and by proclaiming freedom and liberty to the populace, they re-established tranquillity in the city. Antony, whom Brutus, contrary to the opinion of his associates, refused to seize, gained ground in behalf of his friend Cæsar, and the murderers were soon obliged to leave Rome. Brutus retired into Greece, where he gained himself many friends by his arms, as well as by persuasion, and he was soon after pursued thither by Antony, whom young Octavius accompanied. A battle was fought at Philippi. Brutus, who commanded the right wing of the republican army, defeated the enemy; but Cassius, who had the care of the left, was overpowered, and as he knew not the situation of his friend, and grew desperate, he ordered one of his freedmen to run him through. Brutus deeply deplored his fall, and in the fulness of his grief called him the last of the Romans. In another battle, the wing which Brutus commanded obtained a victory; but the other was defeated, and he found himself surrounded by the soldiers of Antony. He, however, made his escape, and soon after fell upon his sword, B.C. 42. Antony honoured him with a magnificent funeral. Brutus is not less celebrated for his literary talents, than his valour in the field. When he was in the camp, the greatest part of his time was employed in reading and writing; and the day which preceded one of his most bloody battles, while the rest of his army was under continual apprehensions, Brutus calmly spent his hours till the evening, in writing an epitome of Polybius. He was fond of imitating the austere virtues of Cato, and in reading the histories of nations he imbibed those principles of freedom which were so eminently displayed in his political career. He was intimate with Cicero, to whom he would have communicated his conspiracy, had he not been apprehensive of his great timidity. He severely reprimanded him in his letters for joining the side of Octavius, who meditated the ruin of the republic. Plutarch mentions that Cæsar’s ghost made its appearance to Brutus in his tent, and told him that he would meet him at Philippi. Brutus married Portia the daughter of Cato, who killed herself by swallowing burning coals when she heard the fate of her husband. Cornelius Nepos, Atticus.—Paterculus, bk. 2, ch. 48.—Plutarch, Brutus, &c.; Cæsar, ch. 1.—Florus, bk. 4.――Decimus Junius Albinus, one of Cæsar’s murderers, who, after the battle of Mutina, was deserted by the legions, with which he wished to march against Antony. He was put to death by Antony’s orders, though consul elect.――Junius, one of the first tribunes of the people. Plutarch.――One of Carbo’s generals.

Bryas, a general of the Argives against Sparta, put to death by a woman, to whom he had offered violence. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 20.――A general in the army of Xerxes. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 72.

Bryaxis, a marble sculptor, who assisted in making the Mausoleum. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 40.

Bryce, a daughter of Danaus by Polyxo. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 1.

Brygres, a people of Thrace, afterwards called Phryges. Strabo, bk. 7.

Brygri, a people of Macedonia, conquered by Mardonius. Herodotus, bk. 6, ch. 45.

Brysea, a town of Laconia. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 20.

Bubacēne, a town of Asia. Curtius, bk. 5.

Bubāces, a eunuch of Darius, &c. Curtius, bk. 5, ch. 11.

Bubăris, a Persian who married the daughter of Amyntas, against whom he had been sent with an army. Justin, bk. 7, ch. 13.

Bubastiăcus, one of the mouths of the Nile.

Bubastis, a city of Egypt, in the eastern parts of the Delta, where cats were held in great veneration, because Diana Bubastis, who is the chief deity of the place, is said to have transformed herself into a cat when the gods fled into Egypt. Herodotus, bk. 2, chs. 59, 137, & 154.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 9, li. 690.

Bubăsus, a country of Caria, whence Bubasides applied to the natives. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 9, li. 643.

Bubon, an inland city of Lycia. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 27.

Bucephăla, a city of India near the Hydaspes, built by Alexander in honour of his favourite horse Bucephalus. Curtius, bk. 9, ch. 3.—Justin, bk. 12, ch. 8.—Diodorus, bk. 17.

Bucephălus, a horse of Alexander’s, whose head resembled that of a bull, whence his name (βους κεφαλος, bovis caput). Alexander was the only one who could mount on his back, and he always knelt down to take up his master. He was present in an engagement in Asia, where he received a heavy wound, and hastened immediately out of the battle, and dropped down dead as soon as he had set down the king in a safe place. He was 30 years old when he died, and Alexander built a city which he called after his name. Plutarch, Alexander.—Curtius.—Arrian, bk. 5, ch. 3.—Pliny, bk. 8, ch. 42.

Buciliānus, one of Cæsar’s murderers. Cicero, Letters to Atticus, ch. 14.

Bucolĭca, a sort of poem which treats of the care of the flocks, and of the pleasures and occupations of the rural life, with simplicity and elegance. The most famous pastoral writers of antiquity are Moschus, Bion, Theocritus, and Virgil. The invention of Bucolics, or pastoral poetry, is attributed to a shepherd of Sicily.

Bucolĭcum, one of the mouths of the Nile, situate between the Sebennytican and Mendesian mouths, and called by Strabo, Phatniticum. Herodotus, bk. 2, ch. 17.

Bucolion, a king of Arcadia, after Lais. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 5.――A son of Laomedon and the nymph Calybe.――A son of Hercules and Praxithea. He was also called Bucolus.――A son of Lycaon king of Arcadia. Apollodorus, bks. 2 & 3.

Bucŏlus, a son of Hercules and Marse.――A son of Hippocoon. Apollodorus, bks. 2 & 3.

Budii, a nation of Media. Herodotus.

Budīni, a people of Scythia. Herodotus.

Budōrum, a promontory of Salamis. Thucydides, bk. 2, ch. 94.

Bulbus, a Roman senator, remarkable for his meanness. Cicero, Against Verres.

Bulis, a town of Phocis, built by a colony from Doris, near the sea, above the bay of Corinth. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 37.――A Spartan given up to Xerxes, to atone for the offence which his countrymen had done in putting the king’s messengers to death. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 134, &c.

Bullatius, a friend of Horace to whom the poet addressed, bk. 1, ltr. 11, in consequence of his having travelled over part of Asia.

Bullis, a town of Illyricum, near the sea, south of Apollonia. Livy, bk. 36, ch. 7; bk. 44, ch. 30.

Bumellus, a river of Assyria. Curtius, bk. 4, ch. 9.

Bunea, a surname of Juno.

Bunus, a son of Mercury and Alcidamea, who obtained the government of Corinth when Ætes went to Colchis. He built a temple to Juno. Pausanias, bk. 2, chs. 3 & 4.

Bupălus, a statuary of Clazomenæ. See: Anthermus.

Buphăgus, a son of Japetus and Thornax killed by Diana, whose virtue he had attempted. A river of Arcadia bears his name. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 24.――A surname of Hercules, given him on account of his gluttony.

Buphŏnia, a festival in honour of Jupiter at Athens, where an ox was immolated. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 24.—Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 8, ch. 3.

Buprāsium, a city, country, and river of Elis. Homer.

Bura, a daughter of Jupiter, or, according to others, of Ion and Helice, from whom Bura or Buris, once a flourishing city in the bay of Corinth, received its name. This city was destroyed by the sea. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 15, li. 293.—Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 25.—Strabo, bks. 1 & 8.—Diodorus, bk. 15.

Buraicus, an epithet applied to Hercules, from his temple near Bura.――A river of Achaia. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 25.

Burrhus Afranius, a chief of the pretorian guards, put to death by Nero.――A brother-in-law of the emperor Commodus.

Bursa, a capital city of Bithynia, supposed to have been called Prusa, from its founder Prusias. Strabo, bk. 12.

Bursia, a town of Babylonia. Justin, bk. 12, ch. 13.

Busa, a woman of Apulia who entertained 1000 Romans after the battle of Cannæ. Valerius Maximus, bk. 4, ch. 8.

Busæ, a nation of Media. Herodotus, bk. 1.

Busīris, a king of Egypt, son of Neptune and Libya, or Lysianassa, who sacrificed all foreigners to Jupiter with the greatest cruelty. When Hercules visited Egypt, Busiris carried him to the altar bound hand and foot. The hero soon disentangled himself, and offered the tyrant, his son Amphidamas, and the ministers of his cruelty, on the altar. Many Egyptian princes have borne the same name. One of them built a town called Busiris, ♦in the middle of the Delta, where Isis had a famous temple. Herodotus, bk. 2, chs. 59 & 61.—Strabo, bk. 17.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 9, li. 132; Heroides, poem 9, li. 69.—Plutarch, Theseus.—Virgil, Georgics, bk. 3, li. 5.—Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 5.

♦ extraneous ‘and’ removed

Buta, a town of Achaia. Diodorus, bk. 20.

Buteo, a surname of Marcus Fabius. Livy, bk. 30, ch. 26.――A Roman orator. Seneca.

Butes, one of the descendants of Amycus king of the Bebryces, very expert in the combat of the cestus. He came to Sicily, where he was received by Lycaste, a beautiful harlot, by whom he had a son called Eryx. Lycaste, on account of her beauty, was called Venus; hence Eryx is often called the son of Venus.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 5, li. 372.――One of the Argonauts. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9.――A Trojan slain by Camilla. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 11, li. 690.――A son of Boreas who built Naxos. Diodorus, bk. 5.――A son of Pandion and Zeuxippe, priest of Minerva and Neptune. He married Chthonia daughter of Erechtheus. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 14, &c.――An armbearer to Anchises, and afterwards to Ascanius. Apollo assumed his shape when he descended from heaven to encourage Ascanius to fight. Butes was killed by Turnus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 647; bk. 12, li. 632.――A governor of Darius, besieged by Conon the Athenian.

Buthrōtum, now Butrinto, a seaport town of Epirus, opposite Corcyra, visited by Æneas, in his way from Troy to Italy. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 293.—Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 1.

Buthrōtus, a river in Italy, near Locri.

Buthyreus, a noble statuary, disciple to Myron. Pliny, bk. 34, ch. 8.

Butoa, an island in the Mediterranean, near Crete. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12.

Butorĭdes, an historian who wrote concerning the pyramids. Pliny, bk. 36, ch. 12.

Butos, a town of Egypt, where there was a temple of Apollo and Diana, and an oracle of Latona. Herodotus, bk. 2, chs. 59 & 63.

Butuntum, an inland town of Apulia. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 11.

Butus, a son of Pandion.

Buzȳges, an Athenian who first ploughed with harnessed oxen. Demophoon gave him the Palladium, with which Diomedes had entrusted him to be carried to Athens. Polyænus, bk. 1, ch. 5.

Byblesia and Bybassia, a country of Caria. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 174.

Byblia, a name of Venus.

Byblii, a people of Syria. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 1.

Byblis, a daughter of Miletus and Cyanea. She fell in love with her brother Caunus, and when he refused to gratify her passion, she destroyed herself. Some say that Caunus became enamoured of her, and fled from his country to avoid incest; and others report that he fled from his sister’s importunities, who sought him all over Lycia and Caria, and at last sat down all bathed in tears, and was changed into a fountain of the same name. Ovid, de Ars Amatoria, bk. 1, li. 284; Metamorphoses, bk. 9, li. 451.—Hyginus, fable 243.—Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 5.――A small island in the Mediterranean.

Byblus, a town of Syria, not far from the sea, where Adonis had a temple. Strabo, bk. 16.

Bylliones, a people of Illyricum.

Byrrhus, a robber, famous for his dissipation. Horace, bk. 1, satire 4, li. 69.

Byrsa, a citadel in the middle of Carthage, on which was the temple of Æsculapius. Asdrubal’s wife burnt it when the city was taken. When Dido came to Africa, she bought of the inhabitants as much land as could be encompassed by a bull’s hide. After the agreement, she cut the hide in small thongs, and inclosed a large piece of territory, on which she built a citadel which she called Byrsa (Βυρσα, a hide). Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 371.—Strabo, bk. 17.—Justin, bk. 18, ch. 5.—Florus, bk. 2, ch. 15.—Livy, bk. 34, ch. 62.

Byzacium, a country of Africa.

Byzantium, a town situate on the Thracian Bosphorus, founded by a colony of Megara, under the conduct of Byzas, 658 years before the christian era. Paterculus says it was founded by the Milesians, and by the Lacedæmonians according to Justin, and according to Ammianus by the Athenians. The pleasantness and convenience of its situation were observed by Constantine the Great, who made it the capital of the eastern Roman empire, A.D. 328, and called it Constantinopolis. A number of Greek writers, who have deserved or usurped the name of Byzantine historians, flourished at Byzantium, after the seat of the empire had been translated thither from Rome. Their works, which more particularly relate to the time in which they flourished, and are seldom read but by those who wish to form an acquaintance with the revolutions of the lower empire, were published in one large collection, in 36 vols., folio, 1648, &c., at Paris, and recommended themselves by the notes and supplements of du Fresne and du Cange. They were likewise printed at Venice, 1729, in 28 vols., though perhaps this edition is not so valuable as that of the French. Strabo, bk. 1.—Paterculus, bk. 2, ch. 15.—Cornelius Nepos, Pausanias, Alcibiades, & Timotheus.—Justin, bk. 9, ch. 1.—Tacitus, Annals, bk. 12, chs. 62 & 63.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 2.—Marcellinus, bk. 22, ch. 8.

Byzas, a son of Neptune king of Thrace, from whom it is said Byzantium receives its name. Diodorus, bk. 4.

Byzeres, a people of Pontus, between Cappadocia and Colchis. Dionysius Periegetes.—Flaccus, bk. 5, li. 153.

Byzes, a celebrated artist in the age of Astyages. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 10.

Byzia, a town in the possession of the kings of Thrace, hated by swallows, on account of the horrible crimes of Tereus. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 11.

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C

Caanthus, a son of Oceanus and Tethys. He was ordered by his father to seek his sister Malia, whom Apollo had carried away, and he burnt in revenge the ravisher’s temple near the ♦Isthmus. He was killed for this impiety by the god, and a monument was raised to his memory. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 10.

♦ ‘Ithmus’ replaced with ‘Isthmus’

Cabades, a king of Persia, &c.

Cabăla, a place of Sicily where the Carthaginians were conquered by Dionysius. Diodorus, bk. 15.

Cabāles, a people of Africa. Herodotus.

Cabalii, a people of Asia Minor. Herodotus.

Caballīnus, a clear fountain on mount Helicon, sacred to the muses, and called also Hippocrene, as raised from the ground by the foot of Pegasus. Persius.

Caballīnum, a town of the Ædui, now Chalons, on the Saone. Cæsar, Gallic War, ch. 42.

Caballio, a town of Gaul.

Cabarnos, a deity worshipped at Paros. His priests were called Cabarni.

Cabassus, a town of Cappadocia.――A village near Tarsus.

Cabīra, a wife of Vulcan, by whom she had three sons.――A town of Paphlagonia.

Cabīri, certain deities held in the greatest veneration at Thebes, Lemnos, Macedonia, and Phrygia, but more particularly in the islands of Samothrace and Imbros. The number of these deities is uncertain. Some say there were only two, Jupiter and Bacchus; others mention three, and some four, Aschieros, Achiochersa, Achiochersus, and Camillus. It is unknown where their worship was first established; yet Phœnicia seems to be the place according to the authority of Sanchoniathon, and from thence it was introduced into Greece by the Pelasgi. The festivals or mysteries of the Cabiri were celebrated with the greatest solemnity at Samothrace, where all the ancient heroes and princes were generally initiated, as their power seemed to be great in protecting persons from shipwreck and storms. The obscenities which prevailed in the celebration have obliged the authors of every country to pass over them in silence, and say that it was unlawful to reveal them. These deities are often confounded with the Corybantes, Anaces, Dioscuri, &c., and, according to Herodotus, Vulcan was their father. This author mentions the sacrilege which Cambyses committed in entering their temple, and turning to ridicule their sacred mysteries. They were supposed to preside over metals. Herodotus, bk. 2, ch. 51.—Strabo, bk. 10, &c.—Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 22, &c.—Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 1.

Cabiria, a surname of Ceres.――The festivals of the Cabiri. See: Cabiri.

Cabūra, a fountain of Mesopotamia, where Juno bathed. Pliny, bk. 31, ch. 3.

Cabūrus, a chief of the Helvii. Cæsar.

Caca, a goddess among the Romans, sister to Cacus, who is said to have discovered to Hercules where her brother had concealed his oxen. She presided over the excrements of the body. The vestals offered sacrifices in her temple. Lactantius [Placidus], bk. 1, ch. 20.

Cachăles, a river of Phocis. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 32.

Cacus, a famous robber, son of Vulcan and Medusa, represented as a three-headed monster, and as vomiting flames. He resided in Italy, and the avenues of his cave were covered with human bones. He plundered the neighbouring country; and when Hercules returned from the conquest of Geryon, Cacus stole some of his cows, and dragged them backwards into his cave to prevent discovery. Hercules departed without perceiving the theft; but his oxen having lowed, were answered by the cows in the cave of Cacus, and the hero became acquainted with the loss he had sustained. He ran to the place, attacked Cacus, squeezed and strangled him in his arms, though vomiting fire and smoke. Hercules erected an altar to Jupiter Servator, in commemoration of his victory; and an annual festival was instituted by the inhabitants in honour of the hero, who had delivered them from such a public calamity. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 1, li. 551.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 8, li. 194.—Propertius, bk. 4, poem 10.—Juvenal, satire 5, li. 125.—Livy, bk. 1, ch. 7.—Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 1, ch. 9.

Cacūthis, a river of India, flowing into the Ganges. Arrian, Indica.

Cacyparis, a river of Sicily.

Cadi, a town of Phrygia. Strabo, bk. 12.――Of Lydia. Propertius, bk. 4, poem 6, li. 7.

Cadmēa, a citadel of Thebes, built by Cadmus. It is generally taken for Thebes itself, and the Thebans are often called Cadmeans. Statius, Thebiad, bk. 8, li. 601.—Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 5.

Cadmēis, an ancient name of Bœotia.

Cadmus, son of Agenor king of Phœnicia by Telephassa or Agriope, was ordered by his father to go in quest of his sister Europa, whom Jupiter had carried away, and he was never to return to Phœnicia if he did not bring her back. As his search proved fruitless, he consulted the oracle of Apollo, and was ordered to build a city where he should see a young heifer stop in the grass, and to call the country Bœotia. He found the heifer according to the directions of the oracle; and as he wished to thank the god by a sacrifice, he sent his companions to fetch water from a neighbouring grove. The waters were sacred to Mars, and guarded by a dragon, which devoured all the Phœnician’s attendants. Cadmus, tired of their seeming delay, went to the place, and saw the monster still feeding on their flesh. He attacked the dragon, and overcame it by the assistance of Minerva, and sowed the teeth in a plain, upon which armed men suddenly rose up from the ground. He threw a stone in the midst of them, and they instantly turned their arms one against another, till all perished except five, who assisted him in building his city. Soon after he married Hermione the daughter of Venus, with whom he lived in the greatest cordiality, and by whom he had a son Polydorus, and four daughters, Ino, Agave, Autonoe, and Semele. Juno persecuted these children; and their well-known misfortunes so distracted Cadmus and Hermione, that they retired to Illyricum, loaded with grief and infirm with age. They intreated the gods to remove them from the misfortunes of life, and they were immediately changed into serpents. Some explain the dragon’s fable, by supposing that it was a king of the country whom Cadmus conquered by war; and the armed men rising from the field, is no more than men armed with brass, according to the ambiguous signification of a Phœnician word. Cadmus was the first who introduced the use of letters into Greece; but some maintain, that the alphabet which he brought from Phœnicia, was only different from that which was used by the ancient inhabitants of Greece. This alphabet consisted only of 16 letters, to which Palamedes afterwards added four, and Simonides of Melos the same number. The worship of many of the Egyptian and Phœnician deities was also introduced by Cadmus, who is supposed to have come into Greece 1493 years before the christian era, and to have died 61 years after. According to those who believe that Thebes was built at the sound of Amphion’s lyre, Cadmus built only a small citadel which he called Cadmea, and laid the foundations of a city which was finished by one of his successors. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 3, fables 1, 2, &c.—Herodotus, bk. 2, ch. 49; bk. 4, ch. 147.—Hyginus, fables 6, 76, 155, &c.—Diodorus, bk. 1, &c.—Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 5, &c.—Hesiod, Theogony, li. 937, &c.――A son of Pandion of Miletus, celebrated as an historian in the age of Crœsus, and as the writer of an account of some cities of Ionia, in four books. He is called the ancient, in contradistinction from another of the same name and place, son of Archelaus, who wrote a history of Attica in 16 books, and a treatise on love in 14 books. Diodorus, bk. 1.—Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 2.—Clement of Alexandria, bk. 3.—Strabo, bk. 1.—Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 29.――A Roman executioner, mentioned Horace, bk. 1, satire 5, li. 39.

Cadra, a hill of Asia Minor. Tacitus.

Cadūceus, a rod entwined at one end by two serpents, in the form of two equal semi-circles. It was the attribute of Mercury and the emblem of power, and it had been given him by Apollo in return for the lyre. Various interpretations have been put upon the two serpents round it. Some suppose them to be a symbol of Jupiter’s amours with Rhea, when these two deities transformed themselves into snakes. Others say that it originates from Mercury’s having appeased the fury of two serpents that were fighting, by touching them with his rod. Prudence is generally supposed to be represented by these two serpents, and the wings are the symbol of diligence; both necessary in the pursuit of business and commerce, which Mercury patronized. With it Mercury conducted to the infernal regions the souls of the dead, and could lull to sleep, and even raise to life a dead person. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 4, li. 242.—Horace, bk. 1, ode 10.

Cadurci, a people of Gaul, at the east of the Garonne. Cæsar.

Cadusci, a people near the Caspian sea. Plutarch.

Cadytis, a town of Syria. Herodotus, bk. 2, ch. 159.

Cæa, an island of the Ægean sea among the Cyclades, called also Ceos and Cea, from Ceus the son of Titan. Ovid, poem 20. Heroides.—Virgil, Georgics, bk. 1, li. 14.

Cæcias, a wind blowing from the north.

Cæcĭlia, the wife of Sylla. Plutarch, Sulla.――The mother of Lucullus. Plutarch, Lucullus.――A daughter of Atticus.

Cæcilia Caia, or Tanaquil. See: Tanaquil.

Cæcilia lex, was proposed A.U.C. 693, by Cæcilius Metellus Nepos, to remove taxes from all the Italian states, and to give them free exportation.――Another, called also Didia, A.U.C. 656, by the consul Quintus Cæcilius Metellus and Titus Didius. It required that no more than one single matter should be proposed to the people in one question, lest by one word they should give their assent to a whole bill, which might contain clauses worthy to be approved, and others unworthy. It required that every law, before it was preferred, should be exposed to public view on three market-days.――Another, enacted by Cæcilius Metellus the censor, concerning fullers. Pliny, bk. 35, ch. 17.――Another, A.U.C. 701, to restore to the censors their original rights and privileges, which had been lessened by Publius Clodius the tribune.――Another, called also Gabinia, A.U.C. 685, against usury.

Cæciliānus, a Latin writer before the age of Cicero.

Cæcĭlii, a plebeian family at Rome, descended from Cæcas, one of the companions of Æneas, or from Cæculus the son of Vulcan, who built Præneste. This family gave birth to many illustrious generals and patriots.

Cæcĭlius Claudius Isidorus, a man who left in his will to his heirs, 4116 slaves, 3600 yokes of oxen, 257,000 small cattle, 600,000 pounds of silver. Pliny, bk. 33, ch. 10.――Epirus, a freedman of Atticus, who opened a school at Rome, and is said to have first taught reading to Virgil and some other growing poets.――A Sicilian orator in the age of Augustus, who wrote on the Servile wars, a comparison between Demosthenes and Cicero, and an account of the orations of Demosthenes.――Metellus. See: Metellus.――Statius, a comic poet, deservedly commended by Cicero and Quintilian, though the orator, Letters to Atticus, calls him Malum Latinitatis auctorem. Above 30 of his comedies are mentioned by ancient historians, among which are his Nauclerus, Phocius, Epiclerus, Syracusæ, Fœnerator, Fallacia, Pausimachus, &c. He was a native of Gaul, and died at Rome 168 B.C., and was buried on the Janiculum. Horace, bk. 2, ltr. 1.

Cæcīna Tuscus, a son of Nero’s nurse, made governor of Egypt. Suetonius, Nero.――A Roman who wrote some physical treatises.――A citizen of Volaterræ defended by Cicero.

Cæcŭbum, a town of Campania in Italy, near the bay of Caieta, famous for the excellence and plenty of its wines. Strabo, bk. 5.—Horace, bk. 1, ode 20; bk. 2, ode 14, &c.

Cæcŭlus, a son of Vulcan, conceived, as some say, by his mother, when a spark of fire fell into her bosom. He was called Cæculus because his eyes were small. After a life spent in plundering and rapine, he built Præneste; but being unable to find inhabitants, he implored Vulcan to show whether he really was his father. Upon this a flame suddenly shone among a multitude who were assembled to see some spectacle, and they were immediately persuaded to become the subjects of Cæculus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 680, says that he was found in fire by shepherds, and on that account called son of Vulcan, who is the god of fire.

Quintus Cædicius, a consul, A.U.C. 498.――Another, A.U.C. 465.――A military tribune in Sicily, who bravely devoted himself to rescue the Roman army from the Carthaginians, B.C. 254. He escaped with his life.――A rich person, &c. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 362.――A friend of Turnus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, lis. 7, 47.

Cælia lex, was enacted, A.U.C. 635, by Cælius, a tribune. It ordained, that in judicial proceedings before the people, in cases of treason, the votes should be given upon tablets contrary to the exception of the Cassian law.

Cælius, an orator, disciple to Cicero. He died very young. Cicero defended him when he was accused by Clodius of being accessary to Catiline’s conspiracy, and of having murdered some ambassadors from Alexandria, and carried on an illicit amour with Clodia the wife of Metellus. Pro Cælio.—Quintilian, bk. 10, ch. 1.――A man of Tarracina, found murdered in his bed. His sons were suspected of the murder, but acquitted. Valerius Maximus, bk. 8, ch. 1.――Aurelianus, a writer about 300 years after Christ, the best edition of whose works is that of Almeloveen, Amsterdam, 1722 and 1755.――Lucius Antipater, wrote a history of Rome, which Marcus Brutus epitomized, and which Adrian preferred to the histories of Sallust. Cælius flourished 120 years B.C. Valerius Maximus, bk. 1, ch. 7.—Cicero, bk. 13, Letters to Atticus, ltr. 8.――Tubero, a man who came to life after he had been carried to the burning pile. Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 52.――Vibienus, a king of Etruria, who assisted Romulus against the Cæninenses, &c.――Sabinus, a writer in the age of Vespasian, who composed a treatise on the edicts of the curule ediles.――One of the seven hills on which Rome was built. Romulus surrounded it with a ditch and rampart, and it was enclosed by walls by the succeeding kings. It received its name from Cælius, who assisted Romulus against the Sabines.

Cæmaro, a Greek, who wrote an account of India.

Cæne, a small island in the Sicilian sea.――A town on the coast of Laconia, whence Jupiter is called Cænius. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 5.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 9, li. 136.

Cæneus, one of the Argonauts. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9.――A Trojan killed by Turnus. Virgil.

Cænides, a patronymic of Eetion, as descended from Cæneus. Herodotus, bk. 5, ch. 92.

Cænīna, a town of Latium near Rome. The inhabitants, called Cæninenses, made war against the Romans when their virgins had been stolen away. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 2, li. 135.—Propertius, bk. 4, poem 11, li. 9.—Livy, bk. 1, ch. 9.

Cænis, a promontory of Italy, opposite to Pelorus in Sicily, a distance of about one mile and a half.

Cænis, a Thessalian woman, daughter of Elatus, who, being forcibly ravished by Neptune, obtained from the god the power to change her sex, and to become invulnerable. She also changed her name, and was called Cæneus. In the wars of the Lapithæ against the Centaurs, she offended Jupiter, and was overwhelmed with a huge pile of wood, and changed into a bird. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12, lis. 172 & 479.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 448, says that she returned again to her pristine form.

Quintus Servilius Cæpio, a Roman consul, A.U.C. 648, in the Cimbrian war. He plundered a temple at Tolossa, for which he was punished by divine vengeance, &c. Justin, bk. 32, ch. 3.—Paterculus, bk. 2, ch. 12.――A questor who opposed Saturninus. Cicero, Rhetorica ad Herennium.

Cæratus, a town of Crete. Strabo.――A river.

Cære, Cæres, anciently Agylla, now Cerveteri, a city of Etruria, once the capital of the whole country. It was in being in the age of Strabo. When Æneas came to Italy, Mezentius was king over the inhabitants, called Cæretes or Cærites; but they banished their prince, and assisted the Trojans. The people of Cære received with all possible hospitality the Romans who fled with the fire of Vesta, when the city was besieged by the Gauls, and for this humanity they were made citizens of Rome, but without the privilege of voting; whence Cærites tabulæ was applied to those who had no suffrage, and Cærites cera appropriated as a mark of contempt. Virgil, Æneid, bks. 8 & 10.—Livy, bk. 1, ch. 2.—Strabo, bk. 5.

Cæresi, a people of Germany. Cæsar.

Cæsar, a surname given to the Julian family at Rome, either because one of them kept an elephant, which bears the same name in the Punic tongue, or because one was born with a thick head of hair. This name, after it had been dignified in the person of Julius Cæsar and of his successors, was given to the apparent heir of the empire, in the age of the Roman emperors. The 12 first Roman emperors were distinguished by the surname of Cæsar. They reigned in the following order: Julius Cæsar, Augustus, Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, Nero, Galba, Otho, Vitellius, Vespasian, Titus, and Domitian. In Domitian, or rather in Nero, the family of Julius Cæsar was extinguished. But after such a lapse of time, the appellation of Cæsar seemed inseparable from the imperial dignity, and therefore it was assumed by the successors of the Julian family. Suetonious has written an account of these 12 characters, in an extensive and impartial manner.――Caius Julius Cæsar, the first emperor of Rome, was son of ♦Caius Cæsar and Aurelia the daughter of Cotta. He was descended, according to some accounts, from Julus the son of Æneas. When he reached his 15th year he lost his father, and the year after he was made priest of Jupiter. Sylla was aware of his ambition, and endeavoured to remove him; but Cæsar understood his intentions, and to avoid discovery changed every day his lodgings. He was received into Sylla’s friendship some time after; and the dictator told those who solicited the advancement of young Cæsar, that they were warm in the interest of a man who would prove some day or other the ruin of their country and of their liberty. When Cæsar went to finish his studies at Rhodes, under Apollonius Molo, he was seized by pirates, who offered him his liberty for 30 talents. He gave them 40, and threatened to revenge their insults; and he no sooner was out of their power, than he armed a ship, pursued them, and crucified them all. His eloquence procured him friends at Rome; and the generous manner in which he lived equally served to promote his interest. He obtained the office of high priest at the death of Metellus; and after he had passed through the inferior employments of the state, he was appointed over Spain, where he signalized himself by his valour and intrigues. At his return to Rome, he was made consul, and soon after he effected a reconciliation between Crassus and Pompey. He was appointed for the space of five years over the Gauls, by the interest of Pompey, to whom he had given his daughter Julia in marriage. Here he enlarged the boundaries of the Roman empire by conquest, and invaded Britain, which was then unknown to the Roman people. He checked the Germans, and soon after had his government over Gaul prolonged to five other years, by means of his friends at Rome. The death of Julia and of Crassus, the corrupted state of the Roman senate, and the ambition of Cæsar and Pompey, soon became the causes of a civil war. Neither of these celebrated Romans would suffer a superior, and the smallest matters were sufficient ground for unsheathing the sword. Cæsar’s petitions were received with coldness or indifference by the Roman senate; and, by the influence of Pompey, a decree was passed to strip him of his power. Antony, who opposed it as tribune, fled to Cæsar’s camp with the news; and the ambitious general no sooner heard this, than he made it a plea of resistance. On pretence of avenging the violence which had been offered to the sacred office of tribune in the person of Antony, he crossed the Rubicon, which was the boundary of his province. The passage of the Rubicon was a declaration of war, and Cæsar entered Italy sword in hand. Upon this, Pompey, with all the friends of liberty, left Rome, and retired to Dyrrachium; and Cæsar, after he had subdued all Italy, in 60 days, entered Rome, and provided himself with money from the public treasury. He went to Spain, where he conquered the partisans of Pompey, under Petreius, Afranius, and Varro; and, at his return to Rome, was declared dictator, and soon after consul. When he left Rome he went in quest of Pompey, observing that he was marching against a general without troops, after having defeated troops without a general in Spain. In the plains of Pharsalia, B.C. 48, the two hostile generals engaged. Pompey was conquered, and fled into Egypt, where he was murdered. Cæsar, after he had made a noble use of victory, pursued his adversary into Egypt, where he for some time forgot his fame and character in the arms of Cleopatra, by whom he had a son. His danger was great while at Alexandria; but he extricated himself with wonderful success, and made Egypt tributary to his power. After several conquests in Africa, the defeat of Cato, Scipio, and Juba, and that of Pompey’s sons in Spain, he entered Rome, and triumphed over five different nations, Gaul, Alexandria, Pontus, Africa, and Spain, and was created perpetual dictator. But now his glory was at an end, his uncommon success created him enemies, and the chiefest of the senators, among whom was Brutus his most intimate friend, conspired against him, and stabbed him in the senate house on the ides of March. He died, pierced with 23 wounds, the 15th of March, B.C. 44, in the 56th year of his age. Casca gave him the first blow, and immediately he attempted to make some resistance; but when he saw Brutus among the conspirators, he submitted to his fate, and fell down at their feet, muffling up his mantle, and exclaiming, Tu quoque Brute! Cæsar might have escaped the sword of the conspirators if he had listened to the advice of his wife, whose dreams on the night previous to the day of his murder were alarming. He also received, as he went to the senate house, a paper from Artemidorus, which discovered the whole conspiracy to him; but he neglected the reading of what might have saved his life. When he was in his first campaign in Spain, he was observed to gaze at a statue of Alexander, and even shed tears at the recollection that that hero had conquered the world at an age in which he himself had done nothing. The learning of Cæsar deserves commendation, as well as his military character. He reformed the calendar. He wrote his commentaries on the Gallic wars, on the spot where he fought his battles; and the composition has been admired for the elegance as well as the correctness of its style. This valuable book was nearly lost; and when Cæsar saved his life in the bay of Alexandria, he was obliged to swim from his ship, with his arms in one hand and his commentaries in the other. Besides the Gallic and civil wars, he wrote other pieces, which are now lost. The history of the war in Alexandria and Spain is attributed to him by some, and by others to Hirtius. Cæsar has been blamed for his debaucheries and expenses; and the first year he had a public office, his debts were rated at 830 talents, which his friends discharged: yet, in his public character, he must be reckoned one of the few heroes that rarely make their appearance among mankind. His qualities were such that in every battle he could not but be conqueror, and in every republic, master; and to his sense of his superiority over the rest of the world, or to his ambition, we are to attribute his saying, that he wished rather to be first in a little village, than second at Rome. It was after his conquest over Pharnaces in one day, that he made use of these remarkable words, to express the celerity of his operations: Veni, vidi, vici. Conscious of the services of a man who in the intervals of peace, beautified and enriched the capital of his country with public buildings, libraries, and porticoes, the senate permitted the dictator to wear a laurel crown on his bald head; and it is said that, to reward his benevolence, they were going to give him the title of authority of king all over the Roman empire, except Italy, when he was murdered. In his private character, Cæsar has been accused of seducing one of the vestal virgins, and suspected of being privy to Catiline’s conspiracy; and it was his fondness for dissipated pleasures which made his countrymen say, that he was the husband of all the women at Rome, and the woman of all men. It is said that he conquered 300 nations, took 800 cities, and defeated three millions of men, one of which fell in the field of battle. Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 25, says that he could employ at the same time, his ears to listen, his eyes to read, his hand to write, and his mind to dictate. His death was preceded, as many authors mention, by uncommon prodigies; and immediately after his death, a large comet made its appearance. The best editions of Cæsar’s commentaries, are the magnificent one by Dr. Clarke, folio, London, 1712; that of Cambridge, with a Greek translation, 4to, 1727; that of Oudendorp, 2 vols., 4to, Leiden, 1737; and that of Elzevir, 8vo, Leiden, 1635. Suetonius & Plutarch, Lives.—Dio Cassius.—Appian.—Orosius.—Diodorus, bk. 16 & fragments of bks. 31 & 37.—Virgil, Georgics, bk. 1, li. 466.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 15, li. 782.—Marcellinus.—Florus, bks. 3 & 4.――Lucius was father to the dictator. He died suddenly, when putting on his shoes.――Octavianus. See: Augustus.――Caius, a tragic poet and orator, commended by Cicero, Brutus. His brother C. Lucius was consul, and followed, as well as himself, the party of Sylla. They were both put to death by order of Marius.――Lucius, an uncle of Marcus Antony, who followed the interest of Pompey, and was proscribed by Augustus, for which Antony proscribed Cicero the friend of Augustus. His son Lucius was put to death by Julius Cæsar in his youth.――Two sons of Agrippa bore also the name of Cæsar, Caius and Lucius. See: Agrippa.――Augusta, a town of Spain, built by Augustus, on the Iberus, and now called Saragossa.

♦ ‘L.’ replaced with ‘Caius’

Cæsarēa, a city of Cappadocia,――of Bithynia,――of Mauritania,――of Palestine. There are many small insignificant towns of that name, either built by the emperors, or called by their name, in compliment to them.

Cæsarion, the son of Julius Cæsar by queen Cleopatra, was, at the age of 13, proclaimed by Antony and his mother, king of Cyprus, Egypt, and Cœlosyria. He was put to death five years after by Augustus. Suetonius, Augustus, ch. 17, & Cæsar, ch. 52.

Cæsennius Pætus, a general sent by Nero to Armenia, &c. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 15, chs. 6 & 25.

Cæsetius, a Roman who protected his children against Cæsar. Valerius Maximus, bk. 5, ch. 7.

Cæsia, a surname of Minerva.――A wood in Germany. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 1, ch. 50.

Cæsius, a Latin poet, whose talents were not of uncommon brilliancy. Catullus, poem 14.――A lyric and heroic poet in the reign of Nero. Persius.

Cæso, a son of Quinctius Cincinnatus, who revolted to the Volsci.

Cæsonia, a lascivious woman who married Caligula, and was murdered at the same time with her daughter Julia. Suetonius, Caligula, ch. 59.

Cæsonius Maximus, was banished from Italy by Nero, on account of his friendship with Seneca, &c. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 15, ch. 71.

Cætŭlum, a town of Spain. Strabo, bk. 2.

Cagāco, a fountain of Laconia. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 24.

Caicīnus, a river of Locris. Thucydides, bk. 3, ch. 103.

Caīcus, a companion of Æneas. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 187; bk. 9, li. 35.――A river of Mysia, falling into the Ægean sea, opposite Lesbos. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 4, li. 370.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 2, li. 243.

Caiēta, a town, promontory, and harbour of Campania, which received its name from Caieta the nurse of Æneas, who was buried there. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 1.

Caius and Caia, a prænomen very common at Rome to both sexes. C, in its natural position, denoted the man’s name, and when reversed Ↄ it implied Cais. Quintilian, bk. 1, ch. 7.

Caius, a son of Agrippa by Julia. See: Agrippa.

Quintus Calăber, called also Smyrnæus, wrote a Greek poem in 14 books, as a continuation of Homer’s Iliad, about the beginning of the third century. The best editions of this elegant and well-written book are that of Rhodoman, 12mo, Hanover, 1604, with the notes of Dausqueius; and that of Pauw, 8vo, Leiden, 1734.

Calābria, a country of Italy in Magna Græcia. It has been called Messapia, Japygia, Salentinia, and Peucetia. The poet Ennius was born there. The country was fertile, and produced a variety of fruits, much cattle, and excellent honey. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 3, li. 425.—Horace, bk. 1, ode 31; Epodes, poem 1, li. 27; bk. 1, ltr. 7, li. 14.—Strabo, bk. 6.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 4.—Pliny, bk. 8, ch. 48.

Calăbrus, a river of Calabria. Pausanias, bk. 6.

Calagurritāni, a people of Spain, who ate their wives and children rather than yield to Pompey. Valerius Maximus, bk. 7, ch. 6.

Calais and Zethes. See: Zethes.

Calagutis, a river of Spain. Florus, bk. 3, ch. 22.

Calămis, an excellent carver. Propertius, bk. 3, poem 9, li. 10.

Calămīsa, a place of Samos. Herodotus, bk. 9.

Calămos, a town of Asia, near mount Libanus. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 20.――A town of Phœnicia.――Another of Babylonia.

Calămus, a son of the river Mæander, who was tenderly attached to Carpo, &c. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 35.

Calānus, a celebrated Indian philosopher, one of the gymnosophists. He followed Alexander in his Indian expedition, and being sick, in his 83rd year, he ordered a pile to be raised, upon which he mounted, decked with flowers and garlands, to the astonishment of the king and of the army. When the pile was fired, Alexander asked him whether he had anything to say. “No,” said he, “I shall meet you again in a very short time.” Alexander died three months after in Babylon. Strabo, bk. 15.—Cicero, de Divinatione, bk. 1, ch. 23.—Arrian & Plutarch, Alexander.—Ælian, bk. 2, ch. 41; bk. 5, ch. 6.—Valerius Maximus, bk. 1, ch. 8.

Calaon, a river of Asia, near Colophon. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 3.

Calăris, a city of Sardinia. Florus, bk. 2, ch. 6.

Calathāna, a town of Macedonia. Livy, bk. 32, ch. 13.

Calathes, a town of Thrace near Tomus, on the Euxine sea. Strabo, bk. 7.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 2.

Calathion, a mountain of Laconia. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 26.

Calathus, a son of Jupiter and Antiope.

Calātia, a town of Campania, on the Appian way. It was made a Roman colony in the age of Julius Cæsar. Silius Italicus, bk. 8, li. 543.

Calatiæ, a people of India, who ate the flesh of their parents. Herodotus, bk. 3, ch. 38.

Calavii, a people of Campania. Livy, bk. 26, ch. 27.

Calavius, a magistrate of Capua, who rescued some Roman senators from death, &c. Livy, bk. 23, chs. 2 & 3.

Calaurēa and Calaurīa, an island near Trœzene in the bay of Argos. Apollo, and afterwards Neptune, was the chief deity of the place. The tomb of Demosthenes was seen there, who poisoned himself to fly from the persecutions of Antipater. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 7, li. 384.—Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 8, &c.—Strabo, bk. 8.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.

Calbis, a river of Caria. Mela, bk. 1, ch. 16.

Calce, a city of Campania. Strabo, bk. 5.

Calchas, a celebrated soothsayer, son of Thestor. He accompanied the Greeks to Troy, in the office of high priest; and he informed them that the city could not be taken without the aid of Achilles, that their fleet could not sail from Aulis before Iphigenia was sacrificed to Diana, and that the plague could not be stopped in the Grecian army before the restoration of Chryseis to her father. He told them also that Troy could not be taken before 10 years’ siege. He had received the power of divination from Apollo. Calchas was informed that as soon as he found a man more skilled than himself in divination, he must perish; and this happened near Colophon, after the Trojan war. He was unable to tell how many figs were in the branches of a certain fig tree; and when Mopsus mentioned the exact number, Calchas died through grief. See: Mopsus. Homer, Iliad, bk. 1, li. 69.—Aeschylus, Agamemnon.—Euripides, Iphigeneia.—Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 43.

Calchedonia. See: Chalcedon.

Calchinia, a daughter of Leucippus. She had a son by Neptune, who inherited his grandfather’s kingdom of Sicyon. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 5.

Caldus Cælius, a Roman who killed himself when detained by the Germans. Paterculus, bk. 2, ch. 120.

Cale (es), Cales (ium), and Calēnum, now Calvi, a town of Campania. Horace, bk. 4, ode 12.—Juvenal, satire 1, li. 69.—Silius Italicus, bk. 8, li. 413.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 728.

Calēdonia, a country at the north of Britain, now called Scotland. The reddish hair and lofty stature of its inhabitants seemed to denote a German extraction, according to Tacitus, Life of Agricola. It was so little known to the Romans, and its inhabitants so little civilized, that they called it Britannia Barbara, and they never penetrated into the country either for curiosity or conquest. Martial, bk. 10, ltr. 44.—Silius Italicus, bk. 3, li. 598.

Calēntum, a place of Spain, where it is said they made bricks so light that they swam on the surface of the water. Pliny, bk. 35, ch. 14.

Calēnus, a famous soothsayer of Etruria in the age of Tarquin. Pliny, bk. 28, ch. 2.――A lieutenant of Cæsar’s army. After Cæsar’s murder, he concealed some that had been proscribed by the triumvirs, and behaved with great honour to them. Plutarch, Cæsar.

Cales. See: Cale.――A city of Bithynia on the Euxine. Arrian.

Calesius, a charioteer of Axylus, killed by Diomedes in the Trojan war. Homer, Iliad, bk. 16, li. 16.

Calētæ, a people of Belgic Gaul, now Pays de Caux, in Normandy. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 2, ch. 4. Their town was called Caletum.

Caletor, a Trojan prince, slain by Ajax as he was going to set fire to the ship of Protesilaus. Homer, Iliad, bk. 15, li. 419.

Calex, a river of Asia Minor, falling into the Euxine sea. Thucydides, bk. 4, ch. 75.

Caliadne, the wife of Ægyptus. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 1.

Calicēni, a people of Macedonia.

Marcus Calidius, an orator and pretorian who died in the civil wars, &c. Cæsar, Civil War, bk. 1, ch. 2.――Lucius Julius, a man remarkable for his riches, the excellency of his character, his learning and poetical abilities. He was proscribed by Volumnius, but delivered by Atticus. Cornelius Nepos, Atticus, ch. 12.

Caius Calĭgŭla, the emperor, received this surname from his wearing in the camp the Caliga, a military covering for the leg. He was son of Germanicus by Agrippina, and grandson to Tiberius. During the first eight months of his reign, Rome experienced universal prosperity, the exiles were recalled, taxes were remitted, and profligates dismissed; but Caligula soon became proud, wanton, and cruel. He built a temple to himself, and ordered his head to be placed on the images of the gods, while he wished to imitate the thunders and powers of Jupiter. The statues of all great men were removed, as if Rome would sooner forget their virtues in their absence; and the emperor appeared in public places in the most indecent manner, encouraged roguery, committed incest with his three sisters, and established public places of prostitution. He often amused himself with putting innocent people to death; he attempted to famish Rome by a monopoly of corn; and as he was pleased with the greatest disasters which befel his subjects, he often wished the Romans had but one head, that he might have the gratification to strike it off. Wild beasts were constantly fed in his palace with human victims, and a favourite horse was made high priest and consul, and kept in marble apartments, and adorned with the most valuable trappings and pearls which the Roman empire could furnish. Caligula built a bridge upwards of three miles in the sea; and would perhaps have shown himself more tyrannical had not Chæreas, one of his servants, formed a conspiracy against his life, with others equally tired with the cruelties and the insults that were offered with impunity to the persons and feelings of the Romans. In consequence of this, the tyrant was murdered January 24th, in his 29th year, after a reign of three years and ten months, A.D. 41. It has been said that Caligula wrote a treatise on rhetoric; but his love of learning is better understood from his attempts to destroy the writings of Homer and of Virgil. Dio Cassius.—Suetonius, Lives of the Twelve Caesars.—Tacitus, Annals.

Calĭpus, a mathematician of Cyzicus, B.C. 330.

Calis, a man in Alexander’s army, tortured for conspiring against the king. Curtius, bk. 6, ch. 11.

Callæscherus, the father of Critias. Plutarch, Alcibiades.

Callaĭci, a people of Lusitania, now Gallicia, at the north of Spain. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 6, li. 461.

Callas, a general of Alexander. Diodorus, bk. 17.――Of Cassander against Polyperchon. Diodorus, bk. 19.――A river of Eubœa.

Callatēbus, a town of Caria. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 32.

Calle, a town of ancient Spain, now Oporto, at the mouth of the Douro in Portugal.

Calleteria, a town of Campania.

Callēni, a people of Campania.

Callia, a town of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 27.

Calliădes, a magistrate of Athens when Xerxes invaded Greece. Herodotus, bk. 8, ch. 51.

Callias, an Athenian appointed to make peace between Artaxerxes and his country. Diodorus, bk. 12.――A son of Temenus, who murdered his father with the assistance of his brothers. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 6.――A Greek poet, son of Lysimachus. His compositions are lost. He was surnamed Schœnion, from his twisting ropes (σχοινος), through poverty. Athenæus, bk. 10.――A partial historian of Syracuse. He wrote an account of the Sicilian wars, and was well rewarded by Agathocles, because he had shown him in a favourable view. Athenæus, bk. 12.—Dionysius.――An Athenian greatly revered for his patriotism. Herodotus, bk. 6, ch. 121.――A soothsayer.――An Athenian commander of a fleet against Philip, whose ships he took, &c.――A rich Athenian, who liberated Cimon from prison, on condition of marrying his sister and wife Elpinice. Cornelius Nepos & Plutarch, Cimon.――An historian, who wrote an explanation of the poems of Alcæus and Sappho.

Callibius, a general in the war between Mantinea and Sparta. Xenophon, Hellenica.

Callicērus, a Greek poet, some of whose epigrams are preserved in the Anthologia.

Callichŏrus, a place of Phocis, where the orgies of Bacchus were yearly celebrated.

Callĭcles, an Athenian, whose house was not searched on account of his recent marriage, when an inquiry was made after the money given by Harpalus, &c. Plutarch, Demosthenes.――A statuary of Megara.

Callicolōna, a place of Troy, near the Simois.

Callicrătes, an Athenian, who seized upon the sovereignty of Syracuse, by imposing upon Dion when he had lost his popularity. He was expelled by the sons of Dionysius, after reigning 13 months. He is called Calippus by some authors. Cornelius Nepos, Dion.――An officer entrusted with the care of the treasures of Susa by Alexander. Curtius, bk. 5, ch. 2.――An artist, who made, with ivory, ants and other insects, so small that they could scarcely be seen. It is said that he engraved some of Homer’s verses upon a grain of millet. Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 21.—Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 1, ch. 17.――An Athenian, who, by his perfidy, constrained the Athenians to submit to Rome. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 10.――A Syrian, who wrote an account of Aurelian’s life.――A brave Athenian, killed at the battle of Platæa. Herodotus, bk. 9, ch. 72.

Callicratĭdas, a Spartan, who succeeded Lysander in the command of the fleet. He took Methymna, and routed the Athenian fleet under Conon. He was defeated and killed near the Arginusæ, in a naval battle, B.C. 406. Diodorus, bk. 13.—Xenophon, Hellenica.――One of the four ambassadors sent by the Lacedæmonians to Darius, upon the rupture of their alliance with Alexander. Curtius, bk. 3, ch. 13.――A Pythagorean writer.

Callidius, a celebrated Roman orator, contemporary with Cicero, who speaks of his abilities with commendation. Cicero, Brutus, ch. 274.—Paterculus, bk. 2, ch. 36.

Callidrŏmus, a place near Thermopylæ. Thucydides, bk. 8, ch. 6.

Calligētus, a man of Megara, received in his banishment by Pharnabazus. Thucydides, bk. 8, ch. 6.

Callĭmăchus, an historian and poet of Cyrene, son of Battus and Mesatma, and pupil to Hermocrates the grammarian. He had, in the age of Ptolemy Philadelphus, kept a school at Alexandria, and had Apollonius of Rhodes among his pupils, whose ingratitude obliged Callimachus to lash him severely in a satirical poem, under the name of Ibis. See: Apollonius. The Ibis of Ovid is in imitation of this piece. He wrote a work, in 120 books, on famous men, besides treatises on birds; but of all his numerous compositions, only 31 epigrams, an elegy, and some hymns on the gods, are extant; the best editions of which are that of Ernestus, 2 vols., 8vo, Leiden, 1761, and that of Vulcanius, 12mo, Antwerp, 1584. Propertius styled himself the Roman Callimachus. The precise time of his death, as well as of his birth, is unknown. Propertius, bk. 4, poem 1, li. 65.—Cicero, Tusculanæ Disputations, bk. 1, ch. 84.—Horace, bk. 2, ltr. 2, li. 109.—Quintilian, bk. 10, ch. 1.――An Athenian general killed in the battle of Marathon. His body was found in an erect posture, all covered with wounds. Plutarch.――A Colophonian, who wrote the life of Homer. Plutarch.

Callimĕdon, a partisan of Phocion, at Athens, condemned by the populace.

Callimĕles, a youth ordered to be killed and served up as meat by Apollodorus of Cassandrea. Polyænus, bk. 6, ch. 7.

Callinus, an orator, who is said to have first invented elegiac poetry, B.C. 776. Some of his verses are to be found in Stobæus. Athenæus.—Strabo, bk. 13.

Calliŏpe, one of the Muses, daughter of Jupiter and Mnemosyne, who presided over eloquence and heroic poetry. She is said to be the mother of Orpheus by Apollo, and Horace supposes her able to play on any musical instrument. She was represented with a trumpet in her right hand, and with books in the other, which signified that her office was to take notice of the famous actions of heroes, as Clio was employed in celebrating them; and she held the three most famous epic poems of antiquity, and appeared generally crowned with laurels. She settled the dispute between Venus and Proserpine, concerning Adonis, whose company these two goddesses wished both perpetually to enjoy. Hesiod, Theogony.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 3.—Horace, Odes.

Callipatīra, daughter of Diagoras and wife of Callianax the athlete, went disguised in man’s clothes with her son Pisidorus to the Olympic games. When Pisidorus was declared victor, she discovered her sex through excess of joy, and was arrested, as women were not permitted to appear there on pain of death. The victory of her son obtained her release; and a law was instantly made, which forbade any wrestlers to appear but naked. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 6; bk. 6, ch. 7.

Callĭphon, a painter of Samos, famous for his historical pieces. Pliny, bk. 10, ch. 26.――A philosopher who made the summum bonum consist in pleasure joined to the love of honesty. This system was opposed by Cicero. Academic Questions, bk. 4, chs. 131 & 139; De Officiis, bk. 3, ch. 119.

Callĭphron, a celebrated dancing master, who had Epaminondas among his pupils. Cornelius Nepos, Epaminondas.

Callipĭdæ, a people of Scythia. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 17.

Callipŏlis, a city of Thrace on the Hellespont. Silius Italicus, bk. 14, li. 250.――A town of Sicily near Ætna.――A city of Calabria on the coast of Tarentum, on a rocky island, joined by a bridge to the continent. It is now called Gallipoli, and contains 6000 inhabitants, who trade in oil and cotton.

Callĭpus, or Calippus, an Athenian, disciple to Plato. He destroyed Dion, &c. See: Callicrates. Cornelius Nepos, Dion.――A Corinthian, who wrote a history of Orchomenos. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 20.――A philosopher. Diogenes Laërtius, Zeno.――A general of the Athenians, when the Gauls invaded Greece by Thermopylæ. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 3.

Callipyges, a surname of Venus.

Callirhoe, a daughter of the Scamander, who married Tros, by whom she had Ilus, Ganymede, and Assaracus.――A fountain of Attica where Callirhoe killed herself. See: Coresus. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 21.—Statius, bk. 12, Thebiad, li. 629.――A daughter of Oceanus and Tethys, mother of Echidna, Orthus, and Cerberus by Chrysaor. Hesiod.――A daughter of Lycus tyrant of Libya, who kindly received Diomedes at his return from Troy. He abandoned her, upon which she killed herself.――A daughter of the Achelous, who married Alcmæon. See: Alcmæon. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 24.――A daughter of Phocus the Bœotian, whose beauty procured her many admirers. Her father behaved with such coldness to her lovers that they murdered him. Callirhoe avenged his death with the assistance of the Bœotians. Plutarch, Amatoriæ narrationes.――A daughter of Piras and Niobe. Hyginus, fable 145.

Calliste, an island of the Ægean sea, called afterwards Thera. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12.—Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 1.—Its chief town was founded 1150 years before the christian era, by Theras.

Callisteia, a festival at Lesbos, during which all the women presented themselves in the temple of Juno, and the fairest was rewarded in a public manner. There was also an institution of the same kind among the Parrhasians, first made by Cypselus, whose wife was honoured with the first prize. The Eleans had one also, in which the fairest man received as a prize a complete suit of armour, which he dedicated to Minerva.

Callisthĕnes, a Greek who wrote a history of his own country in 10 books, beginning from the peace between Artaxerxes and Greece, down to the plundering of the temple of Delphi by Philomelus. Diodorus, bk. 14.――A man who with others attempted to expel the garrison of Demetrius from Athens. Polyænus, bk. 5, ch. 17.――A philosopher of Olynthus, intimate with Alexander, whom he accompanied in his oriental expedition in the capacity of a preceptor, and to whom he had been recommended by his friend and master Aristotle. He refused to pay divine honours to the king, for which he was accused of conspiracy, mutilated and exposed to wild beasts, dragged about in chains, till Lysimachus gave him poison, which ended together his tortures and his life, B.C. 328. None of his compositions are extant. Curtius, bk. 8, ch. 6.—Plutarch, Alexander.—Arrian, bk. 4.—Justin, bk. 12, chs. 6 & 7.――A writer of Sybaris.――A freedman of Lucullus. It is said that he gave poison to his master. Plutarch, Lucullus.

Callisto and Calisto, called also Helice, was daughter of Lycaon king of Arcadia, and one of Diana’s attendants. Jupiter saw her, and seduced her after he had assumed the shape of Diana. Her pregnancy was discovered as she bathed with Diana; and the fruit of her amour with Jupiter called Arcas, was hid in the woods and preserved. Juno, who was jealous of Jupiter, changed Calisto into a bear; but the god, apprehensive of her being hurt by the huntsmen, made her a constellation of heaven, with her son Arcas, under the name of the bear. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 2, fable 4, &c.—Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 8.—Hyginus, fable 176 & 177.—Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 3.

Callistonicus, a celebrated statuary at Thebes. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 16.

Callistrătus, an Athenian, appointed general with Timotheus and Chabrias against Lacedæmon. Diodorus, bk. 15.――An orator of Aphidna, in the time of Epaminondas, the most eloquent of his age.――An Athenian orator with whom Demosthenes made an intimate acquaintance after he had heard him plead. Xenophon.――A Greek historian praised by Dionysius of Halicarnassus.――A comic poet, rival of Aristophanes.――A statuary. Pliny, bk. 34, ch. 8.――A secretary of Mithridates. Plutarch, Lucullus.――A grammarian, who made the alphabet of the Samians consist of 24 letters. Some suppose that he wrote a treatise on courtesans.

Callixĕna, a courtesan of Thessaly, whose company Alexander refused, though requested by his mother Olympias. This was attributed by the Athenians to other causes than chastity, and therefore the prince’s ambition was ridiculed.

Callixĕnus, a general who perished by famine.――An Athenian imprisoned for passing sentence of death upon some prisoners. Diodorus, bk. 13.

Calon, a statuary. Quintilian, bk. 12, ch. 10.—Pliny, bk. 34, ch. 8.

Calor, now Calore, a river in Italy near Beneventum. Livy, bk. 24, ch. 14.

Calpe, a lofty mountain in the most southern parts of Spain, opposite to mount Abyla on the African coast. These two mountains were called the pillars of Hercules. Calpe is now called Gibraltar.

Calphurnia, a daughter of Lucius Piso, who was Julius Cæsar’s fourth wife. The night previous to her husband’s murder, she dreamed that the roof of her house had fallen, and that he had been stabbed in her arms; and on that account she attempted, but in vain, to detain him at home. After Cæsar’s murder she placed herself under the patronage of Marcus Antony. Suetonius, Julius.

Calphurnius Bestia, a noble Roman bribed by Jugurtha. It is said that he murdered his wives when asleep. Pliny, bk. 27, ch. 2.――Crassus, a patrician who went with Regulus against the Massyli. He was seized by the enemy as he attempted to plunder one of their towns, and he was ordered to be sacrificed to Neptune. Bisaltia the king’s daughter fell in love with him, and gave him an opportunity of escaping and conquering her father. Calphurnius returned victorious, and Bisaltia destroyed herself.――A man who conspired against the emperor Nerva.――Galerianus, son of Piso, put to death, &c. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 4, ch. 11.――Piso, condemned for using seditious words against Tiberius. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 4, ch. 21.――Another, famous for his abstinence. Valerius Maximus, bk. 4, ch. 3.――Titus, a Latin poet, born in Sicily in the age of Diocletian, seven of whose eclogues are extant, and generally found with the works of the poets who have written on hunting. Though abounding in many beautiful lines, they are, however, greatly inferior to the elegance and simplicity of Virgil. The best edition is that of Kempher, 4to, Leiden, 1728.――A man surnamed Frugi, who composed annals, B.C. 130.

Calpurnia, or Calphurnia, a noble family in Rome, derived from Calpus son of Numa. It branched into the families of the Pisones, Bibuli, Flammæ, Cæsennini, Asprenates, &c. ♦Plutarch, Numa.

♦ ‘Pliny’ replaced with ‘Plutarch’

Calpurnia and Calphurnia lex, was enacted A.U.C. 604, severely to punish such as were guilty of using bribes, &c. Cicero, De Officiis, bk. 2.――A daughter of Marius, sacrificed to the gods by her father, who was advised to do it, in a dream, if he wished to conquer the Cimbri. Plutarch, Parallela minora.――A woman who killed herself when she heard that her husband was murdered in the civil wars of Marius. Paterculus, bk. 2, ch. 26.――The wife of Julius Cæsar. See: Calphurnia.――A favourite of the emperor Claudius, &c. Tacitus, Annals.――A woman ruined by Agrippina on account of her beauty, &c. Tacitus.

Calvia, a female minister of Nero’s lusts. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 1, ch. 3.

Calvīna, a prostitute in Juvenal’s age. Bk. 3, li. 133.

Calvisius, a friend of Augustus. Plutarch, Antonius.――An officer whose wife prostituted herself in his camp by night, &c. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 1, ch. 48.

Calumnia and Impudentia, two deities worshipped at Athens. Calumnia was ingeniously represented in a painting by Apelles.

Calusidius, a soldier in the army of Germanicus. When this general wished to stab ♦himself with his own sword, Calusidius offered him his own, observing that it was sharper. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 1, ch. 35.

♦ ‘himslf’ replaced with ‘himself’

Calusium, a town of Etruria.

Calvus Cornelius Licinius, a famous orator, equally known for writing iambics. As he was both factious and satirical, he did not fail to excite attention by his animadversions upon Cæsar and Pompey, and, from his eloquence, to dispute the palm of eloquence with Cicero. Cicero, Letters.—Horace, bk. 1, satire 10, li. 19.

Caly̆be, a town of Thrace. Strabo, bk. 17.――The mother of Bucolion by Laomedon. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 12.――An old woman, priestess in the temple which Juno had at Ardea. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 419.

Calycadnus, a river of Cilicia.

Caly̆ce, a daughter of Æolus son of Helenus and Enaretta, daughter of Deimachus. She had Endymion king of Elis, by Æthlius the son of Jupiter. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 7.—Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 1.――A Grecian girl, who fell in love with a youth called Evathlus. As she was unable to gain the object of her love, she threw herself from a precipice. This tragical story was made into a song by Stesichorus, and was still extant in the age of Athenæus, bk. 14.――A daughter of Hecaton mother of Cycnus. Hyginus, fable 157.

Calydium, a town on the Appian way.

Calydna, an island in the Myrtoan sea. Some suppose it to be near Rhodes, others near Tenedos. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 8, li. 205.

Calydon, a city of Ætolia, where Œneus the father of Meleager reigned. The Evenus flows through it, and it receives its name from Calydon the son of Ætolus. During the reign of Œneus, Diana sent a wild boar to ravage the country, on account of the neglect which had been shown to her divinity by the king. All the princes of the age assembled to hunt this boar, which is greatly celebrated by the poets, under the name of the chase of Calydon, or the Calydonian boar. Meleager killed the animal with his own hand, and gave the head to Atalanta, of whom he was enamoured. The skin of the boar was preserved, and was still seen in the age of Pausanias, in the temple of Minerva Alea. The tusks were also preserved by the Arcadians in Tegea, and Augustus carried them away to Rome, because the people of Tegea had followed the party of Antony. These tusks were shown for a long time at Rome. One of them was about half an ell long, and the other was broken. See: Meleager and Atalanta. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 8.—Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 45.—Strabo, bk. 8.—Homer, ♦Iliad, bk. 9, li. 577.—Hyginus, fable 174.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 8, fable 4, &c.――A son of Ætolus and Pronoe daughter of Phorbas. He gave his name to a town of Ætolia.

♦ Book reference omitted in text.

Caly̆dōnis, a name of Deianira, as living in Calydon. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 9, fable 4.

Caly̆dōnius, a surname of Bacchus.

Calymne, an island near Lebynthos. Ovid, Ars Amatoria, bk. 2, li. 81.

Calynda, a town of Caria. Ptolemy, bk. 5, ch. 3.

Calȳpso, one of the Oceanides, or one of the daughters of Atlas, according to some, was goddess of silence, and reigned in the island of Ogygia, whose situation and even existence is doubted. When Ulysses was shipwrecked on her coasts, she received him with great hospitality, and offered him immortality if he would remain with her as a husband. The hero refused, and after seven years’ delay, he was permitted to depart from the island by order of Mercury the messenger of Jupiter. During his stay, Ulysses had two sons by Calypso, Nausithous, and Nausinous. Calypso was inconsolable at the departure of Ulysses. Homer, Odyssey, bks. 7 & 5.—Hesiod, Theogony, li. 360.—Ovid, ex Ponto, bk. 4, ltr. 18; Amores, bk. 2, poem 17.—Propertius, bk. 1, poem 15.

Camalodūnum, a Roman colony in Britain, supposed Malden, or Colchester.

Camantium, a town of Asia Minor.

Camarīna, a town of Italy.――A lake of Sicily, with a town of the same name, built B.C. 552. It was destroyed by the Syracusans, and rebuilt by a certain Hipponous. The lake was drained, contrary to the advice of Apollo, as the ancients supposed, and a pestilence was the consequence; but the lowness of the lake below the level of the sea prevents it being drained. The words Camarinam movere are become proverbial to express an unsuccessful and dangerous attempt. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 701.—Strabo, bk. 6.—Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 134.

Cambaules, a general of some Gauls who invaded Greece. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 19.

Cambes, a prince of Lydia, of such voracious appetite that he ate his own wife, &c. Ælian, bk. 1, Varia Historia, ch. 27.

Cambre, a place near Puteoli. Juvenal, satire 7, li. 154.

Cambunii, mountains of Macedonia. Livy, bk. 4, ch. 53.

Camby̆ses, a king of Persia, was son of Cyrus the Great. He conquered Egypt, and was so offended at the superstition of the Egyptians, that he killed their god Apis, and plundered their temples. When he wished to take Pelusium, he placed at the head of his army a number of cats and dogs; and the Egyptians refusing, in the attempt to defend themselves, to kill animals which they reverenced as divinities, became an easy prey to the enemy. Cambyses afterwards sent an army of 50,000 men to destroy Jupiter Ammon’s temple, and resolved to attack the Carthaginians and Æthiopians. He killed his brother Smerdis from mere suspicion, and flayed alive a partial judge, whose skin he nailed on the judgment seat, and appointed his son to succeed him, telling him to remember where he sat. He died of a small wound he had given himself with his sword as he mounted on horseback; and the Egyptians observed that it was the same place on which he had wounded their god Apis, and that therefore he was visited by the hand of the gods. His death happened 521 years before the birth of Christ. He left no issue to succeed him, and his throne was usurped by the magi, and ascended by Darius soon after. Herodotus, bks. 2, 3, &c.—Justin, bk. 1, ch. 9.—Valerius Maximus, bk. 6, ch. 3.――A person of obscure origin, to whom king Astyages gave his daughter Mandane in marriage. The king, who had been terrified by dreams which threatened the loss of his crown by the hand of his daughter’s son, had taken this step in hopes that the children of so ignoble a bed would ever remain in obscurity. He was disappointed. Cyrus, Mandane’s son, dethroned him when grown to manhood. Herodotus, bk. 1, chs. 46, 107, &c.—Justin, bk. 1, ch. 4.――A river of Asia, which flows from mount Caucasus into the Cyrus. Mela, bk. 3, ch. 5.

Camelāni, a people of Italy.

Camelītæ, a people of Mesopotamia.

Camera, a field of Calabria. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 3, li. 582.

♦Camerīnum and Camertium, a town of Umbria, very faithful to Rome. The inhabitants were called Camertes. Livy, bk. 9, ch. 36.

♦ ‘Camernīum’ replaced with ‘Camerīnum’

Camerīnus, a Latin poet who wrote a poem on the taking of Troy by Hercules. Ovid, bk. 4, ex Ponto, poem 16, li. 19.――Some of the family of the Camerini were distinguished for their zeal as citizens, as well as for their abilities as scholars, among whom was Sulpicius, commissioned by the Roman senate to go to Athens, to collect the best of Solon’s laws. Juvenal, satire 7, li. 90.

Camerium, an ancient town of Italy near Rome, taken by Romulus. Plutarch, Romulus.

Camertes, a friend of Turnus killed by Æneas. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 562. See: Camerinum.

Camilia, queen of the Volsci, was daughter of Metabus and Casmilla. She was educated in the woods, inured to the labours of hunting, and fed upon the milk of mares. Her father devoted her, when young, to the service of Diana. When she was declared queen, she marched at the head of an army, and accompanied by three youthful females of equal courage as herself, to assist Turnus against Æneas, where she signalized herself by the numbers that perished by her hand. She was so swift that she could run, or rather fly, over a field of corn without bending the blades, and make her way over the sea without wetting her feet. She died by a wound which she had received from Aruns. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 803; bk. 11, li. 435.

Camilli and Camillæ, the priests instituted by Romulus for the service of the gods.

Camillus Lucius Furius, a celebrated Roman, called a second Romulus, from his services to his country. He was banished by the people, for distributing, contrary to his vow, the spoils he had obtained at Veii. During his exile, Rome was besieged by the Gauls under Brennus. In the midst of their misfortunes, the besieged Romans elected him dictator, and he forgot their ingratitude, and marched to the relief of his country, which he delivered, after it had been for some time in the possession of the enemy. He died in the 80th year of his age, B.C. 365, after he had been five times dictator, once censor, three times interrex, twice a military tribune, and obtained four triumphs. He conquered the Hernici, Volsci, Latini, and Etrurians, and dissuaded his countrymen from their intentions of leaving Rome to reside at Veii. When he besieged Falisci, he rejected, with proper indignation, the offers of a schoolmaster, who had betrayed into his hands the sons of the most worthy citizens. Plutarch, Lives of the Roman Emperors.—Livy, bk. 5.—Florus, bk. 1, ch. 13.—Diodorus, bk. 14.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 825.――A name of Mercury.――An intimate friend of Cicero.

Camīro and Clytia, two daughters of Pandarus of Crete. When their parents were dead, they were left to the care of Venus; who, with the other goddesses, brought them up with tenderness, and asked Jupiter to grant them kind husbands. Jupiter, to punish upon them the crime of their father, who was accessary to the impiety of Tantalus, ordered the harpies to carry them away and deliver them to the furies. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 30.—Homer, Odyssey, bk. 20, li. 66.

Camīrus and Camīra, a town of Rhodes, which received its name from Camirus, a son of Hercules and Iole. Homer, Iliad, bk. 2, li. 163.

Camissares, a governor of part of Cilicia, father to Datames. Cornelius Nepos, Datames.

Camma, a woman of Calatia, who avenged the death of her husband Sinetus upon his murderer Sinorix, by making him drink in a cup, of which the liquor was poisoned, on pretence of marrying him, according to the custom of their country, which required that the bridegroom and his bride should drink out of the same vessel. She escaped by refusing to drink on pretence of illness. Polyænus, bk. 8.

Camœnæ, a name given to the muses from the sweetness and melody of their songs, à cantu amæno, or, according to Varro, from carmen. Varro, de Lingua Latina, bk. 5, ch. 7.

Campāna lex, or Julian agrarian law, was enacted by Julius Cæsar, A.U.C. 691, to divide some lands among the people.

Campānia, a country of Italy, of which Capua was the capital, bounded by Latium, Samnium, Picenum, and part of the Mediterranean sea. It is celebrated for its delightful views, and for its fertility. Capua is often called Campana urbs. Strabo, bk. 5.—Cicero, On the Agrarian Law, ch. 35.—Justin, bk. 20, ch. 1; bk. 22, ch. 1.—Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 5.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 4.—Florus, bk. 1, ch. 16.

Campe, kept the 100 handed monsters confined in Tartarus. Jupiter killed her, because she refused to give them their liberty to come to his assistance against the Titans. Hesiod, Theogony, li. 500.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 2.

Campaspe, or Pancaste, a beautiful concubine of Alexander, whom the king gave to Apelles, who had fallen in love with her, as he drew her picture in her naked charms. It is said that from this beauty the painter copied the thousand charms of his Venus Anadyomene. Pliny, bk. 35, ch. 10.

Campi Diomēdis, a plain situate in Apulia. Martial, bk. 13, ltr. 93.

Campsa, a town near Pallene. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 123.

Campus Martius, a large plain at Rome, without the walls of the city, where the Roman youths performed their exercises, and learnt to wrestle and box, to throw the discus, hurl the javelin, ride a horse, drive a chariot, &c. The public assemblies were held there, and the officers of state chosen, and audience given to foreign ambassadors. It was adorned with statues, columns, arches, and porticoes, and its pleasant situation made it very frequented. It was called Martius because dedicated to Mars. It was sometimes called Tiberinus, from its closeness to the Tiber. It was given to the Roman people by a vestal virgin; but they were deprived of it by Tarquin the Proud, who made it a private field, and sowed corn in it. When Tarquin was driven from Rome the people recovered it, and threw away into the Tiber the corn which had grown there, deeming it unlawful for any man to eat of the produce of that land. The sheaves which were thrown into the river stopped in a shallow ford, and by the accumulated collection of mud became firm ground, and formed an island, which was called the Holy Island, or the island of Æsculapius. Dead carcases were generally burnt in the Campus Martius. Strabo, bk. 5.—Livy, bk. 2, ch. 5; bk. 6, ch. 20.

Camulogīnus, a Gaul raised to great honours by Cæsar, for his military abilities. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 7, ch. 57.

Camŭlus, a surname of Mars among the Sabines and Etrurians.

Cana, a city and promontory of Æolia. Mela, bk. 1, ch. 18.

Canăce, a daughter of Æolus and Enaretta, who became enamoured of her brother Macareus, by whom she had a child, whom she exposed. The cries of the child discovered the mother’s incest; and Æolus sent his daughter a sword, and obliged her to kill herself. Macareus fled, and became a priest of Apollo at Delphi. Some say that Canace was ravished by Neptune, by whom she had many children, among whom were Epopeus, Triops, and Alous. Apollodorus, bk. 1.—Hyginus, fables 238 & 242.—Ovid, Heroides, poem 11; Tristia, bk. 2, li. 384.

Canăche, one of Actæon’s dogs.

Canăchus, a statuary of Sicyon. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 9.

Canæ, a city of Locris,――of Æolia.

Canārii, a people near mount Atlas in Africa, who received this name because they fed in common with their dogs. The islands which they inhabited were called Fortunate by the ancients, and are now known by the name of the Canaries. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 1.

Canăthus, a fountain of Nauplia, where Juno yearly washed herself to recover her infant purity. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 38.

Candăce, a queen of Æthiopia, in the age of Augustus, so prudent and meritorious that her successors always bore her name. She was blind of one eye. Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 22.—Dio Cassius, bk. 54.—Strabo, bk. 17.

Candāvia, a mountain of Epirus, which separates Illyria from Macedonia. Lucan, bk. 6, li. 331.

Candaules, or Myrsilus, son of Myrsus, was the last of the Heraclidæ who sat on the throne of Lydia. He showed his wife naked to Gyges, one of his ministers; and the queen was so incensed, that she ordered Gyges to murder her husband, 718 years before the christian era. After this murder, Gyges married the queen and ascended the throne. Justin, bk. 1, ch. 7.—Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 7, &c.—Plutarch, Convivium Septem Sapientium.

Candēi, a people of Arabia who fed on serpents.

Candiŏpe, a daughter of Œnopion, ravished by her brother.

Candy̆ba, a town of Lycia.

Canens, a nymph called also Venilia, daughter of Janus and wife to Picus king of the Laurentes. When Circe had changed her husband into a bird, she lamented him so much, that she pined away, and was changed into a voice. She was reckoned as a deity by the inhabitants. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 14, fable 9.

Canephŏria, festivals at Athens in honour of Bacchus, or, according to others, of Diana, in which all marriageable women offered small baskets to the deity, and received the name of Canephoræ, whence statues representing women in that attitude were called by the same appellation. Cicero, Against Verres, bk. 4.

Canethum, a place of Eubœa.――A mountain in Bœotia.

Căniculāres dies, certain days in the summer, in which the star Canis is said to influence the season, and to make the days more warm during its appearance. Marcus Manilius.

Cānĭdia, a certain woman of Neapolis, against whom Horace inveighed as a sorceress. Horace, Epodes.

Canĭdius, a tribune, who proposed a law to empower Pompey to go only with two lictors, to reconcile Ptolemy and the Alexandrians. Plutarch, Pompey.

Caninefātes, a people near Batavia, where modern Holland now is situate. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 4, ch. 15.

Caius Caninius Rebilus, a consul with Julius Cæsar, after the death of Trebonius. He was consul only for seven hours, because his predecessor died the last day of the year, and he was chosen only for the remaining part of the day; whence Cicero observed, that Rome was greatly indebted to him for his vigilance, as he had not slept during the whole time of his consulship. Cicero, bk. 7, Letters to his Friends, ltr. 33.—Plutarch, Cæsar.――Lucius, a lieutenant of Cæsar’s army in Gaul. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 7, ch. 83.――Rufus, a friend of Pliny the younger. Pliny, bk. 1, ltr. 3.――Gallus, an intimate friend of Cicero.

Canistius, a Lacedæmonian courier, who ran 1200 stadia in one day. Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 20.

Canius, a poet of Gades, contemporary with Martial. He was so naturally merry that he always laughed. Martial, bk. 1, ltr. 62.――A Roman knight who went to Sicily for his amusement, where he bought gardens well stocked with fish, which disappeared on the morrow. Cicero, bk. 3, de Officiis, ch. 14.

Cannæ, a small village of Apulia near the Aufidus, where Hannibal conquered the Roman consuls, Probus Æmylius and Terentius Varro, and slaughtered 40,000 Romans, on the 21st of May, B.C. 216. The spot where this famous battle was fought is now shown by the natives, and denominated the field of blood. Livy, bk. 22, ch. 44.—Florus, bk. 2, ch. 6.—Plutarch, Life of Hannibal.

Canōpicum ostium, one of the mouths of the Nile, 12 miles from Alexandria. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 21.

Cănōpus, a city of Egypt, 12 miles from Alexandria, celebrated for the temple of Serapis. It was founded by the Spartans, and therefore called Amyclæa, and it received its name from Canopus the pilot of the vessel of Menelaus, who was buried in this place. The inhabitants were dissolute in their manners. Virgil bestows upon it the epithet of Pellæus, because Alexander, who was born at Pella, built Alexandria in the neighbourhood. Silius Italicus, bk. 11, li. 433.—Mela, bk. 1, ch. 9.—Strabo, bk. 17.—Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 31.—Virgil, Georgics bk. 4, li. 287.――The pilot of the ship of Menelaus, who died in his youth on the coast of Egypt, by the bite of a serpent. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.

Cantăbra, a river falling into the Indus. Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 20.

Cantăbri, a ferocious and warlike people of Spain, who rebelled against Augustus, by whom they were conquered. Their country is now called Biscay. Silius Italicus, bk. 3, li. 326.—Horace, bk. 2, odes 6 & 11.

Cantăbriæ lacus, a lake in Spain, where a thunderbolt fell, and in which 12 axes were found. Suetonius, Galba, ch. 8.

Canthărus, a famous sculptor of Sicyon. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 17.――A comic poet of Athens.

Canthus, a son of Abas, one of the Argonauts.

Cantium, a country in the eastern parts of Britain, now called Kent. Cæsar, Gallic War bk. 5.

Canuleia, one of the first vestals chosen by Numa. Plutarch.――A law. See: Canuleius.

Caius Canuleius, a tribune of the people of Rome, A.U.C. 310, who made a law to render it constitutional for the patricians and plebeians to intermarry. It ordained also, that one of the consuls should be yearly chosen from the plebeians. Livy, bk. 4, ch. 3, &c.—Florus, bk. 1, ch. 17.

Canulia, a Roman virgin, who became pregnant by her brother, and killed herself by order of her father. Plutarch, Parallela minora.

Canŭsium, now Canosa, a town of Apulia, whither the Romans fled after the battle of Cannæ. It was built by Diomedes, and its inhabitants have been called bilingues, because they retained the language of their founder and likewise adopted that of their neighbours. Horace complained of the grittiness of their bread. The wools and the cloths of the place were in high estimation. Horace, bk. 1, satire 10, li. 30.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 4.—Pliny, bk. 8, ch. 11.

Canŭsius, a Greek historian under Ptolemy Auletes. Plutarch.

Canutius Tiberinus, a tribune of the people, who, like Cicero, furiously attacked Antony, when declared an enemy to the state. His satire cost him his life. Paterculus, bk. 2, ch. 64.――A Roman actor. Plutarch, Brutus.

Căpăneus, a noble Argive, son of Hipponous and Astinome, and husband to Evadne. He was so impious, that when he went to the Theban war, he declared that he would take Thebes even in spite of Jupiter. Such contempt provoked the god, who struck him dead with a thunderbolt. His body was burnt separately from the others, and his wife threw herself on the burning pile to mingle her ashes with his. It is said that Æsculapius restored him to life. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 9, li. 404.—Statius, Thebiad, bk. 3, &c.—Hyginus, fables 68 & 70.—Euripides, Phœnician Women & Suppliants.—Aeschylus, Seven Against Thebes.

Capella, an elegiac poet in the age of Julius Cæsar. Ovid, ex Ponto, bk. 4, poem 16, li. 36.――Martianus, a Carthaginian, A.D. 490, who wrote a poem on the marriage of Mercury and philology, and in praise of the liberal arts. The best edition is that of Walthardus, 8vo, Bernæ, 1763.――A gladiator. Juvenal, satire 4, li. 155.

Capēna, a gate of Rome. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 5, li. 192.

Capēnas, a small river of Italy. Statius, Thebiad, bk. 13, li. 85.

Capēni, a people of Etruria, in whose territory Feronia had a grove and a temple. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 697.—Livy, bks. 5, 22, &c.

Caper, a river of Asia Minor.

Capētus, a king of Alba, who reigned 26 years. Dionysius of Halicarnassus.――A suitor of Hippodamia. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 21.

Caphāreus, a lofty mountain and promontory of Eubœa, where Nauplius king of the country, to revenge the death of his son Palamedes, slain by Ulysses, set a burning torch in the darkness of night, which caused the Greeks to be shipwrecked on the coast. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 11, li. 260.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 14, li. 481.—Propertius, bk. 4, poem 1, li. 115.

Caphyæ, a town of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 23.

Capio, a Roman, famous for his friendship with Cato. Plutarch, ♦de Pat. Am.

♦ reference unknown

Capĭto, the uncle of Paterculus, who joined Agrippa against Crassus. Paterculus, bk. 2, ch. 69.――Fonteius, a man sent by Antony to settle his disputes with Augustus. Horace, bk. 1, satire 5, li. 32.――A man accused of extortion in Cilicia, and severely punished by the senate. Juvenal, satire 8, li. 93.――An epic poet of Alexandria, who wrote on love.――An historian of Lycia, who wrote an account of Isauria in eight books.――A poet who wrote on illustrious men.

Capĭtolīni ludi, games yearly celebrated at Rome in honour of Jupiter, who preserved the capitol from the Gauls.

Capĭtolīnus, a surname of Jupiter, from his temple on mount Capitolinus.――A surname of Marcus Manlius, who, for his ambition, was thrown down from the Tarpeian rock which he had so nobly defended.――A mountain at Rome, called also Mons Tarpeius, and Mons Saturni. The Capitol was built upon it.――A man of lascivious morals, consul with Marcellus. Plutarch, Marcellus.――Julius, an author in Diocletian’s reign, who wrote an account of the life of Verus, Antoninus Pius, the Gordians, &c., most of which are now lost.

Capĭtōlium, a celebrated temple and citadel at Rome on the Tarpeian rock, the plan of which was made by Tarquin Priscus. It was begun by Servius Tullius, finished by Tarquin Superbus, and consecrated by the consul Horatius after the expulsion of the Tarquins from Rome. It was built upon four acres of ground, the front was adorned with three rows of pillars, and the other sides with two. The ascent to it from the ground was by 100 steps. The magnificence and richness of this temple are almost incredible. All the consuls successively made donations to the capitol, and Augustus bestowed upon it at one time 2000 pounds weight of gold. Its thresholds were made of brass, and its roof was gold. It was adorned with vessels and shields of solid silver, with golden chariots, &c. It was burnt during the civil war of Marius, and Sylla rebuilt it, but died before the dedication, which was performed by Quintus Catulus. It was again destroyed in the troubles under Vitellius; and Vespasian, who endeavoured to repair it, saw it again in ruins at his death. Domitian raised it again, for the last time, and made it more grand and magnificent than any of his predecessors, and spent 12,000 talents in gilding it. When they first dug for the foundations, they found a man’s head called Tolius, sound and entire in the ground, and from thence drew an omen of the future greatness of the Roman empire. The hill was from that circumstance called Capitolium, a capite Toli. The consuls and magistrates offered sacrifices there, when they first entered upon their offices, and the procession in triumphs was always conducted to the capitol. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 136; bk. 8, li. 347.—Tacitus, Histories, bk. 3, ch. 72.—Plutarch, Publicola.—Livy, bks. 1, 10, &c.—Pliny, bk. 33, &c.—Suetonius, Augustus, ch. 40.

Cappădŏcia, a country of Asia Minor, between the Halys, the Euphrates, and the Euxine. It receives its name from the river Cappadox, which separates it from Galatia. The inhabitants were called Syrians and Leuco-Syrians by the Greeks. They were of a dull and submissive disposition, and addicted to every vice, according to the ancients, who wrote this virulent epigram against them:

Vipera Cappadocem nocitura momordit; at illa Gustato periit sanguine Cappadocis.

When they were offered their freedom and independence by the Romans, they refused it, and begged of them a king, and they received Ariobarzanes. It was some time after governed by a Roman proconsul. Though the ancients have ridiculed this country for the unfruitfulness of its soil, and the manners of its inhabitants, yet it can boast of the birth of the geographer Strabo, St. Basil, and Gregory Nazianzen, among other illustrious characters. The horses of this country were in general esteem, and with these they paid their tributes to the king of Persia, while under his power, for want of money. The kings of Cappadocia mostly bore the name of Ariarathes. Horace, bk. 1, ltr. 6, li. 39.—Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 3.—Curtius, bks. 3 & 4.—Strabo, bks. 11 & 16.—Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 73; bk. 5, ch. 49.—Mela, bk. 1, ch. 2; bk. 3, ch. 8.

Cappădox, a river of Cappadocia. Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 3.

Caprăria, now Cabrera, a mountainous island on the coast of Spain, famous for its goats. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 6.

Căpreæ, now Capri, an island on the coast of Campania, abounding in quails, and famous for the residence and debaucheries of the emperor Tiberius, during the seven last years of his life. The island, in which now several medals are dug up expressive of the licentious morals of the emperor, is about 40 miles in circumference, and surrounded by steep rocks. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 15, li. 709.—Suetonius, Tiberius.—Statius, Sylvæ, bk. 3, li. 5.

Capræa Palus, a place near Rome where Romulus disappeared. Plutarch, Romulus.—Ovid, Fasti, bk. 2, li. 491.

Capricornus, a sign of the zodiac, in which appear 28 stars in the form of a goat, supposed by the ancients to be the goat Amalthæa, which fed Jupiter with her milk. Some maintain that it is Pan, who changed himself into a goat when frightened at the approach of Typhon. When the sun enters this sign it is the winter solstice, or the longest night in the year. Marcus Manilius, bks. 2 & 4.—Horace, bk. 2, ode 17, li. 19.—Hyginus, fable 196; Poetica Astronomica, bk. 2, ch. 28.

Caprificiālis, a day sacred to Vulcan, on which the Athenians offered him money. Pliny, bk. 11, ch. 15.

Caprīma, a town of Caria.

Caprĭpĕdes, a surname of Pan, the Fauni and the Satyrs, from their having goats’ feet.

Caprias, a great informer in Horace’s age. Horace, bk. 1, satire 4, li. 66.

Caprotīna, a festival celebrated at Rome in July in honour of Juno, at which women only officiated. See: Philotis. Varro, de Lingua Latina, bk. 5.

Caprus, a harbour near mount Athos.

Capsa, a town of Libya, surrounded by vast deserts full of snakes. Florus, bk. 3, ch. 1.—Sallust, Jugurthine War.

Capsăge, a town of Syria. Curtius, bk. 10.

Căpua, the chief city of Campania in Italy, supposed to have been founded by Capys, the father, or rather the companion, of Anchises. This city was very ancient, and so opulent that it even rivalled Rome, and was called altera Roma. The soldiers of Annibal, after the battle of Cannæ, were enervated by the pleasures and luxuries which powerfully prevailed in this voluptuous city and under a soft climate. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 145.—Livy, bks. 4, 7, 8, &c.—Paterculus, bk. 1, ch. 7; bk. 2, ch. 44.—Florus, bk. 1, ch. 16.—Cicero, Philippics, bk. 12, ch. 3.—Plutarch, Life of Hannibal.

Capys, a Trojan, who came with Æneas into Italy, and founded Capua. He was one of those who, against the advice of Thymœtes, wished to destroy the wooden horse, which proved the destruction of Troy. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 145.――A son of Assaracus by a daughter of the Simois. He was father of Anchises by Themis. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 4, li. 33.

Capys Sylvius, a king of Alba, who reigned 28 years. Dionysius of Halicarnassus.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 768.

Car, a son of Phoroneus king of Megara. Pausanias, bk. 1, chs. 39 & 40.――A son of Manes, who married Callirhoe daughter of the Mæander. Caria received its name from him. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 171.

Carabactra, a place in India.

Carabis, a town of Spain.

Carăcalla. See: Antonius.

Caracates, a people of Germany.

Caractăcus, a king of the Britons, conquered by an officer of Claudius Cæsar, A.D. 47. Tacitus, Annals, ♦bk. 12, chs. 33 & 37.

♦ ‘c. 12, 33,’ replaced with ‘12, chs. 33,’

Caræ, certain places between Susa and the Tigris, where Alexander pitched his camp.

Caræus, a surname of Jupiter in Bœotia,――in Caria.

Carălis (or es, ium), the chief city of Sardinia, Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 17.

Carambis, now Kerempi, a promontory of Paphlagonia. Mela, bk. 1, ch. 19.

Carānus, one of the Heraclidæ, the first who laid the foundation of the Macedonian empire, B.C. 814. He took Edessa, and reigned 28 years, which he spent in establishing and strengthening the government of his newly founded kingdom. He was succeeded by Perdiccas. Justin, bk. 7, ch. 1.—Paterculus, bk. 1, ch. 6.――A general of Alexander. Curtius, bk. 7.――A harbour of Phœnicia.

Carausius, a tyrant of Britain for seven years, A.D. 293.

Carro, a Roman orator, who killed himself because he could not curb the licentious manners of his countrymen. Cicero, Brutus.――Cneus, a son of the orator Carbo, who embraced the party of Marius, and after the death of Cinna succeeded to the government. He was killed in Spain in his third consulship, by order of Pompey. Valerius Maximus, bk. 9, ch. 13.――An orator, son of Carbo the orator, killed by the army when desirous of re-establishing the ancient military discipline. Cicero, Brutus.

Carchēdon, the Greek name of Carthage.

Carcīnus, a tragic poet of Agrigentum, in the age of Philip of Macedon. He wrote on the rape of Proserpine. Diodorus, bk. 5.――Another of Athens.――Another of Naupactum.――A man of Rhegium, who exposed his son Agathocles on account of some uncommon dreams during his wife’s pregnancy. Agathocles was preserved. Diodorus, bk. 19.――An Athenian general, who laid waste Peloponnesus in the time of Pericles. Diodorus, bk. 12.

Carcĭnus, a constellation, the same as the Cancer. Lucan, bk. 9, li. 536.

Cardaces, a people of Asia Minor. Strabo, bk. 15.

Cardămy̆le, a town of Argos.

Cardia, a town in the Thracian Chersonesus. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 11.

Cardŭchi, a warlike nation of Media, along the borders of the Tigris. Diodorus, bk. 14.

Cāres, a nation which inhabited Caria, and thought themselves the original possessors of that country. They became so powerful that their country was not sufficiently extensive to contain them all, upon which they seized the neighbouring islands of the Ægean sea. These islands were conquered by Minos king of Crete. Nileus son of Codrus invaded their country, and slaughtered many of the inhabitants. In this calamity, the Carians, surrounded on every side by enemies, fortified themselves in the mountainous parts of the country, and, soon after, made themselves terrible by sea. They were anciently called Leleges. Herodotus, bk. 1, chs. 146 & 171.—Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 40.—Strabo, bk. 13.—Curtius, bk. 6, ch. 3.—Justin, bk. 13, ch. 4.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 8, li. 725.

Caresa, an island of the Ægean sea, opposite Attica.

Caressus, a river of Troas.

Carfinia, an immodest woman, mentioned Juvenal, satire 2, li. 69.

Cāria, now Aidinelli, a country of Asia Minor, whose boundaries have been different in different ages. Generally speaking, it was at the south of Iona, at the east and north of the Icarian sea, and at the west of Phrygia Major, and Lycia. It has been called Phœnicia, because a Phœnician colony first settled there; and afterwards it received the name of Caria, from Car, a king who first invented the auguries of birds. The chief town was called Halicarnassus, where Jupiter was the chief deity. See: Cares.――A poet of Thrace. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 2.

Carias, a town of Peloponnesus.――A general. See: Laches.

Cariate, a town of Bactriana, where Alexander imprisoned Callisthenes.

Carilla, a town of the Piceni, destroyed by Annibal for its great attachment to Rome. Silius Italicus, bk. 8.

Carīna, a virgin of Caria, &c. Polyænus, bk. 8.

Carinæ, certain edifices at Rome, built in the manner of ships, which were in the temple of Tellus. Some suppose that it was a street in which Pompey’s house was built. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 8, li. 361.—Horace, bk. 1, ltr. 7.

Carīne, a town near the Caicus in Asia Minor. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 42.

Carīnus Marcus Aurelius, a Roman who attempted to succeed his father Carus as emperor. He was famous for his debaucheries and cruelties. Diocletian defeated him in Dalmatia, and he was killed by a soldier whose wife he had debauched, A.D. 268.

Carisiăcum, a town of ancient Gaul, now Cressy in Picardy.

Carissanum, a place of Italy near which Milo was killed. Pliny, bk. 2, ch. 56.

Caristum, a town of Liguria.

Carmānia, a country of Asia, between Persia and India. Arrian.—Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 23.

Carmānor, a Cretan, who purified Apollo of slaughter. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 30.

Carme, a nymph, daughter of Eubulus and mother of Britomartis by Jupiter. She was one of Diana’s attendants. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 30.

Carmēlus, a god among the inhabitants of ♦mount Carmel, situate between Syria and Judæa. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 2, ch. 78.—Suetonius, Vespasian, ch. 5.

♦ ‘muont’ replaced with ‘mount’

Carmenta and Carmentīs, a prophetess of Arcadia, mother of Evander, with whom she came to Italy, and was received by king Faunus, about 60 years before the Trojan war. Her name was Nicostrata, and she received that of Carmentis from the wildness of her looks when giving oracles, as if carens mentis. She was the oracle of the people of Italy during her life, and after death she received divine honours. She had a temple at Rome, and the Greeks offered her sacrifices under the name of Themis. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 1, li. 467; bk. 6, li. 530.—Plutarch, Romulus.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 8, li. 339.—Livy, bk. 5, ch. 47.

Carmentāles, festivals at Rome in honour of Carmenta, celebrated the 11th of January, near the Porta Carmentalis, below the Capitol. This goddess was entreated to render the Roman matrons prolific, and their labours easy. Livy, bk. 1, ch. 7.

Carmentālis porta, one of the gates of Rome in the neighbourhood of the Capitol. It was afterwards called Scelerata, because the Fabii passed through it on going to that famous expedition where they perished. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 8, li. 338.

Carmides, a Greek of an uncommon memory. Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 24.

Carna and Cardinea, a goddess at Rome who presided over hinges, as also over the entrails and secret parts of the human body. She was originally a nymph called Grane, whom Janus ravished, and, for the injury, he gave her the power of presiding over the exterior of houses, and of removing all noxious birds from the doors. The Romans offered her beans, bacon, and vegetables, to represent the simplicity of their ancestors. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 6, li. 101, &c.

Carnasius, a village of Messenia in Peloponnesus. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 33.

Carneădes, a philosopher of Cyrene in Africa, founder of a sect called the third or new academy. The Athenians sent him with Diogenes the Stoic, and Critolaus the Peripatetic, as ambassadors to Rome, B.C. 155. The Roman youth were extremely fond of the company of these learned philosophers; and when Carneades, in a speech, had given an accurate and judicious dissertation upon justice, and in another speech confuted all the arguments he had advanced, and apparently given no existence to the virtue he had so much commended, a report prevailed all over Rome, that a Grecian was come who had so captivated by his words the rising generation, that they forgot their usual amusements, and ran mad after philosophy. When this reached the ears of Cato the censor, he gave immediate audience to the Athenian ambassadors in the senate, and dismissed them in haste, expressing his apprehensions of their corrupting the opinions of the Roman people, whose only profession, he sternly observed, was arms and war. Carneades denied that anything could be perceived or understood in the world, and he was the first who introduced a universal suspension of assent. He died in the 90th year of his age, B.C. 128. Cicero, Letters to Atticus, bk. 12, ltr. 23; On Oratory, bks. 1 & 2.—Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 30.—Lactantius, bk. 5, ch. 14.—Valerius Maximus, bk. 8, ch. 8.

Carneia, a festival observed in most of the Grecian cities, but more particularly at Sparta, where it was first instituted, about 675 B.C., in honour of Apollo, surnamed Carneus. It lasted nine days, and was an imitation of the manner of living in camps among the ancients.

Carnion, a town of Laconia.――A river of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 34.

Carnus, a prophet of Acarnania, from whom Apollo was called Carneus. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 13.

Carnūtes, a people of Celtic Gaul. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 6, ch. 4.

Carpasia and Carpasium, a town of Cyprus.

Carpăthus, an island in the Mediterranean between Rhodes and Crete, now called Scapanto. It has given its name to a part of the neighbouring sea, thence called the Carpathian sea, between Rhodes and Crete. Carpathus was at first inhabited by some Cretan soldiers of Minos. It was 20 miles in circumference, and was sometimes called Tetrapolis, from its four capital cities. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12.—Herodotus, bk. 3, ch. 45.—Diodorus, bk. 5.—Strabo, bk. 10.

Carpia, an ancient name of Tartessus. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 19.

Carpis, a river of Mysia. Herodotus.

Carpo, a daughter of Zephyrus, and one of the Seasons. She was loved by Calamus the son of Mæander, whom she equally admired. She was drowned in the Mæander, and was changed by Jupiter into all sorts of fruit. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 35.

Carpophŏra, a name of Ceres and Proserpine in Tegea. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 53.

Carpophŏrus, an actor greatly esteemed by Domitian. Martial.—Juvenal, satire 6, li. 198.

Carræ and Carrhæ, a town of Mesopotamia, near which Crassus was killed. Lucan, bk. 1, li. 105.—Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 14.

Carrīnātes Secundus, a poor but ingenious rhetorician, who came from Athens to Rome, where the boldness of his expressions, especially against tyrannical power, exposed him to Caligula’s resentment, who banished him. Juvenal, satire 7, li. 205.

Carrūca, a town of Spain. Hirtius, Hispanic War, ch. 27.

Carseŏli, a town of the Æqui, at the west of the lake Fucinus. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 4, li. 683.

Cartalias, a town of Spain.

Carteia, a town at the extremity of Spain, near the sea of Gades, supposed to be the same as Calpe.

Cartēna, a town of Mauritania, now Tenez, on the shores of the Mediterranean.

Carthæa, a town in the island of Cea, whence the epithet of Cartheius. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 7, li. 368.

Carthāgĭnienses, the inhabitants of Carthage, a rich and commercial nation. See: Carthago.

Carthāgo, a celebrated city of Africa, the rival of Rome, and long the capital of the country, and mistress of Spain, Sicily, and Sardinia. The precise time of its foundation is unknown, yet most writers seem to agree that it was first built by Dido, about 869 years before the christian era, or, according to others, 72 or 93 years before the foundation of Rome. This city and republic flourished for 737 years, and the time of its greatest glory was under Annibal and Amilcar. During the first Punic war, it contained no less than 700,000 inhabitants. It maintained three famous wars against Rome, called the Punic wars [See: Punicum bellum], in the third of which Carthage was totally destroyed by Scipio the second Africanus, B.C. 147, and only 5000 persons were found within the walls. It was 23 miles in circumference, and when it was set on fire by the Romans, it burned incessantly during 17 days. After the destruction of Carthage, Utica became powerful, and the Romans thought themselves secure; and as they had no rival to dispute with them in the field, they fell into indolence and inactivity. Cæsar planted a small colony on the ruins of Carthage. Augustus sent there 3000 men; and Adrian, after the example of his imperial predecessors, rebuilt part of it, which he called Adrianopolis. Carthage was conquered from the Romans by the arms of Genseric, A.D. 439; and it was for more than a century the seat of the Vandal empire in Africa, and fell into the hands of the Saracens in the seventh century. The Carthaginians were governed as a republic, and had two persons yearly chosen among them with regal authority. They were very superstitious, and generally offered human victims to their gods; an unnatural custom, which their allies wished them to abolish, but in vain. They bore the character of a faithless and treacherous people, and the proverb Punica fides is well known. Strabo, bk. 17.—Virgil, Æneid bk. 1, &c.—Mela, bk. 1, &c.—Ptolemy bk. 4.—Justin.—Livy, bk. 4, &c.—Paterculus, bks. 1 & 2.—Plutarch, Life of Hannibal, &c.—Cicero.――Nŏva, a town built in Spain, on the coasts of the Mediterranean, by Asdrubal the Carthaginian general. It was taken by Scipio when Hanno surrendered himself after a heavy loss. It now bears the name of Carthagena. Polybius, bk. 10.—Livy, bk. 26, ch. 43, &c.—Silius Italicus, bk. 15, li. 220, &c.――A daughter of Hercules.

Carthasis, a Scythian, &c. Curtius, bk. 7, ch. 7.

Carthea, a town of Cos. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 7, fable 9.

Carvilius, a king of Britain, who attacked Cæsar’s naval station by order of Cassivelaunus, &c. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 5, ch. 22.――Spurius, a Roman, who made a large image of the breastplates taken from the Samnites, and placed it in the capitol. Pliny, bk. 34, ch. 7.――The first Roman who divorced his wife during the space of about 600 years. This was for barrenness, B.C. 231. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 2.—Valerius Maximus, bk. 2, ch. 1.

Carus, a Roman emperor who succeeded Probus. He was a prudent and active general; he conquered the Sarmatians, and continued the Persian war which his predecessor had commenced. He reigned two years, and died on the banks of the Tigris as he was going in an expedition against Persia, A.D. 283. He made his two sons, Carinus and Numerianus, Cæsars; and as his many virtues had promised the Romans happiness, he was made a god after death. Eutropius.――One of those who attempted to scale the rock Aornus, by order of Alexander. Curtius, bk. 8, ch. 11.

Carya, a town of Arcadia.――A city of Laconia. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 10. Here a festival was observed in honour of Diana Caryatis. It was then usual for virgins to meet at the celebration and join in a certain dance, said to have been first instituted by Castor and Pollux. When Greece was invaded by Xerxes, the Laconians did not appear before the enemy, for fear of displeasing the goddess by not celebrating her festival. At that time the peasants assembled at the usual place, and sang pastorals called Βουκολισμοι, from Βουκολος, a neatherd. From this circumstance some suppose that Bucolics originated. Statius, bk. 4, Thebiad, li. 225.

Caryanda, a town and island on the coast of Caria, now Karacoion.

Caryātæ, a people of Arcadia.

Carystius Antigonus, an historian, &c. B.C. 248.

Carystus, a maritime town on the south of Eubœa, still in existence, famous for its marble. Statius, bk. 2, Sylvæ, poem 2, li. 93.—Martial, bk. 9, ltr. 76.

Caryum, a place of Laconia, where Aristomenes preserved some virgins, &c. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 16.

Casca, one of Cæsar’s assassins, who gave him the first blow. Plutarch, Cæsar.

Cascellius Aulus, a lawyer of great merit in the Augustan age. Horace, Art of Poetry, li. 371.

Casilīnum, a town of Campania. When it was besieged by Hannibal, a mouse sold for 200 denarii. The place was defended by 540 or 570 natives of Præneste, who, when half their number had perished either by war or famine, surrendered to the conqueror. Livy, bk. 23, ch. 19.—Strabo, bk. 5.—Cicero, De Inventione, bk. 2, ch. 5.—Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 5.

Casīna and Casīnum, a town of Campania. Silius Italicus, bk. 4, li. 227.

Casius, a mountain near the Euphrates.――Another at the east of Pelusium, where Pompey’s tomb was raised by Adrian. Jupiter, surnamed Casius, had a temple there. Lucan, bk. 8, li. 858.――Another in Syria, from whose top the sun can be seen rising, though it be still the darkness of night at the bottom of the mountain. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 22.—Mela, bks. 1 & 3.

Casmenæ, a town built by the Syracusans in Sicily. Thucydides, bk. 6, ch. 5.

Casmilla, the mother of Camilla. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 11, li. 543.

Caspĕria, wife of Rhœtus king of the Marrubii, committed adultery with her son-in-law. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 388.――A town of the Sabines. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 714.

Caspĕrŭla, a town of the Sabines. Silius Italicus, bk. 8, li. 416.

Caspiæ portæ, certain passes of Asia, which some place about Caucasus and the Caspian sea, and others between Persia and the Caspian sea, or near mount Taurus, or Armenia, or Cilicia. Diodorus, bk. 1.—Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 27; bk. 6, ch. 13.

Caspiana, a country of Armenia.

Caspii, a Scythian nation near the Caspian sea. Such as had lived beyond their 70th year were starved to death. Their dogs were remarkable for their fierceness. Herodotus, bk. 3, ch. 92, &c.; bk. 7, ch. 67, &c.—Cornelius Nepos, bk. 14, ch. 8.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 798.

Caspium mare, or Hyrcānum, a large sea in the form of a lake, which has no communication with other seas, and lies between the Caspian and Hyrcanian mountains, at the north of Parthia, receiving in its capacious bed the tribute of several large rivers. Ancient authors assure us that it produced enormous serpents and fishes, different in colour and kind from those of all other waters. The eastern parts are more particularly called the Hyrcanian sea, and the western the Caspian. It is now called the sea of Sala or Baku. The Caspian is about 680 miles long, and in no part more than 260 in breadth. There are no tides in it, and on account of its numerous shoals, it is navigable to vessels drawing only nine or ten feet of water. It has strong currents, and, like inland seas, is liable to violent storms. Some navigators examined it in 1708, by order of the Czar Peter, and after the labour of three years, a map of its extent was published. Its waters are described as brackish, and not impregnated with salt so much as the wide ocean. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 202, &c.—Curtius, bk. 3, ch. 2; bk. 6, ch. 4; bk. 7, ch. 3.—Strabo, bk. 11.—Mela, bk. 1, ch. 2; bk. 3, chs. 5 & 6.—Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 13.—Dionysius Periegetes, li. 50.

Caspius mons, a branch of mount Taurus, between Media and Armenia, at the east of the Euphrates. The Caspiæ portæ are placed in the defiles of the mountain by some geographers.

Cassandāne, the mother of Cambyses by Cyrus. Herodotus, bk. 2, ch. 1; bk. 3, ch. 2.

Cassander, son of Antipater, made himself master of Macedonia after his father’s death, where he reigned for 18 years. He married Thessalonica the sister of Alexander, to strengthen himself on his throne. Olympias the mother of Alexander wished to keep the kingdom of Macedonia for Alexander’s young children; and therefore she destroyed the relations of Cassander, who besieged her in the town of Pydna, and put her to death. Roxane, with her son Alexander, and Barsane the mother of Hercules, both wives of Alexander, shared the fate of Olympias with their children. Antigonus, who had been for some time upon friendly terms with Cassander, declared war against him; and Cassander, to make himself equal with his adversary, made a league with Lysimachus and Seleucus, and obtained a memorable victory at Ipsus, B.C. 301. He died three years after this victory, of a dropsy. His son Antipater killed his mother; and for his unnatural murder he was put to death by his brother Alexander, who, to strengthen himself, invited Demetrius the son of Antigonus from Asia. Demetrius took advantage of the invitation, and put to death Alexander, and ascended the throne of Macedonia. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 15.—Diodorus, bk. 19.—Justin, bks. 12, 13, &c.

Cassandra, daughter of Priam and Hecuba, was passionately loved by Apollo, who promised to grant her whatever she might require, if she would gratify his passion. She asked the power of knowing futurity; and as soon as she had received it, she refused to perform her promise, and slighted Apollo. The god, in his disappointment, wetted her lips with his tongue, and by this action effected that no credit or reliance should ever be put upon her predictions, however true or faithful they might be. Some maintain that she received the gift of prophecy with her brother Helenus, by being placed when young one night in the temple of Apollo, where serpents were found wreathed round their bodies and licking their ears, which circumstance gave them the knowledge of futurity. She was looked upon by the Trojans as insane, and she was even confined, and her predictions were disregarded. She was courted by many princes during the Trojan war. When Troy was taken, she fled for shelter to the temple of Minerva, where Ajax found her, and offered her violence, with the greatest cruelty, at the foot of Minerva’s statue. In the division of the spoils of Troy, Agamemnon, who was enamoured of her, took her as his wife, and returned with her to Greece. She repeatedly foretold to him the sudden calamities that awaited his return; but he gave no credit to her, and was assassinated by his wife Clytemnestra. Cassandra shared his fate, and saw all her prophecies but too truly fulfilled. See: Agamemnon. Aeschylus, Agamemnon.—Homer, Iliad, bk. 13, li. 363; Odyssey, bk. 4.—Hyginus, fable 117.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 2, li. 246, &c.—Quintus Calaber [Smyrnæus], bk. 13, li. 421.—Euripides, Trojan Women.—Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 16; bk. 3, ch. 19.

Cassandria, a town of the peninsula of Pallene in Macedonia, called also Potidæa. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 23.

Cassia lex, was enacted by Cassius Longinus, A.U.C. 649. By it no man condemned or deprived of military power was permitted to enter the senate house.――Another, enacted by Caius Cassius the pretor, to choose some of the plebeians to be admitted among the patricians.――Another. A.U.C. 616, to make the suffrages of the Roman people free and independent. It ordained that they should be received upon tablets. Cicero, de Amicitia.――Another, A.U.C. 267, to make a division of the territories taken from the Hernici, half to the Roman people and half to the Latins.――Another, enacted A.U.C. 596, to grant a consular power to Publius Anicius and Octavius on the day they triumphed over Macedonia. Livy.

Cassiodōrus, a great statesman and writer in the sixth century. He died A.D. 562, at the age of 100.—His works were edited by Chandler, 8vo, London, 1722.

Cassiŏpe and Cassiŏpea, married Cepheus king of Æthiopia, by whom she had Andromeda. She boasted herself to be fairer than the Nereides; upon which Neptune, at the request of these despised nymphs, punished the insolence of Cassiope, and sent a huge sea monster to ravage Æthiopia. The wrath of Neptune could be appeased only by exposing Andromeda, whom Cassiope tenderly loved, to the fury of this sea monster; and just as she was going to be devoured, Perseus delivered her. See: Andromeda. Cassiope was made a southern constellation, consisting of 13 stars called Cassiope. Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 2, ch. 43.—Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 4.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 4, li. 738.—Hyginus, fable 64.—Propertius, bk. 1, poem 17, li. 3.—Marcus Manilius, bk. 1.――A city of Epirus near Thesprotia. Another in the island of Corcyra. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12.――The wife of Epaphus. Statius, Sylvæ.

Cassitĕrĭdes, islands in the western ocean, where tin was found, supposed to be the Scilly islands, the Land’s End, and Lizard Point, of the moderns. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 22.

Cassivelaunus, a Briton invested with sovereign authority when Julius Cæsar made a descent upon Britain. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 5, ch. 19, &c.

Caius Cassius, a celebrated Roman, who made himself known by being first questor to Crassus in his expedition against Parthia, from which he extricated himself with uncommon address. He followed the interest of Pompey; and when Cæsar had obtained the victory in the plains of Pharsalia, Cassius was one of those who owed their life to the mercy of the conqueror. He married Junia the sister of Brutus, and with him he resolved to murder the man to whom he was indebted for his life, on account of his oppressive ambition; and before he stabbed Cæsar, he addressed himself to the statue of Pompey, who had fallen by the avarice of him whom he was going to assassinate. When the provinces were divided among Cæsar’s murderers, Cassius received Africa; and when his party had lost ground at Rome, by the superior influence of Augustus and Marcus Antony, he retired to Philippi, with his friend Brutus and their adherents. In the battle that was fought there, the wing which Cassius commanded was defeated, and his camp was plundered. In this unsuccessful moment he suddenly gave up all hopes of recovering his losses, and concluded that Brutus was conquered and ruined as well as himself. Fearful to fall into the enemy’s hands, he ordered one of his freedmen to run him through, and he perished by that very sword which had given wounds to Cæsar. His body was honoured with a magnificent funeral by his friend Brutus, who declared over him that he deserved to be called the last of the Romans. If he were brave, he was equally learned. Some of his letters are still extant among Cicero’s epistles. He was a strict follower of the doctrines of Epicurus. He was often too rash and too violent, and many of the wrong steps which Brutus took are to be ascribed to the prevailing advice of Cassius. He is allowed by Paterculus to have been a better commander than Brutus, though a less sincere friend. The day after Cæsar’s murder he dined at the house of Antony, who asked him whether he had then a dagger concealed in his bosom. “Yes,” replied he, “if you aspire to tyranny.” Seutonius, Cæsar & Augustus.—Plutarch, Brutus & Cæsar.—Paterculus, bk. 2, ch. 46.—Dio Cassius, bk. 40.――A Roman citizen who condemned his son to death, on pretence of his raising commotions in the state. Valerius Maximus, bk. 5, ch. 8.――A tribune of the people, who made many laws tending to diminish the influence of the Roman nobility. He was competitor with Cicero for the consulship.――One of Pompey’s officers, who, during the civil wars, revolted to Cæsar with 10 ships.――A poet of Parma, of great genius. He was killed by Varus, by order of Augustus, whom he had offended by his satirical writings. His fragments of Orpheus were found and edited some time after by the poet Statius. Horace, bk. 1, satire 10, li. 62.――Spurius, a Roman, put to death on suspicion of his aspiring to tyranny, after he had been three times consul, B.C. 485. Diodorus, bk. 11.—Valerius Maximus, bk. 6, ch. 3.――Brutus, a Roman who betrayed his country to the Latins, and fled to the temple of Pallas, where his father confined him, and he was starved to death.――Longinus, an officer of Cæsar in Spain, much disliked. Cæsar, Alexandrine War, ch. 48.――A consul, to whom Tiberius married Drusilla daughter of Germanicus. Seutonius, Galba, ch. 57.――A lawyer whom Nero put to death, because he bore the name of Julius Cæsar’s murderer. Suetonius, Nero, ch. 37.――Lucius Hemina, the most ancient writer of annals at Rome. He lived A.U.C. 608.――Lucius, a Roman lawyer, whose severity in the execution of the law has rendered the words Cassiani judices applicable to rigid judges. Cicero, For Sextus Roscius of Ameria, ch. 30.――Longinus, a critic. See: Longinus.――Lucius, a consul with Caius Marius, slain with his army by the Gauls Senones. Appian, Gallic History.――Marcus Scæva, a soldier of uncommon valour in Cæsar’s army. Valerius Maximus, bk. 3, ch. 2.――An officer under Aurelius, made emperor by his soldiers, and murdered three months after.――Felix, a physician in the age of Tiberius, who wrote on animals.――Severus, an orator who wrote a severe treatise on illustrious men and women. He died in exile, in his 25th year. See: Severus. The family of Cassii branched into the surname of Longinus, Viscellinus, Brutus, &c.

Cassōtis, a nymph and fountain of Phocis. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 24.

Castabala, a city of Cilicia, whose inhabitants made war with their dogs. Pliny, bk. 8, ch. 40.

Castabus, a town of Chersonesus.

Castălia, a town near Phocis.――A daughter of the Achelous.

Castălius fons, or Castalia, a fountain of Parnassus, sacred to the Muses. The waters of this fountain were cool and excellent, and they had the power of inspiring those who drank of them with the true fire of poetry. The Muses have received the surname of Castalides from this fountain. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 3, li. 293.—Martial, bk. 7, ltr. 11; bk. 12, ltr. 3.

Castanea, a town near the Peneus, whence the nuces Castaneæ received their name. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 9.

Castellum menapiōrum, a town of Belgium on the Maese, now Kessel.――Morinorum, now mount Cassel, in Flanders.――Cattorum, now Hesse Cassel.

Casthĕnes, a bay of Thrace, near Byzantium.

Castianira, a Thracian, mistress of Priam and mother of Gorgythion. Homer, Iliad, bk. 8.

Castor and Pollux, were twin brothers, sons of Jupiter by Leda, the wife of Tyndarus king of Sparta. The manner of their birth is uncommon. Jupiter, who was enamoured of Leda, changed himself into a beautiful swan, and desired Venus to metamorphose herself into an eagle. After this transformation the goddess pursued the god with apparent ferocity, and Jupiter fled for refuge into the arms of Leda, who was bathing in the Eurotas. Jupiter took advantage of his situation, and nine months after Leda, who was already pregnant, brought forth two eggs, from one of which came Pollux and Helena; and from the other, Castor and Clytemnestra. The two former were the offspring of Jupiter, and the latter were believed to be the children of Tyndarus. Some suppose that Leda brought forth only one egg, from which Castor and Pollux sprung. Mercury, immediately after their birth, carried the two brothers to Pallena, where they were educated; and as soon as they had arrived at years of maturity, they embarked with Jason to go in quest of the golden fleece. In this expedition both behaved with superior courage: Pollux conquered and slew Amycus in the combat of the cestus, and was ever after reckoned the god and patron of boxing and wrestling. Castor distinguished himself in the management of horses. The brothers cleared the Hellespont and the neighbouring seas from pirates, after their return from Colchis, from which circumstance they have been always deemed the friends of navigation. During the Argonautic expedition, in a violent storm, two flames of fire were seen to play around the heads of the sons of Leda, and immediately the tempest ceased and the sea was calmed. From this occurrence their power to protect sailors has been more firmly credited, and the two before-mentioned fires, which are very common in storms, have since been known by the name of Castor and Pollux; and when they both appeared, it was a sign of fair weather; but if only one was seen it prognosticated storms, and the aid of Castor and Pollux was consequently solicited. Castor and Pollux made war against the Athenians to recover their sister Helen, whom Theseus had carried away; and from their clemency to the conquered, they acquired the surname of Anaces or benefactors. They were initiated in the sacred mysteries of the Cabiri, and in those of Ceres of Eleusis. They were invited to a feast when Lynceus and Idas were going to celebrate their marriage with Phœbe and Talaira the daughters of Leucippus, who was brother to Tyndarus. Their behaviour after this invitation was cruel. They became enamoured of the two women whose nuptials they were to celebrate, and resolved to carry them away and marry them. This violent step provoked Lynceus and Idas: a battle ensued, and Castor killed Lynceus, and was killed by Idas. Pollux revenged the death of his brother by killing Idas; and, as he was immortal, and tenderly attached to his brother, he entreated Jupiter to restore him to life, or to be deprived himself of immortality. Jupiter permitted Castor to share the immortality of his brother; and consequently, as long as the one was upon earth, so long was the other detained in the infernal regions, and they alternately lived and died every day; or, according to others, every six months. This act of fraternal love Jupiter rewarded by making the two brothers constellations in heaven, under the name of Gemini, which never appear together, but when one rises the other sets, and so on alternately. Castor made Talaira mother of Anogon, and Phœbe had Mnesileus by Pollux. They received divine honours after death, and were generally called Dioscuri, sons of Jupiter. White lambs were more particularly offered on their altars, and the ancients were fond of swearing by the divinity of the Dioscuri, by the expressions of Ædepol and Æcastor. Among the ancients, and especially among the Romans, there prevailed many public reports, at different times, that Castor and Pollux had made their appearance to their armies; and mounted on white steeds, had marched at the head of their troops, and furiously attacked the enemy. Their surnames were many, and they were generally represented mounted on two white horses, armed with spears, and riding side by side, with their head covered with a bonnet, on whose top glittered a star. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 6, li. 109; Fasti, bk. 5, li. 701; Amores, bk. 3, poem 2, li. 54.—Hyginus, fables 77 & 78.—Homer, Hymn 33 to the Dioscuri.—Euripides, Helen.—Plutarch, Theseus.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 121.—Marcus Manilius, Astronomica, bk. 2.—Livy, bk. 2.—Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 6.—Justin, bk. 20, ch. 3.—Horace, bk. 2, satire 1, li. 27.—Florus, bk. 2, ch. 12.—Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 2, ch. 2.—Apollonius, bk. 1.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, chs. 8, 9; bk. 2, ch. 4; bk. 3, ch. 11.—Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 24; bk. 4, chs. 3 & 27.――An ancient physician.――A swift runner.――A friend of Æneas, who accompanied him into Italy. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 124.――An orator of Rhodes, related to king Dejotarus. He wrote two books on Babylon, and one on the Nile.――A gladiator. Horace, bk. 1, ltr. 18, li. 19.

Castra Alexandri, a place of Egypt about Pelusium. Curtius, bk. 4, ch. 7.――Cornelia, a maritime town of Africa, between Carthage and Utica. Mela, bk. 1, ch. 7.――Annibalis, a town of the Brutii, now Rocella.――Cyri, a country of Cilicia, where Cyrus encamped when he marched against Crœsus. Curtius, bk. 3, ch. 4.――Julia, a town of Spain.――Posthumania, a place of Spain. Hirtius, Hispanic War, ch. 8.

Castratius, a governor of Placentia during the civil wars of Marius. Valerius Maximus, bk. 6, ch. 2.

Castrum Novum, a place on the coast of Etruria. Livy, bk. 36, ch. 3.――Truentinum, a town of Picenum. Cicero, Letters to Atticus, bk. 8, ltr. 12.――Inui, a town on the shores of the Tyrrhene sea. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 775.

Castŭlo, a town of Spain, where Annibal married one of the natives. Plutarch, Sertorius.—Livy, bk. 24, ch. 41.—Silius Italicus, bk. 3, lis. 99 & 391.

Catabathmos, a great declivity near Cyrene fixed by Sallust as the boundary of Africa. Sallust, Jugurthine War, chs. 17 & 19.—Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 5.

Catadūpa, the name of the large cataracts of the Nile, whose immense noise stuns the ears of travellers for a short space of time, and totally deprives the neighbouring inhabitants of the power of hearing. Cicero, Somnium Scipionis, ch. 5.

Catagogia, festivals in honour of Venus, celebrated by the people of Eryx. See: Anagogia.

Catamenteles, a king of the Sequani, in alliance with Rome, &c. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 1, ch. 3.

Catăna, a town of Sicily at the foot of mount Ætna, founded by a colony from Chalcis, 753 years before the christian era. Ceres had there a temple, in which none but women were permitted to appear. It was large and opulent, and it is rendered remarkable for the dreadful overthrows to which it has been subjected from its vicinity to Ætna, which has discharged, in some of its eruptions, a stream of lava four miles broad and 50 feet deep, advancing at the rate of seven miles in a day. Catana contains now about 30,000 inhabitants. Cicero, Against Verres, bk. 4, ch. 53; bk. 5, ch. 84.—Diodorus, bks. 11 & 14.—Strabo, bk. 6.—Thucydides, bk. 6, ch. 3.

Cataonia, a country above Cilicia, near Cappadocia. Cornelius Nepos, Datames, ch. 4.

Cataracta, a city of the Samnites.

Cataractes, a river of Pamphylia, now Dodensoui.

Catĕnes, a Persian by whose means Bessus was seized. Curtius, bk. 7, ch. 43.

Cathæa, a country of India.

Cathări, certain gods of the Arcadians.――An Indian nation, where the wives accompany their husbands to the burning pile, and are burnt with them. Diodorus, bk. 17.

Catia, an immodest woman, mentioned Horace, bk. 1, satire 2, li. 95.

Catiēna, a courtesan in Juvenal’s age. Juvenal, satire 3, li. 133.

Catiēnus, an actor at Rome in Horace’s age, bk. 2, satire 3, li. 61.

Lucius Sergius Cătĭlīna, a celebrated Roman, descended of a noble family. When he had squandered away his fortune by his debaucheries and extravagance, and been refused the consulship, he secretly meditated the ruin of his country, and conspired with many of the most illustrious of the Romans, as dissolute as himself, to extirpate the senate, plunder the treasury, and set Rome on fire. This conspiracy was timely discovered by the consul Cicero, whom he had resolved to murder; and Catiline, after he had declared his intentions in the full senate, and attempted to vindicate himself, on seeing five of his accomplices arrested, retired to Gaul, where his partisans were assembling an army; while Cicero at Rome punished the condemned conspirators. Petreius, the other consul’s lieutenant, attacked Catiline’s ill-disciplined troops, and routed them. Catiline was killed in the engagement, bravely fighting, about the middle of December, B.C. 63. His character has been deservedly branded with the foulest infamy; and to the violence he offered to a vestal, he added the more atrocious murder of his own brother, for which he would have suffered death, had not friends and bribes prevailed over justice. It has been reported that Catiline and the other conspirators drank human blood, to make their oaths more firm and inviolable. Sallust has written an account of the conspiracy. Cicero, Against Catiline.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 8, li. 668.

Catilli, a people near the river Anio. Silius Italicus, bk. 4, li. 225.

Catilius, a pirate of Dalmatia. Cicero, Letters to his Friends, bk. 5, ch. 10.

Catillus, or Catilus, a son of Amphiaraus, who came to Italy with his brothers Coras and Tiburtus, where he built Tibur, and assisted Turnus against Æneas. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 672.—Horace, bk. 1, ode 18, li. 2.

Catīna, a town of Sicily, called also Catana. See: Catana.――Another of Arcadia.

M. Catius, an epicurean philosopher of Insubria, who wrote a treatise in four books, on the nature of things, and the summum bonum, and an account of the doctrine and tenets of Epicurus. But as he was not a sound or faithful follower of the epicurean philosophy, he has been ridiculed by Horace, bk. 2, satire 4.—Quintilian, bk. 10, ch. 1.――Vestinus, a military tribune in Marcus Antony’s army. Cicero, Letters to his Friends, bk. 10, ch. 23.

Catizi, a people of the Pygmæans, supposed to have been driven from their country by cranes. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 11.

Cato, a surname of the Porcian family, rendered illustrious by Marcus Porcius Cato, a celebrated Roman, afterwards called Censorius, from his having exercised the office of censor. He rose to all the honours of the state, and the first battle he ever saw was against Annibal, at the age of 17, where he behaved with uncommon valour. In his questorship, under Africanus against Carthage, and in his expedition in Spain against the Celtiberians, and in Greece, he displayed equal proofs of his courage and prudence. He was remarkable for his love of temperance; he never drank but water, and was always satisfied with whatever meats were laid upon his table by his servants, whom he never reproved with an angry word. During his censorship, which he obtained, though he had made many declarations of his future severity if ever in office, he behaved with the greatest rigour and impartiality, showed himself an enemy to all luxury and dissipation, and even accused his colleague of embezzling the public money. He is famous for the great opposition which he made against the introduction of the finer arts of Greece into Italy, and his treatment of Carneades is well known. This prejudice arose from an apprehension that the learning and luxury of Athens would destroy the valour and simplicity of the Roman people; and he often observed to his son, that the Romans would be certainly ruined whenever they began to be infected with Greek. It appears, however, that he changed his opinion, for he made himself remarkable for the knowledge of Greek, which he acquired in his old age. He himself educated his son, and instructed him in writing and grammar. He taught him dexterously to throw the javelin, and inured him to the labours of the field, and to bear cold and heat with the same indifference, and to swim across the most rapid rivers with ease and boldness. He was universally deemed so strict in his morals, that Virgil makes him one of the judges of hell. He repented only of three things during his life; to have gone by sea when he could go by land, to have passed a day inactive, and to have told a secret to his wife. A statue was raised to his memory, and he distinguished himself as much for his knowledge of agriculture as for his political life. In Cicero’s age there were 50 orations of his, besides letters, and a celebrated work called Origines, of which the first book gave a history of the Roman monarchy; the second and third an account of the neighbouring cities of Italy; the fourth a detail of the first, and the fifth of the second Punic war; and in the others the Roman history was brought down to the war of the Lusitanians, carried on by Servius Galba. Some fragments of the Origines remain, supposed by some to be supposititious. Cato’s treatise, De Re Rusticâ, was edited by Auson. Pompna, 8vo, Antwerp, Plantin, 1590; but the best edition of Cato, &c., seems to be Gesner’s, 2 vols., 4to, Lipscomb, 1735. Cato died in extreme old age, about 150 B.C.; and Cicero, to show his respect for him, has introduced him in his treatise on old age, as the principal character. Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 14. Plutarch & Cornelius Nepos have written an account of his life. Cicero, Academica & De Senectute, &c.――Marcus, the son of the Censor, married the daughter of Paullus Æmylius. He lost his sword in a battle, and though wounded and tired, he went to his friends, and, with their assistance, renewed the battle, and recovered his sword. Plutarch, Cato.――A courageous Roman, grandfather to Cato the censor. He had five horses killed under him in battles. Plutarch, Cato.――Valerius, a grammarian of Gallia Narbonensis, in the time of Sylla, who instructed at Rome many noble pupils, and wrote some poems. Ovid, bk. 2, Tristia, poem 1, li. 436.――Marcus, surnamed Uticensis, from his death at Utica, was great grandson to the censor of the same name. The early virtues that appeared in his childhood seemed to promise a great man; and, at the age of 14, he earnestly asked his preceptor for a sword, to stab the tyrant Sylla. He was austere in his morals, and a strict follower of the tenets of the Stoics; he was careless of his dress, often appeared barefooted in public, and never travelled but on foot. He was such a lover of discipline, that in whatever office he was employed, he always reformed its abuses, and restored the ancient regulations. When he was set over the troops in the capacity of a commander, his removal was universally lamented, and deemed almost a public loss by his affectionate soldiers. His fondness for candour was so great, that the veracity of Cato became proverbial. In his visits to his friends, he wished to give as little molestation as possible; and the importuning civilities of king Dejotarus so displeased him when he was at his court, that he hastened away from his presence. He was very jealous of the safety and liberty of the republic, and watched carefully over the conduct of Pompey, whose power and influence were great. He often expressed his dislike to serve the office of tribune; but when he saw a man of corrupted principles apply for it, he offered himself a candidate to oppose him, and obtained the tribuneship. In the conspiracy of Catiline, he supported Cicero, and was the chief cause that the conspirators were capitally punished. When the provinces of Gaul were decreed for five years to Cæsar, Cato observed to the senators that they had introduced a tyrant into the Capitol. He was sent to Cyprus against Ptolemy, who had rebelled, by his enemies, who hoped that the difficulty of the expedition would injure his reputation. But his prudence extricated him from every danger. Ptolemy submitted, and after a successful campaign, Cato was received at Rome with the most distinguishing honours, which he, however, modestly declined. When the first triumvirate was formed between Cæsar, Pompey, and Crassus, Cato opposed them with all his might, and with an independent spirit foretold to the Roman people all the misfortunes which soon after followed. After repeated applications he was made pretor, but he seemed rather to disgrace than support the dignity of that office, by the meanness of his dress. He applied for the consulship, but could never obtain it. When Cæsar had passed the Rubicon, Cato advised the Roman senate to deliver the care of the republic into the hands of Pompey; and when his advice had been complied with, he followed him with his son to Dyrrachium, where, after a small victory there, he was entrusted with the care of the ammunition, and of 15 cohorts. After the battle of Pharsalia, Cato took the command of the Corcyrean fleet; and when he heard of Pompey’s death on the coast of Africa, he traversed the deserts of Libya, to join himself to Scipio. He refused to take the command of the army in Africa, a circumstance of which he afterwards repented. When Scipio had been defeated, partly for not paying regard to Cato’s advice, Cato fortified himself in Utica, but, however, not with the intentions of supporting a siege. When Cæsar approached near the city, Cato disdained to fly, and rather than fall alive into the conqueror’s hands, he stabbed himself after he had read Plato’s treatise on the immortality of the soul, B.C. 46, in the 59th year of his age. He had first married Attilia, a woman whose licentious conduct obliged him to divorce her. Afterwards he united himself to Martia daughter of Philip. Hortensius, his friend, wished to raise children by Martia, and therefore obtained her from Cato. After the death of Hortensius, Cato took her again. This conduct was ridiculed by the Romans, who observed that Martia had entered the house of Hortensius very poor, but returned to the bed of Cato loaded with treasures. It was observed that Cato always appeared in mourning, and never laid himself down at his meals since the defeat of Pompey, but always sat down, contrary to the custom of the Romans, as if depressed with the recollection that the supporters of republican liberty were decaying. Plutarch has written an account of his life. Lucan, bk. 1, li. 128, &c.—Valerius Maximus, bk. 2, ch. 10.—Horace, bk. 3, ode 21.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 841; bk. 8, li. 670.――A son of Cato of Utica, who was killed in a battle after he had acquired much honour. Plutarch, Cato Minor.

Catrea, a town of Crete. Pausanias.

Catreus, a king of Crete, killed by his son at Rhodes, unknowingly. Diodorus, bk. 5.

Catta, a woman who had the gift of prophecy. Suetonius, Vitellius, ch. 14.

Catti, a people of Gaul and Germany. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 13, li. 57.

Catuliāna, a surname of Minerva, from Lutatius Catulus, who dedicated a standard to her. Pliny, bk. 34, ch. 8.

Catullus Caius, or Quintus Valerius, a poet of Verona, whose compositions, elegant and simple, are the offspring of a luxuriant imagination. He was acquainted with the most distinguished people of his age, and directed his satire against Cæsar, whose only revenge was to invite the poet, and hospitably entertain him at his table. Catullus was the first Roman who imitated with success the Greek writers, and introduced their numbers among the Latins. Though the pages of the poet are occasionally disfigured with licentious expressions, the whole is written with great purity of style. Catullus died in the 46th year of his age, B.C. 40. The best editions of his works, which consist only of epigrams, are that of Vulpius, 4to, Patavii, 1737, and that of Barbou, 12mo, Paris, 1754. Martial, bk. 1, ltr. 62.—Ovid, Tristia, bk. 2, li. 427.――A man surnamed Urbicarius, was a mimographer. Juvenal, satire 13, li. 111.

Quintus Luctatius Catŭlus, went with 300 ships during the first Punic war against the Carthaginians, and destroyed 600 of their ships under Hamilcar, near the Ægates. This celebrated victory put an end to the war.――An orator, distinguished also as a writer of epigrams, and admired for the neatness, elegance, and polished style of his compositions. He is supposed to be the same as the colleague of Marius, when a consul the fourth time; and he shared with him the triumph over the Cimbri. He was, by his colleague’s order, suffocated in a room filled with the smoke of burning coals. Lucan, bk. 2, li. 174.—Plutarch, Caius Marius.――A Roman sent by his countrymen to carry a present to the god of Delphi, from the spoils taken from Asdrubal. Livy, bk. 27.

Caturĭges, a people of Gaul, now Chorges, near the source of the Durance. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 1, ch. 10.—Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 20.

Cavares, a people of Gaul, who inhabited the present province of Comtat in Provence.

Cavarillus, a commander of some troops of the Ædui in Cæsar’s army. Cæsar. Gallic War, bk. 7, ch. 67.

Cavarinus, a Gaul, made king of the Senones by Cæsar, and banished by his subjects. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 5, ch. 54.

Caucăsus, a celebrated mountain between the Euxine and Caspian seas, which may be considered as the continuation of the ridge of mount Taurus. Its height is immense. It was inhabited anciently by various savage nations who lived upon the wild fruits of the earth. It was covered with snow in some parts, and in others it was variegated with fruitful orchards and plantations. The inhabitants formerly were supposed to gather gold on the shores of their rivulets in sheepskins, but they now live without making use of money. Prometheus was tied on the top of Caucasus by Jupiter, and continually devoured by vultures, according to ancient authors. The passes near this mountain, called Caucasiæ portæ, bear now the name of Derbent, and it is supposed that through them the Sarmatians, called Huns, made their way, when they invaded the provinces of Rome. Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 11.—Strabo, bk. 11.—Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 203, &c.—Virgil, Eclogues, poem 6; Georgics, ch. 2, li. 440; Æneid, bk. 4, li. 366.—Flaccus, bk. 5, li. 155.

Caucon, a son of Clinus, who first introduced the Orgies into Messenia from Eleusis. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 1.

Caucones, a people of Paphlagonia, originally inhabitants of Arcadia, or of Scythia, according to some accounts. Some of them made a settlement near Dymæ in Elis. Herodotus, bk. 1, &c.—Strabo, bk. 8, &c.

Caudi and Caudium, a town of the Samnites, near which, in a place called Caudinæ Furculæ, the Roman army under Titus Veturius Calvinus and Spurius Posthumius was obliged to surrender to the Samnites, and pass under the yoke with the greatest disgrace. Livy, bk. 2, ch. 1, &c.—Lucan, bk. 2, li. 138.

Cavii, a people of Illyricum. Livy, bk. 44, ch. 30.

Caulonia, or Caulon, a town of Italy near the country of the Brutii, founded by a colony of Achæans, and destroyed in the wars between Pyrrhus and the Romans. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 3.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 553.

Caunius, a man raised to affluence from poverty by Artaxerxes. Plutarch, Artaxerxes.

Caunus, a son of Miletus and Cyane. He was passionately fond of, or, according to others, he was tenderly beloved by, his sister Byblis, and to avoid an incestuous commerce, he retired to Caria, where he built a city called by his own name. See: Byblis. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 9, fable 11.――A city of Caria, opposite Rhodes, where Protogenes was born. The climate was considered as unwholesome, especially in summer, so that Cicero mentions the cry of a person who sold Caunian figs, which were very famous (qui Cauneas clamitabat), at Brundusium, as a bad omen (cave ne eas) against Crassus going to attack the Parthians. Cicero, de Divinatione, bk. 2, ch. 4.—Strabo, bk. 14.—Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 176.

Cauros, an island with a small town formerly called Andros, in the Ægean sea. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12.

Caurus, a wind blowing from the west. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 3, li. 356.

Caus, a village of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 25.

Caȳci, or Chauci, a nation of Germany, now the people of Friesland and Groningen. Lucan, bk. 1, li. 463.

Caȳcus, a river of Mysia. See: Caicus.

Cayster, or Caystrus, now Kitcheck-Meinder, a rapid river of Asia, rising in Lydia, and, after a meandering course, falling into the Ægean sea near Ephesus. According to the poets, the banks and neighbourhood of this river were generally frequented by swans. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 2, li. 253; bk. 5, li. 386.—Martial, bk. 1, ltr. 54.—Homer, Iliad, bk. 2, li. 461.—Virgil, Georgics, bk. 1, li. 384.

Cea, or Ceos, an island near Eubœa, called also Co. See: Co.

Ceădes, a Thracian, whose son Euphemus was concerned in the Trojan war. Homer, Iliad, bk. 2.

Ceba, now Ceva, a town of modern Piedmont, famous for cheese. Pliny, bk. 11, ch. 42.

Ceballīnus, a man who gave information of the snares laid against Alexander. Diodorus, bk. 17.—Curtius, bk. 6, ch. 7.

Cebarenses, a people of Gaul. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 36.

Cebenna, mountains of Gaul, now the Cevennes, separating the Arverni from the Helvii, extending from the Garonne to the Rhone. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 7, ch. 8.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 5.

Cebes, a Theban philosopher, one of the disciples of Socrates, B.C. 405. He attended his learned preceptor in his last moments, and distinguished himself by three dialogues that he wrote; but more particularly by his tables, which contain a beautiful and affecting picture of human life, delineated with accuracy of judgment and great splendour of sentiment. Little is known of the character of Cebes from history. Plato mentions him once, and Xenophon the same, but both in a manner which conveys most fully the goodness of his heart and the purity of his morals. The best editions of Cebes are those of Gronovius, 8vo, 1689; and Glasgow, 12mo, 1747.

Cebren, the father of Asterope. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 21.

Cebrēnia, a country of Troas with a town of the same name, called after the river Cebrenus, which is in the neighbourhood. Œnone the daughter of the Cebrenus receives the patronymic of Cebrenis. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 11, li. 769.—Statius, bk. 1, Sylvæ, bk. 5, li. 21.

Cebriŏnes, one of the giants conquered by Venus.――An illegitimate son of Priam, killed with a stone by Patroclus. Homer, Iliad.

Cebrus, now Zebris, a river falling in a southern direction into the Danube, and dividing Lower from Upper Mœsia.

Cecidas, an ancient dithyrambic poet.

Cecilius. See: Cæcilius.

Cecīna, a river near Volaterra in Etruria. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 4.

A. Cecinna, a Roman knight in the interest of Pompey, who used to breed up young swallows, and send them to carry news to his friends as messengers. He was a particular friend of Cicero, with whom he corresponded. Some of his letters are still extant in Cicero. Pliny, bk. 10, ch. 24.—Cicero, bk. 15, ltr. 66; Orator, ch. 29.――A scribe of Octavius Cæsar. Cicero, bk. 16, Letters to Atticus, ltr. 8.――A consular man suspected of conspiracy and murdered by Titus, after an invitation to supper. Suetonius, Titus, ch. 6.

Cecrŏpia, the original name of Athens, in honour of Cecrops, its first founder. The ancients often use this word for Attica, and the Athenians are often called Cecropidæ. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 21.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 7, li. 671; Fasti, bk. 2, li. 81.—Lucan, bk. 3, li. 306.—Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 56.—Catullus, poems 62, 79.—Juvenal, satire 6, li. 186.

Cecrŏpĭdæ, an ancient name of the Athenians, more particularly applied to those who were descended from Cecrops the founder of Athens. The honourable name of Cecropidæ was often conferred as a reward for some virtuous action in the field of battle. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 21.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 7, li. 671.

Cecrops, a native of Sais in Egypt, who led a colony to Attica about 1556 years before the christian era, and reigned over part of the country which was called from him Cecropia. He softened and polished the rude and uncultivated manners of the inhabitants, and drew them from the country to inhabit 12 small villages which he had founded. He gave them laws and regulations, and introduced among them the worship of those deities which were held in adoration in Egypt. He married the daughter of Actæus, a Grecian prince, and was deemed the first founder of Athens. He taught his subjects to cultivate the olive, and instructed them to look upon Minerva as the watchful patroness of their city. It is said that he was the first who raised an altar to Jupiter in Greece, and offered him sacrifices. After a reign of 50 years, spent in regulating his newly formed kingdom, and in polishing the minds of his subjects, Cecrops died, leaving three daughters, Aglauros, Herse, and Pandrosos. He was succeeded by Cranaus, a native of the country. Some time after, Theseus, one of his successors on the throne, formed the 12 villages which he had established into one city, to which the name of Athens was given. See: Athenæ. Some authors have described Cecrops as a monster, half a man and half a serpent; and this fable is explained by the recollection that he was master of two languages, the Greek and the Egyptian; or that he had the command over two countries, Egypt and Greece. Others explain it by an allusion to the regulations which Cecrops made amongst the inhabitants concerning marriage and the union of the two sexes. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 5.—Strabo, bk. 9.—Justin, bk. 2, ch. 6.—Herodotus, bk. 8, ch. 44.—Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 14.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 11, li. 561.—Hyginus, fable 166.――The second of that name was the seventh king of Athens, and the son and successor of Erechtheus. He married Metiadusa the sister of Dædalus, by whom he had Pandion. He reigned 40 years, and died 1307 B.C. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 15.—Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 5.

Cecyphalæ, a place of Greece, where the Athenians defeated the fleet of the Peloponnesians. Thucydides, bk. 1, ch. 105.

Cedreātis, the name of Diana among the Orchomenians, because her images were hung on lofty cedars.

Cedon, an Athenian general, killed in an engagement against the Spartans. Diodorus, bk. 15.

Cedrusii, an Indian nation. Curtius, bk. 9, ch. 11.

Ceglŭsa, the mother of Asopus by Neptune. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 12.

Cei, the inhabitants of the island Cea.

Celădon, a man killed by Perseus, at the marriage of Andromeda. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 5, li. 144.――A river of Greece, flowing into the Alpheus. Strabo, bk. 8.—Homer, Iliad, bk. 7, li. 133.

Celădus, a river of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 38.――An island of the Adriatic sea. Mela, bk. 3, ch. 1.

Celænæ, or Celēne, a city of Phrygia, of which it was once the capital. Cyrus the younger had a palace there, with a park filled with wild beasts, where he exercised himself in hunting. The Mæander arose in this park. Xerxes built a famous citadel there after his defeat in Greece. The inhabitants of Celænæ were carried by Antiochus Soter to people Apamea when newly founded. Strabo, bk. 12.—Livy, bk. 38, ch. 13.—Xenophon, Anabasis, bk. 1. Marsyas is said to have contended in its neighbourhood against Apollo. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 26.—Lucan, bk. 3, li. 206.

Celæno, one of the daughters of Atlas, ravished by Neptune. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 4, li. 173.――One of the Harpies, daughter of Neptune and Terra. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 245.――One of the Danaides. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 1.――A daughter of Neptune and Ergea. Hyginus.――A daughter of Hyamus, mother of Delphus by Apollo. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 6.

Celeæ, a town of Peloponnesus. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 14.

Celeia and Cela, a town of Noricum. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 24.

Celelates, a people of Liguria. Livy, bk. 32, ch. 29.

Celendræ, Celendris, and Celenderis, a colony of the Samians in Cilicia, with a harbour of the same name at the mouth of the Selinus. Lucan, bk. 8, li. 259.

Celeneus, a Cimmerian, who first taught how persons guilty of murder might be expiated. Flaccus, bk. 3, li. 406.

Celenna, or Celæna, a town of Campania, where Juno was worshipped. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 739.

Celer, a man who, with Severus, ♦undertook to rebuild Nero’s palace after the burning of Rome. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 15, ch. 42.――A man called Fabius, who killed Remus when he leaped over the walls of Rome, by order of Romulus. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 4, li. 837.—Plutarch, Romulus.――Metius, a noble youth to whom Statius dedicated a poem.

♦ ‘untook’ replaced with ‘undertook’

Celĕres, 300 of the noblest and strongest youths at Rome, chosen by Romulus to be his body-guards, to attend him wherever he went, and to protect his person. The chief or captain was called Tribunus Celerum. Livy, bk. 1, ch. 15.

Celetrum, a town of Macedonia. Livy, bk. 31, ch. 40.

Celeus, a king of Eleusis, father to Triptolemus by Metanira. He gave a kind reception to Ceres, who taught his son the cultivation of the earth. See: Triptolemus. His rustic dress became a proverb. The invention of several agricultural instruments made of osiers is attributed to him. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 4, li. 508; bk. 5, li. 269.—Virgil, Georgics, bk. 1, li. 165.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 5.—Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 14.――A king of Cephallenia.

Celmus, a man who nursed Jupiter, by whom he was greatly esteemed. He was changed into a magnet stone for saying that Jupiter was mortal. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 4, li. 281.

Celonæ, a place of Mesopotamia. Diodorus, bk. 17.

Celsus, an epicurean philosopher in the second century, to whom Lucian dedicated one of his compositions. He wrote a treatise against the christians, to which an answer was returned by Origen.――Cornelius, a physician in the age of Tiberius, who wrote eight books on medicine, besides treatises on agriculture, rhetoric, and military affairs. The best editions of Celsus de medicinâ are the 8vo, Leiden, 1746, and that of Vallart, 12mo, Paris, apud Didot, 1772.――Albinoyanus, a friend of Horace, warned against plagiarism, bk. 1, ltr. 3, li. 15, and pleasantly ridiculed, in the eighth epistle, for his foibles. Some of his elegies have been preserved.――Juventius, a lawyer who conspired against Domitian.――Titus, a man proclaimed emperor, A.D. 265, against his will, and murdered seven days after.

Celtæ, a name given to the nation that inhabited the country between the Ocean and the Palus Mæotis, according to some authors mentioned by Plutarch, Caius Marius. This name, though anciently applied to the inhabitants of Gaul, as well as of Germany and Spain, was more particularly given to a part of the Gauls, whose country, called Gallia Celtica, was situate between the rivers Sequana and Garumna, modernly called la Seine and la Garonne. The Celtæ seemed to receive their name from Celtus, a son of Hercules or of Polyphemus. The promontory which bore the name of Celticum is now called Cape Finisterre. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 1, ch. 1, &c.—Mela, bk. 3, ch. 2.—Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 49.

Celtĭbēri, a people of Spain, descended from the Celtæ. They settled near the Iberus, and added the name of the river to that of their nation, and were afterwards called Celtiberi. They made strong head against the Romans and Carthaginians when they invaded their country. Their country, called Celtiberia, is now known by the name of Arragon. Diodorus, bk. 6.—Florus, bk. 2, ch. 17.—Strabo, bk. 4.—Lucan, bk. 4, li. 10.—Silius Italicus, bk. 3, li. 339.

Celtĭca, a well-populated part of Gaul, inhabited by the Celtæ.

Celtĭci, a people of Spain. The promontory which bore their name is now Cape Finisterre.

Celtillus, the father of Vercingetorix among the Arverni. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 7, ch. 4.

Celtorii, a people of Gaul, near the Senones. Plutarch.

Celtoscy̆thæ, a northern nation of Scythians. Strabo, bk. 10.

Cemmĕnus, a lofty mountain of Gaul. Strabo.

Cempsi, a people of Spain at the bottom of the Pyrenean mountains. Dionysius Periegetes, li. 358.

Cenăbum, or Genăbum. See: Genabum.

Cenæum, a promontory of Eubœa, where Jupiter Cæneus had an altar raised by Hercules. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 9, li. 136.—Thucydides, bk. 3, ch. 93.

Cenchreæ, now Kenkri, a town of Peloponnesus on the isthmus of Corinth.――A harbour of Corinth. Ovid, Tristia, bk. 1, poem 9, li. 9.—Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 4.

Cenchreis, the wife of Cinyras king of Cyprus, or, as others say, of Assyria. Hyginus, fable 58.

Cenchreus, a son of Neptune and Salamis, or, as some say, of Pyrene. He killed a large serpent at Salamas. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 2.—Diodorus, bk. 4.

Cenchrius, a river of Ionia near Ephesus, where some suppose that Latona was washed after she had brought forth. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 3, ch. 61.

Cenepŏlis, a town of Spain, the same as Carthago Nova. Polybius.

Cenetium, a town of Peloponnesus. Strabo.

Cenneus. See: Cænis.

Cenimāgni, a people on the western parts of Britain.

Cenīna. See: Cænina.

Cenon, a town of Italy. Livy, bk. 2, ch. 63.

Censōres, two magistrates of great authority at Rome, first created B.C. 443. Their office was to number the people, estimate the possessions of every citizen, reform and watch over the manners of the people, and regulate the taxes. Their power was also extended over private families; they punished irregularity, and inspected the management and education of the Roman youth. They could inquire into the expenses of every citizen, and even degrade a senator from all his privileges and honours, if guilty of any extravagance. This punishment was generally executed in passing over the offender’s name in calling the list of the senators. The office of public censor was originally exercised by the kings. Servius Tullius, the sixth king of Rome, first established a census, by which every man was obliged to come to be registered, and give in writing the place of his residence, his name, his quality, the number of his children, of his tenants, estates, and domestics, &c. The ends of the census were very salutary to the Roman republic. They knew their own strength, their ability to support a war, or to make a levy of troops, or raise a tribute. It was required that every knight should be possessed of 400,000 sesterces to enjoy the rights and privileges of his order; and a senator was entitled to sit in the senate, if he was really worth 800,000 sesterces. This laborious task of numbering and reviewing the people was, after the expulsion of the Tarquins, one of the duties and privileges of the consuls. But when the republic was become more powerful, and when the number of its citizens was increased, the consuls were found unable to make the census, on account of the multiplicity of business. After it had been neglected for 16 years, two new magistrates called censors were elected. They remained in office for five years, and every fifth year they made a census of all the citizens in the Campus Martius, and offered a solemn sacrifice, and made a lustration in the name of all the Roman people. This space of time was called a lustrum, and 10 or 20 years were commonly expressed by two or four lustra. After the office of the censors had remained for some time unaltered, the Romans, jealous of their power, abridged the duration of their office, and a law was made, A.U.C. 420, by Mamercus Æmilius, to limit the time of the censorship to 18 months. After the second Punic war, they were always chosen from such persons as had been consuls; their office was more honourable, though less powerful, than that of the consuls; the badges of their office were the same, but the censors were not allowed to have lictors to walk before them as the consuls. When one of the censors died, no one was elected in his room till the five years were expired, and his colleague immediately resigned. This circumstance originated from the death of a censor before the sacking of Rome by Brennus, and was ever deemed an unfortunate event to the republic. The emperors abolished the censors, and took upon themselves to execute their office.

Censorīnus, Appius Claudius, was compelled, after many services to the state, to assume the imperial purple by the soldiers, by whom he was murdered some days after, A.D. 270.――Martius, a consul, to whom, as a particular friend, Horace addressed his bk. 4, ode 8.――A grammarian of the third century, whose book, De Die Natali, is extant, best edited in 8vo, by Havercamp, Leiden, 1767. It treats of the birth of man, of years, months, and days.

Census, the numbering of the people at Rome, performed by the censors; à censeo, to value. See: Censores.――A god worshipped at Rome, the same as Consus.

Centaretus, a Galatian, who, when Antiochus was killed, mounted his horse in the greatest exultation. The horse, as if conscious of disgrace, immediately leaped down a precipice, and killed himself and his rider. Pliny, bk. 8, ch. 42.

Centaurī, a people of Thessaly, half men and half horses. They were the offspring of Centaurus son of Apollo, by Stilbia daughter of the Peneus. According to some, the Centaurs were the fruit of Ixion’s adventure with the cloud in the shape of Juno, or, as others assert, of the union of Centaurus with the mares of Magnesia. This fable of the existence of the Centaurs, monsters supported upon the four legs of a horse, arises from the ancient people of Thessaly having tamed horses, and having appeared to their neighbours mounted on horseback, a sight very uncommon at that time, and which, when at a distance, seems only one body, and consequently one creature. Some derive the name ἀπο του κεντειν ταυρους, goading bulls, because they went on horseback after their bulls which had strayed, or because they hunted wild bulls with horses. Some of the ancients have maintained that monsters like the Centaurs can have existed in the natural course of things. Plutarch, Convivium Septem Sapientium mentions one seen by Periander tyrant of Corinth; and Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 3, says that he saw one embalmed in honey, which had been brought to Rome from Egypt in the reign of Claudius. The battle of the Centaurs with the Lapithæ is famous in history. Ovid has elegantly described it, and it has also employed the pen of ♦Hesiod, Valerius Flaccus, &c.; and Pausanias in Elis says it was represented in the temple of Jupiter at Olympia, and also at Athens by Phidias and Parrhasius, according to Pliny, bk. 36, ch. 5. The origin of the battle was a quarrel at the marriage of Hippodamia with Pirithous, where the Centaurs, intoxicated with wine, behaved with rudeness, and even offered violence to the women that were present. Such an insult irritated Hercules, Theseus, and the rest of the Lapithæ, who defended the women, wounded and defeated the Centaurs, and obliged them to leave their country, and retire to Arcadia. Here their insolence was a second time punished by Hercules, who, when he was going to hunt the boar of Erymanthus, was kindly entertained by the Centaur Pholus, who gave him wine which belonged to the rest of the Centaurs, but had been given them on condition of their treating Hercules with it whenever he passed through their territory. They resented the liberty which Hercules took with their wine, and attacked him with uncommon fury. The hero defended himself with his arrows, and defeated his adversaries, who fled for safety to the Centaur Chiron. Chiron had been the preceptor of Hercules, and therefore they hoped that he would desist in his presence. Hercules, though awed at the sight of Chiron, did not desist, but in the midst of the engagement, he wounded his preceptor in the knee, who, in the excessive pain he suffered, exchanged immortality for death. The death of Chiron irritated Hercules the more, and the Centaurs that were present were all extirpated by his hand, and indeed few escaped the common destruction. The most celebrated of the Centaurs were Chiron, Eurytus, Amycus, Gryneus, Caumas, Lycidas, Arneus, Medon, Rhœtus, Pisenor, Mermeros, Pholus, &c. Diodorus, bk. 4.—Tzetzes, Historiarum variarum Chiliades, bk. 9, ch. 237.—Hesiod, Shield of Heracles.—Homer, Iliad & Odyssey.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12.—Strabo, bk. 9.—Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 10, &c.—Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 11, ch. 2.—Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 3; bk. 5.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 286.—Hyginus, fables 33 & 62.—Pindar, Pythian, li. 2.

♦ ‘Hesoid’ replaced with ‘Hesiod’

Centaurus, a ship in the fleet of Æneas, which had the figure of a Centaur. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 5, li. 122.

Centobrica, a town of Celtiberia. Valerius Maximus, bk. 5, ch. 1.

Centŏres, a people of Scythia. Flaccus.

Centoripa, or Centuripa. See: Centuripa.

Centrites, a river between Armenia and Media.

Centrones, a people of Gaul, severely beaten by Julius Cæsar when they attempted to obstruct his passage. They inhabited the modern country of Tarantaise in Savoy. There was a horde of Gauls of the same name subject to the Nervii, now supposed to be near Courtray in Flanders. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 1, ch. 10; bk. 5, ch. 38.—Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 20.

Centronius, a man who squandered his immense riches on useless and whimsical buildings. Juvenal, satire 14, li. 86.

♦Centum cellum, a seaport town of Etruria built by Trajan, who had there a villa. It is now Civita Vecchia, and belongs to the pope. Pliny the Younger, bk. 6, ltr. 51.

♦ Placed in correct alphabetical order.

Centumvĭri, the members of a court of justice at Rome. They were originally chosen, three from the 35 tribes of the people, and though 105, they were always called Centumvirs. They were afterwards increased to the number of 180, and still kept their original name. The pretor sent to their tribunal causes of the greatest importance, as their knowledge of the law was extensive. They were generally summoned by the Decemviri, who seemed to be the chiefest among them; and they assembled in the Basilica, or public court, and had their tribunal distinguished by a spear with an iron head, whence a decree of their court was called Hastæ judicium: their sentences were very impartial, and without appeal. Cicero, On Oratory, bk. 1, ch. 38.—Quintilian, bks. 4, 5, & 11.—Pliny the Younger, bk. 6, ltr. 33.

Centŭria, a division of the people among the Romans, consisting of 100. The Roman people were originally divided into three tribes, and each tribe into 10 curiæ. Servius Tullius made a census; and when he had enrolled the place of habitation, name, and profession of every citizen, which amounted to 80,000 men, all able to bear arms, he divided them into six classes, and each class into several centuries, or companies of 100 men. The first class consisted of 80 centuries, 40 of which were composed of men from the age of 45 and upwards, appointed to guard the city. The 40 others were young men, from 17 to 45 years of age, appointed to go to war, and fight the enemies of Rome. Their arms were all the same; that is, a buckler, a cuirass, a helmet, cuishes of brass, with a sword, a lance, and a javelin; and as they were of the most illustrious citizens, they were called, by way of eminence, Classici, and their inferiors infra classem. They were to be worth 1,100,000 asses, a sum equivalent to 1800l. English money. The second, third, and fourth classes, consisted each of 20 centuries, 10 of which were composed of the more aged, and the others of the younger sort of people. Their arms were a large shield, a spear, and a javelin; they were to be worth in the second class, 75,000 asses, or about 121l. In the third, 50,000, or about 80l.; and in the fourth, 25,000, or about 40l. The fifth class consisted of 30 centuries, three of which were carpenters by trade, and the others of different professions, such as were necessary in the camp. They were all armed with slings and stones. They were to be worth 11,000 asses, or about 18l. The sixth class contained only one centuria, comprising the whole body of the poorest citizens, who were called Proletarii, as their only service to the state was procreating children. They were also called capite censi, as the censor took notice of their person, not of their estate. In the public assemblies in the Campus Martius, at the election of public magistrates, or at the trial of capital crimes, the people gave their vote by centuries, whence the assembly was called comitia centuriata. In these public assemblies, which were never convened but only by the consuls at the permission of the senate, or by the dictator in the absence of the consuls, some of the people appeared under arms, for fear of an attack from some foreign enemy. When a law was proposed in the public assemblies, its necessity was explained, and the advantages it would produce to the state were enlarged upon in a harangue; after which it was exposed in the most conspicuous parts of the city three market-days, that the people might see and consider. Exposing it to public view, was called proponere legem, and explaining it, promulgare legem. He who merely proposed it, was called lator legis; and he who dwelt upon its importance and utility, and wished it to be enforced, was called auctor legis. When the assembly was to be held, the auguries were consulted by the consul, who, after haranguing the people, and reminding them to have in view the good of the republic, dismissed them to their respective centuries, that their votes might be gathered. They gave their votes vivâ voce, till the year of Rome A.U.C. 615, when they changed the custom, and gave their approbation or disapprobation by ballots thrown into an urn. If the first class was unanimous, the others were not consulted, as the first was superior to all the others in number; but if they were not unanimous, they proceeded to consult the rest, and the majority decided the question. This advantage of the first class gave offence to the rest; and it was afterwards settled, that one class of the six should be drawn by lot, to give its votes first, without regard to rank or priority. After all the votes had been gathered, the consul declared aloud, that the law which had been proposed was duly and constitutionally approved. The same ceremonies were observed in the election of consuls, pretors, &c. The word Centuria is also applied to a subdivision of one of the Roman legions which consisted of 100 men, and was the half of a manipulus, the sixth part of a cohort, and the sixtieth part of a legion. The commander of a centuria was called centurion, and he was distinguished from the rest by a branch of a vine which he carried in his hand.

Centŭrĭpa (es, or æ, arum), now Centorlu, a town of Sicily at the foot of mount Ætna. Cicero, Against Verres, bk. 4, ch. 23.—Silius Italicus, bk. 14, li. 205.—Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 8.

Ceos and Cea, an island. See: Co.

Cephălas, a lofty promontory of Africa near the Syrtis Major. Strabo.

Cephaledion, a town of Sicily near the river Himera. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 8.—Cicero, Against Verres, bk. 2, ch. 52.

Cephallen, a noble musician, son of Lampus. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 7.

Cephalēna and Cephallenia, an island in the Ionian sea, below Corcyra, whose inhabitants went with Ulysses to the Trojan war. It abounds in oil and excellent wines. It was anciently divided into four different districts, from which circumstance it received the name of Tetrapolis. It is about 90 miles in circumference, and from its capital Samo, or Samos, it has frequently been called Same.—Strabo, bk. 10.—Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.—Homer, Iliad, bk. 2.—Thucydides, bk. 2, ch. 30.—Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 15.

Cephălo, an officer of Eumenes. Diogenes Laërtius, bk. 19.

Cephaloedis and Cephaludium, now Cephalu, a town at the north of Sicily. Silius Italicus, bk. 14, li. 253.—Cicero, bk. 2, Against Verres, ch. 51.

Cephălon, a Greek of Ionia, who wrote a history of Troy, besides an epitome of universal history from the age of Ninus to Alexander, which he divided into nine books, inscribed with the name of the nine muses. He affected not to know the place of his birth, expecting it would be disputed like Homer’s. He lived in the reign of Adrian.

Cĕphălus, son of Deioneus king of Thessaly, by Diomede daughter of Xuthus, married Procris, daughter of Erechtheus king of Athens. Aurora fell in love with him, and carried him away; but he refused to listen to her addresses, and was impatient to return to Procris. The goddess sent him back; and to try the fidelity of his wife, she made him put on a different form, and he arrived at the house of Procris in the habit of a merchant. Procris was deaf to every offer; but she suffered herself to be seduced by the gold of this stranger, who discovered himself the very moment that Procris had yielded up her virtue. This circumstance so ashamed Procris, that she fled from her husband, and devoted herself to hunting in the island of Eubœa, where she was admitted among the attendants of Diana, who presented her with a dog always sure of his prey, and a dart which never missed its aim, and always returned to the hands of its mistress of its own accord. Some say that the dog was a present from Minos, because Procris had cured his wounds. After this Procris returned in disguise to Cephalus, who was willing to disgrace himself by some unnatural concessions to obtain the dog and the dart of Procris. Procris discovered herself at the moment that Cephalus showed himself faithless, and a reconciliation was easily made between them. They loved one another with more tenderness than before, and Cephalus received from his wife the presents of Diana. As he was particularly fond of hunting, he every morning early repaired to the woods, and after much toil and fatigue, laid himself down in the cool shade, and earnestly called for Aura, or the refreshing breeze. This ambiguous word was mistaken for the name of a mistress; and some informer reported to the jealous Procris that Cephalus daily paid a visit to a mistress, whose name was Aura. Procris too readily believed the information, and secretly followed her husband into the woods. According to his daily custom, Cephalus retired to the cool, and called after Aura. At the name of Aura, Procris eagerly lifted up her head to see her expected rival. Her motion occasioned rustling among the leaves of a bush that concealed her; and as Cephalus listened, he thought it to be a wild beast, and he let fly his unerring dart. ♦Procris was struck to the heart, and instantly expired in the arms of her husband, confessing that ill-grounded jealousy was the cause of her death. According to Apollodorus, there were two persons of the name of Cephalus; one, son of Mercury and Herse, carried away by Aurora, with whom he dwelt in Syria, and by whom he had a son called Tithonus. The other married Procris, and was the cause of the tragical event mentioned above. Cephalus was father of Arcefius by Procris, and of Phaeton, according to Hesiod, by Aurora. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 7, fable 26.—Hyginus, fable 189.—Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 15.――A Corinthian lawyer, who assisted Timoleon in regulating the republic of Syracuse. Diodorus, bk. 16.—Plutarch, Timoleon.――A king of Epirus. Livy, bk. 43, ch. 18.――An orator frequently mentioned by Demosthenes.

♦ ‘Procus’ replaced with ‘Procris’

Cephēis, a name given to Andromeda as daughter of Cepheus. Ovid, Ars Amatoria, bk. 1, li. 193.

Cephēnes, an ancient name of the Persians. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 61.――A name of the Æthiopians, from Cepheus, one of their kings. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 5, li. 1.

Cēpheus, a king of Æthiopia, father of Andromeda by Cassiope. He was one of the Argonauts, and was changed into a constellation after his death. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 4, li. 669; bk. 5, li. 12.—Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 35; bk. 8, ch. 4.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 2, chs. 1, 4, & 7; bk. 3, ch. 9, mentions one, son of Aleus, and another, son of Belus. The former he makes king of Tegea and father of Sterope; and says that he, with his 12 sons, assisted Hercules in a war against Hippocoon, where they were killed. The latter he calls king of Æthiopia and father of Andromeda.――A son of Lycurgus, present at the chase of the Calydonian boar. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 8.

Cephīsia, a part of Attica, through which the Cephisus flows. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 7.

Cephīsiădes, a patronymic of Eteocles son of Andreus and Evippe, from the supposition of his being the son of the Cephisus. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 34.

Cephisidōrus, a tragic poet of Athens in the age of Æschylus.――An historian who wrote an account of the Phocian war.

Cephīsion, the commander of some troops sent by the Thebans to assist Megalopolis, &c. Diodorus, bk. 16.

Cephisodŏtus, a disciple of Isocrates, a great reviler of Aristotle, who wrote a book of proverbs. Athenæus, bk. 2.

Cephīsus and Cephissus, a celebrated river of Greece, that rises at Lilæa in Phocis, and after passing at the north of Delphi and mount Parnassus, enters Bœotia, where it flows into the lake Copais. The Graces were particularly fond of this river, whence they are called the goddesses of the Cephisus. There was a river of the same name in Attica, and another in Argolis. Strabo, bk. 9.—Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 7.—Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 24.—Homer, Iliad, bk. 2, li. 29.—Lucan, bk. 3, li. 175.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 1, li. 369; bk. 3, li. 19.――A man changed into a sea monster by Apollo, when lamenting the death of his grandson. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 7, li. 388.

Cephren, a king of Egypt, who built one of the pyramids. Diodorus, bk. 1.

Cepio, or Cæpio, a man who, by a quarrel with Drusus, caused a civil war at Rome, &c.――Servilius, a Roman consul, who put an end to the war in Spain. He took gold from a temple, and for that sacrilege the rest of his life was always unfortunate. He was conquered by the Cimbrians, his goods were publicly confiscated, and he died at last in prison.

Cepion, a musician. Plutarch, de Musica.

Ceraca, a town of Macedonia. Polybius, bk. 5.

Ceracates, a people of Germany. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 4, ch. 70.

Cerambus, a man changed into a beetle, or, according to others, into a bird, on mount Parnassus, by the nymphs, before the deluge. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 7, fable 9.

Ceramīcus, now Keramo, a bay of Caria, near Halicarnassus, opposite Cos, receiving its name from Ceramus. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 29.—Mela, bk. 1, ch. 16.――A public walk, and a place to bury those that were killed in defence of their country, at Athens. Cicero, Letters to Atticus, bk. 1, ltr. 10.

Cerămium, a place of Rome, where Cicero’s house was built. Cicero, Letters to Atticus.

Cerămus, a town at the west of Asia Minor.

Ceras, a people of Cyprus metamorphosed into bulls.

Cerăsus (untis), now Keresoun, a maritime city of Cappadocia, from which cherries were first brought to Rome by Lucullus. Marcellinus, bk. 22, ch. 13.—Pliny, bk. 15, ch. 25; bk. 16, ch. 18; bk. 17, ch. 14.—Mela, bk. 1, ch. 19.――Another, built by a Greek colony from Sinope. Diodorus, bk. 14.

Cerata, a place near Megara.

Cerātus, a river of Crete.

Ceraunia, a town of Achaia.

Ceraunia and Ceraunii, large mountains of Epirus, extending far into the sea, and forming a promontory which divides the Ionian and Adriatic seas. They are the same as the Acroceraunia. See: Acroceraunium.――Mount Taurus is also called Ceraunius. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 27.

Ceraunii, mountains of Asia, opposite the Caspian sea. Mela, bk. 1, ch. 19.

Ceraunus, a river of Cappadocia.――A surname of Ptolemy II., from his boldness. Cornelius Nepos, Kings, ch. 3.

Cerausius, a mountain of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 41.

Cerbalus, a river of Apulia. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 11.

Cerberion, a town of the Cimmerian Bosphorus. Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 6.

Cerbĕrus, a dog of Pluto, the fruit of Echidna’s union with Typhon. He had 50 heads according to Hesiod, and three according to other mythologists. He was stationed at the entrance into hell, as a watchful keeper, to prevent the living from entering the infernal regions, and the dead from escaping from their confinement. It was usual for those heroes, who in their lifetime visited Pluto’s kingdom, to appease the barking mouths of Cerberus with a cake. Orpheus lulled him to sleep with his lyre; and Hercules dragged him from hell when he went to redeem Alceste. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 5, li. 134; bk. 6, li. 417.—Homer, Odyssey, bk. 11, li. 622.—Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 31; bk. 3, ch. 25.—Hesiod, Theogony, li. 312.—Tibullus, bk. 1, poem 10, li. 35.

Cercăphus, a son of Æolus.――A son of Sol, of great power at Rhodes. Diodorus, bk. 5.

Cercasōrum, a town of Egypt, where the Nile divides itself into the Pelusian and Canopic mouths. Herodotus, bk. 2, ch. 15.

Cercēis, one of the Oceanides. Hesiod, Theogony, li. 355.

Cercēne, a country of Africa. Diodorus, bk. 2.

Cercestes, a son of Ægyptus and Phœnissa. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 1.

Cercides, a native of Megalopolis, who wrote iambics. Athenæus, bk. 10.—Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 13.

Cercii, a people of Italy.

Cercina and Cercinna, a small island of the Mediterranean, near the smaller Syrtis, on the coast of Africa. Tacitus, bk. 1, Annals, ch. 53.—Strabo, bk. 17.—Livy, bk. 33, ch. 48.—Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 7.――A mountain of Thrace, towards Macedonia. Thucydides, bk. 2, ch. 98.

Cercinium, a town of Macedonia. Livy, bk. 31, ch. 41.

Cercius and Rhetius, charioteers of Castor and Pollux.

Cercōpes, a people of Ephesus, made prisoners by Hercules. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 6.――The inhabitants of the island Pithecusa, changed into monkeys on account of their dishonesty. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 14, li. 91.

Cercops, a Milesian, author of a fabulous history mentioned by Athenæus.――A Pythagorean philosopher.

Cercyon and Cercyŏnes, a king of Eleusis, son of Neptune, or, according to others, of Vulcan. He obliged all strangers to wrestle with him; and as he was a dexterous wrestler, they were easily conquered and put to death. After many cruelties, he challenged Theseus in wrestling, and he was conquered and put to death by his antagonist. His daughter Alope was loved by Neptune, by whom she had a child. Cercyon exposed the child, called Hippothoon; but he was preserved by a mare, and afterwards placed upon his grandfather’s throne by Theseus. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 7, li. 439.—Hyginus, fable 187.—Plutarch, Theseus.—Pausanias, bk. 1, chs. 5 & 39.

Cercȳra and Corcȳra, an island in the Ionian sea, which receives its name from Cercyra daughter of Asopus. Diodorus, bk. 4.

Cerdylium, a place near Amphipolis. Thucydides, bk. 5, ch. 6.

Cereālia, festivals in honour of Ceres; first instituted at Rome by Memmius the edile, and celebrated on the 19th of April. Persons in mourning were not permitted to appear at the celebration; therefore they were not observed after the battle of Cannæ. They are the same as the Thesmophoria of the Greeks. See: Thesmophoria.

Ceres, the goddess of corn and of harvests, was daughter of Saturn and Vesta. She had a daughter by Jupiter, whom she called Pherephata, fruit-bearing, and afterwards Proserpine. This daughter was carried away by Pluto, as she was gathering flowers in the plains near Enna. The rape of Proserpine was grievous to Ceres, who sought her all over Sicily; and when night came, she lighted two torches in the flames of mount Ætna, to continue her search by night all over the world. She at last found her veil near the fountain Cyane; but no intelligence could be received of the place of her concealment, till at last the nymph Arethusa informed her that her daughter had been carried away by Pluto. No sooner had Ceres heard this, than she flew to heaven with her chariot drawn by two dragons, and demanded of Jupiter the restoration of her daughter. The endeavours of Jupiter to soften her by representing Pluto as a powerful god, to become her son-in-law, proved fruitless, and the restoration was granted, provided Proserpine had not eaten anything in the kingdom of Pluto. Ceres upon this repaired to Pluto, but Proserpine had eaten the grains of a pomegranate which she had gathered as she walked over the Elysian fields, and Ascalaphus, the only one who had seen her, discovered it to make his court to Pluto. The return of Proserpine upon earth was therefore impracticable; but Ascalaphus, for his unsolicited information, was changed into an owl. See: Ascalaphus. The grief of Ceres for the loss of her daughter was so great, that Jupiter granted Proserpine to pass six months with her mother, and the rest of the year with Pluto. During the inquiries of Ceres for her daughter, the cultivation of the earth was neglected, and the ground became barren; therefore, to repair the loss which mankind had suffered by her absence, the goddess went to Attica, which was become the most desolate country in the world, and instructed Triptolemus of Eleusis in everything which concerned agriculture. She taught him how to plough the ground, to sow and reap the corn, to make bread, and to take particular care of the fruit trees. After these instructions, she gave him her chariot and commanded him to travel all over the world, and communicate his knowledge of agriculture to the rude inhabitants, who hitherto lived upon acorns and the roots of the earth. See: Triptolemus. Her beneficence to mankind made Ceres respected. Sicily was supposed to be the favourite retreat of the goddess, and Diodorus says that she and her daughter made their first appearance to mankind in Sicily, which Pluto received as a nuptial dowry from Jupiter when he married Proserpine. The Sicilians made a yearly sacrifice to Ceres, every man according to his abilities; and the fountain of Cyane, through which Pluto opened himself a passage with his trident when carrying away Proserpine, was publicly honoured with an offering of bulls, and the blood of the victims was shed in the waters of the fountain. Besides these, other ceremonies were observed in honour of the goddesses who had so peculiarly favoured the island. The commemoration of the rape was celebrated about the beginning of the harvest, and the search of Ceres at the time that corn is sown in the earth. The latter festival continued six successive days; and during the celebration, the votaries of Ceres made use of some free and wanton expressions, as that language had made the goddess smile while melancholy for the loss of her daughter. Attica, which had been so eminently distinguished by the goddess, gratefully remembered her favours in the celebration of the Eleusinian mysteries. See: Eleusinia. Ceres also performed the duties of a legislator, and the Sicilians found the advantages of her salutary laws; hence her surname of Thesmophora. She is the same as the Isis of the Egyptians, and her worship, it is said, was first brought into Greece by Erechtheus. She met with different adventures when she travelled over the earth, and the impudence of Stellio was severely punished. To avoid the importunities of Neptune, she changed herself into a mare; but the god took advantage of the metamorphosis, and from their union arose the horse Arion. See: Arion. The birth of this monster so offended Ceres, that she withdrew herself from the sight of mankind; and the earth would have perished for want of her assistance, had not Pan discovered her in Arcadia, and given information of it to Jupiter. The Parcæ were sent by the god to comfort her, and at their persuasion she returned to Sicily, where her statues represented her veiled in black, with the head of a horse, and holding a dove in one hand, and in the other a dolphin. In their sacrifices the ancients offered Ceres a pregnant sow, as that animal often injures and destroys the productions of the earth. While the corn was yet in the grass, they offered her a ram, after the victim had been led three times round the field. Ceres was represented with a garland of ears of corn on her head, holding in one hand a lighted torch, and in the other a poppy, which was sacred to her. She appears as a countrywoman mounted on the back of an ox, and carrying a basket on her left arm, and holding a hoe; and sometimes she rides in a chariot drawn by winged dragons. She was supposed to be the same as Rhea, Tellus. Cybele, Bona Dea, Berecynthia, &c. The Romans paid her great adoration, and her festivals were yearly celebrated by the Roman matrons in the month of April, during eight days. These matrons abstained during several days from the use of wine and every carnal enjoyment. They always bore lighted torches in commemoration of the goddess; and whoever came to these festivals without a previous initiation, was punished with death. Ceres is metaphorically called bread and corn, as the word Bacchus is frequently used to signify wine. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 5; bk. 2, ch. 1; bk. 3, chs. 12 & 14.—Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 31; bk. 2, ch. 34; bk. 3, ch. 23; bk. 8, ch. 25, &c.—Diodorus, bk. 1, &c.—Hesiod, Theogony.—Ovid, Fasti, bk. 4, li. 417; Metamorphoses, fables 7, 8, &c.—Claudian, de Raptu Proserpinæ.—Cicero, Against Verres.—Callimachus, Hymn to Demeter.—Livy, bks. 29 & 31.—Statius, Thebiad, bk. 12.—Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 1, ch. 33.—Hyginus, Poeticon Astronomicon, bk. 2.

Ceressus, a place of Bœotia. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 14.

Cerĕtæ, a people of Crete.

Ceriālis Anicius, a consul elect, who wished a temple to be raised to Nero, as to a god, after the discovery of the Pisonian conspiracy, &c. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 15, ch. 74.

Cerii, a people of Etruria.

Cerilli, or Carillæ, now Cirella, a town of the Brutii near the Laus. Strabo, bk. 6.

Cerillum, a place of Lucania. Strabo, bk. 6.—Silius Italicus, bk. 8, li. 580.

Cerinthus, now Zero, a town of Eubœa, whose inhabitants went to the Trojan war, headed by Elphenor son of Chalcedon. Homer, Iliad, bk. 2, li. 45.—Strabo, bk. 10.――A beautiful youth, long the favourite of the Roman ladies, and especially of Sulpitia, &c. Horace, bk. 1, Statius, bk. 2, li. 81.――One of the early heretics from christianity.

Cermanus, a place where Romulus was exposed by one of the servants of Amulius. Plutarch, Romulus.

Cerne, an island without the pillars of Hercules, on the African coast. Strabo, bk. 1.—Pliny, bks. 5 & 6.

Cernes, a priest of Cybele.

Ceron, a fountain of Histiæotis, whose waters rendered black all the sheep that drank of them. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 2.

Ceropasades, a son of Phraates king of Persia, given as a hostage to Augustus.

Cerossus, a place of the Ionian sea.

Cerpheres, a king of Egypt, who is supposed to have built the smallest pyramid.

Cerrhæi, a people of Greece, who profaned the temple of Delphi. Plutarch, Solon.

Cerretāni, a people of Spain that inhabited the modern district of Cerdana in Catalonia. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 3.

Cersobleptes, a king of Thrace, conquered by Philip king of Macedonia. Polyænus, bk. 7, ch. 31.

Certima, a town of Celtiberia. Livy, bk. 40, ch. 47.

Certonium, a town of Asia Minor.

Cervarius, a Roman knight who conspired with Piso against Nero. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 15, ch. 50.

Publius Cervius, an officer under Verres. Cicero, Against Verres, speech 5, ch. 44.

Ceryces, a sacerdotal family at Athens. Thucydides, bk. 8, ch. 53.

Cerycius, a mountain of Bœotia. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 20.

Cerymīca, a town of Cyprus. Diodorus.

Cerynēa, a town of Achaia.――A mountain of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 25.

Cerynītes, a river of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 25.

Cesellius Balsus, a turbulent Carthaginian, who dreamt of money, and persuaded Nero that immense treasures had been deposited by Dido in a certain place, which he described. Inquiry was made, and when no money was found, Cesellius destroyed himself. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 16, ch. 1, &c.

Cesennia, an infamous prostitute, born of an illustrious family at Rome. Juvenal, satire 6, li. 135.

Cestius, an epicurean of Smyrna, who taught rhetoric at Rhodes, in the age of Cicero.――A governor of Syria. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 5.――Severus, an informer under Nero. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 4.――Proculus, a man acquitted of an accusation of embezzling the public money. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 30.――A bridge at Rome.

Cestrīna, a part of Epirus. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 23.

Cestrīnus, a son of Helenus and Andromache. After his father’s death he settled in Epirus, above the river Thyamis, and called the country Cestrina. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 11.

Cetes, king of Egypt, the same as Proteus. Diodorus, bk. 1.

Cethēgus, the surname of one of the branches of the Cornelii.――Marcus, a consul in the second Punic war. Cicero, Brutus.――A tribune at Rome, of the most corrupted morals, who joined Catiline in his conspiracy against the state, and was commissioned to murder Cicero. He was apprehended, and, with Lentulus, put to death by the Roman senate. Plutarch, Cicero, &c.――A Trojan, killed by Turnus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 12, li. 513.――Publius Cornelius, a powerful Roman, who embraced the party of Marius against Sylla. His mistress had obtained such an ascendancy over him, that she distributed his favours, and Lucullus was not ashamed to court her smiles, when he wished to be appointed general against Mithridates.――A senator put to death for adultery under Valentinian.

Cetii, a people of Cilicia.

Cetius, a river of Mysia.――A mountain which separates Noricum from Pannonia.

Ceto, a daughter of Pontus and Terra, who married Phorcys, by whom she had the three Gorgons, &c. Hesiod, Theogony, li. 237.—Lucian, bk. 9, li. 646.

Ceus and Cæus, a son of Cœlus and Terra, who married Phœbe, by whom he had Latona and Asteria. Hesiod, Theogony, li. 135.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 4, li. 179.――The father of Trœzen. Homer, Iliad, bk. 2, li. 354.

Cēyx, a king of Trachinia, son of Lucifer and husband of Alcyone. He was drowned as he went to consult the oracle of Claros. His wife was apprised of his misfortune in a dream, and found his dead body washed on the sea-shore. They were both changed into birds, called Alcyons. See: Alcyone. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 11, li. 587.—Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 32. According to Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 7; bk. 2, ch. 7, the husband of Alcyone and the king of Trachinia were two different persons.

Chea, a town of Peloponnesus.

Chabinus, a mountain of Arabia Felix. Diodorus, bk. 3.

Chabria, a village of Egypt.

Chabrias, an Athenian general and philosopher, who chiefly signalized himself when he assisted the Bœotians against Agesilaus. In this celebrated campaign, he ordered his soldiers to put one knee upon the ground, and firmly to rest their spear upon the other, and cover themselves with their shields, by which means he daunted the enemy, and had a statue raised to his honour in that same posture. He assisted also Nectanebus king of Egypt, and conquered the whole island of Cyprus; but he at last fell a sacrifice to his excessive courage, and despised to fly from his ship, when he had it in his power to save his life like his companions, B.C. 376. Cornelius Nepos, De Viris Illustribus.—Diodorus, bk. 16.—Plutarch, Phocion.

Chabryis, a king of Egypt. Diodorus, bk. 1.

Chæanitæ, a people at the foot of ♦Caucasus.

♦ ‘Causacus’ replaced with ‘Caucasus’

Chæreas, an Athenian who wrote on agriculture.――An officer who murdered Caligula, A.D. 41, to prevent the infamous death which was prepared against himself.――An Athenian, &c. Thucydides, bk. 8, ch. 74, &c.

Chæredemus, a brother of Epicurus, &c. Diogenes Laërtius.

Chærēmon, a comic poet, and disciple of Socrates.――A stoic, who wrote on the Egyptian priests.

Chærĕphon, a tragic poet of Athens, in the age of Philip of Macedonia.

Chærestrăta, the mother of Epicurus, descended of a noble family.

Chærinthus, a beautiful youth, &c. Horace, bk. 1, satire 2, li. 81.

Chærippus, an extortioner, &c. Juvenal, satire 8, li. 96.

Chæro, the founder of Chæronea. Plutarch, Sulla.

Chæronia, Chæronea, and Cherronea, a city of Bœotia, on the Cephisus, celebrated for a defeat of the Athenians by the Bœotians, B.C. 447, and for the victory which Philip of Macedonia obtained there with 32,000 men over the confederate army of the Thebans and the Athenians, consisting of 30,000 men, the 2nd of August, B.C. 338. Plutarch was born there. The town was anciently called Arne. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 40.—Plutarch, Pelopidas, &c.—Strabo, bk. 9.

Chalæon, a city of Locris.――A port of Bœotia.

Chales, a herald of Busiris, put to death by Hercules. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 5.

Chalcæa, a town of Caria,――of Phœnicia.

Chalcea, an island with a town near Rhodes. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 3.――A festival at Athens. See: Panathenæa.

Chalcēdon and Chalcēdŏnia, now Kadi-Keni, an ancient city of Bithynia, opposite Byzantium, built by a colony from Megara, headed by Argias, B.C. 685. It was first called Procerastis, and afterwards Colpusa. Its situation, however, was so improperly chosen that it was called the city of blind men, intimating the inconsiderate plan of the founders. Strabo, bk. 7.—Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 32.—Mela, bk. 1, ch. 19.

Chalcidēne, a part of Syria, very fruitful. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 23.

Chalcidenses, the inhabitants of the isthmus between Teos and Erythræ.――A people near the Phasis.

Chalcideus, a commander of the Lacedæmonian fleet killed by the Athenians, &c. Thucydides, bk. 8, ch. 8.

Chalcidĭca, a country of Thrace,――of Syria.

Chalcidĭcus (of Chalcis), an epithet applied to Cumæ in Italy, as built by a colony from Chalcis. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 17.

Chalciœus, a surname of Minerva, because she had a temple at Chalcis in Eubœa. She was also called Chalciotis and Chalcidica.

Chalciŏpe, a daughter of Æetes king of Colchis, who married Phryxus son of Athamas, who had fled to her father’s court for protection. She had some children by Phryxus, and she preserved her life from the avarice and cruelty of her father, who had murdered her husband to obtain the golden fleece. See: Phryxus. Ovid, Heroides, poem 17, li. 232.—Hyginus, fable 14, &c.――The mother of Thessalus by Hercules. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 7.――The daughter of Rhexenor, who married Ægeus. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 1.

Chalcis, now Egripo, the chief city of Eubœa, in that part which is nearest to Bœotia. It was founded by an Athenian colony. The island is said to have been anciently joined to the continent in the neighbourhood of Chalcis. There were three other towns of the same name, in Thrace, Acarnania, and Sicily, all belonging to the Corinthians. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12.—Strabo, bk. 10.—Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 23.—Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 3, ch. 10.

Chalcītis, a country of Ionia. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 5.

Chalcŏdon, a son of Ægyptus by Arabia. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 1.――A man of Cos, who wounded Hercules. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 7.――The father of Elephenor, one of the Grecian chiefs in the Trojan war. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 15.――A man who assisted Hercules in his war against Augias. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 15.

Chalcon, a Messenian, who reminded Antilochus son of Nestor to be aware of the Æthiopians, by whom he was to perish.

Chalcus, a man made governor of Cyzicus by Alexander. Polyænus.

Chaldæa, a country of Asia between the Euphrates and Tigris. Its capital is Babylon, whose inhabitants were famous for their knowledge of astrology, Cicero, de Divinatione, bk. 1, ch. 1.—Diodorus, bk. 2.—Strabo, bk. 2.—Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 28.

Chaldæi, the inhabitants of Chaldæa.

Chalestra, a town of Macedonia. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 123.

Chalonītis, a country of Media.

Chaly̆bes and Caly̆bes, a people of Asia Minor, near Pontus, once very powerful, and possessed of a great extent of country, abounding in iron mines, where the inhabitants worked naked. The Calybes attacked the 10,000 in their retreat, and behaved with much spirit and courage. They were partly conquered by Crœsus king of Lydia. Some authors imagine that the Calybes are a nation of Spain. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 8, li. 421.—Strabo, bk. 12, &c.—Apollonius, bk. 2, li. 375.—Xenophon, Anabasis, bk. 4, &c.—Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 28.—Justin, bk. 44, ch. 3.

Chalybon, now supposed to be Aleppo, a town of Syria, which gave the name of Chalybonitis to the neighbouring country.

Chalybonītis, a country of Syria, so famous for its wines that the king of Persia drank no other.

Chalybs, a river of Spain, where Justin, bk. 44, ch. 3, places the people called Calybes.

Chamani and Chamaviri, a people of Germany. Tacitus, Germania.

Chane, a river between Armenia and Albania, falling into the Caspian sea.

Chaon, a mountain of Peloponnesus.――A son of Priam. See: Chaonia.

Chaŏnes, a people of Epirus.

Chaŏnia, a mountainous part of Epirus, which receives its name from Chaon, a son of Priam, inadvertently killed by his brother Helenus. There was a wood near, where doves (Chaoniæ aves) were said to deliver oracles. The words Chaonius victus are by ancient authors applied to acorns, the food of the first inhabitants. Lucan, bk. 6, li. 426.—Claudian, de Raptu Proserpinæ, bk. 3, li. 47.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 335.—Propertius, bk. 1, poem 9.—Ovid, Ars Amatoria, bk. 1.

Chaonitis, a country of Assyria.

Chaos, a rude and shapeless mass of matter, and confused assemblage of inactive elements, which, as the poets suppose, pre-existed the formation of the world, and from which the universe was formed by the hand and power of a superior being. This doctrine was first established by Hesiod, from whom the succeeding poets have copied it; and it is probable that it was obscurely drawn from the account of Moses, by being copied from the annals of Sanchoniathon, whose age is fixed antecedent to the siege of Troy. Chaos was deemed by some as one of the oldest of the gods, and invoked as one of the infernal deities. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 4, li. 510.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 1, fable 1.

Charădra, a town of Phocis. Herodotus, bk. 8, ch. 33.

Charadros, a river of Phocis, falling into the Cephisus. Statius, Thebiad, bk. 4, li. 46.

Charădrus, a place of Argos where military causes were tried. Thucydides, bk. 5, ch. 60.

Choræadas, an Athenian general, sent with 20 ships to Sicily during the Peloponnesian war. He died 426 B.C., &c. Thucydides, bk. 3, ch. 86.

Charandæi, a people near Pontus.

Charax, a town of Armenia.――A philosopher of Pergamus, who wrote a history of Greece in 40 books.

Charaxes and Charaxus, a Mitylenean, brother to Sappho, who became passionately fond of the courtesan Rhodope, upon whom he squandered all his possessions, and reduced himself to poverty, and the necessity of piratical excursions. Ovid, Heroides, poem 17, li. 117.—Herodotus, bk. 2, ch. 135, &c.

Charuxus, one of the centaurs. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12, li. 272.

Chares, an Athenian general.――A statuary of Lindus, who was 12 years employed in making the famous Colossus of Rhodes. Pliny, bk. 34, ch. 7.――A man who wounded Cyrus when fighting against his brother Artaxerxes.――An historian of Mitylene, who wrote a life of Alexander.――An Athenian who fought with Darius against Alexander. Curtius, bk. 4, ch. 5.――A river of Peloponnesus. Plutarch, Aratus.

Charĭcles, one of the 30 tyrants set over Athens by the Lacedæmonians. Xenophon, Memorabilia, bk. 1.—Aristotle, Politics, bk. 5, ch. 6.――A famous physician under Tiberius. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 6, ch. 50.

Chariclīdes, an officer of Dionysius the younger, whom Dion gained to dethrone the tyrant. Diodorus, bk. 16.

Charĭclo, the mother of Tiresias, greatly favoured by Minerva. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 6.――A daughter of Apollo, who married the centaur Chiron. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 2, li. 635.

Charidēmus, a Roman exposed to wild beasts. Martial, bk. 1, ltr. 44.――An Athenian banished by Alexander, and killed by Darius, &c.

Charĭla, a festival observed once in nine years by the Delphians. It owes its origin to this circumstance: In a great famine the people of Delphi assembled and applied to their king to relieve their wants. He accordingly distributed the little corn which he had among the noblest; but as a poor little girl, called Charila, begged the king with more than common earnestness, he beat her with his shoe, and the girl, unable to bear his treatment, hanged herself in her girdle. The famine increased; and the oracle told the king that, to relieve his people, he must atone for the murder of Charila. Upon this a festival was instituted, with expiatory rites. The king presided over this institution, and distributed pulse and corn to such as attended. Charila’s image was brought before the king, who struck it with his shoe; after which it was carried to a desolate place, where they put a halter round its neck, and buried it where Charila was buried. Plutarch, Quæstiones Græcæ.

Charilāus and Charillus, a son of Polydectes king of Sparta, educated and protected by his uncle Lycurgus. He made war against Argos, and attacked Tegea. He was taken prisoner, and released on promising that he would cease from war, an engagement which he soon broke. He died in the 64th year of his age. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 36; bk. 6, ch. 48.――A Spartan who changed the monarchical power into an aristocracy. Aristotle, Politics, bk. 5, ch. 12.

Charillus, one of the ancestors of Leutychides. Herodotus, bk. 8, ch. 131.

Charīni and Carīni, a people of Germany. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 14.

Charis, a goddess among the Greeks, surrounded with pleasures, graces, and delight. She was the wife of Vulcan. Homer, Iliad, bk. 18, li. 382.

Charisia, a town of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 3.――A festival in honour of the Graces, with dances which continued all night. He who continued awake the longest was rewarded with a cake.

Charisius, an orator at Athens. Cicero, Brutus, ch. 83.

Charistia, festivals at Rome celebrated on the 20th of February, by the distribution of mutual presents, with the intention of reconciling friends and relations. Valerius Maximus, bk. 2, ch. 1.—Ovid, Fasti, bk. 2.

Charĭtes and Gratiæ, the Graces, daughters of Venus by Jupiter or Bacchus, are three in number—Aglaia, Thalia, and Euphrosyne. They were the constant attendants of Venus, and they were represented as three young, beautiful, and modest virgins, all holding one another by the hand. They presided over kindness, and all good offices, and their worship was the same as that of the nine muses, with whom they had a temple in common. They were generally represented naked, because kindness ought to be done with sincerity and candour. The moderns explain the allegory of their holding their hands joined, by observing that there ought to be a perpetual and never-ceasing intercourse of kindness and benevolence among friends. Their youth denotes the constant remembrance that we ought ever to have of kindnesses received; and their virgin purity and innocence teach us that acts of benevolence ought to be done without any expectation of restoration, and that we ought never to suffer others or ourselves to be guilty of base or impure favours. Homer speaks only of two Graces.

Charĭton, a writer of Aphrodisium, at the latter end of the fourth century. He composed a Greek romance called The Loves of Chæreas and Callirhoe, which has been much admired for its elegance, and the originality of the characters it describes. There is a very learned edition of Chariton, by Reiske, with D’Orville’s notes, 2 vols., 4to, Amsterdam, 1750.

Charmădas, a philosopher of uncommon memory. Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 24.

Charme and Carme, the mother of Britomartis by Jupiter.

Charmides, a Lacedæmonian, sent by the king to quell a sedition in Crete. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 2.――A boxer. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 7.――A philosopher of the third academy, B.C. 95.

Charmīnus, an Athenian general, who defeated the Peloponnesians. Thucydides, bk. 8, ch. 42.

Charmione, a servant-maid of Cleopatra, who stabbed herself after the example of her mistress. Plutarch, Antonius.

Charmis, a physician of Marseilles, in Nero’s age, who used cold baths for his patients, and prescribed medicines contrary to those of his cotemporaries. Pliny, bk. 21, ch. 1.

Charmosy̆na, a festival in Egypt. Plutarch, de Iside et Osiride.

Charmotas, a part of Arabia.

Charmus, a poet of Syracuse, some of whose fragments are found scattered in Athenæus.

Charon, a Theban, who received into his house Pelopidas and his friends, when they delivered Thebes from tyranny, &c. Plutarch, Pelopidas.――An historian of Lampsacus, son of Pytheus, who wrote two books on Persia, besides other treatises, B.C. 479.――An historian of Naucratis, who wrote a history of his country and of Egypt.――A Carthaginian writer, &c.――A god of hell, son of Erebus and Nox, who conducted the souls of the dead in a boat over the rivers Styx and Acheron to the infernal regions, for an obolus. Such as had not been honoured with a funeral were not permitted to enter his boat, without previously wandering on the shore for 100 years. If any living person presented himself to cross the Stygian lake, he could not be admitted before he showed Charon a golden bough, which he had received from the Sibyl, and Charon was imprisoned for one year, because he had ferried over, against his own will, Hercules, without this passport. Charon is represented as an old robust man, with a hideous countenance, long white beard, and piercing eyes. His garment is ragged and filthy, and his forehead is covered with wrinkles. As all the dead were obliged to pay a small piece of money for their admission, it was always usual, among the ancients, to place under the tongue of the deceased a piece of money for Charon. This fable of Charon and his boat is borrowed from the Egyptians, whose dead were carried across a lake, where sentence was passed on them, and according to their good or bad actions, they were honoured with a splendid burial, or left unnoticed in the open air. See: Acherusia. Diodorus, bk. 1.—Seneca, Hercules Furens, li. 765.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 298, &c.

Charondas, a man of Catana, who gave laws to the people of Thurium, and made a law that no man should be permitted to come armed into the assembly. He inadvertently broke this law, and when told of it he fell upon his sword, B.C. 446. Valerius Maximus, bk. 6, li. 5.

Charonea, a place of Asia, &c.

Charonia scrobs, a place of Italy emitting deadly vapours. Pliny, bk. 2, ch. 23.

Charonium, a cave near Nysa, where the sick were supposed to be delivered from their disorders by certain superstitious solemnities.

Charops and Charŏpes, a Trojan killed by Ulysses. Homer, Iliad.――A powerful Epirot who assisted Flaminius when making war against Philip the king of Macedonia. Plutarch, Titus Flamininus.――The first decennial archon at Athens. Paterculus, bk. 1, ch. 8.

Charybdis, a dangerous whirlpool on the coast of Sicily, opposite another whirlpool called Scylla, on the coast of Italy. It was very dangerous to sailors, and it proved fatal to part of the fleet of Ulysses. The exact situation of the Charybdis is not discovered by the moderns, as no whirlpool sufficiently tremendous is now found to correspond with the descriptions of the ancients. The words,

Incidit in Scyllam qui vult vitare Charybdim,

became a proverb, to show that in our eagerness to avoid one evil, we often fall into a greater. The name of Charybdis was properly bestowed on mistresses who repay affection and tenderness with ingratitude. It is supposed that Charybdis was an avaricious woman, who stole the oxen of Hercules, for which theft she was struck with thunder by Jupiter, and changed into a whirlpool. Lycophron, Cassandra.—Homer, Odyssey, bk. 12.—Propertius, bk. 3, poem 11.—Silius Italicus, bk. 14.—Ovid, Ex Ponto, bk. 4, ltr. 10; Amores, bk. 2, poem 16.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 420.

Chaubi and Chauci, people of Germany, supposed to inhabit the country now called Friesland and Bremen.

Chaula, a village of Egypt.

Chauros. See: Caurus.

Chelæ, a Greek word (χηλη), signifying claws, which is applied to the Scorpion, one of the signs of the zodiac, and lies, according to the ancients, contiguous to Virgo. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 1, li. 33.

Cheles, a satrap of Seleucus, &c.

Chelĭdon, a mistress of Verres. Cicero, Against Verres, bk. 1, ch. 40.

Chelīdŏnia, a festival at Rhodes, in which it was customary for boys to go begging from door to door and singing certain songs, &c. Athenæus.――The wind Favonius was called also Chelidonia, from the 6th of the ides of February to the 7th of the calends of March, the time when swallows first made their appearance. Pliny, bk. 2, ch. 47.

Chelīdoniæ, now Kelidoni, small islands opposite the promontory of Taurus of the same name, very dangerous to sailors. Dionysius Periegetes, li. 506.—Pliny, bk. 5, chs. 27 & 31.—Livy, bk. 33, ch. 41.

Chelĭdŏnis, a daughter of king Leotychides, who married Cleonymus, and committed adultery with Acrotatus. Plutarch, Pyrrhus.

Chelidŏnium, a promontory of mount Taurus, projecting into the Pamphylian sea.

Chelŏne, a nymph changed into a tortoise by Mercury, for not being present at the nuptials of Jupiter and Juno, and condemned to perpetual silence for having ridiculed these deities.

Chelōnis, a daughter of Leonidas king of Sparta, who married Cleombrotus. She accompanied her father, whom her husband had expelled, and soon after went into banishment with her husband, who had in his turn been expelled by Leonidas. Plutarch, Agis & Cleomenes.

Chelonophăgi, a people of Carmania, who fed upon turtle, and covered their habitations with the shells. Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 24.

Chelydoria, a mountain of Arcadia.

Chemmis, an island in a deep lake of Egypt. Herodotus, bk. 2, ch. 156.

Chena, a town of Laconia.

Chenæ, a village on mount Œta. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 24.

Chenion, a mountain in Asia Minor, from which the 10,000 Greeks first saw the sea. Diodorus, bk. 14.

Chenius, a mountain near Colchis.

Cheops and Cheospes, a king of Egypt, after Rhampsinitus, who built famous pyramids, upon which 1060 talents were expended only in supplying the workmen with leeks, parsley, garlic, and other vegetables. Herodotus, bk. 2, ch. 124.

Chephren, a brother of Cheops, who also built a pyramid. The Egyptians so inveterately hated these two royal brothers, that they publicly reported, that the pyramids which they had built had been erected by a shepherd. Herodotus, bk. 2, ch. 127.

Cheremocrătes, an artist who built Diana’s temple at Ephesus, &c. Strabo, bk. 14.

Cherisŏphus, a commander of 800 Spartans, in the expedition which Cyrus undertook against his brother Artaxerxes. Diodorus, bk. 14.

Cheronæa. See:Chæronea.

Cherŏphon, a tragic writer of Athens, in the age of Philip. Philostratus, Lives.

Cherronēsus. See: Chersonesus.

Chersias, an Orchomenian, reconciled to Periander by Chilo. Pausanias praises some of his poetry, bk. 9, ch. 38.

Chersidămas, a Trojan killed by Ulysses in the Trojan war. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 13, li. 259.

Chersiphro, an architect, &c. Pliny, bk. 36, ch. 14.

Chersonēsus, a Greek word, rendered by the Latins Peninsula. There were many of these among the ancients, of which these five were the most celebrated: one called Peloponnesus; one called Thracian, in the south of Thrace and west of the Hellespont, where Miltiades led a colony of Athenians, and built a wall across the isthmus. From its isthmus to its further shores, it measured 420 stadia, extending between the bay of Melas and the Hellespont. The third, called Taurica, now Crim Tartary, was situate near the Palus Mæotis. The fourth, called Cimbrica, now Jutland, is in the northern parts of Germany; and the fifth, surnamed Aurea, lies in India, beyond the Ganges. Herodotus, bk. 6, ch. 33; bk. 7, ch. 58.—Livy, bk. 31, ch. 16.—Cicero, Brutus, ch. 2.――Also a peninsula near Alexandria in Egypt. Hirtius, Alexandrine War, ch. 10.

Cherusci, a people of Germany, who long maintained a war against Rome. They inhabited the country between the Weser and the Elbe. Tacitus.—Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 6, ch. 9.

Chidnæi, a people near Pontus.

Chidōrus, a river of Macedonia near Thessalonica, not sufficiently large to supply the army of Xerxes with water. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 127.

Chiliarchus, a great officer of state at the court of Persia. Cornelius Nepos, Conon.

Chilius and Chileus, an Arcadian, who advised the Lacedæmonians, when Xerxes was in Greece, not to desert the common cause of their country. Herodotus, bk. 9, ch. 9.

Chilo, a Spartan philosopher who has been called one of the seven wise men of Greece. One of his maxims was “Know thyself.” He died through excess of joy, in the arms of his son, who had obtained a victory at Olympia, B.C. 597. Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 33.—Diogenes Laërtius.――One of the Ephori at Sparta, B.C. 556.

Chilonis, the wife of Theopompus king of Sparta. Polyænus, bk. 8.

Chimæra, a celebrated monster, sprung from Echidna and Typhon, which had three heads, that of a lion, of a goat, and a dragon, and continually vomited flames. The fore parts of its body were those of a lion, the middle was that of a goat, and the hinder parts were those of a dragon. It generally lived in Lycia, about the reign of Jobates, by whose orders Bellerophon, mounted on the horse Pegasus, overcame it. This fabulous tradition is explained by the recollection that there was a burning mountain in Lycia, called Chimæra, whose top was the resort of lions, on account of its desolate wilderness; the middle, which was fruitful, was covered with goats; and at the bottom the marshy ground abounded with serpents. Bellerophon is said to have conquered the Chimæra, because he first made his habitation on that mountain. Plutarch says that it was the captain of some pirates, who adorned their ship with the images of a lion, a goat, and a dragon. From the union of the Chimæra with Orthos sprung the Sphinx and the lion of Nemæa. Homer, Iliad, bk. 6, li. 181.—Hesiod, Theogony, li. 322.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 2, ch. 3.—Lucretius, bk. 5, li. 903.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 9, li. 646.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 288.――One of the ships in the fleet of Æneas. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 5, li. 118.

Chimarus, a river of Argolis. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 36.

Chimerium, a mountain of Phthiotis, in Thessaly. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 8.

Chiomara, a woman who cut off the head of a Roman tribune when she had been taken prisoner, &c. Plutarch, de Mulierum Virtutes.

Chion, a Greek writer, whose epistles were edited cum notis Cobergi, 8vo, Lipscomb, 1765.

Chiŏne, a daughter of Dædalion, of whom Apollo and Mercury became enamoured. To enjoy her company, Mercury lulled her to sleep with his Caduceus, and Apollo, in the night, under the form of an old woman, obtained the same favours as Mercury. From this embrace Chione became mother of Philammon and Autolycus, the former of whom, as being son of Apollo, became an excellent musician; and the latter was equally notorious for his robberies, of which his father Mercury was the patron. Chione grew so proud of her commerce with the gods, that she even preferred her beauty to that of Diana, for which impiety she was killed by the goddess, and changed into a hawk. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 11, fable 8.――A daughter of Boreas and Orithyia, who had Eumolpus by Neptune. She threw her son into the sea, but he was preserved by his father. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 15.—Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 38.――A famous prostitute. Martial, bk. 3, ltr. 34.

Chionides, an Athenian poet, supposed by some to be the inventor of comedy.

Chionis, a victor at Olympia. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 13.

Chios, now Scio, an island in the Ægean sea, between Lesbos and Samos, on the coast of Asia Minor, which receives its name, as some suppose, from Chione, or from χιων, snow, which was very frequent there. It was well inhabited, and could once equip 100 ships; and its chief town, called Chios, had a beautiful harbour, which could contain 80 ships. The wine of this island, so much celebrated by the ancients, is still in general esteem. Chios was anciently called Æthalia, Macris, and Pityasa. There was no adultery committed there for the space of 700 years. Plutarch, de Mulierum Virtutes.—Horace, bk. 3, ode 19, li. 5; bk. 1, satire 10, li. 24.—Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 4.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 2.—Strabo, bk. 2.

Chiron, a centaur, half a man and half a horse, son of Philyra and Saturn, who had changed himself into a horse, to escape the inquiries of his wife Rhea. Chiron was famous for his knowledge of music, medicine, and shooting. He taught mankind the use of plants and medicinal herbs: and he instructed in all the polite arts the greatest heroes of his age; such as Achilles, Æsculapius, Hercules, Jason, Peleus, Æneas, &c. He was wounded on the knee by a poisoned arrow, by Hercules, in his pursuit of the centaurs. Hercules flew to his assistance; but as the wound was incurable, and the cause of the most excruciating pains, Chiron begged Jupiter to deprive him of immortality. His prayers were heard, and he was placed by the god among the constellations, under the name of Sagittarius. Hesiod, Shield of Heracles.—Homer, Iliad, bk. 11.—Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 18; bk. 5, ch. 19; bk. 9, ch. 31.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 2, li. 676.—Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 5; bk. 3, ch. 13.—Horace, epode 13.

Chloe, a surname of Ceres at Athens. Her yearly festivals, called Chloeia, were celebrated with much mirth and rejoicing, and a ram was always sacrificed to her. The name of Chloe is supposed to bear the same signification as Flava, so often applied to the goddess of corn. The name, from its signification (χλοη, herba virens), has generally been applied to women possessed of beauty and of simplicity.

Chloreus, a priest of Cybele, who came with Æneas into Italy, and was killed by Turnus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 11, li. 768.――Another, &c.

Chloris, the goddess of flowers, who married Zephyrus. She is the same as Flora. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 5.――A daughter of Amphion, son of Jasus and Persephone, who married Neleus king of Pylos, by whom she had one daughter and 12 sons, who all, except Nestor, were killed by Hercules. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 11, li. 280.—Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 21; bk. 9, ch. 36.――A prostitute, &c. Horace, bk. 3, ode 15.

Chlorus, a river of Cilicia. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 27.――Constantine, one of the Cæsars, in Diocletian’s age, who reigned two years after the emperor’s abdication, and died July 25, A.D. 306.

Choarīna, a country near India, reduced by Craterus, &c.

Choaspes, a son of Phasis, &c. Flaccus, bk. 5, li. 585.――An Indian river. Curtius, bk. 5, ch. 2.――A river of Media, flowing into the Tigris, and now called Karun. Its waters are so sweet, that the kings of Persia drank no other, and in their expeditions they always had some with them which had been previously boiled. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 188.—Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 12, ch. 40.—Tibullus, bk. 4, poem 1, li. 141.—Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 27.

Chobus, a river of Colchis. Arrian.

Chœrades and Pharos, two islands opposite Alexandria in Egypt. Thucydides, bk. 7, ch. 33.―― Others in the Euxine sea.――An island in the Ionian sea, or near the Hellespont. Theocritus, Idylls, poem 13.

Chœrĭlus, a tragic poet of Athens, who wrote 150 tragedies, of which 13 obtained the prize.――An historian of Samos.――Two other poets, one of whom was very intimate with Herodotus. He wrote a poem on the victory which the Athenians had obtained over Xerxes, and on account of the excellence of the composition, he received a piece of gold for each verse from the Athenians, and was publicly ranked with Homer as a poet. The other was one of Alexander’s flatterers and friends. It is said the prince promised him as many pieces of gold as there should be good verses in his poetry, and as many slaps on his forehead as there were bad; and in consequence of this, scarce six of his verses in each poem were entitled to gold, while the rest were rewarded with castigation. Plutarch, Alexander.—Horace, bk. 2, ltr. 1, li. 232.

Chœreæ, a place of Bœotia.

Chonnidas, a man made preceptor to Theseus, by his grandfather Pittheus king of Trœzene. The Athenians instituted sacrifices to him for the good precepts which he had inculcated into his pupil. Plutarch, Theseus.

Chonūphis, an Egyptian prophet. Plutarch, de Genio Socratis.

Chorasmi, a people of Asia near the Oxus. Herodotus, bk. 3, ch. 93.

Chorineus, a man killed in the Rutulian war. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 571.――Another. Æneid, bk. 12, li. 298.――A priest with Æneas. Æneid.

Chorœbus, a man of Elis, who obtained a prize the first olympiad. See: Corœbus.――A youth of Mygdonia, who was enamoured of Cassandra. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 2, li. 341.

Choromnæi, a people subdued by Ninus. Diodorus, bk. 1.

Chosroes, a king of Persia, in Justinian’s reign.

Chremes, a sordid old man, mentioned in Terence’s Andria. Horace, Art of Poetry, li. 94.

Chremĕtes, a river of Libya.

Chresiphon, an architect of Diana’s temple in Ephesus. Pliny, bk. 36, ch. 14.

Chresphontes, a son of Aristomachus. See: Aristodemus.

Chrestus, an approved writer of Athens, &c. Columella, bk. 1, de Res Rustica, ch. 1.

Chromia, a daughter of Itonus. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 1.

Chromios, a son of Neleus and Chloris, who, with 10 brothers, was killed in a battle by Hercules.――A son of Priam, killed by Diomedes. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 12.

Chromis, a captain in the Trojan war. Homer, Iliad, bk. 2.――A young shepherd. Virgil, Eclogues, poem 6.――A Phrygian killed by Camilla. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 11, li. 675.――A son of Hercules. Statius, bk. 6, li. 346.

Chromius, a son of Pterilaus. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 4.――An Argive, who, alone with Alcenor, survived a battle between 300 of his countrymen and 300 Spartans. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 82.

Chronius, a man who built a temple of Diana at Orchomenos. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 48.

Chronos, the Greek name of Saturn, or time, in whose honour festivals called Chronia were yearly celebrated by the Rhodians, and some of the Greeks.

Chryasus, a king of Argos, descended from Inachus.

Chrysa and Chryse, a town of Cilicia, famous for a temple of Apollo Smintheus. Homer, Iliad, bk. 1, li. 37.—Strabo, bk. 13.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 13, li. 174.――A daughter of Halmus, mother of Phlegias by Mars. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 36.

Chrysăme, a Thessalian, priestess of Diana Trivia. She fed a bull with poison, which she sent to the enemies of her country, who ate the flesh, and became delirious, and were an easy conquest. Polyænus.

Chrysantas, a man who refrained from killing another, by hearing a dog bark. Plutarch, Quæstiones Romanæ.

Chrysanthius, a philosopher in the age of Julian, known for the great number of volumes which he wrote.

Chrysantis, a nymph who told Ceres, when she was at Argos with Pelagus, that her daughter had been carried away. Pausanias, bk. 1.

Chrysaor, a son of Medusa by Neptune. Some report that he sprung from the blood of Medusa, armed with a golden sword, whence his name, χρυσος ἀορ. He married Callirhoe, one of the Oceanides, by whom he had Geryon, Echidna, and the Chimæra. Hesiod, Theogony, li. 295.――A rich king of Iberia. Diodorus, bk. 4.――A son of Glaucus. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 21.

Chrysaoreus, a surname of Jupiter, from his temple at Stratonice, where all the Carians assembled upon any public emergency. Strabo, bk. 4.

Chrysaŏris, a town of Cilicia. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 2.

Crysas, a river of Sicily, falling into the Simæthus, and worshipped as a deity. Cicero, Against Verres, Speech 4, ch. 44.

Chryseis, the daughter of Chryses. See: Chryses.

Chrysermus, a Corinthian, who wrote a history of Peloponnesus and of India, besides a treatise on rivers. Plutarch, Parallela minora.

Chryses, the priest of Apollo, father of Astynome, called from him Chryseis. When Lyrnessus was taken, and the spoils divided among the conquerors, Chryseis, who was the wife of Eetion the sovereign of the place, fell to the share of Agamemnon. Chryses, upon this, went to the Grecian camp to solicit his daughter’s restoration; and when his prayers were fruitless, he implored the aid of Apollo, who visited the Greeks with a plague, and obliged them to restore Chryseis. Homer, Iliad, bk. 1, li. 11, &c.――A daughter of Minos. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 1.

Chrysippe, a daughter of Danaus. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 1.

Chrysippus, a natural son of Pelops, highly favoured by his father, for which Hippodamia, his stepmother, ordered her own sons, Atreus and Thyestes, to kill him, and to throw his body into a well, on account of which they were banished. Some say that Hippodamia’s sons refused to murder Chrysippus, and that she did it herself. They further say, that Chrysippus had been carried away by Laius king of Thebes, to gratify his unnatural lusts, and that he was in his arms when Hippodamia killed him. Hyginus, fable 85.—Plato, de Leges, bk. 6.—Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 5.—Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 20.――A stoic philosopher of Tarsus, who wrote about 311 treatises. Among his curious opinions was his approbation of a parent’s marriage with his child, and his wish that dead bodies should be eaten rather than buried. He died through excess of wine, or, as others say, from laughing too much on seeing an ass eating figs on a silver plate, 207 B.C., in the 80th year of his age. Valerius Maximus, bk. 8, ch. 7.—Diodorus.—Horace, bk. 2, satire 3, li. 40. There were also others of the same name. Diogenes Laërtius.――A freedman of Cicero.

Chrysis, a mistress of Demetrius. Plutarch, Demetrius.――A priestess of Juno at Mycenæ. The temple of the goddess was burnt by the negligence of Chrysis, who fled to Tegea, to the altar of Minerva. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 17.

Chrysoaspĭdes, soldiers in the armies of Persia, whose arms were all covered with silver, to display the opulence of the prince whom they served. Justin, bk. 12, ch. 7.

Chrysogŏnus, a freedman of Sylla. Cicero, pro Sexto Roscio Amerino.――A celebrated singer in Domitian’s reign. Juvenal, satire 6, li. 74.

Chrysolāus, a tyrant of Methymna, &c. Curtius, bk. 4, ch. 8.

Chrysondium, a town of Macedonia. Polybius, bk. 5.

Chrysopŏlis, a promontory and port of Asia, opposite Byzantium, now Scutari.

Chrysorhoas, a river of Peloponnesus. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 31.

Chrysorrhōæ, a people in whose country are golden streams.

Chrysostom, a bishop of Constantinople, who died A.D. 407, in his 53rd year. He was a great disciplinarian, and by severely lashing the vices of his age, he procured himself many enemies. He was banished for opposing the raising of a statue to the empress, after having displayed his abilities as an elegant preacher, a sound theologian, and a faithful interpreter of Scripture. Chrysostom’s works were nobly and correctly edited, without a Latin version, by Saville, 8 vols., folio, Etonæ, 1613. They have appeared with a translation, at Paris, editor, Benedictine Montfaucon, 13 vols., folio, 1718

Chrysothĕmis, a name given by Homer to Iphigenia daughter of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra.――A Cretan, who first obtained the poetical prize at the Pythian games. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 7.

Chryxus, a leader of the Boii, grandson to Brennus, who took Rome. Silius Italicus, bk. 4, li. 148.

Chthonia, a daughter of Erechtheus, who married Butes. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 15.――A surname of Ceres, from a temple built to her by Chthonia, at Hermione. She had a festival there called by the same name, and celebrated every summer. During the celebration, the priests of the goddess marched in procession, accompanied by the magistrates, and a crowd of women and boys in white apparel, with garlands of flowers on their heads. Behind was dragged an untamed heifer, just taken from the herd. When they came to the temple, the victim was let loose, and four old women armed with scythes sacrificed the heifer, and killed her by cutting her throat. A second, a third, and a fourth victim were in a like manner despatched by the old women; and it was observable that they all fell on the same side. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 35.

Chthonius, a centaur, killed by Nestor in a battle at the nuptials of Pirithous. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12, li. 441.――One of the soldiers who sprang from the dragon’s teeth sown by Cadmus. Hyginus, fable 178.――A son of Ægyptus and Calliadne. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 1.

Chitrium, a name given to part of the town of Clazomenæ.

Cibalæ, now Swilei, a town of Pannonia, where Licinius was defeated by Constantine. It was the birthplace of Gratian. Eutropius, bk. 10, ch. 4.—Marcellinus, bk. 30, ch. 24.

Cibarītis, a country of Asia, near the Mæander.

Cibyra, now Burun, a town of Phrygia, of which the inhabitants were dexterous hunters. Horace, bk. 1, ltr. 6, li. 33.—Cicero, Against Verres, bk. 4, ch. 13.—Letters to Atticus, bk. 5, ltr. 2.――Of Caria.

Caius Cicereius, a secretary of Scipio Africanus, who obtained a triumph over the Corsicans. Livy, bks. 41 & 42.

Marcus Tullius Cicero, born at Arpinum, was son of a Roman knight, and lineally descended from the ancient kings of the Sabines. His mother’s name was Helvia. After displaying many promising abilities at school, he was taught philosophy by Philo, and law by Mutius Scævola. He acquired and perfected a taste for military knowledge under Sylla, in the Marsian war, and retired from Rome, which was divided into factions, to indulge his philosophic propensities. He was naturally of a weak and delicate constitution, and he visited Greece on account of his health; though, perhaps, the true cause of his absence from Rome might be attributed to his fear of Sylla. His friends, who were well acquainted with his superior abilities, were anxious for his return; and when at last he obeyed their solicitations, he applied himself with uncommon diligence to oratory, and was soon distinguished above all the speakers of his age in the Roman forum. When he went to Sicily as questor, he behaved with great justice and moderation; and the Sicilians remembered with gratitude the eloquence of Cicero, their common patron, who had delivered them from the tyranny and avarice of Verres. After he had passed through the offices of edile and pretor, he stood a candidate for the consulship, A.U.C. 691; and the patricians and plebeians were equally anxious to raise him to that dignity, against the efforts and bribery of Catiline. His new situation was critical, and required circumspection. Catiline, with many dissolute and desperate Romans, had conspired against their country, and combined to murder Cicero himself. In this dilemma, Cicero, in full senate, accused Catiline of treason against the state; but as his evidence was not clear, his efforts were unavailing. He, however, stood upon his guard, and by the information of his friends and the discovery of Fulvia, his life was saved from the dagger of Marcius and Cethegus, whom Catiline had sent to assassinate him. After this, Cicero commanded Catiline, in the senate, to leave the city; and this desperate conspirator marched out in triumph to meet the 20,000 men who were assembled to support his cause. The lieutenant of Caius Antony, the other consul, defeated them in Gaul; and Cicero, at Rome, punished the rest of the conspirators with death. This capital punishment, though inveighed against by Julius Cæsar as too severe, was supported by the opinion of Lutatius Catulus and Cato, and confirmed by the whole senate. After this memorable deliverance, Cicero received the thanks of all the people, and was styled The father of his country, and a second founder of Rome. The vehemence with which he had attacked Clodius proved injurious to him; and when his enemy was made tribune, Cicero was banished from Rome, though 20,000 young men were supporters of his innocence. He was not, however, deserted in his banishment. Wherever he went, he was received with the highest marks of approbation and reverence; and when the faction had subsided at Rome, the whole senate and people were unanimous for his return. After 16 months’ absence, he entered Rome with universal satisfaction; and when he was sent, with the power of proconsul, to Cilicia, his integrity and prudence made him successful against the enemy, and at his return he was honoured with a triumph which the factious prevented him to enjoy. After much hesitation during the civil commotions between Cæsar and Pompey, he joined himself to the latter, and followed him to Greece. When victory had declared in favour of Cæsar, at the battle of Pharsalia, Cicero went to Brundusium, and was reconciled to the conqueror, who treated him with great humanity. From this time Cicero retired into the country, and seldom visited Rome. When Cæsar had been stabbed in the senate, Cicero recommended a general amnesty, and was the most earnest to decree the provinces to Brutus and Cassius. But when he saw the interest of Cæsar’s murderers decrease, and Antony come into power, he retired to Athens. He soon after returned, but lived in perpetual fear of assassination. Augustus courted the approbation of Cicero, and expressed his wish to be his colleague in the consulship. But his wish was not sincere; he soon forgot his former professions of friendship; and when the two consuls had been killed at Mutina, Augustus joined his interest to that of Antony, and the triumvirate was soon after formed. The great enmity which Cicero bore to Antony was fatal to him; and Augustus, Antony, and Lepidus, the triumvirs, to destroy all cause of quarrel and each to despatch his enemies, produced their lists of proscription. About 200 were doomed to death, and Cicero was among the number upon the list of Antony. Augustus yielded a man to whom he partly owed his greatness, and Cicero was pursued by the emissaries of Antony, among whom was Popilius, whom he had defended upon an accusation of parricide. He had fled in a litter towards the sea of Caieta; and when the assassins came up to him, he put his head out of the litter, and it was severed from the body by Herennius. This memorable event happened in December, 43 B.C., after the enjoyment of life for 63 years, 11 months, and five days. The head and right hand of the orator were carried to Rome, and hung up in the Roman forum; and so inveterate was Antony’s hatred against the unfortunate man, that even Fulvia, the triumvir’s wife, wreaked her vengeance upon his head, and drew the tongue out of the mouth, and bored it through repeatedly with a gold bodkin, verifying in this act of inhumanity what Cicero had once observed, that no animal is more revengeful than a woman. Cicero has acquired more real fame by his literary compositions than by his spirited exertions as a Roman senator. The learning and the abilities which he possessed have been the admiration of every age and country, and his style has always been accounted as the true standard of pure latinity. The words nascitur poeta have been verified in his attempts to write poetry; and the satire of Martial, Carmina quod scribit musis et Apolline nullo, though severe, is true. He once formed a design to write the history of his country, but he was disappointed. He translated many of the Greek writers, poets as well as historians, for his own improvement. When he travelled into Asia, he was attended by most of the learned men of his age; and his stay at Rhodes, in the school of the famous Molo, conduced not a little to perfect his judgment. Like his countrymen he was not destitute of ambition, and the arrogant expectations with which he returned from his questorship in Sicily are well known. He was of a timid disposition; and he who shone as the father of Roman eloquence, never ascended the pulpit to harangue without feeling a secret emotion of dread. His conduct during the civil wars is far from that of a patriot; and when we view him, dubious and irresolute, sorry not to follow Pompey and yet afraid to oppose Cæsar, the judgment would almost brand him with the name of coward. In his private character, however, Cicero was of an amiable disposition; and though he was too elated with prosperity, and debased by adversity, the affability of the friend conciliated the good graces of all. He married Terentia, whom he afterwards divorced, and by whom he had a son and a daughter. He afterwards married a young woman to whom he was guardian; and because she seemed elated at the death of his daughter Tullia, he repudiated her. The works of this celebrated man, of which, according to some, the tenth part is scarce extant, have been edited by the best scholars in every country. The most valuable editions of the works complete, are that of Verburgius, 2 vols., folio, Amsterdam, 1724; that of Olivet, 9 vols., 4to, Geneva, 1758; the Oxford edition, in 10 vols., 4to, 1782; and that of Lallemand, 12mo, 14 vols., Paris apud Barbou, 1768. Plutarch, Parallel Lives.—Quintilian.—Dio Cassius.—Appian.—Florus.—Cornelius Nepo, Atticus.—Eutropius.—Cicero, &c.――Marcus, the son of Cicero, was taken by Augustus as his colleague in the consulship. He revenged his father’s death, by throwing public dishonour upon the memory of Antony. He disgraced his father’s virtues, and was so fond of drinking, that Pliny observes, he wished to deprive Antony of the honour of being the greatest drunkard in the Roman empire. Plutarch, Cicero.――Quintus, the brother of the orator, was Cæsar’s lieutenant in Gaul, and proconsul of Asia for three years. He was proscribed with his son at the same time as his brother Tully.—Plutarch, Cicero.—Appian.

Cicerōnis villa, a place near Puteoli in Campania. Pliny, bk. 31, ch. 2.

Cichyris, a town of Epirus.

Cicŏnes, a people of Thrace near the Hebrus. Ulysses, at his return from Troy, conquered them, and plundered their chief city Ismarus because they had assisted Priam against the Greeks. They tore to pieces Orpheus for his obscene indulgencies. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 10, li. 83; bk. 15, li. 313.—Virgil, Georgics, bk. 4, li. 520, &c.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 2.

Cilūta, an old avaricious usurer. Horace, bk. 2, satire 3, li. 69.

Cĭlĭcia, a country of Asia Minor, on the sea coast, at the north of Cyprus, the south of mount Taurus, and the west of the Euphrates. The inhabitants enriched themselves by piratical excursions, till they were conquered by Pompey. The country was opulent, and was governed by kings, under some of the Roman emperors; but reduced into a province by Vespasian. Cicero presided over it as proconsul. It receives its name from Cilix the son of Agenor. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 1.—Varro, Re Rustica, bk. 2, ch. 11.—Suetonius, Vespasian, ch. 8.—Herodotus, bk. 2, chs. 17, 34.—Justin, bk. 11, ch. 11.—Curtius, bk. 3, ch. 4.—Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 27.――Part of the country between Æolia and Troas is also called Cilicia. Strabo, bk. 13, calls it Trojan, to distinguish it from the other Cilicia. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 27.

Cilissa, a town of Phrygia.

Cilix, a son of Phœnix, or, according to Herodotus, of Agenor, who, after seeking in vain his sister Europa, settled in a country to which he gave the name of Cilicia. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 1.—Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 91.

Cilla, a town of Africa Propria. Diodorus, bk. 20.――A town of Æolia. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 149.――Of Troas, which received its name, according to Theopompus, from a certain Cillus, who was one of Hippodamia’s suitors, and was killed by Œnomaus. Homer, Iliad, bk. 1, li. 38.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 13, li. 174.

Cilles, a general of Ptolemy, conquered by Demetrius. Diodorus, bk. 19.

Cillus, a charioteer of Pelops, in whose honour a city was built. Strabo, bk. 13.

Cilnius, the surname of Mæcenas.

Cilo, Junius, an oppressive governor of Bithynia and Pontus. The provinces carried their complaints against him to Rome; but such was the noise of the flatterers that attended the emperor Claudius, that he was unable to hear them; and when he asked what they had said, he was told by one of Cilo’s friends that they returned thanks for his good administration; upon which the emperor said, “Let Cilo be continued two years longer in his province.” Dio Cassius, bk. 60.—Tacitus, Annals, bk. 12, ch. 21.

Cimber, Tillius, one of Cæsar’s murderers. He laid hold of the dictator’s robe, which was a signal for the rest to strike. Plutarch, Cæsar.

Cimberius, a chief of the Suevi.

Cimbri, a people of Germany, who invaded the Roman empire with a large army, and were conquered by Marius. Florus, bk. 3, ch. 3.

Cimbrīcum bellum, was begun by the Cimbri and Teutones, by an invasion of the Roman territories, B.C. 109. These barbarians were so courageous, and even desperate, that they fastened their first ranks each to the other with cords. In the first battle they destroyed 80,000 Romans, under the consuls Manlius and Servilius Cæpo. But when Marius, in his second consulship, was chosen to carry on the war, he met the Teutones at Aquæ Sextiæ, where, after a bloody engagement, he left dead on the field of battle 20,000, and took 90,000 prisoners, B.C. 102. The Cimbri, who had formed another army, had already penetrated into Italy, where they were met, at the river Athesis, by Marius and his colleague Catulus a year after. An engagement ensued, and 140,000 of them were slain. This last battle put an end to this dreadful war, and the two consuls entered Rome in triumph. Florus, bk. 3, ch. 3.—Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 22; bk. 17, ch. 1.—Mela, bk. 3, ch. 3.—Paterculus, bk. 2, ch. 12.—Plutarch, Caius Marius.

Cimĭnus, now Viterbe, a lake and mountain of Etruria. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 697.—Livy, bk. 9, ch. 36.

Cimmĕrii, a people near the Palus Mœotis, who invaded Asia Minor, and seized upon the kingdom of Cyaxeres. After they had been masters of the country for 28 years, they were driven back by Alyattes king of Lydia. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 6, &c.; bk. 4, ch. 1, &c.――Another nation on the western coast of Italy, generally imagined to have lived in caves near the sea-shore of Campania, and there, in concealing themselves from the light of the sun, to have made their retreat the receptacle of their plunder. In consequence of this manner of living, the country which they inhabited was supposed to be so gloomy, that, to mention a great obscurity, the expression of Cimmerian darkness has proverbially been used. Homer, according to Plutarch, drew his images of hell and Pluto from this gloomy and dismal country, where also Virgil and Ovid have placed the Styx, the Phlegethon, and all the dreadful abodes of the infernal regions. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 13.—Virgil, Æneid bk. 6.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 11, li. 592, &c.—Strabo, bk. 5.

Cimmĕris, a town of Troas, formerly called Edonis. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 30.

Cimmĕrium, now Crim, a town of Taurica Chersonesus, whose inhabitants are called Cimmerii. Mela, bk. 1, ch. 19.

Cimōlis and Cinolis, a town of Paphlagonia.

Cimōlus, now Argentiera, an island in the Cretan sea, producing chalk and fuller’s earth. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 7, li. 463.—Pliny, bk. 35, ch. 16.

Cimon, an Athenian, son of Miltiades and Hegisipyle, famous for his debaucheries in his youth, and his reformation of his morals when arrived to years of discretion. When his father died, he was imprisoned, because unable to pay the fine levied upon him by the Athenians; but he was released from confinement by his sister and wife Elpinice. See: Elpinice. He behaved with great courage at the battle of Salamis, and rendered himself popular by his munificence and valour. He defeated the Persian fleet, and took 200 ships, and totally routed their land army, the very same day. The money that he obtained by his victories was not applied to his own private use; but with it he fortified and embellished the city. He some time after lost all his popularity, and was banished by the Athenians, who declared war against the Lacedæmonians. He was recalled from his exile, and at his return he made a reconciliation between Lacedæmon and his countrymen. He was afterwards appointed to carry on the war against Persia in Egypt, and Cyprus, with a fleet of 200 ships; and on the coast of Asia he gave battle to the enemy, and totally ruined their fleet. He died as he was besieging the town of Citium in Cyprus, B.C. 449, in the 51st year of his age. He may be called the last of the Greeks, whose spirit and boldness defeated the armies of the barbarians. He was such an inveterate enemy to the Persian power, that he formed a plan of totally destroying it; and in his wars he had so reduced the Persians, that they promised, in a treaty, not to pass the Chelidonian islands with their fleet, or to approach within a day’s journey of the Grecian seas. The munificence of Cimon has been highly extolled by his biographers, and he has been deservedly praised for leaving his gardens open to the public. Thucydides, bk. 1, chs. 100 & 112.—Justin, bk. 2, ch. 13.—Diodorus, bk. 11.—Plutarch & Cornelius Nepos, Lives.――An Athenian, father of Miltiades. Herodotus, bk. 6, ch. 34.――A Roman, supported in prison by the milk of his daughter.――An Athenian, who wrote an account of the war of the Amazons against his country.

Cinæthon, an ancient poet of Lacedæmon, &c. See: Cinethon.

Cinaradas, one of the descendants of Cinyras, who presided over the ceremonies of Venus at Paphos. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 2, ch. 3.

Cincia lex, was enacted by Marcus Cincius tribune of the people, A.U.C. 549. By it no man was permitted to take any money as a gift or a fee in judging a cause. Livy, bk. 34, ch. 4.

Lucius Quinctius Cincinnātus, a celebrated Roman, who was informed, as he ploughed his field, that the senate had chosen him dictator. Upon this he left his ploughed land with regret, and repaired to the field of battle, where his countrymen were closely besieged by the Volsci and Æqui. He conquered the enemy and returned to Rome in triumph; and 16 days after his appointment he laid down his office, and retired back to plough his fields. In his 80th year he was again summoned against Præneste as dictator, and after a successful campaign, he resigned the absolute power he had enjoyed only 21 days, nobly disregarding the rewards that were offered him by the senate. He flourished about 460 years before Christ. Livy, bk. 3, ch. 26.—Florus, bk. 1, ch. 11.—Cicero, de Finibus Bonorum et Malorum, bk. 4.—Pliny, bk. 18, ch. 3.

Lucius Cincius Alimentus, a pretor of Sicily in the second Punic war, who wrote annals in Greek. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 1.――Marcus a tribune of the people, A.U.C. 549, author of the Cincia lex.

Cineas, a Thessalian, minister and friend to Pyrrhus king of Epirus. He was sent to Rome by his master to sue for a peace, which he, however, could not obtain. He told Pyrrhus that the Roman senate were a venerable assembly of kings; and observed, that to fight with them was to fight against another Hydra. He was of such a retentive memory, that the day after his arrival at Rome he could salute every senator and knight by his name. Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 24.—Cicero, Letters to his Friends, bk. 9, ltr. 25.――A king of Thessaly. Herodotus, bk. 5, ch. 63.――An Athenian, &c. Polyænus, bk. 2, ch. 32.

Cinesias, a Greek poet of Thebes in Bœotia, who composed some dithyrambic verses. Athenæus.

Cinethon, a Spartan, who wrote genealogical poems, in one of which he asserted that Medea had a son by Jason, called Medus, and a daughter called Eriopis. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 18.

Cinga, now Cinea, a river of Spain, flowing from the Pyrenean mountains into the Iberus. Lucan, bk. 4, li. 21.—Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 1, ch. 48.

Cingetŏrix, a prince of Gaul, in alliance with Rome. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 5, ch. 3.――A prince of Britain, who attacked Cæsar’s camp, by order of Cassivelaunus. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 5, ch. 22.

Cingŭlum, now Cingoli, a town of Picenum, whose inhabitants are called Cingulani. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 13.—Cæsar, Civil War, bk. 1, ch. 15.—Silius Italicus, bk. 10, li. 34.—Cicero, Letters to Atticus, bk. 7, ltr. 11.

Ciniātā, a place of Galatia.

Cinithii, a people of Africa.

Lucius Cornelius Cinna, a Roman who oppressed the republic with his cruelties, and was banished by Octavius, for attempting to make the fugitive slaves free. He joined himself to Marius; and with him, at the head of 30 legions, he filled Rome with blood, defeated his enemies, and made himself consul even to a fourth time. He massacred so many citizens at Rome, that his name became odious; and one of his officers assassinated him at Ancona, as he was preparing war against Sylla. His daughter Cornelia married Julius Cæsar, and became mother of Julia. Plutarch, Caius Marius, Pompey, & Sulla.—Lucan, bk. 4, li. 822.—Appian, Civil Wars, bk. 1.—Florus, bk. 3, ch. 21.—Paterculus, bk. 2, ch. 20, &c.—Plutarch, Cæsar.――One of Cæsar’s murderers.――Caius Helvius Cinna, a poet intimate with Cæsar. He went to attend the obsequies of Cæsar, and being mistaken by the populace for the other Cinna, he was torn to pieces. He had been eight years in composing an obscure poem called Smyrna, in which he made mention of the incest of Cinyras. Plutarch, Cæsar.――A grandson of Pompey. He conspired against Augustus, who pardoned him, and made him one of his most intimate friends. He was consul, and made Augustus his heir. Dio Cassius.—Seneca, de Clementia, ch. 9.――A town of Italy, taken by the Romans from the Samnites.

Cinnadon, a Lacedæmonian youth, who resolved to put to death the Ephori, and seize upon the sovereign power. His conspiracy was discovered, and he was put to death. Aristotle.

Cinnămus, a hair-dresser at Rome, ridiculed by Martial, bk. 7, ltr. 63.

Cinniana, a town of Lusitania, famous for the valour of its citizens. Valerius Maximus, bk. 6, ch. 4.

Cinxia, a surname of Juno, who presided over marriages, and was supposed to untie the girdles of new brides.

Cinyps and Cinyphus, a river and country of Africa near the Garamantes, whence Cinyphius. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 3, li. 312.—Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 198.—Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 4.—Martial, bk. 7, ltr. 94.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 7, li. 272; bk. 15, li. 755.—Lucan, bk. 9, li. 787.

Ciny̆ras, a king of Cyprus, son of Paphus, who married Cenchreis, by whom he had a daughter called Myrrha. Myrrha fell in love with her father; and, in the absence of her mother at the celebration of the festivals of Ceres, she introduced herself into his bed by means of her nurse. Cinyras had by her a son called Adonis; and when he knew the incest which he had committed, he attempted to stab his daughter, who escaped his pursuit and fled to Arabia, where, after she had brought forth, she was changed into a tree, which still bears her name. Cinyras, according to some, stabbed himself. He was so rich, that his opulence, like that of Crœsus, became proverbial. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 10, fable 9.—Plutarch, Parallela minora—Hyginus, fables 242, 248, &c.――A son of Laodice. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 9.――A man who brought a colony from Syria to Cyprus. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 14.――A Ligurian, who assisted Æneas against Turnus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 186.

Cios, a river of Thrace. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 32.――A commercial place of Phrygia.――The name of three cities in Bithynia.

Cippus, a noble Roman, who, as he returned home victorious, was told that if he entered the city he must reign there. Unwilling to enslave his country, he assembled the senate without the walls, and banished himself for ever from the city, and retired to live upon a single acre of ground. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 15, li. 565.

Circæum, now Circello, a promontory of Latium, near a small town called Circeii, at the south of the Pontine marshes. The people were called Circeienses. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 14, li. 248.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 799.—Livy, bk. 6, ch. 17.—Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 3, ch. 19.

Circe, a daughter of Sol and Perseis, celebrated for her knowledge of magic and venomous herbs. She was sister to Æetes king of Colchis, and Pasiphae the wife of Minos. She married a Sarmatian prince of Colchis, whom she murdered to obtain his kingdom. She was expelled by her subjects, and carried by her father upon the coasts of Italy, in an island called Ææa. Ulysses, at his return from the Trojan war, visited the place of her residence; and all his companions, who ran headlong into pleasure and voluptuousness, were changed by Circe’s potions into filthy swine. Ulysses, who was fortified against all enchantments by a herb called moly, which he had received from Mercury, went to Circe, and demanded, sword in hand, the restoration of his companions to their former state. She complied, and loaded the hero with pleasures and honours. In this voluptuous retreat, Ulysses had by Circe one son called Telegonus, or two according to Hesiod, called Agrius and Latinus. For one whole year Ulysses forgot his glory in Circe’s arms, and at his departure the nymph advised him to descend into hell, and consult the manes of Tiresias, concerning the fates that attended him. Circe showed herself cruel to Scylla her rival, and to Picus. See: Scylla and Picus. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 14, fables 1 & 5.—Horace, bk. 1, ltr. 2; bk. 1, ode 17.—Virgil, Eclogues, poem 8, li. 70; Æneid, bk. 3, li. 386; bk. 7, li. 10, &c.—Hyginus, fable 125.—Apollonius, bk. 4, Argonautica.—Homer, Odyssey, bk. 10, li. 136, &c.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9.—Hesiod, Theogony, li. 956.—Strabo, bk. 5.

Circenses ludi, games performed in the circus at Rome. They were dedicated to the god Consus, and were first established by Romulus at the rape of the Sabines. They were in imitation of the Olympian games among the Greeks, and, by way of eminence, were often called the great games. Their original name was Consualia, and they were first called Circensians by Tarquin the elder after he had built the Circus. They were not appropriated to one particular exhibition; but were equally celebrated for leaping, wrestling, throwing the quoit and javelin, races on foot as well as in chariots, and boxing. Like the Greeks, the Romans gave the name of Pentathlum or Quinquertium to these five exercises. The celebration continued five days, beginning on the 15th of September. All games in general that were exhibited in the Circus, were soon after called Circensian games. Some sea-fights and skirmishes, called by the Romans Naumachiæ, were afterwards exhibited in the Circus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 8, li. 636.

Circius, a part of mount Taurus. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 27.――A rapid and tempestuous wind frequent in Gallia Narbonensis, and unknown in any other country. Lucan, bk. 1, li. 408.

Circum padani agri, the country around the river Po. Livy, bk. 21, ch. 35.

Circus, a large and elegant building at Rome, where plays and shows were exhibited. There were about eight at Rome; the first, called Maximus Circus, was the grandest, raised and embellished by Tarquin Priscus. Its figure was oblong, and it was filled all round with benches, and could contain, as some report, about 300,000 spectators. It was about 2187 feet long and 960 broad. All the emperors vied in beautifying it, and Julius Cæsar introduced in it large canals of water, which, on a sudden, could be covered with an infinite number of vessels, and represent a sea-fight.

Ciris, the name of Scylla daughter of Nisus, who was changed into a bird of the same name. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 8, li. 151.

Cirræatum, a place near Arpinum, where Caius Marius lived when young. Plutarch, Caius Marius.

Cirrha and Cyrrha, a town of Phocis, at the foot of Parnassus, where Apollo was worshipped. Lucan, bk. 3, li. 172.

Cirtha and Cirta, a town of Numidia. Strabo, bk. 7.

Cisalpīna Gallia, a part of Gaul, called also Citerior and Togata. Its furthest boundary was near the Rubicon, and it touched the Alps on the Italian side.

Cispadāna Gallia, part of ancient Gaul, south of the Po.

Cisrhenāni, part of the Germans who lived nearest Rome, on the west of the Rhine. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 6, ch. 2.

Cissa, a river of Pontus.――An island near Istria.

Cissēis, a patronymic given to Hecuba as daughter of Cisseus.

Cissēus, a king of Thrace, father to Hecuba, according to some authors. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 320.――A son of Melampus, killed by Æneas. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 317.――A son of Ægyptus. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 1.

Cissia, a country of Susiana, of which Susa was the capital. Herodotus, bk. 5, ch. 49.

Cissiæ, some gates in Babylon. Herodotus, bk. 3, ch. 155.

Cissides, a general of Dionysius, sent with nine galleys to assist the Spartans, &c. Diodorus, bk. 15.

Cissoessa, a fountain of Bœotia. Plutarch.

Cissus, a mountain of Macedonia.――A city of Thrace.――A man who acquainted Alexander with the flight of Harpalus. Plutarch, Alexander.

Cissusa, a fountain where Bacchus was washed when young. Plutarch, Lysander.

Cistenæ, a town of Æolia.――A town of Lycia. Mela, bk. 1, ch. 18.

Cithæron, a king who gave his name to a mountain of Bœotia, situate at the south of the river Asopus, and sacred to Jupiter and the Muses. Actæon was torn to pieces by his own dogs on this mountain, and Hercules killed there an immense lion. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 4, li. 303.—Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 4.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 3.—Strabo, bk. 9.—Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 1, &c.—Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 7.—Ptolemy, bk. 3, ch. 15.

Citharista, a promontory of Gaul.

Citium, now Chitti, a town of Cyprus, where Cimon died in his expedition against Egypt Plutarch, Cimon.—Thucydides, bk. 1, ch. 112.

Cius, a town of Mysia. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9.

Julius Civīlis, a powerful Batavian, who raised a sedition against Galba, &c. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 1, ch. 59.

Cizycum, a city of Asia in the Propontis, the same as Cyzicus. See: ♦Cyzicus.

♦ ‘Cizycus’ replaced with ‘Cyzicus’.

Cladeus, a river of Elis, passing near Olympia, and honoured next to the Alpheus. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 7.

Clanes, a river falling into the Ister.

Clanis, a centaur killed by Theseus. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12, li. 379.

Clanius, or Clanis, a river of Campania. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 2, li. 225.――Of Etruria, now Chiana. Silius Italicus, bk. 8, li. 454.—Tacitus, Annals, bk. 1, ch. 79.

Clarus, or Claros, a town of Iona, famous for an oracle of Apollo. It was built by Manto daughter of Tiresias, who fled from Thebes, after it had been destroyed by the Epigoni. She was so afflicted with her misfortunes, that a lake was formed with her tears, where she first founded the oracle. Apollo was from thence surnamed Clarius. Strabo, bk. 14.—Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 3.—Mela, bk. 1, ch. 7.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 1, li. 516.――An island of the Ægean, between Tenedos and Scios. Thucydides, bk. 3, ch. 33.――One of the companions of Æneas. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 126.

Clastidium, now Schiatezzo, a town of Liguria. Strabo, bk. 5.—Livy, bk. 32, ch. 29.――A village of Gaul. Plutarch, Marcellus.

Claudia, a patrician family at Rome, descended from Clausus, a king of the Sabines. It gave birth to many illustrious patriots in the republic; and it was particularly recorded that there were not less than 28 of that family who were invested with the consulship, five with the office of dictator, and seven with that of censor, besides the honour of six triumphs. Suetonius, Tiberius, ch. 1.

Claudia, a vestal virgin accused of incontinence. To show her innocence, she offered to remove a ship which had brought the image of Vesta to Rome, and had stuck in one of the shallow places of the river. This had already baffled the efforts of a number of men; and Claudia, after addressing her prayers to the goddess, untied her girdle, and with it easily dragged after her the ship to shore, and by this action was honourably acquitted. Valerius Maximus, bk. 5, ch. 4.—Propertius, bk. 4, poem 12, li. 52.—Silius Italicus, bk. 17, li. 34.—Ovid, Fasti, bk. 4, li. 315; ex Ponto, bk. 1, ltr. 2, li. 144.――A step-daughter of Marcus Antony, whom Augustus married. He dismissed her undefiled, immediately after the contract of marriage, on account of a sudden quarrel with her mother Fulvia. Suetonius, Augustus, ch. 62.――The wife of the poet Statius. Statius, bk. 3, Sylvæ, poem 5.――A daughter of Appius Claudius, betrothed to Tiberias Gracchus.――The wife of Metellus Celer, sister to Publius Clodius and to Appius Claudius.――An inconsiderable town of Noricum. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 14.――A Roman road, which led from the Milvian bridge to the Flaminian way. Ovid, bk. 1, ex Ponto, poem 8, li. 44.――A tribe which received its name from Appius Claudius, who came to settle at Rome with a large body of attendants. Livy, bk. 2, ch. 16.—Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 5.――Quinta, a daughter of Appius Cæcus, whose statue in the vestibulum of Cybele’s temple was unhurt when that edifice was reduced to ashes. Valerius Maximus, bk. 1, ch. 8.—Tacitus, Annals, bk. 4, ch. 64.――Pulchra, a cousin of Agrippina, accused of adultery and criminal designs against Tiberius. She was condemned. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 4, ch. 52.――Antonia, a daughter of the emperor Claudius, married Cnaeus Pompey, whom Messalina caused to be put to death. Her second husband, Sylla Faustus, by whom she had a son, was called Nero, and she shared his fate, when she refused to marry his murderer.

Claudia lex, de comitiis, was enacted by Marcus Claudius Marcellus, A.U.C. 702. It ordained, that at public elections of magistrates, no notice should be taken of the votes of such as were absent.――Another, de usurâ, which forbade people to lend money to minors on condition of payment after the decease of their parents.――Another, de negotiatione, by Quintus Claudius the tribune, A.U.C. 535. It forbade any senator, or father of a senator, to have any vessel containing above 300 amphoræ, for fear of their engaging themselves in commercial schemes. The same law also forbade the same thing to the scribes and the attendants of the questors, as it was naturally supposed that people who had any commercial connections could not be faithful to their trust, nor promote the interest of the state.――Another, A.U.C. 576, to permit the allies to return to their respective cities, after their names were enrolled. Livy, bk. 41, ch. 9.――Another, to take away the freedom of the city of Rome from the colonists, which Cæsar had carried to Novicomum. Suetonius, Julius, ch. 28.

Claudiæ aquæ, the first water brought to Rome by means of an aqueduct of 11 miles, erected by the censor Appius Claudius, A.U.C. 441. Eutropius, bk. 2, ch. 4.—Livy, bk. 9, ch. 29.

Claudiānus, a celebrated poet, born at Alexandria in Egypt, in the age of Honorius and Arcadius, who seems to possess all the majesty of Virgil, without being a slave to the corrupt style which prevailed in his age. Scaliger observes that he has supplied the poverty of his matter by the purity of his language, the happiness of his expressions, and the melody of his numbers. As he was the favourite of Stilicho, he removed from the court when his patron was disgraced, and passed the rest of his life in retirement and learned ease. His poems of Rufinus and Eutropius seem to be the best of his compositions. The best editions of his works are those of Burman, 4to, 2 vols., Amsterdam, 1760, and that of Gesner, 2 vols., 8vo, Lipscomb, 1758.

Claudiopŏlis, a town of Cappadocia. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 24.

Claudius I. (Tiberius Drusus Nero), son of Drusus, Livia’s second son, succeeded as emperor of Rome, after the murder of Caligula, whose memory he endeavoured to annihilate. He made himself popular for a while, by taking particular care of the city, and by adorning and beautifying it with buildings. He passed over into Britain, and obtained a triumph for victories which his generals had won, and suffered himself to be governed by favourites, whose licentiousness and avarice plundered the state and distracted the provinces. He married four wives, one of whom, called Messalina, he put to death on account of her lust and debauchery. He was at last poisoned by another called Agrippina, who wished to raise her son Nero to the throne. The poison was conveyed in mushrooms; but as it did not operate fast enough, his physician, by order of the empress, made him swallow a poisoned feather. He died in the 63rd year of his age, 13 October, A.D. 54, after a reign of 13 years; distinguished neither by humanity nor courage, but debased by weakness and irresolution. He was succeeded by Nero. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 11, &c.—Dio Cassius, bk. 60.—Juvenal, satire 6, li. 619.—Suetonius, The Twelve Caesars.――The second emperor of that name was a Dalmatian, who succeeded Gallienus. He conquered the Goths, Scythians, and Heruli, and killed no less than 300,000 in a battle; and after a reign of about two years, died of the plague in Pannonia. The excellence of his character, marked with bravery, and tempered with justice and benevolence, is well known by these words of the senate, addressed to him: Claudi Auguste, tu frater, tu pater, tu amicus, tu bonus senator, tu vere princeps.――Nero, a consul, with Livius Salinator, who defeated and killed Asdrubal, near the river Metaurum, as he was passing from Spain into Italy, to go to the assistance of his brother Annibal. Livy, bk. 27, &c.—Horace, bk. 4, ode 4, li. 37.—Suetonius, Tiberias.――The father of the emperor Tiberius, questor to Cæsar in the wars of Alexandria.――Pollos, an historian. Pliny the Younger, bk. 7, ltr. 51.――Pontius, a general of the Samnites, who conquered the Roman at Furcæ Caudinæ, and made them pass under the yoke. Livy, bk. 9, ch. 1, &c.――Petilius, a dictator, A.U.C. 442.――Appius, an orator. Cicero, Brutus. See: Appius.――Appius Cæcus, a Roman censor, who built an aqueduct, A.U.C. 441, which brought water to Rome from Tusculum, at the distance of seven or eight miles. The water was called Appia, and it was the first that was brought to the city from the country. Before his age the Romans were satisfied with the waters of the Tiber, or of the fountains and wells in the city. See: Appius. Livy, bk. 9, ch. 29.—Ovid, Fasti, bk. 6, li. 203.—Cicero, de Senectute, ch. 6.――A pretor of Sicily.――Publius, a great enemy to Cicero. See: Clodius.――Marcellus. See: Marcellus.――Pulcher, a consul, who, when consulting the sacred chickens, ordered them to be dipped in water because they would not eat. Livy, bk. 19. He was unsuccessful in his expedition against the Carthaginians in Sicily, and disgraced on his return to Rome.――Tiberius Nero, was elder brother of Drusus and son of Livia Drusilla, who married Augustus, after his divorce of Scribonia. He married Livia, the emperor’s daughter by Scribonia and succeeded in the empire by the name of Tiberius. See: Tiberius. Horace, bk. 1, ltr. 3, li. 2.――The name of Claudius is common to many Roman consuls, and other officers of state; but nothing is recorded of them, and their name is but barely mentioned. Livy.

Claviēnus, an obscure poet in Juvenal’s age. Bk. 1, li. 8.

Clavĭger, a surname of Janus, from his being represented with a key. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 1, li. 228.――Hercules received also that surname, as he was armed with a club. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 15, li. 284.

Clausius, or Clusius, a surname of Janus.

Clausus, or Claudius, a king of the Sabines, who assisted Turnus against Æneas. He was the progenitor of that Appius Claudius, who migrated to Rome, and became the founder of the Claudian family. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 707; bk. 10, li. 345.

Clazŏmĕnæ and Clazŏmĕna, now Vourla, a city of Ionia, on the coasts of the Ægean sea, between Smyrna and Chios. It was founded A.U.C. 98, by the Ionians, and gave birth to Anaxagoras and other illustrious men. Mela, bk. 1, ch. 17.—Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 29.—Strabo, bk. 14.—Livy, bk. 38, ch. 39.

Cleadas, a man of Platæa, who raised tombs over those who had been killed in the battle against Mardonius. Herodotus, bk. 9, ch. 85.

Cleander, one of Alexander’s officers, who killed Parmenio by the king’s command. He was punished with death, for offering violence to a noble virgin, and giving her as a prostitute to his servants. Curtius, bk. 7, ch. 2; bk. 10, ch. 1.――The first tyrant of Gela. Aristotle, Politics, bk. 5, ch. 12.――A soothsayer of Arcadia. Herodotus, bk. 6, ch. 83.――A favourite of the emperor Commodus, who was put to death, A.D. 190, after abusing public justice, and his master’s confidence.

Cleandridas, a Spartan general, &c.――A man punished with death for bribing two of the Ephori.

Cleanthes, a stoic philosopher of Assos in Troas, successor of Zeno. He was so poor, that to maintain himself he used to draw out water for a gardener in the night, and study in the daytime. Cicero calls him the father of the stoics; and, out of respect for his virtues, the Roman senate raised a statue to him in Assos. It is said that he starved himself in his 90th year, B.C. 240. Strabo, bk. 13.—Cicero, de Finibus Bonorum et Malorum, bk. 2, ch. 69; bk. 4, ch. 7.

Clearchus, a tyrant of Heraclea in Pontus, who was killed by Chion and Leonidas, Plato’s pupils, during the celebration of the festivals of Bacchus, after the enjoyment of the sovereign power during 12 years, 353 B.C. Justin, bk. 16, ch. 4.—Diodorus, bk. 15.――The second tyrant of Heraclea of that name, died B.C. 288.――A Lacedæmonian sent to quiet the Byzantines. He was recalled but refused to obey, and fled to Cyrus the younger, who made him captain of 13,000 Greek soldiers. He obtained a victory over Artaxerxes, who was so enraged at the defeat, that when Clearchus fell into his hands by the treachery of Tissaphernes, he put him to immediate death. Diodorus, bk. 14.――A disciple of Aristotle, who wrote a treatise on tactics, &c. Xenophon.

Clearides, a son of Cleonymus governor of Amphipolis. Thucydides, bk. 4, ch. 132; bk. 5, ch. 10.

Clemens Romanus, one of the fathers of the church, said to be contemporary with St. Paul. Several spurious compositions are ascribed to him, but the only thing extant is his epistle to the Corinthians, written to quiet the disturbances that had arisen there. It has been much admired. The best edition is that of Wotton, 8vo, Cambridge, 1718.――Another of Alexandria, called from thence Alexandrinus, who flourished 206 A.D. His works are various, elegant, and full of erudition; the best edition of which is Potter’s, 2 vols., folio, Oxford, 1715.――A senator who favoured the party of Niger against Severus.

Clementia, one of the virtues to whom the Romans paid adoration.

Cleo, a Sicilian among Alexander’s flatterers. Curtius, bk. 8, ch. 5.

Cleŏbis and Biton, two youths, sons of Cydippe, the priestess of Juno at Argos. When oxen could not be procured to draw their mother’s chariot to the temple of Juno, they put themselves under the yoke, and drew it 45 stadia to the temple, amidst the acclamations of the multitude, who congratulated the mother on account of the filial affection of her sons. Cydippe entreated the goddess to reward the piety of her sons with the best gift that could be granted to a mortal. They went to rest, and awoke no more; and by this the goddess showed, that death is the only true happy event that can happen to man. The Argives raised statues at Delphi. Cicero, Tusculanæ Disputations, bk. 1, ch. 47.—Valerius Maximus, bk. 5, ch. 4.—Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 31.—Plutarch, de Consolatio ad Apollonium.

Cleobūla, the wife of Amyntor, by whom she had Phœnix.――A daughter of Boreas and Orithyia, called also Cleopatra. She married Phineus son of Agenor, by whom she had Plexippus and Pandion. Phineus repudiated her to marry a daughter of Dardanus. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 15.――A woman, mother of a son called Euripides by Apollo.――Another, who bore Cepheus and Amphidamus to Ægeus.――The mother of Pithus. Hyginus, fables 14, 97, &c.

Cleobūlīna, a daughter of Cleobulus, remarkable for her genius, learning, judgment, and courage. She composed enigmas, some of which have been preserved. One of them runs thus: “A father had 12 children, and these 12 children had each 30 white sons and 30 black daughters, who are immortal, though they died every day.” In this there is no need of an Œdipus to discover that there are 12 months in the year, and that every month consists of 30 days, and of the same number of nights. Diogenes Laërtius.

Cleobūlus, one of the seven wise men of Greece, son of Evagoras of Lindos, famous for the beautiful shape of his body. He wrote some few verses, and died in the 70th year of his age, B.C. 564. Diogenes Laërtius, Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers.—Plutarch, Convivium Septem Sapientium.――An historian. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 31.――One of the Ephori. Thucydides.

Cleochares, a man sent by Alexander to demand Porus to surrender. Curtius, bk. 8, ch. 13.

Cleocharia, the mother of Eurotas by Lelax. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 10.

Cleodæus, a son of Hyllus. Herodotus, bk. 6, ch. 52; bk. 7, ch. 204; bk. 8, ch. 131. He endeavoured to recover Peloponnesus after his father’s death, but to no purpose.

Cleodamus, a Roman general under Gallienus.

Cleodēmus, a physician. Plutarch, de Convivium Septem Sapientium.

Cleodōra, a nymph, mother of Parnassus. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 6.――One of the Danaides, who married Lyxus. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 1.

Cleodoxa, a daughter of Niobe and Amphion, changed into a stone as a punishment for her mother’s pride. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 5.

Cleogĕnes, a son of Silenus, &c. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 1.

Cleolāus, a son of Hercules, by Argele daughter of Thestius, who, upon the ill success of the Heraclidæ in Peloponnesus, retired to Rhodes with his wife and children. Apollodorus, bk. 2.

Cleomăchus, a boxer of Magnesia.

Cleomantes, a Lacedæmonian soothsayer. Plutarch, Alexander.

Cleombrŏtus, son of Pausanias, a king of Sparta after his brother Agesipolis I. He made war against the Bœotians, and lest he should be suspected of treacherous communication with Epaminondas, he gave that general battle at Leuctra, in a very disadvantageous place. He was killed in the engagement, and his army destroyed, B.C. 371. Diodorus, bk. 15.—Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 13.—Xenophon.――A son-in-law of Leonidas king of Sparta, who for a while usurped the kingdom, after the expulsion of his father-in-law. When Leonidas was recalled, Cleombrotus was banished; and his wife Chelonis, who had accompanied her father, now accompanied her husband in his exile. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 6.—Plutarch, Agis & Cleomenes.――A youth of Ambracia, who threw himself into the sea, after reading Plato’s treatise on the immortality of the soul. Cicero, Tusculanæ Disputations, bk. 1, ch. 34.—Ovid, Ibis, li. 493.

Cleomēdes, a famous athlete of Astypalæa, above Crete. In a combat at Olympia, he killed one of his antagonists by a blow with his fist. On account of this accidental murder, he was deprived of the victory, and he became delirious. In his return to Astypalæa, he entered a school and pulled down the pillars which supported the roof, and crushed to death 60 boys. He was pursued with stones, and he fled for shelter into a tomb, whose doors he so strongly secured, that his pursuers were obliged to break them for access. When the tomb was opened, Cleomedes could not be found either dead or alive. The oracle of Delphi was consulted, and gave this answer, Ultimus heroum Cleomedes Astypalæus. Upon this they offered sacrifices to him as a god. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 9.—Plutarch, Romulus.

Cleomĕnes I., king of Sparta, conquered the Argives, and burnt 5000 of them by setting fire to a grove where they had fled, and freed Athens from the tyranny of the Pisistratidæ. By bribing the oracle, he pronounced Demaratus, his colleague on the throne, illegitimate, because he had refused to punish the people of Ægina, who had deserted the Greeks. He killed himself in a fit of madness, 491 B.C. Herodotus, bks. 5, 6, & 7.—Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 3, &c.

Cleomĕnes II., succeeded his brother Agesipolis II. He reigned 61 years in the greatest tranquillity, and was father to Acrotatus and Cleonymus, and was succeeded by Areus I. son of Acrotatus. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 6.

Cleomĕnes III., succeeded his father Leonidas. He was of an enterprising spirit, and resolved to restore the ancient discipline of Lycurgus in its full force, by banishing luxury and intemperance. He killed the Ephori, and removed by poison his royal colleague Eurydamidas, and made his own brother Euclidas king, against the laws of the state, which forbade more than one of the same family to sit on the throne. He made war against the Achæans, and attempted to destroy their league. Aratus the general of the Achæans, who supposed himself inferior to his enemy, called Antigonus to his assistance; and Cleomenes, when he had fought the unfortunate battle of Sellasia, B.C. 222, retired into Egypt, to the court of Ptolemy Evergetes, where his wife and children had fled before him. Ptolemy received him with great cordiality; but his successor, weak and suspicious, soon expressed his jealousy of this noble stranger, and imprisoned him. Cleomenes killed himself, and his body was flayed and exposed on a cross, B.C. 219. Polybius, bk. 6.—Plutarch, Parallel Lives.—Justin, bk. 28, ch. 4.

Cleomĕnes, a man appointed by Alexander to receive the tributes of Egypt and Africa. Curtius, bk. 4, ch. 8.――A man placed as arbitrator between the Athenians and the people of Megara.――An historian.――A dithyrambic poet of Rhegium.――A Sicilian contemporary with Verres, whose licentiousness and avarice he was fond of gratifying. Cicero, Against Verres, bk. 4, ch. 12.――A Lacedæmonian general.

Cleon, an Athenian, who, though originally a tanner, became general of the armies of the state, by his intrigues and eloquence. He took Thoron in Thrace, and after distinguishing himself in several engagements, he was killed at Amphipolis, in a battle with Brasidas the Spartan general, 422 B.C. Thucydides, bks. 3, 4, &c.—Diodorus, bk. 12.――A general of Messenia, who disputed with Aristodemus for the sovereignty.――A statuary. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 8.――A poet who wrote a poem on the Argonauts.――An orator of Halicarnassus, who composed an oration for Lysander, in which he intimated the propriety of making the kingdom of Sparta elective. Cornelius Nepos & Plutarch, Lysander.――A Magnesian, who wrote some commentaries, in which he speaks of portentous events, &c. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 4.――A Sicilian, one of Alexander’s flatterers. Curtius, bk. 8, ch. 5.――A tyrant of Sicyon.――A friend of Phocion.

Cleōnæ and Cleona, a village of Peloponnesus, between Corinth and Argos. Hercules killed the lion of Nemæa in its neighbourhood, and thence it is called Cleonæus. It was made a constellation. Statius, bk. 4, Sylvæ, poem 4, li. 28.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 6, li. 417.—Silius Italicus, bk. 3, li. 32.—Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 15.—Pliny, bk. 36, ch. 5.――A town of Phocis.

Cleōne, a daughter of Asopus. Diodorus, bk. 4.

Cleonīca, a young virgin of Byzantium, whom Pausanias king of Sparta invited to his bed. She was introduced into his room when he was asleep, and unluckily overturned a burning lamp which was by the side of the bed. Pausanias was awakened at the sudden noise, and thinking it to be some assassin, he seized his sword, and killed Cleonica before he knew who it was. Cleonica often appeared to him, and he was anxious to make a proper expiation to her manes. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 17.—Plutarch, Cimon, &c.

Cleonīcus, a freedman of Seneca, &c. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 15, ch. 45.

Cleonnis, a Messenian who disputed with Aristodemus for the sovereign power of his country. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 10.

Cleony̆mus, a son of Cleomenes II., who called Pyrrhus to his assistance, because Areus his brother’s son had been preferred to him in the succession; but the measure was unpopular, and even the women united to repel the foreign prince. His wife was unfaithful to his bed, and committed adultery with Acrotatus. Plutarch, Pyrrhus.—Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 3.――A general who assisted the Tarentines, and was conquered by Æmilius the Roman consul. Strabo, bk. 6.――A person so cowardly that Cleonymo timidior became proverbial.

Cleŏpăter, an officer of Aratus.

Cleŏpātra, the granddaughter of Attalus, betrothed to Philip of Macedonia, after he had divorced Olympias. When Philip was murdered by Pausanias, Cleopatra was seized by order of Olympias, and put to death. Diodorus, bk. 16.—Justin, bk. 9, ch. 7.—Plutarch, Pyrrhus.――A sister of Alexander the Great, who married Perdiccas, and was killed by Antigonus as she attempted to fly to Ptolemy in Egypt. Diodorus, bks. 16 & 20.—Justin, bk. 9, ch. 6; bk. 13, ch. 6.――A harlot of Claudius Cæsar.――A daughter of Boreas. See: Cleobula.――A daughter of Idas and Marpessa, daughter of Evenus king of Ætolia. She married Meleager son of king Œneus. Homer, Iliad, bk. 9, li. 552.—Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 2.――One of the Danaides. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 1.――A daughter of Amyntas of Ephesus. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 44.――A wife of Tigranes king of Armenia, sister of Mithridates. Justin, bk. 38, ch. 3.――A daughter of Tros and Callirhoe. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 12.――A daughter of Ptolemy Philometor, who married Alexander Bala, and afterwards Nicanor. She killed Seleucus, Nicanor’s son, because he ascended the throne without her consent. She was suspected of preparing poison for Antiochus her son, and compelled to drink it herself, B.C. 120.――A wife and sister of Ptolemy Evergetes, who raised her son Alexander a minor, to the throne of Egypt, in preference to his elder brother Ptolemy Lathurus, whose interest the people favoured. As Alexander was odious, Cleopatra suffered Lathurus to ascend the throne, on condition, however, that he should repudiate his sister and wife, called Cleopatra, and marry Seleuca his younger sister. She afterwards raised her favourite Alexander to the throne; but her cruelties were so odious, that he fled to avoid her tyranny. Cleopatra laid snares for him; and when Alexander heard it, he put her to death. Justin, bk. 39, chs. 3 & 4.――A queen of Egypt, daughter of Ptolemy Auletes, and sister and wife to Ptolemy Dionysius, celebrated for her beauty and her cunning. She admitted Cæsar to her arms, to influence him to give her the kingdom, in preference to her brother who had expelled her, and had a son by him called Cæsarion. As she had supported Brutus, Antony, in his expedition to Parthia, summoned her to appear before him. She arrayed herself in the most magnificent apparel, and appeared before her judge in the most captivating attire. Her artifice succeeded; Antony became enamoured of her, and publicly married her, forgetful of his connections with Octavia the sister of Augustus. He gave her the greatest part of the eastern provinces of the Roman empire. This behaviour was the cause of a rupture between Augustus and Antony; and these two celebrated Romans met at Actium, where Cleopatra, by flying with 60 sail, ruined the interest of Antony, and he was defeated. Cleopatra had retired to Egypt, where soon after Antony followed. Antony killed himself upon the false information that Cleopatra was dead; and as his wound was not mortal, he was carried to the queen, who drew him up by a cord from one of the windows of the monument, where she had retired and concealed herself. Antony soon after died of his wounds; and Cleopatra, after she had received pressing invitations from Augustus, and even pretended declarations of love, destroyed herself by the bite of an asp not to fall into the conqueror’s hands. She had previously attempted to stab herself, and had once made a resolution to starve herself. Cleopatra was a voluptuous and extravagant woman, and in one of the feasts she gave to Antony at Alexandria, she melted pearls in her drink to render her entertainment more sumptuous and expensive. She was fond of appearing dressed as the goddess Isis; and she advised Antony to make war against the richest nations, to support her debaucheries. Her beauty has been greatly commended, and her mental perfections so highly celebrated, that she has been described as capable of giving audience to the ambassadors of seven different nations, and of speaking their various languages as fluently as her own. In Antony’s absence, she improved the public library of Alexandria, with the addition of that of Pergamus. Two treatises, De medicamene faciei epistolæ eroticæ, and De morbis mulierum, have been falsely attributed to her. She died B.C. 30 years, after a reign of 24 years, aged 39. Egypt became a Roman province at her death. Florus, bk. 4, ch. 11.—Appian, bk. 5, Civil Wars.—Plutarch, Pompey & Antonius.—Horace, bk. 1, ode 37, li. 21, &c.—Strabo, bk. 17.――A daughter of Ptolemy Epiphanes, who married Philometor, and afterwards Physcon of Cyrene.

Cleopatris, or Arsinoe, a fortified town of Egypt on the Arabian gulf.

Cleophănes, an orator.

Cleophanthus, a son of Themistocles, famous for his skill in riding.

Cleŏphes, a queen of India, who submitted to Alexander, by whom, as some suppose, she had a son. Curtius, bk. 8, ch. 10.

Cleophŏlus, a Samian, who wrote an account of Hercules.

Cleŏphon, a tragic poet of Athens.

Cleophȳlus, a man whose posterity saved the poems of Homer. Plutarch.

Cleopompus, an Athenian, who took Thronium, and conquered the Locrians, &c. Thucydides, bk. 2, chs. 26 & 58.――A man who married the nymph Cleodora, by whom he had Parnassus. As Cleodora was beloved by Neptune, some have supposed that she had two husbands. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 6.

Cleoptolĕmus, a man of Chalcis, whose daughter was given in marriage to Antiochus. Livy, bk. 36, ch. 11.

Cleŏpus, a son of Codrus. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 3.

Cleora, the wife of Agesilaus. Plutarch, Agesilaus.

Cleostrătus, a youth devoted to be sacrificed to a serpent among the Thespians, &c. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 26.――An ancient philosopher and astronomer of Tenedos, about 536 years before Christ. He first found the constellations of the zodiac, and reformed the Greek calendar.

Cleoxĕnus, wrote a history of Persia.

Clepsy̆dra, a fountain of Messenia. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 31.

Cleri, a people of Attica.

Clesides, a Greek painter, about 276 years before Christ, who revenged the injuries he had received from queen Stratonice, by representing her in the arms of a fisherman. However indecent the painter might represent the queen, she was drawn with such personal beauty, that she preserved the piece, and liberally rewarded the artist.

Cleta and Phaenna, two of the Graces, according to some. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 18.

Clidēmus, a Greek who wrote the history of Attica. Vossius, historicis græcis, bk. 3.

Climax, a pass of mount Taurus, formed by the projection of a brow into the Mediterranean sea. Strabo, bk. 14.

Climĕnus, a son of Arcas descended from Hercules.

Clinias, a Pythagorean philosopher and musician, 520 years before the christian era. Plutarch, Convivium Septem Sapientium—Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 14, ch. 23.――A son of Alcibiades, the bravest man in the Grecian fleet that fought against Xerxes. Herodotus, bk. 8, ch. 17.――The father of Alcibiades, killed at the battle of Coronea. Plutarch, Alcibiades.――The father of Aratus, killed by Abantidas, B.C. 263. Plutarch, Aratus.――A friend of Solon. Plutarch, Solon.

Clinippĭdes, an Athenian general in Lesbos. Diodorus, bk. 12.

Clinus of Cos, was general of 7000 Greeks in the pay of king Nectanebus. He was killed, with some of his troops, by Nicostratus and the Argives, as he passed the Nile. Diodorus, bk. 16.

Clio, the first of the muses, daughter of Jupiter and Mnemosyne. She presided over history. She is represented crowned with laurels, holding in one hand a trumpet, and a book in the other. Sometimes she holds a plectrum or quill with a lute. Her name signifies honour and reputation (κλεος, gloria); and it was her office faithfully to record the actions of brave and illustrious heroes. She had Hyacintha by Pierus son of Magnus. She was also mother of Hymenæus and Ialemus, according to others. Hesiod, Theogony, li. 75.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 3.—Strabo, bk. 14.――One of Cyrene’s nymphs. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 4, li. 341.

Clisithera, a daughter of Idomeneus, promised in marriage to Leucus, by whom she was murdered.

Clisthĕnes, the last tyrant of Sicyon. Aristotle.――An Athenian of the family of Alcmæon. It is said that he first established ostracism, and that he was the first who was banished by that institution. He banished Isagoras, and was himself soon after restored. Plutarch, Aristotle.—Herodotus, bk. 5, ch. 66, &c.――A person censured as effeminate and incontinent. Aristotle.――An orator. Cicero, Brutus, ch. 7.

Clitæ, a people of Cilicia. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 12, ch. 55.――A place near mount Athos. Livy, bk. 44, ch. 11.

Clitarchus, a man who made himself absolute at Eretria, by means of Philip of Macedonia. He was ejected by Phocion.――An historian, who accompanied Alexander the Great, of whose life he wrote the history. Curtius, bk. 9, ch. 5.

Clite, the wife of Cyzicus, who hung herself when she saw her husband dead. Apollonius, bk. 1.—Orpheus.

Cliternia, a town of Italy. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 4.

Clitodēmus, an ancient writer. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 15.

Clitomăchus, a Carthaginian philosopher of the third academy, who was pupil and successor to Carneades at Athens, B.C. 128. Diogenes Laërtius, Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers.――An athlete of a modest countenance and behaviour. Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 3, ch. 30.

Clitonymus, wrote a treatise on Sybaris and Italy.

Clitophon, a man of Rhodes, who wrote a history of India, &c.

Clitor, a son of Lycaon.――A son of Azan, who founded a city in Arcadia, called after his name. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 4.—Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 8. Ceres, Æsculapius, Ilythia, the Dioscuri, and other deities, had temples in that city. There is also in this town a fountain called Clitorium, whose waters gave a dislike for wine. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 15, li. 322.—Pliny, bk. 32, ch. 2.――A river of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 12.

Clitoria, the wife of Cimon the Athenian.

Clitumnus, a river of Campania, whose waters, when drunk, made oxen white. Propertius, bk. 2, poem 10, li. 25.—Virgil, Georgics, bk. 2, li. 146.—Pliny, bk. 2, ch. 103.

Clitus, a familiar friend and foster-brother of Alexander. Though he had saved the king’s life in a bloody battle, yet Alexander killed him with a javelin, in a fit of anger, because, at a feast, he preferred the actions of Philip to those of his son. Alexander was inconsolable for the loss of his friend, whom he had sacrificed in the hour of his drunkenness and dissipation. Justin, bk. 12, ch. 6.—Plutarch, Alexander.—Curtius, bk. 4, &c.――A commander of Polyperchon’s ships, defeated by Antigonus. Diodorus, bk. 18.――An officer sent by Antipater, with 240 ships, against the Athenians, whom he conquered near the Echinades. Diodorus, bk. 18.――A Trojan prince killed by Teucer.――A disciple of Aristotle, who wrote a book on Miletus.

Cloacīna, a goddess at Rome, who presided over the Cloacæ. Some suppose her to be Venus, whose statue was found in the Cloacæ, whence the name. The Cloacæ were large receptacles for the filth and dung of the whole city, begun by Tarquin the elder, and finished by Tarquin the Proud. They were built all under the city; so that, according to an expression of Pliny, Rome seemed to be suspended between heaven and earth. The building was so strong, and the stones so large, that though they were continually washed by impetuous torrents, they remained unhurt during above 700 years. There were public officers chosen to take care of the Cloacæ, called Curatores Cloacarum urbis. Livy, bk. 3, ch. 48.—Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 29.

Cloanthus, one of the companions of Æneas, from whom the family of the Cluentii at Rome were descended. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 5, li. 122.

Clodia, the wife of Lucullus, repudiated for her lasciviousness. Plutarch, Lucullus.――An opulent matron at Rome, mother of Decimus Brutus. Cicero, Letters to Atticus.――A vestal virgin. See: Claudia.――Another of the same family who successfully repressed the rudeness of a tribune that attempted to stop the procession of her father in his triumph through the streets of Rome. Cicero, For Marcus Cælius.――A woman who married Quintus Metellus, and afterwards disgraced herself by her amours with Cœlius, and her incest with her brother Publius, for which he is severely and eloquently arraigned by Cicero. For Marcus Cælius.

Clodia lex, de Cypro, was enacted by the tribune Clodius, A.U.C. 695, to reduce Cyprus into a Roman province, and expose Ptolemy king of Egypt to sale in his regal ornaments. It empowered Cato to go with the pretorian power and see the auction of the king’s goods, and commissioned him to return the money to Rome.――Another, de Magistratibus, A.U.C. 695, by Clodius the tribune. It forbade the censors to put a stigma or mark of infamy upon any person who had not been actually accused and condemned by both the censors.――Another, de Religione, by the same, A.U.C. 696, to deprive the priest of Cybele, a native of Pessinus, of his office, and confer the priesthood upon Brotigonus, a Gallogrecian.――Another, de Provinciis, A.U.C. 696, which nominated the provinces of Syria, Babylon, and Persia, to the consul Gabinius; and Achaia, Thessaly, Macedon, and Greece, to his colleague Piso, with proconsular power. It empowered them to defray the expenses of their march from the public treasury.――Another, A.U.C. 695, which required the same distribution of corn among the people gratis, as had been given them before at six asses and a triens the bushel.――Another, A.U.C. 695 by the same, de Judiciis. It called to an account such as had executed a Roman citizen without a judgment of the people, and all the formalities of a trial.――Another, by the same, to pay no attention to the appearances of the heavens, while any affair was before the people.――Another, to make the power of the tribunes free, in making and proposing laws.――Another, to re-establish the companies of artists, which had been instituted by Numa, but since his time abolished.

Clodii forum, a town of Italy. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 15.

Publius Clōdius, a Roman descended from an illustrious family, and remarkable for his licentiousness, avarice, and ambition. He committed incest with his three sisters, and introduced himself in women’s clothes into the house of Julius Cæsar, whilst Pompeia, Cæsar’s wife, of whom he was enamoured, was celebrating the mysteries of Ceres, where no man was permitted to appear. He was accused for this violation of human and divine laws; but he corrupted his judges, and by that means screened himself from justice. He descended from a patrician into a plebeian family to become a tribune. He was such an enemy to Cato, that he made him go with pretorian power in an expedition against Ptolemy king of Cyprus, that, by the difficulty of the campaign, he might ruin his reputation, and destroy his interest at Rome during his absence. Cato, however, by his uncommon success, frustrated the views of Clodius. He was also an inveterate enemy to Cicero; and by his influence he banished him from Rome, partly on pretence that he had punished with death, and without trial, the adherents of Catiline. He wreaked his vengeance upon Cicero’s house, which he burnt, and set all his goods to sale; which, however, to his great mortification, no one offered to buy. In spite of Clodius, Cicero was recalled, and all his goods restored to him. Clodius was some time after murdered by Milo, whose defence Cicero took upon himself. Plutarch, Cicero.—Appian on Cicero, bk. 2.—Cicero, for Milo & On his House.—Dio Cassius.――A certain author, quoted by Plutarch.――Licinius, wrote a history of Rome. Livy, bk. 29, ch. 22.――Quirinalis, a rhetorician in Nero’s age. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 1, ch. 7.――Sextus, a rhetorician of Sicily, intimate with Marcus Antony, whose preceptor he was. Suetonius, Lives of the Rhetoricians.—Cicero, Philippics.

Clœlia, a Roman virgin, given, with other maidens, as hostages to Porsonna king of Etruria. She escaped from her confinement, and swam across the Tiber to Rome. Her unprecedented virtue was rewarded by her countrymen with an equestrian statue in the Via Sacra. Livy, bk. 2, ch. 13.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 8, li. 651.—Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 5.—Juvenal, satire 8, li. 265.――A patrician family descended from Clœlius, one of the companions of Æneas. Dionysius of Halicarnassus.

Clœliæ fossæ, a place near Rome. Plutarch, Coriolanus.

Clœlius Gracchus, a general of the Volsci and Sabines against Rome, conquered by Quinctius Cincinnatus the dictator.――Tullus, a Roman ambassador, put to death by Tolumnius king of the Veientes.

Clonas, a musician. Plutarch, de Musica.

Clonia, the mother of Nycteus. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 10.

Clonius, a Bœotian, who went with 50 ships to the Trojan war. Homer, Iliad, bk. 2.――A Trojan killed by Messapus in Italy. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 749.――Another, killed by Turnus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 574.

Clotho, the youngest of the three Parcæ, daughter of Jupiter and Themis, or, according to Hesiod, of Night, was supposed to preside over the moment that we are born. She held the distaff in her hand, and spun the thread of life, whence her name (κλωθειν, to spin). She was represented wearing a crown with seven stars, and covered with a variegated robe. See: Parcæ. Hesiod, Theogony, li. 218.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 3.

Cluacīna, a name of Venus, whose statue was erected in that place where peace was made between the Romans and Sabines, after the rape of the virgins. See: Cloacina.

Cluentius, a Roman citizen, accused by his mother of having murdered his father, 54 years B.C. He was ably defended by Cicero, in an oration still extant. The family of the Cluentii was descended from Cloanthus, one of the companions of Æneas. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 5, li. 122.—Cicero, For Aulus Cluentius.

Cluilia fossa, a place five miles distant from Rome. Livy, bk. 1, ch. 23; bk. 2, ch. 39.

Clŭpea and Cly̆pea, now Aklibia, a town of Africa Propria, 22 miles east of Carthage, which receives its name from its exact resemblance to a shield, clypeus. Lucan, bk. 4, li. 586.—Strabo, bk. 17.—Livy, bk. 27, ch. 29.—Cæsar, Civil War, bk. 2, ch. 23.

Clusia, a daughter of an Etrurian king, of whom Valerius Torquatus the Roman general became enamoured. He asked her of her father, who slighted his addresses; upon which he besieged and destroyed his town. Clusia threw herself down from a high tower, and came to the ground unhurt. Plutarch, Parallela minora.

Clusīni fontes, baths in Etruria. Horace, bk. 1, ltr. 15, li. 9.

Clusium, now Chiusi, a town of Etruria, taken by the Gauls under Brennus. Porsena was buried there. At the north of Clusium there was a lake called Clusina lacus, which extended northward as far as Arretium, and had a communication with the Arnus, which falls into the sea at Pisa. Diodorus, bk. 14.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, lis. 167 & 655.

Clusius, a river of Cisalpine Gaul. Polybius, bk. 2.――The surname of Janus, when his temple was shut. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 1, li. 130.

Cluvia, a noted debauchee, &c. Juvenal, satire 2, li. 49.

Cluvius Rufus, a questor, A.U.C. 693. Cicero, Letters to his Friends, bk. 13, ltr. 56.――A man of Puteoli appointed by Cæsar to divide the lands of Gaul, &c. Cicero, Letters to his Friends, bk. 13, ch. 7.

Clymĕne, a daughter of Oceanus and ♦Tethys, who married Japetus, by whom she had Atlas, Prometheus, Menœtius, and Epimetheus. Hesiod, Theogony.――One of the Nereides, mother of Mnemosyne by Jupiter. Hyginus.――The mother of Thesimenus by Parthenopæus. Hyginus, fable 71.――A daughter of Mymas, mother of Atalanta by Jasus. Apollodorus, bk. 3.――A daughter of Crateus, who married Nauplius. Apollodorus, bk. 2.――The mother of Phaeton by Apollo. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 1, li. 756.――A Trojan woman. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 26.――The mother of Homer. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 24.――A female servant of Helen, who accompanied her mistress to Troy, when she eloped with Paris. Ovid, Heroides, poem 17, li. 267.—Homer, Iliad, bk. 3, li. 144.

♦ ‘Thetys’ replaced with ‘Tethys’

Clymeneĭdes, a patronymic given to Phaeton’s sisters, who were daughters of Clymene.

Clymĕnus, a king of Orchomenos, son of Presbon and father of Erginus, Stratius, Arrhon, and Axius. He received a wound from a stone thrown by a Theban, of which he died. His son Erginus, who succeeded him, made war against the Thebans, to revenge his death. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 37.――One of the descendants of Hercules, who built a temple to Minerva of Cydonia. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 21.――A son of Phoroneus. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 35.――A king of Elis. Pausanias.――A son of Œneus king of Calydon.

Clysony̆mus, a son of Amphidamas, killed by Patroclus. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 13.

Clytemnestra, a daughter of Tyndarus king of Sparta by Leda. She was born, together with her brother Castor, from one of the eggs which her mother brought forth after her amour with Jupiter, under the form of a swan. Clytemnestra married Agamemnon king of Argos. She had before married Tantalus son of Thyestes, according to some authors. When Agamemnon went to the Trojan war, he left his cousin Ægysthus to take care of his wife, of his family, and all his domestic affairs. Besides this, a certain favourite musician was appointed by Agamemnon to watch over the conduct of the guardian as well as that of Clytemnestra. In the absence of Agamemnon, Ægysthus made his court to Clytemnestra, and publicly lived with her. Her infidelity reached the ears of Agamemnon before the walls of Troy, and he resolved to take full revenge upon the adulterers at his return. He was prevented from putting his scheme into execution; Clytemnestra, with her adulterer, murdered him at his arrival, as he came out of the bath, or, according to other accounts, as he sat down at a feast prepared to celebrate his happy return. Cassandra, whom Agamemnon had brought from Troy, shared his fate; and Orestes would also have been deprived of his life, like his father, had not his sister Electra removed him from the reach of Clytemnestra. After this murder, Clytemnestra publicly married Ægysthus, and he ascended the throne of Argos. Orestes, after an absence of seven years, returned to Mycenæ, resolved to avenge his father’s murder. He concealed himself in the house of his sister Electra, who had been married by the adulterers to a person of mean extraction and indigent circumstances. His death was publicly announced; and when Ægysthus and Clytemnestra repaired to the temple of Apollo, to return thanks to the god for the death of the surviving son of Agamemnon, Orestes, who with his faithful friend Pylades had concealed himself in the temple, rushed upon the adulterers and killed them with his own hand. They were buried without the walls of the city, as their remains were deemed unworthy to be laid in the sepulchre of Agamemnon. See: Ægysthus, Agamemnon, Orestes, Electra. Diodorus, bk. 4.—Homer, Odyssey, bk. 11.—Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 10.—Pausanias, bk. 2, chs. 18 & 22.—Euripides, Iphigeneia in Aulis.—Hyginus, fables 117 & 140.—Propertius, bk. 3, poem 19.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 4, li. 471.—Philostratus, Imagines, bk. 2, ch. 9.

Clytia, or Clytie, a daughter of Oceanus and Tethys, beloved by Apollo. She was deserted by her lover, who paid his addresses to Leucothoe; and this so irritated her, that she discovered the whole intrigue to her rival’s father. Apollo despised her the more for this, and she pined away, and was changed into a flower, commonly called a sunflower, which still turns its head towards the sun in his course, as in pledge of her love. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 4, fable 3, &c.――A daughter of Amphidamus, mother of Pelops by Tantalus.――A concubine of Amyntor son of Phrastor, whose calumny caused Amyntor to put out the eyes of his falsely accused son Phœnix.――A daughter of Pandarus.

Clytius, a son of Laomedon by Strymo. Homer, Iliad, bk. 10.――A youth in the army of Turnus, beloved by Cydon. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 325.――A giant, killed by Vulcan, in the war waged against the gods. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 6.――The father of Pireus, who faithfully attended Telemachus. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 15, li. 251.――A son of Æolus, who followed Æneas in Italy, where he was killed by Turnus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 744.――A son of Alcmæon the son of Amphiaraus. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 17.

Clytus, a Greek in the Trojan war, killed by Hector. Homer, Iliad, bk. 11, li. 302.

Cnacadium, a mountain of Laconia. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 24.

Cnacălis, a mountain of Arcadia, where festivals were celebrated in honour of Diana. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 23.

Cnagia, a surname of Diana.

Cnemus, a Macedonian general, unsuccessful in an expedition against the Acarnanians. Diodorus, bk. 12.—Thucydides, bk. 2, ch. 66, &c.

Cneus, or Cnæus, a prænomen common to many Romans.

Cnidinium, a name given to a monument near Ephesus.

Cnidus and Gnidus, a town and promontory of Doris in Caria. Venus was the chief deity of the place, and had there a famous statue made by Praxiteles. Horace, bk. 1, ode 30.—Pliny, bk. 36, ch. 15.

Cnopus, one of the descendants of Codrus, who went to settle a colony, &c. Polyænus, bk. 8.

Cnossia, a mistress of Menelaus. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 11.

Cnossus, or Gnossus, a town of Crete, about 25 stadia from the sea. It was built by Minos, and had a famous labyrinth. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 27.

Co, Coos, and Cos, now Zia, one of the Cyclades, situate near the coasts of Asia, about 15 miles from the town of Halicarnassus. Its town is called Cos, and anciently bore the name of Astypalæa. It gave birth to Hippocrates, Apelles, and Simonides, and was famous for its fertility, for the wine and silkworms which it produced, and for the manufacture of silk and cotton of a beautiful and delicate texture. The women of the island always dressed in white; and their garments were so clear and thin, that their bodies could be seen through, according to Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 7, fable 9. The women of Cos were changed into cows by Venus or Juno; whom they reproached for suffering Hercules to lead Geryon’s flocks through their territories. Tibullus, bk. 2, poem 4, li. 29.—Horace, bk. 1, satire 2, li. 101.—Strabo, bk. 14.—Pliny, bk. 11, ch. 23.—Propertius, bk. 1, poem 2, li. 2; bk. 2, poem 1, li. 5; bk. 4, poem 2, li. 23.—Ovid, Ars Amatoria, bk. 2, li. 298.

Coamani, a people of Asia. Mela, bk. 1, ch. 2.

Coastræ, and Coactræ, a people of Asia near the Palus Mæotis. Lucan, bk. 3, li. 246.

Cobares, a celebrated magician of Media, in the age of Alexander. Curtius, bk. 7, ch. 4.

Cōcălus, a king of Sicily, who hospitably received Dædalus, when he fled before Minos. When Minos arrived in Sicily, the daughters of Cocalus destroyed him. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 8, li. 261.—Diodorus, bk. 4.

Cocceius Nerva, a friend of Horace and Mecænas, and grandfather to the emperor Nerva. He was one of those who settled the disputes between Augustus and Antony. He afterwards accompanied Tiberius in his retreat in Campania, and starved himself to death. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 4, ch. 58; bk. 6, ch. 26.—Horace, bk. 1, satire 5, li. 27.――An architect of Rome, one of whose buildings is still in being, the present cathedral of Naples.――A nephew of Otho. Plutarch.――A man to whom Nero granted a triumph, after the discovery of the Pisonian conspiracy. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 15, ch. 72.

Coccygius, a mountain of Peloponnesus. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 36.

Cocintum, a promontory of the Brutii, now Cape Stilo.

Cocles Publius Horatius, a celebrated Roman, who, alone, opposed the whole army of Porsenna at the head of a bridge, while his companions behind him were cutting off the communication with the other shore. When the bridge was destroyed, Cocles, though severely wounded in the leg by the darts of the enemy, leaped into the Tiber, and swam across with his arms. A brazen statue was raised to him in the temple of Vulcan, by the consul Publicola, for his eminent services. He had the use only of one eye, as Cocles signifies. Livy, bk. 2, ch. 10.—Valerius Maximus, bk. 3, ch. 2.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 8, li. 650.

Coctiæ and Cottiæ, certain parts of the Alps, called after Coctius, the conqueror of the Gauls, who was in alliance with Augustus. Tacitus, Histories.

Cocȳtus, a river of Epirus. The word is derived from κωκυειν, to weep and to lament. Its etymology, the unwholesomeness of its water, and above all, its vicinity to the Acheron, have made the poets call it one of the rivers of hell, hence Cocytia virgo, applied to Alecto, one of the furies. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 3, li. 38; bk. 4, li. 479; Æneid, bk. 6, lis. 297, 323; bk. 7, li. 479.—Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 17.――A river of Campania, flowing into the Lucrine lake.

Codanus sinus, one of the ancient names of the Baltic. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 13.

Codomănus, a surname of Darius III. king of Persia.

Codrĭdæ, the descendants of Codrus, who went from Athens at the head of several colonies. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 2.

Codropŏlis, a town of Illyricum.

Codrus, the seventeenth and last king of Athens, son of Melanthus. When the Heraclidæ made war against Athens, the oracle declared that the victory would be granted to that nation whose king was killed in battle. The Heraclidæ upon this gave strict orders to spare the life of Codrus; but the patriotic king disguised himself, and attacked one of the enemy, by whom he was killed. The Athenians obtained the victory, and Codrus was deservedly called the father of his country. He reigned 21 years, and was killed 1070 years before the christian era. To pay greater honour to his memory, the Athenians made a resolution that no man after Codrus should reign in Athens under the name of king, and therefore the government was put into the hands of perpetual archons. Paterculus, bk. 1, ch. 2.—Justin, bk. 2, chs. 6 & 7.—Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 19; bk. 7, ch. 25.—Valerius Maximus, bk. 5, ch. 6.――A man who, with his brothers, killed Hegesias tyrant of Ephesus, &c. Polyænus, bk. 6, ch. 49.――A Latin poet contemporary with Virgil. Virgil, Eclogues, poem 7.――Another in the reign of Domitian, whose poverty became a proverb. Juvenal, satire 3, li. 203.

Cœcilus, a centurion. Cæsar, Civil War.

Cœla, a place in the bay of Eubœa. Livy, bk. 31, ch. 47.――A part of Attica. Strabo, bk. 10.

Cœlaletæ, a people of Thrace.

Cœlesyria and Cœlosyria, a country of Syria, between mount Libanus and Antilibanus, where the Orontes takes its rise. Its capital was Damascus.――Antiochus Cyzicenus gave his name to that part of Syria which he obtained as his share when he divided his father’s dominions with Grypus, B.C. 112. Dionysius Periegetes.

Cœlia, the wife of Sylla. Plutarch, Sulla. The Cœlian family, which was plebeian, but honoured with the consulship, was descended from Vibenna Cœles, an Etrurian, who came to settle at Rome in the age of Romulus.

Cœlius, a Roman, defended by Cicero.――Two brothers of Tarracina accused of having murdered their father in his bed. They were acquitted when it was proved that they were both asleep at the time of the murder. Valerius Maximus, bk. 8, ch. 1.—Plutarch, Cicero.――A general of Carbo.――An orator. Plutarch, Pompey.――A lieutenant of Antony’s.――Cursor, a Roman knight, in the age of Ticerius.――A man who, after spending his all in dissipation and luxury, became a public robber with his friend Birrhus. Horace, bk. 1, satire 4, li. 69.――A Roman historian, who flourished B.C. 121.――A hill of Rome. See: Cælius.

Cœlus, or Urānus, an ancient deity, supposed to be the father of Saturn, Oceanus, Hyperion, &c. He was son of Terra, whom he afterwards married. The number of his children, according to some, amounted to 45. They were called Titans, and were so closely confined by their father, that they conspired against him, and were supported by their mother, who provided them with a scythe. Saturn armed himself with this scythe, and deprived his father of the organs of generation, as he was going to unite himself to Terra. From the blood which issued from the wound, sprang the giants, furies, and nymphs. The mutilated parts were thrown into the sea, and from them, and the foam which they occasioned, arose Venus the goddess of beauty. Hesiod, &c.

Cœnus, an officer of Alexander, son-in-law to Parmenio. He died of a distemper, in his return from India. Curtius, bk. 9, ch. 3.—Diodorus, bk. 17.

Cœrănus, a stoic philosopher. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 14, ch. 52.――A person slain by Ulysses. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 13, li. 157.――A Greek, charioteer to Merion. He was killed by Hector. Homer, Iliad, bk. 17, li. 610.

Coes, a man of Mitylene, made sovereign master of his country by Darius. His countrymen stoned him to death. Herodotus, bk. 5, chs. 11 & 38.

Coeus, a son of Cœlus and Terra. He was father of Latona, Asteria, &c., by Phœbe. Hesiod, Theogony, lis. 135 & 405.—Virgil, Georgics, bk. 1, li. 279.――A river of Messenia, flowing by Electra. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 33.

Cogamus, a river of Lydia. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 29.

Cogidūnus, a king of Britain, faithful to Rome. Tacitus, Agricola, ch. 14.

Cohibus, a river of Asia, near Pontus.

Cohors, a division in the Roman armies, consisting of about 600 men. It was the tenth part of a legion, and consequently its number was under the same fluctuation as that of the legions, being sometimes more and sometimes less.

Colænus, a king of Attica, before the age of Cecrops, according to some accounts. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 31.

Colaxias, one of the remote ancestors of the Scythians. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 5, &c.

Colaxes, a son of Jupiter and Ora. Flaccus, bk. 6, li. 48.

Colchi, the inhabitants of Colchis.

Colchis and Colchos, a country of Asia, at the south of Asiatic Sarmatia, east of the Euxine sea, north of Armenia, and west of Iberia, now called Mingrelia. It is famous for the expedition of the Argonauts, and as the birthplace of Medea. It was fruitful in poisonous herbs, and produced excellent flax. The inhabitants were originally Egyptians, who settled there when Sesostris king of Egypt extended his conquests in the north. From the country arises the epithets of Colchus, Colchicus, Colchiachus, and Medea receives the name of Colchis. Juvenal, satire 6, li. 640.—Flaccus, bk. 5, li. 418.—Horace, bk. 2, ode 13, li. 8.—Strabo, bk. 11.—Ptolemy, bk. 5, ch. 10.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 13, li. 24; Amores, bk. 2, poem 14, li. 28.—Mela, bk. 1, ch. 19; bk. 2, ch. 3.

Colenda, a town of Spain.

Colias, now Agio Nicolo, a promontory of Attica, in the form of a man’s foot, where Venus had a temple. Herodotus, bk. 8, ch. 96.

Collatia, a town on the Anio, built by the people of Alba. It was there that Sextus Tarquin offered violence to Lucretia. Livy, bk. 1, ch. 37, &c.—Strabo, bk. 3.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 774.

Lucius Tarquinius Collatīnus, a nephew of Tarquin the Proud, who married Lucretia, to whom Sextus Tarquin offered violence. He, with Brutus, drove the Tarquins from Rome, and were made first consuls. As he was one of the Tarquins, so much abominated by all the Roman people, he laid down his office of consul, and retired to Alba in voluntary banishment. Livy, bk. 1, ch. 57; bk. 2, ch. 2.—Florus, bk. 1, ch. 9.――One of the seven hills of Rome.

Collīna, one of the gates of Rome, on mount Quirinalis. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 4, li. 871.――A goddess at Rome, who presided over hills. One of the original tribes established by Romulus.

Collucia, a lascivious woman, &c. Juvenal, satire 6, li. 306.

Junius Colo, a governor of Pontus, who brought Mithridates to the emperor Claudius. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 12, ch. 21.

Colōnæ, a place of Troas. Cornelius Nepos, bk. 4, ch. 3.

Colōne, a city of Phocis,――of Erythræa,――of Thessaly,――of Messenia.――A rock of Asia, on the Thracian Bosphorus.

Colōnia Agrippina, a city of Germany on the Rhine, now Cologne.――Equestris, a town on the lake of Geneva, now Noyon.――Morinorum, a town of Gaul, now Terrouen, in Artois.――Norbensis, a town of Spain, now Alcantara.――Trajana, or Ulpia, a town of Germany, now Kellen, near Cleves.――Valentia, a town of Spain, which now bears the same name.

Colōnos, an eminence near Athens, where Œdipus retired during his banishment, from which circumstance Sophocles has given the title of Œdipus Coloneus to one of his tragedies.

Colŏphon, a town of Ionia, at a small distance from the sea, first built by Mopsus the son of Manto, and colonized by the sons of Codrus. It was the native country of Mimnermus, Nicander, and Xenophanes, and one of the cities which disputed for the honour of having given birth to Homer. Apollo had a temple there. Strabo, bk. 14.—Pliny, bk. 14, ch. 20.—Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 3.—Tacitus, Annals, bk. 2, ch. 54.—Cicero, For Archias, ch. 8.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 6, li. 8.

Colosse and Colossis, a large town of Phrygia, near Laodicea, of which the government was democratical, and the first ruler called archon. One of the first christian churches was established there, and one of St. Paul’s epistles was addressed to it. Pliny, bk. 21, ch. 9.

Colossus, a celebrated brazen image at Rhodes, which passed for one of the seven wonders of the world. Its feet were upon the two moles which formed the entrance of the harbour, and ships passed full sail between its legs. It was 70 cubits, or 105 feet high, and everything in equal proportion, and few could clasp round its thumb. It was the work of Chares the disciple of Lysippus, and the artist was 12 years in making it. It was begun 300 years before Christ; and after it had remained unhurt during 56 or 88 years, it was partially demolished by an earthquake, 224 B.C. A winding staircase ran to the top, from which could easily be discerned the shores of Syria, and the ships that sailed on the coast of Egypt, by the help of glasses, which were hung on the neck of the statue. It remained in ruins for the space of 894 years; and the Rhodians, who had received several large contributions to repair it, divided the money amongst themselves, and frustrated the expectations of the donors, by saying that the oracle of Delphi forbade them to raise it up again from its ruins. In the year 672 of the christian era, it was sold by the Saracens, who were masters of the island, to a Jewish merchant of Edessa, who loaded 900 camels with the brass, whose value has been estimated at 36,000l. English money.

Colotes, a Teian painter, disciple of Phidias. Pliny, bk. 35, ch. 8.――A disciple of Epictetus.――A follower of Epicurus, accused of ignorance by Plutarch.――A sculptor who made a statue of Æsculapius. Strabo, bk. 8.

Colpe, a city of Ionia. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 29.

Colubraria, now Monte Colubre, a small island at the east of Spain, supposed to be the same as Ophiusa. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 5.

Columbra, a dove, the symbol of Venus among the poets. This bird was sacred to Venus, and received divine honours in Syria. Doves disappeared once every year at Eryx, where Venus had a temple, and they were said to accompany the goddess to Libya, whither she went to pass nine days, after which they returned. Doves were supposed to give oracles in the oaks of the forest of Dodona. Tibullus, bk. 1, poem 7, li. 17.—Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 1, ch. 15.

Columella Lucius Junius Moderatus, a native of Gades, who wrote, among other works, 12 books on agriculture, of which the tenth, on gardening, is in verse. The style is elegant, and the work displays the genius of a naturalist, and the labours of an accurate observer. The best edition of Columella is that of Gesner, 2 vols., 4to, Lipscomb, 1735, and reprinted there 1772.

Columnæ Hercŭlis, a name given to two mountains on the extremest parts of Spain and Africa, at the entrance into the Mediterranean. They were called Calpe and Abyla, the former on the coast of Spain, and the latter on the side of Africa, at the distance of only 18 miles. They are reckoned the boundaries of the labours of Hercules, and they were supposed to have been joined, till the hero separated them, and opened a communication between the Mediterranean and Atlantic seas.――Protei, the boundaries of Egypt, or the extent of the kingdom of Proteus. Alexandria was supposed to be built near them, though Homer places them in the island Pharos. Odyssey, bk. 4, li. 351.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 11, li. 262.

Colūthus, a native of Lycopolis in Egypt, who wrote a short poem on the rape of Helen, an imitation of Homer. The composition remained long unknown, till it was discovered at Lycopolis in the 15th century, by the learned cardinal Bessarion. Coluthus was, as some suppose, a contemporary of Tryphiodorus.

Colyttus, a tribe of Athens.

Comagēna, a part of Syria, above Cilicia, extending on the east as far as the Euphrates. Its chief town was called Samosata, the birthplace of Lucian. Strabo, bks. 11 & 17.

Comāna (a and orum), a town of Pontus. Hirtius, Alexandrine War, ch. 34.――Another in Cappadocia, famous for a temple of Bellona, where there were above 6000 ministers of both sexes. The chief priest among them was very powerful, and knew no superior but the king of the country. This high office was generally conferred upon one of the royal family. Hirtius, Alexandrine War, ch. 66.—Flaccus, bk. 7, li. 636.—Strabo, bk. 12.

Comania, a country of Asia.

Comarea, the ancient name of Cape Comorin in India.

Comări, a people of Asia. Mela, bk. 1, ch. 2.

Comărus, a port in the bay of Ambracia, near Nicopolis.

Comastus, a place of Persia.

Combabus, a favourite of Stratonice wife of Antiochus.

Combe, a daughter of Ophius, who first invented a brazen suit of armour. She was changed into a bird, and escaped from her children, who had conspired to murder her. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 7, li. 382.

Combi, or Ombi, a city of Egypt on the Nile. Juvenal, satire 15, li. 35.

Combrēa, a town near Pallene. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 123.

Combutis, a general under Brennus. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 22.

Comētes, the father of Asterion, and one of the Argonauts. Flaccus, bk. 1, li. 356.――One of the Centaurs, killed at the nuptials of Pirithous. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12, li. 284.――A son of Thestius, killed at the chase of the Calydonian boar. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 45.――One of the Magi, intimate with Cambyses king of Persia. Justin, bk. 1, ch. 9.――An adulterer of Ægiale.――A son of Orestes.

Cometho, a daughter of Pterilaus, who deprived her father of a golden hair in his head, upon which depended his fate. She was put to death by Amphitryon for her perfidy. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 4.

Quintus Cominius, a Roman knight, who wrote some illiberal verses against Tiberius. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 4, ch. 31.

Comitia (orum), an assembly of the Roman people. The word is derived from Comitium, the place where they were convened, quasi a cum eundo. The Comitium was a large hall, which was left uncovered at the top, in the first ages of the republic; so that the assembly was often dissolved in rainy weather. The Comitia were called, some consularia, for the election of the consuls; others prætoria, for the election of pretors, &c. These assemblies were more generally known by the name of Comitia, Curiata, Centuriata, and Tributa. The Curiata was when the people gave their votes by curiæ. Centuriata were not convened in later times. See: Centuria. Another assembly was called Comitia Tributa, where the votes were received from the whole tribes together. At first the Roman people were divided only into three tribes; but as their numbers increased, the tribes were at last swelled to 35. The object of these assemblies was the electing of magistrates, and all the public officers of state. They could be dissolved by one of the tribunes, if he differed in opinion from the rest of his colleagues. If one among the people was taken with the falling sickness, the whole assembly was immediately dissolved, whence that disease is called morbus comitialis. After the custom of giving their votes vivâ voce had been abolished, every one of the assembly, in the enacting of a law, was presented with two ballots, on one of which were the letters U. R., that is, uti rogas, be it as is required; on the other was an A., that is, antiquo, which bears the same meaning as antiquam volo, I forbid it; the old law is preferable. If the number of ballots with U. R. was superior to the A.’s, the law was approved constitutionally; if not, it was rejected. Only the chief magistrates, and sometimes the pontifices, had the privilege of convening these assemblies. There were only these eight of the magistrates who had the power of proposing a law, the consuls, the dictator, the pretor, the interrex, the decemvirs, the military tribunes, the kings, and the triumvirs. These were called majores magistratus; to whom one of the minores magistratus was added, the tribune of the people.

Comius, a man appointed king over the Attrebates, by Julius Cæsar, for his services. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 4, ch. 21.

Commagēne. See: Comagena.

Commodus Lucius Aurelius Antoninus, son of Marcus Antoninus, succeeded his father in the Roman empire. He was naturally cruel, and fond of indulging his licentious propensities; and regardless of the instructions of philosophers, and of the decencies of nature, he corrupted his own sisters, and kept 300 women, and as many boys, for his illicit pleasures. Desirous to be called Hercules, like that hero he adorned his shoulders with a lion’s skin, and armed his hands with a knotted club. He showed himself naked in public, and fought with the gladiators, and boasted of his dexterity in killing the wild beasts in the amphitheatre. He required divine honours from the senate, and they were granted. He was wont to put such an immense quantity of gold dust in his hair, that when he appeared bare-headed in the sunshine, his head glittered as if surrounded with sunbeams. Martia, one of his concubines, whose death he had prepared, poisoned him; but as the poison did not quickly operate, he was strangled by a wrestler. He died in the 31st year of his age, and the 13th of his reign, A.D. 192. It has been observed, that he never trusted himself to a barber, but always burnt his beard, in imitation of the tyrant Dionysius. Herodian.

Commoris, a village of Cilicia. Cicero, Letters to his Friends, bk. 15, ltr. 4.

Comon, a general of Messenia. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 26.

Compĭtālia, festivals celebrated by the Romans the 12th of January and the 6th of March, in the cross ways, in honour of the household gods called Lares. Tarquin the Proud, or, according to some, Servius Tullius, instituted them on account of an oracle which ordered him to offer heads to the Lares. He sacrificed to them human victims; but Junius Brutus, after the expulsion of the Tarquins, thought it sufficient to offer them only poppy heads, and men of straw. The slaves were generally the ministers, and during the celebration they enjoyed their freedom. Varro, de Lingua Latina, bk. 5, ch. 3.—Ovid, Fasti, bk. 5, li. 140.—Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 4.

Compsa, now Consa, a town of the Hirpini in Italy, at the east of Vesuvius.

Compustus, a river of Thrace, falling into the lake Bistonis. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 109.

Compusa, a town of Bithynia.

Comum, now Como, a town at the north of Insubria, at the bottom of the lake Como, in the modern duchy of Milan. It was afterwards called Novo Comum by Julius Cæsar, who transplanted a colony there, though it resumed its ancient name. It was the birthplace of the younger Pliny. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 18.—Livy, bk. 34, chs. 36 & 37.—Suetonius, Julius, ch. 28.—Pliny the Younger, bk. 1, ltr. 3.—Cicero, Letters to his Friends, bk. 13, ltr. 35.

Comus, the god of revelry, feasting, and nocturnal entertainments. During his festivals, men and women exchanged each other’s dress. He was represented as a young and drunken man, with a garland of flowers on his head, and a torch in his hand, which seemed falling. He is more generally seen sleeping upon his legs, and turning himself when the heat of the falling torch scorched his side. Philostratus, bk. 2, Imagines.—Plutarch, Quæstiones romanæ.

Concăni, a people of Spain, who lived chiefly on milk mixed with horses’ blood. Their chief town, Concana, is now called Sanlinala, or Cangas de Onis. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 3, li. 463.—Silius Italicus, bk. 3, li. 361.—Horace, bk. 3, ode 4, li. 34.

Concerda, a town belonging to Venice in Italy.

Concordia, the goddess of peace and concord at Rome, to whom Camillus first raised a temple in the Capitol, where the magistrates often assembled for the transaction of public business. She had, besides this, other temples and statues, and was addressed to promote the peace and union of families and citizens. Plutarch, Camillus.—Pliny, bk. 33, ch. 1.—Cicero, On his House.—Ovid, Fasti, bk. 1, li. 639; bk. 6, li. 637.

Condate, a town of Gaul, now Rennes (Rhedonum urbs), in Britany.

Condlaus, an avaricious officer, &c. Aristotle, Politics.

Condivicnum, a town of Gaul, now Nantes, in Britany.

Condochātes, a river of India, flowing into the Ganges.

Condrūsi, a people of Belgium, now Condrotz, in Liege. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 4, ch. 6.

Condy̆lia, a town of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 23.

Cone, a small island at the mouth of the Ister, supposed to be the same as the insula Conopôn of Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12.—Lucan, bk. 3, li. 200.

Conetōdūnus and Cotuatus, two desperate Gauls, who raised their countrymen against Rome, &c.—Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 7, ch. 3.

Confluentes, a town at the confluence of the Moselle and Rhine, now Coblentz.

Confucius, a Chinese philosopher, as much honoured among his countrymen as a monarch. He died about 479 years B.C.

Congēdus, a river of Spain. Martial, bk. 1, ltr. 50, li. 9.

Coniăci, a people of Spain, at the head of the Iberus. Strabo, bk. 3.

Conimbrĭca, a town of Spain, now Coimbra of Portugal.

Conisaltus, a god worshipped at Athens, with the same ceremonies as Priapus at Lampsacus. Strabo, bk. 3.

Coniscī, a people of Spain.

Connīdas, the preceptor of Theseus, in whose honour the Athenians instituted a festival called Connideia. It was then usual to sacrifice to him a ram. Plutarch, Theseus.

Conon, a famous general of Athens, son of Timotheus. He was made governor of all the islands of the Athenians, and was defeated in a naval battle by Lysander, near the Ægospotamos. He retired in voluntary banishment to Evagoras king of Cyprus, and afterwards to Artaxerxes king of Persia, by whose assistance he freed his country from slavery. He defeated the Spartans near Cnidos, in an engagement, where Pisander, the enemy’s admiral, was killed. By his means the Athenians fortified their city with a strong wall, and attempted to recover Ionia and Æolia. He was perfidiously betrayed by a Persian, and died in prison, B.C. 393. Cornelius Nepos, De Viris Illustribus.—Plutarch, Lysander & Artaxerxes.—Isocrates.――A Greek astronomer of Samos, who, to gain the favour of Ptolemy Evergetes, publicly declared that the queen’s locks, which had been dedicated in the temple of Venus, and had since disappeared, were become a constellation. He was intimate with Archimedes, and flourished 247 B.C. Catullus, poem 67.—Virgil, Eclogues, poem 3, li. 40.――A Grecian mythologist in the age of Julius Cæsar, who wrote a book which contained 40 fables, still extant, preserved by Photius.――There was a treatise written on Italy by a man of the same name.

Consentes, the name which the Romans gave to the 12 superior gods, the Dii majorum gentium. The word signifies as much as consentientes, that is, who consented to the deliberations of Jupiter’s council. They were 12 in number, whose names Ennius has briefly expressed in these lines:

Juno, Vesta, Minerva, Ceres, Diana, Venus, Mars,

Mercurius, Jovi, Neptunus, Vulcanus, Apollo.

Varro, de Re Rustica

Consentia, now Cosenza, a town in the country of the Brutii. Livy, bk. 3, ch. 24; bk. 28, ch. 11.—Cicero, de Finibus Bonorum et Malorum, bk. 1, ch. 3.

Considius Æquus, a Roman knight, &c. Tacitus.――Caius, one of Pompey’s adherents, &c. Cæsar, Civil War, bk. 2, ch. 23.

Consilinum, a town of Italy. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 4.

Constans, a son of Constantine. See: Constantius.

Constantia, a granddaughter of the great Constantine, who married the emperor Gratian.

Constantīna, a princess, wife of the emperor Gallus.――Another of the imperial family.

Constantinopŏlis, now Stamboul, formerly Byzantium, the capital of Thrace, a noble and magnificent city, built by Constantine the Great, and solemnly dedicated A.D. 330. It was the capital of the eastern Roman empire, and was called after its foundation, Roma nova, on account of its greatness, which seemed to rival Rome. The beauty of its situation, with all its conveniences, have been the admiration of every age. Constantinople became long the asylum of science and of learned men, but upon its conquest by Mahomet II., 28th May, 1453, the professors retired from the barbarity of their victors, and found in Italy the protection which their learning deserved. This migration was highly favourable to the cause of science, and whilst the Pope, the head of the house of Medicis, and the emperor, munificently supported the fugitives, other princes imitated their example, and equally contributed to the revival of literature in Europe.

Constantīnus, surnamed the Great, from the greatness of his exploits, was son of Constantius. As soon as he became independent he assumed the title of Augustus, and made war against Licinius, his brother-in-law and colleague on the throne, because he was cruel and ambitious. He conquered him, and obliged him to lay aside the imperial power. It is said that as he was going to fight against Maxentius, one of his rivals, he saw a cross in the sky, with this inscription, ἐν τουτῳ νικα, in hoc vince. From this circumstance he became a convert to christianity and obtained an easy victory, ever after adopting a cross or abarum as his standard. After the death of Diocletian, Maximian, Maxentius, Maximinus, and Licinius, who had reigned together, though in a subordinate manner, Constantine became sole emperor, and began to reform the state. He founded a city in the most eligible situation, where old Byzantium formerly stood, and called it by his own name, Constantinopolis. Thither he transported part of the Roman senate; and by keeping his court there, he made it the rival of Rome, in population and magnificence, and from that time the two imperial cities began to look upon each other with an eye of envy; and soon after the age of Constantine, a separation was made of the two empires, and Rome was called the capital of the western, and Constantinopolis was called the capital of the eastern, dominions of Rome. The emperor has been distinguished for personal courage, and praised for the protection which he extended to the christians. He at first persecuted the Arians, but afterwards inclined to their opinions. His murder of his son Crispus has been deservedly censured. By removing the Roman legions from the garrisons on the rivers, he opened an easy passage to the barbarians, and rendered his soldiers unwarlike. He defeated 100,000 Goths, and received into his territories 300,000 Samartians, who had been banished by their slaves, and allowed them land to cultivate. Constantine was learned, and preached as well as composed many sermons, one of which remains. He died A.D. 337, after a reign of 31 years of the greatest glory and success. He left three sons, Constantinus, Constans, and Constantius, among whom he divided his empire. The first, who had Gaul, Spain, and Britain for his portion, was conquered by the armies of his brother Constans, and killed in the 25th year of his age, A.D. 340. Magnentius, the governor of the provinces of Rhætia, murdered Constans in his bed, after a reign of 13 years over Italy, Africa, and Illyricum; and Constantius, the only surviving brother, now become the sole emperor, A.D. 353, punished his brother’s murderer, and gave way to cruelty and oppression. He visited Rome, where he displayed a triumph, and died in his march against Julian, who had been proclaimed independent emperor by his soldiers.――The name of Constantine was very common to the emperors of the east, in a later period.――A private soldier in Britain, raised on account of his name to the imperial dignity.――A general of Belisarius.

Constantius Chlorus, son of Eutropius and father of the great Constantine, merited the title of Cæsar, which he obtained by his victories in Britain and Germany. He became the colleague of Galerius, on the abdication of Docletian; and after bearing the character of a humane and benevolent prince, he died at York, and made his son his successor, A.D. 306.――The second son of Constantine the Great. See: Constantinus.――The father of Julian and Gallus, was son of Constantius by Theodora, and died A.D. 337.――A Roman general of Nyssa, who married Placidia the sister of Honorius, and was proclaimed emperor, an honour he enjoyed only seven months. He died universally regretted, 421 A.D., and was succeeded by his son Valentinian in the west.――One of the servants of Attila.

Consuāles Ludi, or Consuālia, festivals at Rome in honour of Consus, the god of counsel, whose altar Romulus discovered under the ground. This altar was always covered, except at the festival, when a mule was sacrificed, and games and horse-races exhibited in honour of Neptune. It was during these festivals that Romulus carried away the Sabine women who had assembled to be spectators of the games. They were first instituted by Romulus. Some say, however, that Romulus only regulated and reinstituted them after they had been before established by Evander. During the celebration, which happened about the middle of August, horses, mules, and asses were exempted from all labour, and were led through the streets adorned with garlands and flowers. Ausonius, bk. 69, li. 9.—Ovid, Fasti, bk. 3, li. 199.—Livy, bk. 1, ch. 9.—Dionysius of Halicarnassus.

Consul, a magistrate at Rome, with regal authority for the space of one year. There were two consuls, a consulendo, annually chosen in the Campus Martius. The two first consuls were Lucius Junius Brutus and Lucius Tarquinius Collatinus, chosen A.U.C. 244, after the expulsion of the Tarquins. In the first ages of the republic, the two consuls were always chosen from patrician families, or noblemen; but the people obtained the privilege, A.U.C. 388, of electing one of their consuls from their own body; and sometimes both were plebeians. The first consul among the plebeians was Lucius Sextius. It was required that every candidate for the consulship should be 43 years of age, called legitimum tempus. He was always to appear at the election as a private man, without a retinue; and it was requisite, before he canvassed for the office, to have discharged the inferior functions of questor, edile, and pretor. Sometimes these qualifications were disregarded. Valerius Corvinus was made a consul in his 23rd year, and Scipio in his 24th. Young Marius, Pompey, and Augustus, were also under the proper age when they were invested with the office, and Pompey had never been questor or pretor. The power of the consuls was unbounded, and they knew no superior but the gods and the laws; but after the expiration of their office, their conduct was minutely scrutinized by the people, and ♦misbehaviour was often punished by the laws. The badge of their office was the prætexta, a robe fringed with purple, afterwards exchanged for the toga picta or palmata. They were preceded by 12 lictors, carrying the fasces, or bundle of sticks, in the middle of which appeared an axe. The axe, as being the characteristic rather of tyranny than of freedom, was taken away from the fasces by Valerius Poplicola, but it was restored by his successor. The consuls took it by turns, monthly to be preceded by the lictors while at Rome, lest the appearance of two persons with their badges of royal authority should raise apprehensions in the multitude. While one appeared publicly in state, only a crier walked before the other, and the lictors followed behind without the fasces. Their authority was equal; yet the Valerian law gave the right of priority to the older, and the Julian law to him who had the most children, and he was generally called consul major or prior. As their power was absolute, they presided over the senate, and could convene and dismiss it at pleasure. The senators were their counsellors; and among the Romans, the manner of reckoning their years was by the name of the consuls, and by Marcus Tullius Cicerone & L. Antonio Consulibus, for instance, the year of Rome 691 was always understood. This custom lasted from the year of Rome 244 till the year 1294, or 541st year of the christian era, when the consular office was totally suppressed by Justinian. In public assemblies the consuls sat in ivory chairs and held in their hands an ivory wand, called scipio eburneus, which had an eagle on its top, as a sign of dignity and power. When they had drawn by lot the provinces over which they were to preside during their consulship, they went to the Capitol to offer their prayers to the gods, and entreat them to protect the republic; after this they departed from the city, arrayed in their military dress, and preceded by the lictors. Sometimes the provinces were assigned them, without drawing by lot, by the will and appointment of the senators. At their departure they were provided by the state with whatever was requisite during their expedition. In their provinces they were both attended by the 12 lictors, and equally invested with regal authority. They were not permitted to return to Rome without the special command of the senate, and they always remained in their province till the arrival of their successor. At their return they harangued the people, and solemnly protested that they had done nothing against the laws or interest of their country, but had faithfully and diligently endeavoured to promote the greatness and welfare of the state. No man could be consul two following years; yet this institution was sometimes broken, and we find Marius re-elected consul, after the expiration of his office, during the Cimprian war. The office of consul, so dignified during the times of the commonwealth, became a mere title under the emperors, and retained nothing of its authority but the useless ensigns of original dignity. Even the office of consul, which was originally annual, was reduced to two or three months by Julius Cæsar; but they who were admitted on the 1st of January denominated the year, and were called ordinarii. Their successors, during the year, were distinguished by the name of suffecti. Tiberius and Claudius abridged the time of the consulship, and the emperor Commodus made no less than 25 consuls in one year. Constantine the Great renewed the original institution, and permitted them to be a whole year in office.――Here is annexed a list of the consuls from the establishment of the consular power to the battle of Actium, in which it may be said that the authority of the consuls was totally extinguished.

♦ ‘misbehavour’ replaced with ‘misbehaviour’

The first two consuls, chosen about the middle of June, A.U.C. 244, were Lucius Junius Brutus and Lucius Tarquinius Collatinus. Collatinus retired from Rome as being of the family of the Tarquins, and Publius Valerius was chosen in his room. When Brutus was killed in battle, Spurius Lucretius was elected to succeed him; and after the death of Lucretius, Marcus Horatius was chosen for the rest of the year with Valerius Publicola. The first consulship lasted about 16 months, during which the Romans fought against the Tarquins, and the Capitol was dedicated.

A.U.C. 246. Publius Valerius Publicola 2; Titus Lucretius. Porsenna supported the claims of Tarquin. The noble actions of Cocles, Scævola, and Clœlia.

A.U.C. 247. Publius Lucretius, or Marcus Horatius; Publius Valerius Publicola 3. The vain efforts of Porsenna continued.

A.U.C. 248. Spurius Lartius; Titus Herminus. Victories obtained over the Sabines.

A.U.C. 249. Marcus Valerius; Publius Postumius. Wars with the Sabines continued.

A.U.C. 250. Publius Valerius 4; Titus Lucretius 2.

A.U.C. 251. Agrippa Menenius; Publius Postumius 2. The death of Publicola.

A.U.C. 252. Opiter Virginius; Spurius Cassius. Sabine war.

A.U.C. 253. Postumius Cominius; Titus Lartius. A conspiracy of slaves at Rome.

A.U.C. 254. Servvius Sulpicius; Marcus Tullus.

A.U.C. 255. Publius Veturius Geminus; Titus Æbutius Elva.

A.U.C. 256. Titus Lartius 2; Quintus Clœlius. War with the Latins.

A.U.C. 257. Aulus Sempronius Atratinus; Marcus Minucius.

A.U.C. 258. Aulus Postumius; Titus Virginius. The battle of Regillæ.

A.U.C. 259. Appius Claudius; Publius Servilius. War with the Volsci.

A.U.C. 260. Aulus Virginius; Titus Veturius. The dissatisfied people retired to Mons Sacer.

A.U.C. 261. Postumius Cominius 2; Spurius Cassius 2. A reconciliation between the senate and people, and the election of the tribunes.

A.U.C. 262. Titus Geganius; Publius Minucius. A famine at Rome.

A.U.C. 263. Marcus Minucius 2; Aulus Sempronius 2. The haughty behaviour of Coriolanus to the populace.

A.U.C. 264. Quintus Sulpicius Camerinus; Spurius Lartius Flavus 2. Coriolanus retires to the Volsci.

A.U.C. 265. Caius Julius; Paius Pinarius. The Volsci make declarations of war.

A.U.C. 266. Spurius Nautius; Sextus Furius. Coriolanus forms the siege of Rome. He retires at the entreaties of his mother and wife, and dies.

A.U.C. 267. Titus Sicinius; Caius Aquilius. The Volsci defeated.

A.U.C. 268. Spurius Cassius 3; Proculus Virginius. Cassius aspires to tyranny.

A.U.C. 269. Servius Cornelius; Quintus Fabius. Cassius is condemned, and thrown down the Tarpeian rock.

A.U.C. 270. Lucius Æmilius; Cæsio Fabius. The Æqui and Volsci defeated.

A.U.C. 271. Marcus Fabius; Lucius Valerius.

A.U.C. 272. Qucius Fabius 2; Caius Julius. War with the Æqui.

A.U.C. 273. Cæsio Fabius 2; Spurius Furius. War continued with the Æqui and Veientes.

A.U.C. 274. Marcus Fabius 2; Cnæus Manlius. Victory over the Hernici.

A.U.C. 275. Cæsio Fabius 3; Titus Virginius. The march of the Fabii to the river Cremera.

A.U.C. 276. Lucius Æmilius 2; C. Servilius. The wars continued against the neighbouring states.

A.U.C. 277. Caius Horatius; Titus Menenius. The defeat and death of the 300 Fabii.

A.U.C. 278. Spurius Servilius; Aulus Virginius. Menenius brought to his trial for the defeat of the armies under him.

A.U.C. 279. Caius Nautius; Publius Valerius.

A.U.C. 280. Lucius Furius; Cublius Manlius. A truce of 40 years granted to the Veientes.

A.U.C. 281. Lucius Æmilius 3; Virginius or Vopiscus Julius. The tribune Genutius murdered in his bed for his seditions.

A.U.C. 282. Lucius Pinarius; Publius Furius.

A.U.C. 283. Appius Claudius; Titus Quintius. The Roman army suffer themselves to be defeated by the Volsci on account of their hatred to Appius, while his colleague is boldly and cheerfully obeyed against the Æqui.

A.U.C. 284. Lucius Valerius 2; Tiberius Æmilius. Appius is cited to take his trial before the people, and dies before the day of trial.

A.U.C. 285. Titus Numicius Priscus; Aulus Virginius.

A.U.C. 286. Tulus Quintius 2; Quintus Servilius.

A.U.C. 287. Tiberius Æmilius 2; Quintus Fabius.

A.U.C. 288. Quintus Servilius 2; Spurius Postumius.

A.U.C. 289. Quintus Fabius 2; Titus Quintius 3. In the census made this year, which was the ninth, there were found 124,214 citizens in Rome.

A.U.C. 290. Aulus Postumius; Spurius Furius.

A.U.C. 291. Lucius Æbutius; Publius Servilius. A plague at Rome.

A.U.C. 292. Lucius Lucretius Tricipitinus; Titus Veturius Geminus.

A.U.C. 293. Publius Volumnius; Servius Sulpicius. Dreadful prodigies at Rome, and seditions.

A.U.C. 294. Caius Claudius; Publius Valerius 2. A Sabine seizes the Capitol, and is defeated and killed. Valerius is killed in an engagement, and Cincinnatus is taken from the plough, and made dictator; he quelled the dissensions at Rome, and returned to his farm.

A.U.C. 295. Quintus Fabius 3; Lucius Cornelius. The census made the Romans amount to 132,049.

A.U.C. 296. Lucius Minucius; Caius Nautius 2. Minucius is besieged in his camp by the Æqui; and Cincinnatus, being elected dictator, delivers him, obtains a victory, and lays down his power 16 days after his election.

A.U.C. 297. Quintus Minucius; Caius Horatius. War with the Æqui and Sabines. Ten tribunes elected instead of five.

A.U.C. 298. Marcus Valerius; Spurius Virginius.

A.U.C. 299. Titus Romilius; Caius Veturius.

A.U.C. 300. Spurius Tarpeius; Aulus Aterius.

A.U.C. 301. Publius Curiatius; Sextus Quintilius.

A.U.C. 302. Titus Menenius; Publius Cestius Capitolinus. The Decemvirs reduce the laws into 12 tables.

A.U.C. 303. Appius Claudius; Titus Genutius; Publius Cestius, &c. The Decemvirs assume the reins of government, and preside with consular power.

A.U.C. 304 & 305. Appius Claudius; Quintus Fabius Vibulanus; Marcus Cornelius, &c. The Decemvirs continued. They act with violence. Appius endeavours to take possession of Virginia, who is killed by her father. The Decemvirs abolished, and Valerius Potitus, Marcus Horatius Barbatus, are created consuls for the rest of the year. Appius is summoned to take his trial. He dies in prison, and the rest of the Decemvirs are banished.

A.U.C. 306. Lars Herminius; Titus Virginius.

A.U.C. 307. Marcus Geganius Macerinus; Caius Julius. Domestic troubles.

A.U.C. 308. Titus Quintius Capitolinus 4; Agrippa Furius. The Æqui and Volsci come near the gates of Rome, and are defeated.

A.U.C. 309. Marcus Genucius; Caius Curtius. A law passed to permit the patrician and plebeian families to intermarry.

A.U.C. 310. Military tribunes are chosen instead of consuls. The plebeians admitted among them. The first were Aulus Sempronius; Lucius Atilius; Titus Clœlius. They abdicated three months after their election, and consuls were again chosen. Lucius Papirius Mugillanus; Lucius Sempronius Atratinus.

A.U.C. 311. Marcus Geganius Macerinus 2; Titus Quintius Capitolinus 5. The censorship instituted.

A.U.C. 312. Marcus Fabius Vibulanus; Postumius Æbutius Cornicen.

A.U.C. 313. Caius Furius Pacilus; Maius Papirius Crassus.

A.U.C. 314. Proculus Geganius Macerinus; Lucius Menenius Lanatus. A famine at Rome. Mælius attempts to make himself king.

A.U.C. 315. Titus Quintius Capitolinus 6; Agrippa Menenius Lanatus.

A.U.C. 316. Mamercus Æmilius; Lucius Quintius; Lucius Julius. Military tribunes.

A.U.C. 317. Marcus Geganius Macerinus; Sergius Fidenas. Tolumnius king of the Veientes killed by Cossus, who takes the second royal spoils called Opima.

A.U.C. 318. Marcus Cornelius Maluginensis; Lucius Papirius Crassus.

A.U.C. 319. Caius Julius; Lucius Virginius.

A.U.C. 320. Caius Julius 2; Lucius Virginius 2. The duration of the censorship limited to 18 months.

A.U.C. 321. Marcus Fabius Vibulanus; Marcus Fossius; Lucius Sergius Fidenas. Military tribunes.

A.U.C. 322. Lucius Pinarius Mamercus; Lucius Furius Medullinus; Spurius Postumius Albus. Military tribunes.

A.U.C. 323. Titus Quintius Cincinnatus; Caius Julius Manto; consuls. A victory over the Veientes and Fidenates by the dictator Posthumius.

A.U.C. 324. Caius Papirius Crassus; Lucius Julius.

A.U.C. 325. Lucius Sergius Fidenas 2; Hostus Lucretius Tricipitinus.

A.U.C. 326. Aulus Cornelius Cossus; Titus Quintus Pennus 2.

A.U.C. 327. Servilius Ahala; Lucius Papirius Mugillanus 2.

A.U.C. 328. Titus Quintius Pennus; Caius Furius; Marcus Posthumius; Aulus Cornelius Cossus. Military tribunes, all of patrician families. Victory over the Veientes.

A.U.C. 329. Aarcus Sempronius Atratinus; Lucius Quintius Cincinnatus; Lucius Furius Medullinus; Lucius Horatius Barbatus.

A.U.C. 330. Appius Claudius Crassus, &c. Military tribunes.

A.U.C. 331. Caius Sempronius Atratinus; Quintus Fabius Vibulanus. Consuls who gave much dissatisfaction to the people.

A.U.C. 332. Lucius Manlius Capitolinus, &c. Military tribunes.

A.U.C. 333. Numerius Fabius Vibulanus; Titus Quinctius Capitolinus.

A.U.C. 334. Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus 3; Lucius Furius Medullinus 2; Mucius Manlius; Aulus Sempronius Atratinus. Military tribunes.

A.U.C. 335. Agrippa Menenius Lanatus, &c. Military tribunes.

A.U.C. 336. Lucius Sergius Fidenas; Marcus Papirius Mugillanus; Caius Servilius.

A.U.C. 337. Agrippa Menenius Lanatus 2, &c.

A.U.C. 338. Agrippa Sempronius Atratinus 3, &c.

A.U.C. 339. Publius Cornelius Cossus, &c.

A.U.C. 340. Cnæus Cornelius Cossus, &c. One of the military tribunes stoned to death by the army.

A.U.C. 341. Aulus Cornelius Cossus; Lucius Furius Medullinus, consuls. Domestic seditions.

A.U.C. 342. Quintus Fabius Ambustus; Caius Furius Pacilus.

A.U.C. 343. Marcus Papirius Atratinus. Spurius Nautius Rutilus.

A.U.C. 344. Mamercus Æmilius; Caius Valerius Potitus.

A.U.C. 345. Cnaeus Cornelius Cossus; Lucius Furius Medullinus 2. Plebeians for the first time questors.

A.U.C. 346. Caius Julius, &c. Military tribunes.

A.U.C. 347. Lucius Furius Medullinus, &c. Military tribunes.

A.U.C. 348. Publius & Cnæus Cornelii Cossi, &c. Military tribunes. This year the Roman soldiers first received pay.

A.U.C. 349. Titus Quintius Capitolinus, &c. Military tribunes. The siege of Veii begun.

A.U.C. 350. Caius Valerius Potitus &c. Military tribunes.

A.U.C. 351. Manlius Æmilius Mamercinus, &c. The Roman cavalry begin to receive pay.

A.U.C. 352. Caius Servilius Ahala, &c. A defeat at Veii, occasioned by a quarrel between two of the military tribunes.

A.U.C. 353. Lucius Valerius Potitus 4; Marcus Furius Camillus 2, &c. A military tribune chosen from among the plebeians.

A.U.C. 354. Publius Licinius Calvus, &c.

A.U.C. 355. Marcus Veturius, &c.

A.U.C. 356. Lucius Valerius Potitus 5; Marcus Furius Camillus 3, &c.

A.U.C. 357. Lucius Julius Iulus, &c.

A.U.C. 358. Publius Licinius, &c. Camillus declared dictator. The city of Veii taken by means of a mine. Camillus obtains a triumph.

A.U.C. 359. Publius Cornelius Cossus, &c. The people wished to remove to Veii.

A.U.C. 360. Marcus Furius Camillus, &c.; Falisci surrendered to the Romans.

A.U.C. 361. Lucius Lucretius Flaccus; Servius Sulpicius Camerinus, Consuls, after Rome had been governed by military tribunes for 15 successive years. Camillus strongly opposes the removing to Veii, and it is rejected.

A.U.C. 362. Lucius Valerius Potitus; Mucius Manlius. One of the censors dies.

A.U.C. 363. Lucius Lucretius, &c. Military tribunes. A strange voice heard, which foretold the approach of the Gauls. Camillus goes to banishment to Ardea. The Gauls besiege Clusium, and soon after march towards Rome.

A.U.C. 364. Three Fabii military tribunes. The Romans defeated at Allia, by the Gauls. The Gauls enter Rome, and set it on fire. Camillus declared dictator by the senate, who had retired into the Capitol. The geese save the Capitol, and Camillus suddenly comes and defeats the Gauls.

A.U.C. 365. Lucius Valerius Poplicola 3; Lucius Virginius, &c. Camillus declared dictator, defeats the Volsci, Æqui, and Tuscans.

A.U.C. 366. Titus Quinctius Cincinnatus; Quintus Servilius Fidenas; Lucius Julius Iulus.

A.U.C. 367. Lucius Papirius; Cnæus Sergius; Lucius Æmilius, &c.

A.U.C. 368. Marcus Furius Camillus, &c.

A.U.C. 369. Aulus Manlius; Publius Cornelius, &c. The Volsci defeated. Manlius aims at royalty.

A.U.C. 370. Servius Cornelius Maluginensis; Publius Valerius Potitus; Marcus Furius ♦Camillus. Manlius is condemned and thrown down the Tarpeian rock.

♦ ‘Carnillus’ replaced with ‘Camillus’

A.U.C. 371. Lucius Valerius; Aulus Manlius; Servius Sulpicius, &c.

A.U.C. 372. Spurius & Lucius Papirii, &c.

A.U.C. 373. Marcus Furius Camillus; Lucius Furius, &c.

A.U.C. 374. Lucius & Publius Valerii.

A.U.C. 375. Cnæus Manlius, &c.

A.U.C. 376. Spurius Furius, &c.

A.U.C. 377. Lucius Æmilius, &c.

A.U.C. 378.              For five years anarchy at Rome. No consuls or military tribunes elected, but only for that time, Lucius Sextinus; Caius Licinius Calvus Stolo, tribunes of the people.

A.U.C. 379.              

A.U.C. 380.              

A.U.C. 381.              

A.U.C. 382.              

A.U.C. 383. Lucius Furius, &c.

A.U.C. 384. Quintus Servilius; Caius Veturius, &c. Ten magistrates are chosen to take care of the Sibylline books.

A.U.C. 385. Lucius Qunitus Capitolinus; Spurius Servilius, &c.

A.U.C. 386. According to some writers, Camillus this year was sole dictator, without consuls or tribunes.

A.U.C. 387. Aulus Cornelius Cossus; Lucius Veturius Crassus, &c. The Gauls defeated by Camillus. One of the consuls for the future to be elected from among the plebeians.

A.U.C. 388. Lucius Æmilius, patrician; Lucius Sextius, plebeian; consuls. The offices of pretor and curule ædile granted to the senate by the people.

A.U.C. 389. Lucius Genucius; Quintus Servilius. Camillus died.

A.U.C. 390. Caius Sulpicius Peticus; Caius Licinius Stolo.

A.U.C. 391. Cnæus Genucius; Lucius Æmilius.

A.U.C. 392. Quintus Servilius Ahala 2; Lucius Genucius 2. Curtius devotes himself to the Dii manes.

A.U.C. 393. Caius Sulpicius 2; Caius Licinius 2. Manlius conquers a Gaul in single battle.

A.U.C. 394. Caius Petilius Balbus; Marcus Fabius Ambustus.

A.U.C. 395. Marcus Popilius Lænas; Cnæus Manlius.

A.U.C. 396. Caius Fabius; Caius Plautius. Gauls defeated.

A.U.C. 397. Caius Marcinus; Cnæus Manlius 2.

A.U.C. 398. Marcus Fabius Ambustus 2; Marcus Popilius Lænas 2. A dictator elected from the plebeians for the first time.

A.U.C. 399. Caius Sulpicius Peticus 3; Marcus Valerius Poplicola 2; both of patrician families.

A.U.C. 400. Marcus Fabius Ambustus 3; Titus Quintius.

A.U.C. 401. Caius Sulpicius Peticus 4; Marcus Valerius Poplicola 3.

A.U.C. 402. Publius Valerius Poplicola 4; Caius Marcius Rutilus.

A.U.C. 403. Gaius Sulpicius Peticus 5; Titus Quinctius Pennus. A censor elected for the first time from the plebeians.

A.U.C. 404. Marcus Popilius Lænas 3; Lucius Cornelius Scipio.

A.U.C. 405. Lucius Furius Camillus; Appius Claudius Crassus. Valerius surnamed Corvinus, after conquering a Gaul.

A.U.C. 406. Marcus Valerius Corvus; Marcus Popilius Lænas 4. Corvus was elected at 23 years of age, against the standing law. A treaty of amity concluded with Carthage.

A.U.C. 407. Titus Manlius Torquatus; Caius Plautius.

A.U.C. 408. Marcus Valerius Corvus 2; Caius Pætilius.

A.U.C. 409. Marcus Fabius Dorso; Servius Sulpicius Camerinus.

A.U.C. 410. Caius Marcius Rutilus; Titus Manlius Torquatus.

A.U.C. 411. Marcus Valerius Corvus 3; Aulus Cornelius Cossus. The Romans begin to make war against the Samnites, at the request of the Campanians. They obtained a victory.

A.U.C. 412. Caius Marcius Rutilus 4; Quintus Servilius.

A.U.C. 413. Caius Plautinus; Lucius Æmilius Mamercinus.

A.U.C. 414. Titus Manlius Torquatus 3; Publius Decius Mus. The victories of Alexander the Great in Asia. Manlius puts his son to death for fighting against his order. Decius devotes himself for the army, which obtains a great victory over the Latins.

A.U.C. 415. Tiberius Æmilius Mamercinus; Quintus Publilius Philo.

A.U.C. 416. Lucius Furius Camillus; Caius Mænius. The Latins conquered.

A.U.C. 417. Caius Sulpicius Longus; Publius Ælius Pætus. The pretorship granted to a plebeian.

A.U.C. 418. Lucius Papirius Crassus; Cæso Duillius.

A.U.C. 419. Marcus Valerius Corvus; Marcus Atilius Regulus.

A.U.C. 420. Titus Veturius; Spurius Posthumius.

A.U.C. 421. Lucius Papirius Cursor; Caius Pætilius Libo.

A.U.C. 422. Aulus Cornelius 2; Cnæus Domitius.

A.U.C. 423. Marcus Claudius Marcellus; Caius Valerius Potitus.

A.U.C. 424. Lucius Papirius Crassus; Caius Plautius Venno.

A.U.C. 425. Lucius Æmilius Mamercinus 2; Caius Plautius.

A.U.C. 426. Publius Plautius Proculus; Publius Cornelius Scapula.

A.U.C. 427. Lucius Cornelius Lentulus; Quintus Publilius Philo 2.

A.U.C. 428. Caius Pætilius; Lucius Papirius Mugillanus.

A.U.C. 429. Lucius Furius Camillus 2; Ducius Junius Brutus Scæva. The dictator Papirius ♦Cursor is for putting to death Fabius his master of horse, because he fought in his absence, and obtained a famous victory. He pardons him.

♦ ‘Curso’ replaced with ‘Cursor’

A.U.C. 430. According to some authors, there were no consuls elected this year, but only a dictator, Lucius Papirius Cursor.

A.U.C. 431. Gaius Sulpicius Longus; Quintus Aulius Cerretanus.

A.U.C. 432. Quintus Fabius; Lucius Fulvius.

A.U.C. 433. Titus Veturius Calvinus 2; Spurius Posthumius Albinus 2. Caius Pontius the Samnite takes the Roman consuls in an ambuscade at Caudium.

A.U.C. 434. Lucius Papirius Cursor 2; Quintus Publilius Philo 3.

A.U.C. 435. Lucius Papirius Cursor 3; Quintus Aulius Cerretanus 2.

A.U.C. 436. Marcus Fossius Flaccinator; Lucius Plautius Venno.

A.U.C. 437. Caius Junius Bubulcus; Lucius Æmilius Barbula.

A.U.C. 438. Spurius Nautius; Marcus Popilius.

A.U.C. 439. Lucius Papirius 4; Quintus Publilius 4.

A.U.C. 440. Marcus Pætilius; Caius Sulpicius.

A.U.C. 441. Lucius Papirius Cursor 5; Caius Junius Bubulcus 2.

A.U.C. 442. Marcus Valerius; Publius Decius. The censor Appius makes the Appian way and aqueducts. The family of the Potitii extinct.

A.U.C. 443. Caius Junius Bubulcus 3; Quintus Æmilius Barbula 2.

A.U.C. 444. Quintus Fabius 2; Caius Martius Rutilius.

A.U.C. 445. According to some authors, there were no consuls elected this year, but only a dictator. Lucius Papirius Cursor.

A.U.C. 446. Quintus Fabius 3; Pucius Decius 2.

A.U.C. 447. Appius Claudius; Lucius Volumnius.

A.U.C. 448. Publius Cornelius Arvina; Quintus Marcius Tremulus.

A.U.C. 449. Lucius Posthumius; Tiberias Minucius.

A.U.C. 450. Publius Sulpicius Saverrio; Sempronius Sophus. The Æqui conquered.

A.U.C. 451. Lucius Genucius; Servius Cornelius.

A.U.C. 452. Marcus Livius; Marcus Æmilius.

A.U.C. 453. Quintus Fabius Maximus Rullianus; Marcus Valerius Corvus; not consuls, but dictators, according to some authors.

A.U.C. 454. Marcus Valerius Corvus; Quintus Apuleius. The priesthood made common to the plebeians.

A.U.C. 455. Marcus Fulvius Pætinus; Titus Manlius Torquatus.

A.U.C. 456. Lucius Cornelius Scipio; Cnæus Fulvius.

A.U.C. 457. Quintus Fabius Maximus 4; Publius Decius Mus 3. Wars against the Samnites.

A.U.C. 458. Lucius Volumnius 2; Appius Claudius 2. Conquest over the Etrurians and Samnites.

A.U.C. 459. Quintus Fabius 5; Publius Decius 4. Decius devotes himself in a battle against the Samnites and the Gauls, and the Romans obtain a victory.

A.U.C. 460. Lucius Posthumius Megellus; Marcus Atilius Regulus.

A.U.C. 461. Lucius Papirius Cursor; Spurius Carvilius. Victories over the Samnites.

A.U.C. 462. Quintus Fabius Gurges; Decimus Junius Brutus Scæva. Victory over the Samnites.

A.U.C. 463. Lucius Posthumius 3; Caius Junius Brutus. Æsculapius brought to Rome in the form of a serpent from Epidaurus.

A.U.C. 464. Publius Cornelius Rufinus; Marcus Curius Dentatus.

A.U.C. 465. Marcus Valerius Corvinus; Quintus Cædicius Noctua.

A.U.C. 466. Quintus Marcius Tremulus; Publius Cornelius Arvina.

A.U.C. 467. Marcus Claudius Marcellus; Caius Nautius.

A.U.C. 468. Marcus Valerius Potitus; Caius Ælius Pætus.

A.U.C. 469. Caius Claudius Cænina; Marcus Æmilius Lepidus.

A.U.C. 470. Caius Servilius Tucca; Cæcilius Metellus. War with the Senones.

A.U.C. 471. Parcus Cornelius Dolabella; Cnæus Domitius Calvinus. The Senones defeated.

A.U.C. 472. Qelius Æmilius; Caius Fabricius. War with Tarentum.

A.U.C. 473. Lucius Æmilius Barbula; Qelius Murcius. Pyrrhus comes to assist Tarentum.

A.U.C. 474. Publius Valerius Lævinus: Tiberius Coruncanius. Pyrrhus conquers the consul Lævinus, and though victorious sues for peace, which is refused by the Roman senate. The census was made, and 272,222 citizens were found.

A.U.C. 475. Publius Sulpicius Saverrio; Publius Decius Mus. A battle with Pyrrhus.

A.U.C. 476. Caius Fabricius Luscinus 2; Quintus Æmilius Papus 2. Pyrrhus goes to Sicily. The treaty between Rome and Carthage renewed.

A.U.C. 477. Publius Cornelius Rufinus; Caius Junius Brutus. Crotona and Locri taken.

A.U.C. 478. Quintus Fabius Maximus Gurges 2; Caius Genucius Clepsina. Pyrrhus returns from Sicily to Italy.

A.U.C. 479. Manius Curius Dentatus 2; Lucius Cornelius Lentulus. Pyrrhus finally defeated by Curius.

A.U.C. 480. Manius Curius Dentatus 3; Servius Cornelius Merenda.

A.U.C. 481. Caius Fabius Dorso; Caius Claudius Cænina 2. An embassy from Philadelphus to conclude an alliance with the Romans.

A.U.C. 482. Lucius Papirius Cursor 2; Spurius Carvilius 2. Tarentum surrenders.

A.U.C. 483. Lucius Genucius; Caius Quintilius.

A.U.C. 484. Caius Genucius; Cnæus Cornelius.

A.U.C. 485. Quintus Ogulinus Gallus; Caius Fabius Pictor. Silver money coined at Rome for the first time.

A.U.C. 486. Publius Sempronius Sophus; Appius Claudius Crassus.

A.U.C. 487. Marcus Attilius Regulus; Lucius Julius Libo. Italy enjoys peace universally.

A.U.C. 488. Numerius Fabius; Decimus Junius.

A.U.C. 489. Quintus Fabius Gurges 3; Lucius Mamilius Vitulus. The number of the questors doubled to eight.

A.U.C. 490. Appius Claudius Caudex; Marcus Fulvius Flaccus. The Romans aid the Mamertines, which occasions the first Punic war. Appius defeats the Carthaginians in Sicily. The combats of gladiators first instituted.

A.U.C. 491. Manius Valerius Maximus; Manius Otacilius Crassus. Alliance between Rome and Hiero king of Syracuse. A sun-dial first put up at Rome, brought from Catana.

A.U.C. 492. Lucius Posthumius Gemellus; Quintus Mamilius Vitulus. The siege and taking of Agrigentum. The total defeat of the Carthaginians.

A.U.C. 493. Lucius Valerius Flaccus; Titus Otacilius Crassus.

A.U.C. 494. Cnæus Cornelius Scipio Asina; Caius Duillius. In two months the Romans build and equip a fleet of 120 galleys. The naval victory and triumph of Duillius.

A.U.C. 495. Lucius Cornelius Scipio; Caius Aquilius Florus. Expedition against Sardinia and Corsica.

A.U.C. 496. Aulus Attilius Calatinus; Caius Sulpicius Paterculus. The Carthaginians defeated in a naval battle.

A.U.C. 497. Caius Attilius Regulus; Cnæus Cornelius Blasio.

A.U.C. 498. Lucius Manlius Vulso; Quintus Cædicius. At the death of Cædicius, Marcus Attilius Regulus 2 was elected for the rest of the year. The famous battle of Ecnoma. The victorious consuls land in Africa.

A.U.C. 499. Servius Fulvius Pætinus Nobilior; Marcus Æmilius Paulus. Regulus, after many victories in Africa, is defeated and taken prisoner by Xanthippus. Agrigentum retaken by the Carthaginians.

A.U.C. 500. Cnæus Cornelius Scipio Asina 2; Aulus Attilius Calatinus 2. Panormus taken by the Romans.

A.U.C. 501. Cnæus Servilius Cæpio; Caius Sempronius Blæsus. The Romans, discouraged by shipwrecks, renounce the sovereignty of the seas.

A.U.C. 502. Caius Aurelius Cotta; Publius Servilius Geminus. Citizens capable to bear arms amounted to 297,797.

A.U.C. 503. Lucius Cæcilius Metellus 2; Caius Furius Pacilus. The Romans begin to recover their power by sea.

A.U.C. 504. Caius Attilius Regulus 2; Lucius Manlius Volso 2. The Carthaginians defeated near Panormus in Sicily. One hundred and forty-two elephants taken and sent to Rome. Regulus advises the Romans not to exchange prisoners. He is put to death in the most excruciating torments.

A.U.C. 505. Publius Clodius Pulcher; Lucius Junius Pullus. The Romans defeated in a naval battle. The Roman fleet lost in a storm.

A.U.C. 506. Caius Aurelius Cotta 2; Publius Servilius Geminus 2.

A.U.C. 507. Lucius Cæcilius Metellus 3; Numerius Fabius Buteo. The number of the citizens 252,222.

A.U.C. 508. Manius Otacilius Crassus; Marcus Fabius Licinius.

A.U.C. 509. Marcus Fabius Buteo; Caius Attilius Balbus.

A.U.C. 510. Aulus Manlius Torquatus 2; Caius Sempronius Blæsus.

A.U.C. 511. Caius Fundanius Fundulus; Caius Sulpicius Gallus. A fleet built by individuals at Rome.

A.U.C. 512. Caius Lutatius Catulus; Aulus Posthumius Albinus. The Carthaginian fleet defeated near the islands Ægates. Peace made between Rome and Carthage. The Carthaginians evacuate Sicily.

A.U.C. 513. Quintus Lutatius Cerco; Aulus Manlius Atticus. Sicily is made a Roman province. The 39th census taken. The citizens amount to 260,000.

A.U.C. 514. Caius Claudius Centho; Marcus Sempronius Tuditanus.

A.U.C. 515. Caius Mamilius Turinus; Quintus Valerius Falto.

A.U.C. 516. Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus; Publius Valerius Falto. The Carthaginians give up Sardinia to Rome.

A.U.C. 517. Lucius Cornelius Lentulus Caudinus; Quintus Fulvius Flaccus. The Romans offer Ptolemy Evergetes assistance against Antiochus Theos.

A.U.C. 518. Publius Cornelius Lentulus Caudinus; Licinius Varus. Revolt of Corsica and Sardinia.

A.U.C. 519. Caius Attilius Balbus 2; Titus Manlius Torquatus. The temple of Janus shut for the first time since the reign of Numa, about 440 years. A universal peace at Rome.

A.U.C. 520. Lucius Postumius Albinus; Spurius Carvilius Maximus.

A.U.C. 521. Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus; Manius Pomponius Matho. Differences and jealousy between Rome and Carthage.

A.U.C. 522. Marcus Æmilius Lepidus; Marcus Publicius Malleolus.

A.U.C. 523. Marcus Pomponius Matho 2; Carcus Papirius Maso. The first divorce known at Rome.

A.U.C. 524. Marcus Æmilius Barbula; Marcus Junius Pera. War with the Illyrians.

A.U.C. 525. Lucius Postumius Albinus 2; Cnæus Fulvius Centumalus. The building of new Carthage.

A.U.C. 526. Spurius Carvilius Maximus 2; Quintus Fabius Maximus.

A.U.C. 527. Publius Valerius Flaccus; Marcus Attilius Regulus. Two new pretors added to the other pretors.

A.U.C. 528. Marcus Valerius Messala; Lucius Apulius Fullo. Italy invaded by the Gauls. The Romans could now lead into the field of battle 770,000 men.

A.U.C. 529. Lucius Æmilius Papus; Caius Attilius Regulus. The Gauls defeat the Romans near Clusium. The Romans obtain a victory near Telamon.

A.U.C. 530. Titus Manlius Torquatus 2; Quintus Fulvius Flaccus 2. The Boii, part of the Gauls, surrender.

A.U.C. 531. Caius Flaminius; Publius Furius Philus.

A.U.C. 532. Marcus Claudius Marcellus; Cnæus Cornelius Scipio Calvus. A new war with the Gauls. Marcellus gains the spoils called opima.

A.U.C. 533. Publius Cornelius; Marcus Minucius Rufus. Annibal takes the command of the Carthaginian armies in Spain.

A.U.C. 534. Lucius Veturius; Caius Lutatius. The Via Flaminia built.

A.U.C. 535. Marcus Livius Salinator; Lucius Æmilius Paulus. War with Illyricum.

A.U.C. 536. Publius Cornelius Scipio; Tiberius Sempronius Longus. Siege of Saguntum, by Annibal, the cause of the second Punic war. Annibal marches towards Italy, and crosses the Alps. The Carthaginian fleet defeated near Sicily. Sempronius defeated near Trebia, by Annibal.

A.U.C. 537. Cnæus Servilius; Caius Flaminius 2. A famous battle near the lake Thrasymenus. Fabius is appointed dictator. Success of Cnæus Scipio in Spain.

A.U.C. 538. Caius Terentius Varro; Lucius Æmilius Paulus 2. The famous battle of Cannæ. Annibal marches to Capua. Marcellus beats Annibal near Nola. Asdrubal begins his march towards Italy, and his army is totally defeated by the Scipios.

A.U.C. 539. Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus; Quintus Fabius Maximus 2. Philip of Macedonia enters into alliance with Annibal. Sardinia revolts, and is reconquered by Manlius. The Carthaginians twice beaten in Spain by Scipio.

A.U.C. 540. Quintus Fabius Maximus 3; Marcus Claudius Marcellus 2. Marcellus besieges Syracuse by sea and land.

A.U.C. 541. Quintus Fabius Maximus 4; Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus 3. The siege of Syracuse continued.

A.U.C. 542. Quintus Fulvius Flaccus; Appius Claudius Pulcher. Syracuse taken and plundered. Sicily made a Roman province. Tarentum treacherously delivered to Annibal. The two Scipios conquered in Spain.

A.U.C. 543. Cnæus Fulvius Centumalus. Publius Sulpicius Galba. Capua besieged and taken by the Romans. Publius Scipio sent to Spain with proconsular power.

A.U.C. 544. Marcus Claudius Marcellus 4; Marcus Valerius Lævinus 2. The Carthaginians driven from Sicily. Carthagena taken by young Scipio.

A.U.C. 545. Quintus Fabius Maximus 5; Quintus Fulvius Flaccus 4. Annibal defeated by Marcellus. Fabius takes Tarentum. Asdrubal defeated by Scipio.

A.U.C. 546. Marcus Claudius Marcellus 5; Titus Quintius Crispinus. Marcellus killed in an ambuscade by Annibal. The Carthaginian fleet defeated.

A.U.C. 547. Caius Claudius Nero; Marcus Livius 2. Asdrubal passes the Alps. Nero obtains some advantage over Annibal. The two consuls defeat Asdrubal, who is killed, and his head thrown into Annibal’s camp. The Romans make war against Philip.

A.U.C. 548. Lucius Veturius; Quintus Cæcilius. Scipio obtains a victory over Asdrubal the son of Gisgo in Spain. Masinissa sides with the Romans.

A.U.C. 549. Publius Cornelius Scipio; Publius Licinius Crassus. Scipio is empowered to invade Africa.

A.U.C. 550. Marcus Cornelius Cethegus; Publius Sempronius Tuditanus. Scipio lands in Africa. The census taken, and 215,000 heads of families found in Rome.

A.U.C. 551. Cnæus Servilius Cæpio; Caius Servilius Geminus. Scipio spreads general consternation in Africa. Annibal is recalled from Italy by the Carthaginian senate.

A.U.C. 552. Marcus Servilius; Tiberius Claudius. Annibal and Scipio come to a parley; they prepare for battle. Annibal is defeated at Zama. Scipio prepares to besiege Carthage.

A.U.C. 553. Cnæus Cornelius Lentulus; Publius Ælius Pætus. Peace granted to the Carthaginians. Scipio triumphs.

A.U.C. 554. Publius Sulpicius Galba 2; Caius Aurelius Cotta. War with the Macedonians.

A.U.C. 555. Lucius Cornelius Lentulus; Publius Villius Tapulus. The Macedonian war continued.

A.U.C. 556. Sextus Ælius Pætus; Titus Quintius Flaminius. Philip defeated by Quintius.

A.U.C. 557. Caius Cornelius Cethegus; Qitus Minucius Rufus. Philip is defeated. Quintius grants him peace.

A.U.C. 558. Lucius Furius Purpureo; Marcus Claudius Marcellus. The independence of Greece proclaimed by Flaminius at the Isthmian games.

A.U.C. 559. Lucius Valerius Flaccus; Marcus Porcius Cato. Quintius regulates the affairs of Greece. Cato’s victories in Spain, and triumph. The Romans demand Annibal from the Carthaginians.

A.U.C. 560. Publius Corn. Scipio Africanus 2; T. Sempronius Longus. Annibal flies to Antiochus.

A.U.C. 561. Lucius Cornelius Merula; Quintus Minucius Thermus. Antiochus prepares to make war against Rome, and Annibal endeavours in vain to stir up the Carthaginians to take up arms.

A.U.C. 562. Lucius Quintus Flamininus; Cnæus Domitius. The Greeks call Antiochus to deliver them.

A.U.C. 563. Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica; Manlius Acilius Glabrio. The success of Acilius in Greece against Antiochus.

A.U.C. 564. Lucius Cornelius Scipio; Caius Lælius. The fleet of Antiochus under Annibal defeated by the Romans. Antiochus defeated by Scipio.

A.U.C. 565. Marcus Fulvius Nobilior; Cnæus Manlius Vulso. War with the Gallogrecians.

A.U.C. 566. Marcus Valerius Messala; Caius Livius Salinator. Antiochus dies.

A.U.C. 567. Marcus Æmilius Lepidus; Caius Flaminius. The Ligurians reduced.

A.U.C. 568. Spurius Postumius Albinus; Quintus Marcius Philippus. The Bacchanalia abolished at Rome.

A.U.C. 569. Appius Claudius Pulcher; L. Marcus Sempronius Tuditanus. Victories in Spain and Liguria.

A.U.C. 570. Publius Claudius Pulcher; Lucius Porcius Licinius. Philip of Macedon sends his son Demetrius to Rome.

A.U.C. 571. Marcus Claudius Marcellus; Quintus Fabius Labeo. Death of Annibal, Scipio, and Philopœmen. Gauls invade Italy.

A.U.C. 572. ♦Cnæus Bæbius Tamphilus; Lucius Æmilius Paulus. Death of Philip.

♦ ‘M.’ replaced with ‘Cnæus’

A.U.C. 573. Publius Cornelius Cethegus; Marcus Bæbius Tamphilus 2. Expeditions against Liguria. The first gilt statue raised at Rome.

A.U.C. 574. Aulus Postumius Albinus Luscus; Caius Calpurnius Piso. Celtiberians defeated.

A.U.C. 575. Quintus Fulvius Flaccus; Lucius Manlius Acidinus. Alliance renewed with Perseus the son of Philip.

A.U.C. 576. Marcus Junius Brutus; Aulus Manlius Vulso.

A.U.C. 577. Caius Claudius Pulcher; Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus. The Istrians defeated.

A.U.C. 578. Cnæus Cornelius Scipio Hispalus; Quintus Petillius Spurinus.

A.U.C. 579. Publius Mucius; Marcus Æmilius Lepidus 2.

A.U.C. 580. Spurius Postumius Albinus; Quintus Mucius Scævola.

A.U.C. 581. Lucius Postumius Albinus; Marcus Popilius Lænas.

A.U.C. 582. Caius Popilius Lænas; Publius Ælius Ligur. War declared against Perseus.

A.U.C. 583. Publius Licinius Crassus; Caius Cassius Longinus. Perseus gains some advantages over the Romans.

A.U.C. 584. Aulus Hostilius Mancinus; Aulus Atilius Serranus.

A.U.C. 585. Quintus Marcius Philippus 2; Cnæus Servilius Cæpio. The campaign in Macedonia.

A.U.C. 586. Lucius Æmilius Paulus 2; Caius Licinius Crassus. Perseus is defeated and taken prisoner by Paulus.

A.U.C. 587. Quintus Ælius Pætus; Marcus Junius Pennus.

A.U.C. 588. Marcus Claudius Marcellus; Caius Sulpicius Galba.

A.U.C. 589. Cnæus Octavius Nepos; Titus Manlius Torquatus.

A.U.C. 590. Aulus Manlius Torquatus; Quintus Cassius Longus.

A.U.C. 591. Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus; Manlius Juvencius Phalna.

A.U.C. 592. Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica; Caius Marcius Figulus. Demetrius flies from Rome, and is made king of Syria.

A.U.C. 593. Marcus Valerius Messala; Caius Fannius Strabo.

A.U.C. 594. Lucius Anicius Gallus; Marcus Cornelius Cethegus.

A.U.C. 595. Cnæus Cornelius Dolabella; Marcus Fulvius Nobilior.

A.U.C. 596. Marcus Æmilius Lepidus; Caius Popilius Lænas.

A.U.C. 597. Sextus Julius Cæsar; Lucius Aurelius Orestes. War against the Dalmatians.

A.U.C. 598. Lucius Cornelius Lentulus Lupus; Caius Marcius Figulus 2.

A.U.C. 599. Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica 2; Marcus Claudius Marcellus 2.

A.U.C. 600. Quintus Opimius Nepos; Lucius Postumius Albinus.

A.U.C. 601. Quintus Fulvius Nobilior; Titus Annius Luscus. The false Philip. Wars in Spain.

A.U.C. 602. Marcus Claudius Marcellus 3; Lucius Valerius Flaccus.

A.U.C. 603. Lucius Licinius Lucullus; Aulus Posthumius Albinus.

A.U.C. 604. Titus Quintius Flamininus; Manius Acilius Balbus. War between the Carthaginians and Masinissa.

A.U.C. 605. Lucius Marcius Censorinus; Manius Manlius Nepos. The Romans declare war against Carthage. The Carthaginians wish to accept the hard conditions which are imposed upon them; but the Romans say that Carthage must be destroyed.

A.U.C. 606. Spurius Postumius Albinus; Lucius Calpurnius Piso. Carthage besieged.

A.U.C. 607. Publius Cornelius Scipio; Caius Livius Drusus. The siege of Carthage continued with vigour by Scipio.

A.U.C. 608. Cnæus Cornelius Lentulus; Lucius Mummius. Carthage surrenders, and is destroyed. Mummius takes and burns Corinth.

A.U.C. 609. Quintus Fabius Æmilianus; Lucius Hostilius Mancinius.

A.U.C. 610. Servius Sulpicius Galba; Lucius Aurelius Cotta.

A.U.C. 611. Appius Claudius Pulcher; Quintus Cæcilius Metellus Macedonicus. War against the Celtiberians.

A.U.C. 612. Lucius Metellus Calvus; Quintus Fabius Maximus Servilianus.

A.U.C. 613. Quintus Pompeius; Cnæus Servilius Cæpio.

A.U.C. 614. Caius Lælius Sapiens; Quintus Servilius Cæpio. The wars with Viriatus.

A.U.C. 615. Marcus Popilius Lænas; Cnæus Calpurnius Piso.

A.U.C. 616. Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica; Decimus Junius Brutus. The two consuls imprisoned by the tribunes.

A.U.C. 617. Marcus Æmilius Lepidus; Caius Hostilius Mancinus. Wars against Numantia.

A.U.C. 618. ♦Lucius Furius Philus; Sextus Atilius Serranus.

♦ ‘P.’ replaced with ‘Lucius’

A.U.C. 619. Servius Fulvius Flaccus; Quintus Calpurnius Piso.

A.U.C. 620. Publius Cornelius Scipio 2; Caius Fulvius Flaccus.

A.U.C. 621. Publius Mucius Scævola; Lucius Calpurnius Piso Frugi. Numantia surrenders to Scipio, and is entirely demolished. The seditions of Tiberias Gracchus at Rome.

A.U.C. 622. Publius Popilius Lænas; Publius Rupillus.

A.U.C. 623. Publius Licinius Crassus; Lucius Valerius Flaccus.

A.U.C. 624. Caius Claudius Pulcher; Marcus Perpenna. In the census are found 313,823 citizens.

A.U.C. 625. Caius Sempronius Tuditanus; Manius Aquilius Nepos.

A.U.C. 626. Cnæus Octavius Nepos; Titus Annius Luscus.

A.U.C. 627. Lucius Cassius Longus; Lucius Cornelius Cinna. A revolt of slaves in Sicily.

A.U.C. 628. ♦Marcus Æmilius Lepidus; Lucius Aurelius Orestes.

♦ ‘L.’ replaced with ‘Marcus’

A.U.C. 629. Marcus Plautius Hypsæus; Marcus Fulvius Flaccus.

A.U.C. 630. Caius Cassius Longinus; ♦Caius Sextius Calvinus.

♦ ‘L.’ replaced with ‘Caius’

A.U.C. 631. Quintus Cæcilius Metellus; Titus Quintius Flamininus.

A.U.C. 632. Caius Fannius Strabo; Cnæus Domitius Ahenobarbus. The seditions of Caius Gracchus.

A.U.C. 633. Lucius Opimius; Quintus Fabius Maximus. The unfortunate end of Caius Gracchus. The Allobroges defeated.

A.U.C. 634. Publius Manlius Nepos; Caius Papirius Carbo.

A.U.C. 635. Lucius Cæcilius Metellus Calvus; Lucius Aurelius Cotta.

A.U.C. 636. Marcus Portius Cato; Quintus Marcius Rex.

A.U.C. 637. Lucius Cæcilius Metellus; Quintus Mutius Scævola.

A.U.C. 638. Caius Licinius Geta; Quintus Fabius Maximus Eburnus.

A.U.C. 639. Marcus Cæcilius Metellus; Marcus Æmilius Scaurus.

A.U.C. 640. Manius Acilius Balbus; Caius Portius Cato.

A.U.C. 641. Caius Cæcilius Metellus; Cnæus Papirius Carbo.

A.U.C. 642. Marcus Livius Drusis; Lucius Calpurnius Piso. The Romans declare war against Jugurtha.

A.U.C. 643. Publius Scipio Nasica; Lucius Calpurnius Bestia. Calpurnius bribed and defeated by ♦Jugurtha.

♦ ‘Jugartha’ replaced with ‘Jugurtha’

A.U.C. 644. Marcus Minucius Rufus; Spurius Postumius Albinus.

A.U.C. 645. Quintus Cæcilius Metellus; Marcus Junius Silanus. Success of Metellus against Jugurtha.

A.U.C. 646. Servius Sulpicius Galba; Marcus Aurelius Scaurus. Metellus continues the war.

A.U.C. 647. Caius Marius; Lucius Cassius. The war against Jugurtha continued with vigour by Marius.

A.U.C. 648. Caius Atilius Serranus; Quintus Servilius Cæpio. Jugurtha betrayed by Bocchus into the hands of Sylla the lieutenant of Marius.

A.U.C. 649. Publius Rutilius Rufus; ♦Cnæus Mallius Maximus. Marius triumphs over Jugurtha. Two Roman armies defeated by the Cimbri and Teutones.

♦ ‘Corn. Maniius’ replaced with ‘Cnæus Mallius’

A.U.C. 650. Caius Marius 2; Caius Flavius Fimbria. The Cimbri march towards Spain.

A.U.C. 651. Caius Marius 3; Lucius Aurelius Orestes. The Cimbri defeated in Spain.

A.U.C. 652. Caius Marius 4; Quintus Lutatius Catulus. The Teutones totally defeated by Marius.

A.U.C. 653. Caius Marius 5; Manius Aquilius. The Cimbri enter Italy, and are defeated by Marius and Catulus.

A.U.C. 654. Caius Marius 6; Lucius Valerius Flaccus. Factions against Metellus.

A.U.C. 655. Marcus Antonius; Aulus Postumius Albinus. Metellus is gloriously recalled.

A.U.C. 656. ♦Quintus Cæcilius Metellus Nepos; Titus Didius.

♦ ‘L.’ replaced with ‘Quintus’

A.U.C. 657. Cnæus Cornelius Lentulus; Publius Licinius Crassus.

A.U.C. 658. Cnæus Domitius Ahenobarbus; Caius Cassius Longinus. The kingdom of Cyrene left by will to the Roman people.

A.U.C. 659. Lucius Licinius Crassus; Quintus Mucius Scævola. Seditions of Norbanus.

A.U.C. 660. Caius Cœlius Caldus; Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus.

A.U.C. 661. Caius Valerius Flaccus; Marcus Herennius. Sylla exhibited a combat of 100 lions with men in the Circus.

A.U.C. 662. Caius Claudius Pulcher; Marcus Perpenna. The allies wish to be admitted citizens of Rome.

A.U.C. 663. Lucius Marcius Philippus; Sextus Julius Cæsar. The allies prepare to revolt.

A.U.C. 664. ♦Lucius Julius Cæsar; Publius Rutulius Rufus. Wars with the Marsi.

♦ ‘M.’ replaced with ‘Lucius’

A.U.C. 665. Cnæus Pompeius Strabo; Lucius Portius Cato. The great valour of Sylla surnamed the Fortunate.

A.U.C. 666. Lucius Cornelius Sylla; Quintus Pompeius Rufus. Sylla appointed to conduct the Mithridatic war. Marius is empowered to supersede him; upon which Sylla returns to Rome with his army, and takes it, and has Marius and his adherents judged as enemies.

A.U.C. 667. Cnæus Octavius; Lucius Cornelius Cinna. Cinna endeavours to recall Marius, and is expelled. Marius returns, and with Cinna marches against Rome. Civil wars and slaughter.

A.U.C. 668. Caius Marius 7; Lucius Cornelius Cinna 2. Marius died, and Lucius Valerius Flaccus was chosen in his room. The Mithridatic war.

A.U.C. 669. Lucius Cornelius Cinna 3; Cnæus Papirius Carbo. The Mithridatic war continued by Sylla.

A.U.C. 670. Lucius Cornelius Cinna 4; Cnæus Papirius Carbo 2. Peace with Mithridates.

A.U.C. 671. Lucius Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus; Caius Norbanus. The capitol burnt. Pompey joins Sylla.

A.U.C. 672. Caius Marius; Cnæus Papirius Carbo 3. Civil wars at Rome between Marius and Sylla. Murder of the citizens by order of Sylla, who makes himself dictator.

A.U.C. 673. Marcus Tullius Decula; Cnæus Cornelius Dolabella. Sylla weakens and circumscribes the power of the tribunes. Pompey triumphs over Africa.

A.U.C. 674. Lucius Cornelius Sylla Felix 2; Quintus Cæcilius Metellus Pius. War against Mithridates.

A.U.C. 675. Publius Servilius Vatia; Appius Claudius Pulcher. Sylla abdicates the dictatorship.

A.U.C. 676. Marcus Æmilius Lepidus; Quintus Lutatius Catulus. Sylla dies.

A.U.C. 677. Decimus Junius Brutus; Mamercus Æmilius Lepidus Livianus. A civil war between Lepidus and Catulus. Pompey goes against Sertorius in Spain.

A.U.C. 678. Cnæus Octavius; ♦Gaius Scribonius Curio. Sertorius defeated.

♦ ‘M.’ replaced with ‘Gaius’

A.U.C. 679. ♦Lucius Octavius; Caius Aurelius Cotta. Mithridates and Sertorius make a treaty of alliance together. Sertorius murdered by Perpenna.

♦ ‘Cn.’ replaced with ‘Lucius’

A.U.C. 680. Lucius Licinius Lucullus; Marcus Aurelius Cotta. Lucullus conducts the Mithridatic war.

A.U.C. 681. Marcus Terentius Varro Lucullus; Caius Cassius ♦Longinus. The gladiators make head against the Romans with much success.

♦ ‘Varus Spartacus’ replaced with ‘Longinus’

A.U.C. 682. Lucius Gellius Poplicola; Cnæus Cornelius Lentulus Clodianus. Victories of Spartacus over three Roman generals.

A.U.C. 683. Cnæus Aufidius Orestes; Publius Cornelius Lentulus Sura. Crassus defeats and kills Spartacus near Apulia.

A.U.C. 684. Marcus Licinius Crassus; Cnæus Pompeius Magnus. Successes of Lucullus against Mithridates. The census amounts to above 900,000.

A.U.C. 685. Quintus Hortensius 2; Quintus Cæcilius Metellus. Lucullus defeats Tigranes king of Armenia, and meditates the invasion of Parthia.

A.U.C. 686. Quintus Marcius Rex; Lucius Cæcilius Metellus. Lucullus defeats the united forces of Mithridates and Tigranes.

A.U.C. 687. Manius Acilius Glabrio; Caius Calpurnius Piso. Lucullus falls under the displeasure of his troops, who partly desert him. Pompey goes against the pirates.

A.U.C. 688. Manius Æmilius Lepidus; Lucius Volcatus Tullus. Pompey succeeds Lucullus to finish the Mithridatic war, and defeats the enemy.

A.U.C. 689. Lucius Aurelius Cotta; Lucius Manlius Torquatus. Success of Pompey in Asia.

A.U.C. 690. Lucius Julius Cæsar; Caius Martius Figulus. Pompey goes to Syria. His conquests there.

A.U.C. 691. Marcus Tullius Cicero; Caius Antonius. Mithridates poisons himself. Catiline conspires against the state. Cicero discovers the conspiracy, and punishes the adherents.

A.U.C. 692. Decimus Junius Silanus; Lucius Licinius Muræna. Pompey triumphs over the Pirates, and over Mithridates, Tigranes, and Aristobulus.

A.U.C. 693. Marcus Puppius Piso; Marcus Valerius Messala Niger.

A.U.C. 694. Lucius Afranius; Quintus Metellus Celer. A reconciliation between Crassus, Pompey, and Cæsar.

A.U.C. 695. Caius Julius Cæsar; Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus. Cæsar breaks the fasces of his colleague, and is sole consul. He obtains the government of Gaul for five years.

A.U.C. 696. ♦Lucius Calpurnius Piso; Aulus Gabinius Paulus. Cicero banished by means of Clodius. Cato goes against Ptolemy king of Cyprus. Successes of Cæsar in Gaul.

♦ ‘C.’ replaced with ‘Lucius’

A.U.C. 697. Publius Cornelius Lentulus Spinther; Quintus Cæcilius Metellus Nepos. Cicero recalled. Cæsar’s success and victories.

A.U.C. 698. Cnæus Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus; Lucius Marcius Philippus. The triumvirate of Cæsar, Pompey, and Crassus.

A.U.C. 699. Cnæus Pompeius Magnus 2; Marcus Licinius Crassus 2. Crassus goes against Parthia. Cæsar continued for five years more in the administration of Gaul. His conquest of Britain.

A.U.C. 700. Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus; Appius Claudius Pulcher. Great victories of Cæsar.

A.U.C. 701. Cnæus Domitius Calvinus; Marcus Valerius Messala. Crassus defeated and slain in Parthia. Milo kills Clodius.

A.U.C. 702. Cnæus Pompeius Magnus 3; the only consul. He afterwards took for colleague, Quintus Cæcilius Metullus Pius Scipio. Revolts of the Gauls crushed by Cæsar.

A.U.C. 703. Servius Sulpicius Rufus; Marcus Claudius Marcellus. Rise of the jealousy between Cæsar and Pompey.

A.U.C. 704. Lucius Æmilius Paulus; ♦Gaius Claudius Marcellus. Cicero proconsul of Cilicia. Increase of the differences between Cæsar and Pompey.

♦ ‘P.’ replaced with ‘Gaius’

A.U.C. 705. Caius Claudius Marcellus; Lucius Cornelius Lentulus. Cæsar begins the civil war. Pompey flies from Rome. Cæsar made dictator.

A.U.C. 706. Caius Julius Cæsar 2; Publius Servilius Isauricus. Cæsar defeats Pompey at Pharsalia Pompey murdered in Egypt. The wars of Cæsar in Egypt.

A.U.C. 707. Quintus Fusius Calenus; Publius Vatinius. Power and influence of Cæsar at Rome. He reduces Pontus.

A.U.C. 708. Caius Julius Cæsar 3; Marcus Æmilius Lepidus. Cæsar defeats Pompey’s partisans in Africa, and takes Utica.

A.U.C. 709. Caius Julius Cæsar 4; Consul alone. He conquered the partisans of Pompey in Spain, and was declared perpetual Dictator and Imperator, &c.

A.U.C. 710. Caius Julius Cæsar 5; Marcus Antonius. Cæsar meditates a war against Parthia. Above 600 Romans conspire against Cæsar, and murder him in the senate-house. Antony raises himself to power. The rise of Octavius.

A.U.C. 711. Caius Vibius Pansa; Aulus Hirtius. Antony judged a public enemy. He joins Augustus. Triumvirate of Antony, Augustus, and Lepidus.

A.U.C. 712. Lucius Minucius Plancus; Marcus Æmilius Lepidus 2. Great honours paid to the memory of Julius Cæsar. Brutus and Cassius join their forces against Augustus and Antony.

A.U.C. 713. Lucius Antonius; Publius Servilius Isauricus 2. Battle of Philippi, and the defeat of Brutus and Cassius.

A.U.C. 714. Cnæus Domitius Calvinus; Caius Asinius Pollio. Antony joins the son of Pompey against Augustus. The alliance of short duration.

A.U.C. 715. Lucius Marcius Censorinus; Caius Calvisius Sabinus. Antony marries Octavia the sister of Augustus, to strengthen their mutual alliance.

A.U.C. 716. Appius Claudius Pulcher; Caius Norbanus Flaccus; to whom were substituted Caius Octavianus and Quintus Pedius. Sext. Pompey the son of Pompey the Great makes himself powerful by sea to oppose Augustus.

A.U.C. 717. Marcus Agrippa; Lucius Caninius Gallus. Agrippa is appointed by Augustus to oppose Sextus Pompey with a fleet. He builds the famous harbour of Misenum.

A.U.C. 718. Lucius Gellius Poplicola; Marcus Cocceius Nerva. Agrippa obtains a naval victory over Pompey, who delivers himself to Antony, by whom he is put to death.

A.U.C. 719. Lucius Cornificus Nepos; Sextus Pompeius Nepos. Lentulus removed from power by Augustus.

A.U.C. 720. Lucius Scribonius Libo; Marcus Antonius 2. Augustus and Antony, being sole masters of the Roman empire, make another division of the provinces. Cæsar obtains the west, and Antony the east.

A.U.C. 721. Caius Cæsar Octavianus 2; Lucius Volcatius Tullus. Octavia divorced by Antony, who marries Cleopatra.

A.U.C. 722. Cnæus Domitius Ahenobarbus; Caius Sosius. Dissensions between Augustus and Antony.

A.U.C. 723. Caius Cæsar Octavianus 3; Marcus Valerius Messala Corvinus. The battle of Actium, which, according to some authors, happened the year of Rome 721. The end of the commonwealth.

Consus, a deity at Rome, who presided over councils. His temple was covered in the Maximus Circus, to show that councils ought to be secret and inviolable. Some suppose that it is the same as Neptunus Equestris. Romulus instituted festivals to his honour, called Consualia, during the celebration of which the Romans carried away the Sabine women. See: Consuales ludi. Plutarch, Romulus.—Ausonius, ltr. 69, & Ecolgue 13, poem 23, on Roman festivals, li. 19.—Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 1.—Livy, bk. 1, ch. 9.

Consygna, the wife of Nicomedes king of Bithynia, torn in pieces by dogs for her lascivious deportment. Pliny, bk. 8, ch. 40.

Contadesdus, a river of Thrace. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 90.

Contubia, a town in Spain. Florus, bk. 2, ch. 17.

Coon, the eldest son of Antenor, killed by Agamemnon. Homer, Iliad.

Coos, Cos, Cea, and Co, an island of the Ægean sea. See: Co.

Copæ, a place of Greece, near the Cephisus. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 7.

Copais lacus, now Limne, a lake of Bœotia, into which the Cephisus and other rivers empty themselves. It is famous for its excellent eels. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 24.

Cophas, a son of Artabazus. Curtius, bk. 7, ch. 11.――A river of India. Dionysius Periegetes.

Cophontis, a burning mountain of Bactriana. Pliny, bk. 2, ch. 106.

Copia, the goddess of plenty among the Romans, represented as bearing a horn filled with grapes, fruits, &c.

Copillus, a general of the Tectosagæ, taken by the Romans. Plutarch, Sulla.

C. Coponius, a commander of the fleet of Rhodes, at Dyrracchium, in the interest of Pompey. Cicero, bk. 1, de Divinatione, ch. 8.—Paterculus, bk. 2, ch. 83.

Coprates, a river of Asia, falling into the Tigris. Diodorus, bk. 19.

Copreus, a son of Pelops, who fled to Mycenæ at the death of Iphitus. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 5.

Coptus and Coptos, now Kypt, a town of Egypt, about 100 leagues from Alexandria, on a canal which communicates with the Nile. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 9; bk. 6, ch. 23.—Strabo, bk. 16.—Juvenal, satire 15, li. 28.

Cora, a town of Latium, on the confines of the Volsci, built by a colony of Dardanians before the foundation of Rome. Lucan, bk. 7, li. 392.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 775.

Coracēsium and Coracensium, a maritime town of Pamphylia. Livy, bk. 33, ch. 20.

Coraconāsus, a town of Arcadia, where the Ladon falls into the Alpheus. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 25.

Coraletæ, a people of Scythia. Flaccus, bk. 6, li. 81.

Coralli, a savage people of Pontus. Ovid, ex Ponto, bk. 4, poem 2, li. 37.

Coranus, a miser. See: ♦Nascia.

♦ ‘Nascia’ not referenced

Coras, a brother of Catillus and Tyburtus, who fought against Æneas. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 672.

Corax, an ancient rhetorician of Sicily, who first demanded a salary of his pupils. Cicero, Brutus, ch. 12; On Oratory, bk. 1, ch. 20.—Aulus Gellius, bk. 5, ch. 10.—Quintilian, bk. 3, ch. 1.――A king of Sicyon.――A mountain of Ætolia. Livy, bk. 36, ch. 30.

Coraxi, a people of Colchis. Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 5.

Corbeus, a Gaul, &c. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 8, ch. 6.

Corbis and Orsua, two brothers, who fought for the dominion of a city, in the presence of Scipio, in Spain. Livy, bk. 28, ch. 21.—Valerius Maximus, bk. 9, ch. 11.

Corbŭlo Domitius, a prefect of Belgium, who, when governor of Syria, routed the Parthians, destroyed Artaxata, and made Tigranes king of Armenia. Nero, jealous of his virtues, ordered him to be murdered; and Corbulo hearing this, fell upon his sword, exclaiming, “I have well deserved this!” A.D. 66. His name was given to a place (Monumentum) in Germany, which some suppose to be modern Groningen. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 11, ch. 18.

Corcȳra, an island in the Ionian sea, about 12 miles from Buthrotum, on the coast of Epirus; famous for the shipwreck of Ulysses, and the gardens of Alcinous. It has been successively Drepane, Scheria, and Phæacia, and now bears the name of Corfu. Some Corinthians, with Chersicrates at their head, came to settle there, when banished from their country, 703 years before the christian era. A colony of Colchis had settled there 1349 years before Christ. The war which was carried on by the Athenians against the Corcyreans, and was called Corcyrean, became but a preparation for the Peloponnesian war. The people of Corcyra were once so hated by the Cretans, that such as were found on the island of Crete were always put to death. Ovid, Ibis, li. 512.—Homer, Odyssey, bk. 5, &c.—Lucan, bk. 9, li. 32.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.—Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12.—Strabo, bk. 6.

Cordŭba, now Cordova, a famous city of Hispania Bætica, the native place of both the Senecas and of Lucan. Martial, bk. 1, ltr. 62.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 6.—Cæsar, Alexandrine War, ch. 57.—Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 1.

Cordyla, a port of Pontus, supposed to give its name to a peculiar sort of fishes caught there (Cordylæ). Pliny, bk. 9, ch. 15.—Martial, bk. 13, ltr. 1.

Core, a daughter of Ceres, the same as Proserpine. Festivals called Coreia were instituted to her honour in Greece.

Coressus, a hill near Ephesus. Herodotus, bk. 5, ch. 100.

Corĕsus, a priest of Bacchus at Calydon in Bœotia, who was deeply enamoured of the nymph Callirhoe, who treated him with disdain. He complained to Bacchus, who visited the country with a pestilence. The Calydonians were directed by the oracle to appease the god by sacrificing Callirhoe on his altar. The nymph was led to the altar, and Coresus, who was to sacrifice her, forgot his resentment, and stabbed himself. Callirhoe, conscious of her ingratitude to the love of Coresus, killed herself on the brink of a fountain, which afterwards bore her name. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 21.

Corētas, a man who first gave oracles at Delphi. Plutarch, de Defectu Oraculorum.

Corfinium, now San Ferino, the capital of the Peligni, three miles from the Aternus, which falls into the Adriatic. Cæsar, Civil War, bk. 1, ch. 16.—Lucan, bk. 2, li. 478.—Silius Italicus, bk. 5, li. 522.

Coria, a surname of Minerva among the Arcadians. Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 3, ch. 23.

Corinna, a celebrated woman of Tanagra, near Thebes, disciple to Myrtis. Her father’s name was Archelodorus. It is said that she obtained five times a poetical prize, in which Pindar was her competitor; but it must be acknowledged that her beauty greatly contributed to defeat her rivals. She had composed 50 books of epigrams and odes, of which only some few verses remain. Propertius, bk. 2, poem 3.—Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 22.――A woman of Thespis, celebrated for her beauty.――Ovid’s mistress was also called Corinna. Amores, bk. 2, poem 6.

Corinnus, an ancient poet in the time of the Trojan war, on which he wrote a poem. Homer, as some suppose, took his subject from the poem of Corinnus.

Corinthiăcus sinus, is now called the gulf of Lepanto.

Corinthus, an ancient city of Greece, now called Corito, situated on the middle of the isthmus of Corinth, at the distance of about 60 stadia on either side from the sea. It was first founded by Sisyphus son of Æolus, A.M. 2616, and received its name from Corinthus the son of Pelops. Its original name was Ephyre; and it is called Bimaris, because situated between the Saronicus Sinus and the Crisseus Sinus. The inhabitants were once very powerful, and had great influence among the Grecian states. They colonized Syracuse in Sicily, and delivered it from the tyranny of its oppressors, by the means of Timoleon. Corinth was totally destroyed by Lucius Mummius the Roman consul, and burnt to the ground, 146 B.C. The riches which the Romans found there were immense. During the conflagration, all the metals which were in the city melted and mixed together, and formed that valuable composition of metals which has since been known by the name of Corinthium Æs. This, however, appears improbable, especially when it is remembered that the artists of Corinth made a mixture of copper with small quantities of gold and silver, and so brilliant was the composition, that the appellation of Corinthian brass afterwards stamped an extraordinary value on pieces of inferior worth. There was there a famous temple of Venus, where lascivious women resorted, and sold their pleasures so dear, that many of their lovers were reduced to poverty; whence the proverb of

Non cuivis homini contingit adire Corinthian,

to show that all voluptuous indulgences are attended with much expense. Julius Cæsar planted a colony at Corinth, and endeavoured to raise it from its ruins, and restore it to its former grandeur. The government of Corinth was monarchical till 779 years B.C., when officers called Pyrtanes were instituted. The war which has received the name of Corinthian war, because the battles were fought in the neighbourhood of Corinth, was begun B.C. 395, by the combination of the Athenians, Thebans, Corinthians, and Argives, against Lacedæmon. Pisander and Agesilaus distinguished themselves in that war; the former, in the first year of hostilities, was defeated with the Lacedæmonian fleet, by Conon, near Cnidus; while a few days after Agesilaus slaughtered 10,000 of the enemy. The most famous battles were fought at Coronea and Leuctra; but Agesilaus refused to besiege Corinth, lamenting that the Greeks, instead of destroying one another, did not turn their arms against the Persian power. Martial, bk. 9, ltr. 58.—Suetonius, Augustus, ch. 70.—Livy, bk. 45, ch. 28.—Florus, bk. 2, ch. 16.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 2, li. 240.—Horace, bk. 1, ltr. 17, li. 36.—Pliny, bk. 34, ch. 2.—Statius, Thebiad, bk. 7, li. 106.—Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 1, &c.—Strabo, bk. 8, &c.—Homer, Iliad, bk. 15.—Cicero, Tusculanæ Disputationes, bk. 4, ch. 14; Against Verres, bk. 4, ch. 44; de Natura Deorum, bk. 3.――An actor at Rome. Juvenal, satire 8, li. 197.

Coriŏlānus, the surname of Caius Martius from his victory over Corioli, where, from a private soldier, he gained the amplest honours. When master of the place, he accepted, as the only reward, the surname of Coriolanus, a horse and prisoners, and his ancient host, to whom he immediately gave his liberty. After a number of military exploits, and many services to his country, he was refused the consulship by the people, when his scars had for a while influenced them in his favour. This raised his resentment; and when the Romans had received a present of corn from Gelo king of Sicily, Coriolanus insisted that it should be sold for money, and not be given gratis. Upon this the tribunes raised the people against him for his imprudent advice, and even wished him to be put to death. This rigorous sentence was stopped by the influence of the senators, and Coriolanus submitted to a trial. He was banished by a majority of three tribes, and he immediately retired among the Volsci, to Attius Tullus, his greatest enemy, from whom he met a most friendly reception. He advised him to make war against Rome, and he marched at the head of the Volsci as general. The approach of Coriolanus greatly alarmed the Romans, who sent him several embassies to reconcile him to his country, and to solicit his return. He was deaf to all proposals, and bade them prepare for war. He pitched his camp only at the distance of five miles from the city; and his enmity against his country would have been fatal, had not his wife Volumnia, and his mother Veturia, been prevailed upon by the Roman matrons to go and appease his resentment. The meeting of Coriolanus with his family was tender and affecting. He remained long inexorable; but at last the tears and entreaties of a mother and a wife prevailed over the stern and obstinate resolutions of an enemy, and Coriolanus marched the Volsci from the neighbourhood of Rome. To show their sense of Volumnia’s merit and patriotism, the Romans dedicated a temple to Female Fortune. The behaviour of Coriolanus, however, displeased the Volsci. He was summoned to appear before the people of Antium; but the clamours which his enemies raised were so prevalent, that he was murdered at the place appointed for his trial, B.C. 488. His body was honoured with a magnificent funeral by the Volsci, and the Roman matrons put on mourning for his loss. Some historians say that he died in exile, in an advanced old age. Plutarch, Parallel Lives.—Florus, bk. 2, ch. 22.

Coriŏli and Coriolla, a town of Latium on the borders of the Volsci, taken by the Romans under Caius Martius, called from thence Coriolanus. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 5.—Plutarch.—Livy, bk. 2, ch. 33.

Corissus, a town of Ionia.

Coritus. See: Corytus.

Cormasa, a town of Pamphylia. Livy, bk. 38, ch. 15.

Cormus, a river near Assyria. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 12, ch. 14.

Cornēlia lex, de Civitate, was enacted A.U.C. 670, by Lucius Cornelius Sylla. It confirmed the Sulpician law, and required that the citizens of the eight newly elected tribes should be divided among the 35 ancient tribes.――Another, de Judiciis, A.U.C. 673, by the same. It ordained that the pretor should always observe the same invariable method in judicial proceedings, and that the process should not depend upon his will.――Another, de Sumptibus, by the same. It limited the expenses which generally attended funerals.――Another, de Religione, by the same, A.U.C. 677. It restored to the college of priests the privilege of choosing the priests, which, by the Domitian law, had been lodged in the hands of the people.――Another, de Municipiis, by the same, which revoked all the privileges which had been some time before granted to the several towns that had assisted Marius and Cinna in the civil wars.――Another, de Magistratibus, by the same, which gave the power of bearing honours and being promoted before the legal age, to those who had followed the interest of Sylla, while the sons and partisans of his enemies, who had been proscribed, were deprived of the privilege of standing for any office of the state.――Another, de Magistratibus, by the same, A.U.C. 673. It ordained that no person should exercise the same office within 10 years’ distance, or be invested with two different magistracies in one year.――Another, de Magistratibus, by the same, A.U.C. 673. It divested the tribunes of the privilege of making laws interfering, holding assemblies, and receiving appeals. All such as had been tribunes were incapable of holding any other office in the state by that law.――Another, de Majestate, by the same, A.U.C. 670. It made it treason to send an army out of a province, or engage in a war without orders, to influence the soldiers to spare or ransom a captive general of the enemy, to pardon the leaders of robbers or pirates, or for the absence of a Roman citizen to a foreign court without previous leave. The punishment was, aquæ et ignis interdictio.――Another, by the same, which gave the power to a man accused of murder, either by poison, weapons, or false accusations, and the setting fire to buildings, to choose whether the jury that tried him should give their verdict clam or palam, vivâ voce or by ballot.――Another, by the same, which made it aquæ et ignis interdictio to such as were guilty of forgery, concealing and altering of wills, corruption, false accusations, and the debasing or counterfeiting of the public coin; all such as were accessary to this offence were deemed as guilty as the offender.――Another, de pecuniis repetundis, by which a man convicted of peculation or extortion in the provinces was condemned to suffer the aquæ et ignis interdictio.――Another, by the same, which gave the power to such as were sent into the provinces with any government, of retaining their command and appointment, without a renewal of it by the senate, as was before observed.――Another, by the same, which ordained that the lands of proscribed persons should be common, especially those about Volaterræ and Fesulæ in Etruria, which Sylla divided among his soldiers.――Another, by Caius Cornelius, tribune of the people, A.U.C. 686, which ordained that no person should be exempted from any law, according to the general custom, unless 200 senators were present in the senate; and no person thus exempted could hinder the bill of his exemption from being carried to the people for their concurrence.――Another, by Nasica, A.U.C. 582, to make war against Perseus, son of Philip king of Macedonia, if he did not give proper satisfaction to the Roman people.

Cornēlia, a daughter of Cinna, who was the first wife of Julius Cæsar. She became mother of Julia, Pompey’s wife, and was so affectionately loved by her husband, that at her death he pronounced a funeral oration over her body. Plutarch, Cæsar.――A daughter of Metellus Scipio, who married Pompey, after the death of her husband Publius Crassus. She has been praised for her great virtues. When her husband left her in the bay of Alexandria, to go on shore in a small boat, she saw him stabbed by Achillas, and heard his dying groans without the possibility of aiding him. She attributed all his misfortunes to his connection with her. Plutarch, Pompey.――A daughter of Scipio Africanus, who married Sempronius Gracchus, and was the mother of Tiberius and Caius Gracchus. She was courted by a king; but she preferred being the wife of a Roman citizen to that of a monarch. Her virtues have been deservedly commended, as well as the wholesome principles which she inculcated in her two sons. When a Campanian lady made once a show of her jewels at Cornelia’s house, and entreated her to favour her with a sight of her own, Cornelia produced her two sons, saying, “These are the only jewels of which I can boast.” In her lifetime, a statue was raised to her, with this inscription, Cornelia mater Gracchorum. Some of her epistles are preserved. Plutarch, Gracchus.—Juvenal, satire 6, li. 167.—Valerius Maximus, bk. 4, ch. 4.—Cicero, Brutus, ch. 58; de Claris Oratoribus, ch. 58.――A vestal virgin, buried alive in Domitian’s age, as guilty of incontinence. Suetonius, Domitian.

Cornēlii, an illustrious family at Rome, of whom the most distinguished were, Caius Cornelius, a soothsayer of Padua, who foretold the beginning and issue of the battle of Pharsalia.――Dolabella, a friend and admirer of Cleopatra. He told her that Augustus intended to remove her from the monument, where she had retired.――An officer of Sylla, whom Julius Cæsar bribed to escape the proscription which threatened his life.――Cethegus, a priest, degraded from his office for want of attention.――Cnæus, a man chosen by Marcellus to be his colleague in the consulship.――Balbus, a man who hindered Julius Cæsar from rising up at the arrival of the senators.――Cossus, a military tribune during the time that there were no consuls in the republic. He offered to Jupiter the spoils called opima. Livy, bk. 4, ch. 19.――Balbus, a man of Gades, intimate with Cicero, by whom he was ably defended when accused.――A freedman of Sylla the dictator.――Scipio, a man appointed master of the horse by Camillus, when dictator.――Gallus, an elegiac poet. See: Gallus.――Merula, was made consul by Augustus, in the room of Cinna.――Marcellus, a man killed in Spain by Galba.――Cornelius Nepos, an historian. See: Nepos.――Merula, a consul sent against the Boii in Gaul. He killed 1400 of them. His grandson followed the interest of Sylla; and when Marius entered the city he killed himself, by opening his veins.――Gallus, a man who died in the act of copulation. Valerius Maximus, bk. 9, ch. 12.――Severus, an epic poet in the age of Augustus, of great genius. He wrote a poem on mount Ætna, and on the death of Cicero. Quintilian, bk. 10, li. 1.――Thuscus, a mischievous person.――Lentulus Cethegus, a consul.――Aulus Celsus, wrote eight books on medicine, still extant, and highly valued.――Cnæus and Publius Scipio. See: Scipio.――Lentulus, a high priest, &c. Livy.—Plutarch.—Valerius Maximus.—Tacitus.—Suetonius.—Polybius.—Cornelius Nepos, &c.

Cornicŭlum, a town of Latium. Dionysius of Halicarnassus.

Cornificius, a poet and general in the age of Augustus, employed to accuse Brutus, &c. His sister Cornificia was also blessed with a poetical genius. Plutarch, Brutus.――A lieutenant of Julius Cæsar. Plutarch, Cæsar.――A friend of Cicero, and his colleague in the office of augur.

Cornĭger, a surname of Bacchus.

Cornūtus, a stoic philosopher of Africa, preceptor to Persius the satirist. He wrote some treatises on philosophy and rhetoric. Persius, bk. 5, li. 36.――A pretor of Rome, in the age of Cicero. Cicero, bk. 10, ltr. 12.――A Roman, saved from the proscription of Marius by his servants, who hung up a dead man in his room, and said it was their master. Plutarch, Marius.

Corœbus, a Phrygian, son of Mygdon and Anaximena. He assisted Priam in the Trojan war, with the hopes of being rewarded with the hand of Cassandra for his services. Cassandra advised him in vain to retire from the war. He was killed by Peneleus. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 37.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 2, li. 341, &c.――A courier of Elis, killed by Neoptolemus. He obtained a prize at Olympia, B.C. 776, in the 28th olympiad, from the institution of Iphitus; but this year has generally been called the first olympiad. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 8.――A hero of Argolis, who killed a serpent called Pœne, sent by Apollo to avenge Argos, and placed by some authors in the number of the furies. His country was afflicted with the plague, and he consulted the oracle of Delphi, which commanded him to build a temple where a tripod which was given him should fall from his hand. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 43.

Corōna, a town of Messenia. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 5.

Coronēa, a town of Bœotia, where, in the first year of the Corinthian war, Agesilaus defeated the allied forces of Athens, Thebes, Corinth, and Argos, B.C. 394. Cornelius Nepos, Agesilaus.—Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 34.—Diodorus, bk. 12.――A town of Peloponnesus,――of Corinth,――of Cyprus,――of Ambracia,――of Phthiotis.

Corōnis, a daughter of Phlegias, loved by Apollo. She became pregnant by her lover, who killed her on account of her criminal partiality to Ischys the Thessalian. According to some, Diana killed her for her infidelity to her brother, and Mercury saved the child from her womb, as she was on the burning pile. Others say that she brought forth her son and exposed him, near Epidaurus, to avoid her father’s resentment; and they further mention that Apollo had set a crow to watch her behaviour. The child was preserved, and called Æsculapius; and the mother, after death, received divine honours, and had a statue at Sicyon, in her son’s temple, which was never exposed to public view. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 26.――The daughter of Coronæus king of Phocis, changed into a crow by Minerva, when flying before Neptune. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 2, li. 543.――One of the daughters of Atlas and Pleione.

Coronia, a town of Acarnania. Thucydides, bk. 2, ch. 102.

Corōnus, a son of Apollo. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 5.――A son of Phoroneus king of the Lapithæ. Diodorus, bk. 4.

Corrhāgium, a town of Macedonia. Livy, bk. 31, ch. 27.

Corsi, a people of Sardinia, descended from the Corsicans.

Corsia, a town of Bœotia. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 24.

Corsīca, a mountainous island in the Mediterranean, on the coast of Italy. Its inhabitants were savage, and bore the character of robbers, liars, and atheists, according to Seneca, who was exiled among them. They lived to a great age, and fed on honey, which was produced in great abundance, though bitter in taste, from the number of yew trees and hemlock which grew there. Corsica was in the possession of the Carthaginians, and was conquered by the Romans, B.C. 231. The Greeks called it Cyrnos. In the age of Pliny it was considered as in a flourishing state, as it contained no less than 33 towns, a number far exceeding its present population.—Strabo.—Martial, bk. 9, ltr. 27.—Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 6; bk. 7, ch. 2.—Ovid, Amores, bk. 1, poem 12, li. 10.—Virgil, Eclogues, poem 9, li. 30.

Corsote, a town of Armenia.

Corsūra, an island in the bay of Carthage.

Cortōna, an ancient town of Etruria, called Corytum by Virgil. It was at the north of the Thrasymene lake. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 1, chs. 20 & 26.—Livy, bk. 9, ch. 37; bk. 22, ch. 4.

Corvīnus, a name given to Marcus Valerius from a crow, which assisted him when he was fighting against a Gaul.――An orator. Paterculus, bk. 2, ch. 36.――Messala, an eloquent orator, in the Augustan age, distinguished for integrity and patriotism, yet ridiculed for his frequent quotations of Greek in his orations. In his old age he became so forgetful as not even to remember his own name.――One of this family became so poor, that he was obliged, to maintain himself, to be a mercenary shepherd. Juvenal, satire 1, li. 108.

Tiberius Coruncānius, the first plebeian who was made high priest at Rome.――The family of the Coruncanii was famous for the number of great men which it supplied for the service and honour of the Roman republic. Cicero, On his House.

Corus, a river of Arabia, falling into the Red sea. Herodotus, bk. 3, ch. 9.

Corybantes, the priests of Cybele, called also Galli. In the celebration of their festivals, they beat their cymbals, and behaved as if delirious. They first inhabited on mount Ida, and from thence passed into Crete, and ♦secretly brought up Jupiter. Some suppose that they received their name from Corybas son of Jasus and Cybele, who first introduced the rites of his mother into Phrygia. There was a festival at Cnossus in Crete called Corybantica, in commemoration of the Corybantes, who there educated Jupiter. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 37.—Diodorus, bk. 5.—Horace, bk. 1, ode 16.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 617; bk. 10, li. 250.

♦ ‘secretely’ replaced with ‘secretly’

Cory̆bas, a son of Jasus and Cybele. Diodorus, bk. 5.――A painter, disciple to Nicomachus. Pliny, bk. 35, ch. 11.

Corybassa, a city of Mysia.

Cory̆bus, a promontory of Crete.

Corycia, a nymph, mother of Lycorus by Apollo. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 6.

Cōry̆cĭdes, the nymphs who inhabited the foot of Parnassus. This name is often applied to the Muses. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 1, li. 320.

Corycius, an old man of Tarentum, whose time was happily employed in taking care of his bees. He is represented by Virgil, Georgics, bk. 4, li. 12, &c., as a contented old man, whose assiduity and diligence are exemplary. Some suppose that the word Corycius implies not a person of that name, but a native of Corycus, who had settled in Italy.

Cory̆cus, now Curco, a lofty mountain of Cilicia, with a town of the same name, and also a cave, with a grove which produced excellent saffron. Horace, bk. 2, satire 4, li. 68.—Lucan, bk. 9, li. 809.—Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 27.—Cicero, Letters to his Friends, bk. 12, ltr. 13.—Strabo, bk. 14.――Another of Ionia, long the famous retreat of robbers.――Another at the foot of Parnassus, sacred to the Muses. Statius, Thebiad, bk. 7.—Strabo, bk. 9.

Cory̆don, a fictitious name of a shepherd, often occuring in the pastorals of Theocritus and Virgil.

Coryla and Coryleum, a village of Paphlagonia.

Cory̆na, a town of Ionia. Mela, bk. 1, ch. 17.

Corymbĭfer, a surname of Bacchus, from his wearing a crown of corymbi, certain berries that grow on the ivy. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 1, li. 393.

Coryneta and Corynetes, a famous robber, son of Vulcan, killed by Theseus. Plutarch, Theseus.

Coryphasium, a promontory of Peloponnesus. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 36.

Coryphe, a daughter of Oceanus. Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 2, ch. 23.

Corythenes, a place of Tegea. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 45.

Corythus, a king of Corinth. Diodorus, bk. 4.

Corytus, a king of Etruria, father to Jasius, whom Dardanus is said to have put to death to obtain the kingdom. It is also a town and mountain of Etruria, now Cortona, near which Dardanus was born. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 170; bk. 7, li. 209.—Silius Italicus, bk. 5, li. 123; bk. 4, li. 721.

Cos, an island. See: Co.

Cosa and Cossa, or Cŏsæ, a town of Etruria. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 168.—Livy, bk. 22, ch. 11.—Cicero, bk. 9, Letters to Atticus, ltr. 6.—Cæsar, Civil War, bk. 1, ch. 34.

Cosconius, a Latin writer. Varro, de Lingua Latina, bk. 5.――A wretched epigram writer. Martial, bk. 2, ltr. 77.

Cosingas, a Thracian priest of Juno, &c. Polyænus, bk. 7, ch. 22.

Cosis, a brother to the king of Albania, killed by Pompey. Plutarch, Pompey.

Cosmus, an effeminate Roman. Juvenal, satire 8.

Cossea, a part of Persia. Diodorus, bk. 17.

Cossus, a surname given to the family of the Cornelii.――A Roman who killed Volumnius king of Veii, and obtained the Spolia Opima, A.U.C. 317. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 841.

Cossutii, a family of Rome, of which Cossutia, Cæsar’s wife, was descended. Suetonius, Cæsar, ch. 1. One of the family was distinguished as an architect about 200 B.C. He first introduced into Italy the more perfect models of Greece.

Costobœi, robbers in Galatia. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 34.

Cosȳra, a barren island in the African sea near Melita. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 3, li. 567.

Cotes and Cottes, a promontory of Mauritania.

Cothon, a small island near the citadel of Carthage, with a convenient bay which served for a dock-yard. Servius on Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 431.—Diodorus, bk. 3.

Cothonea, the mother of Triptolemus. Hyginus, fable 147.

Cŏtĭso, a king of the Daci, whose army invaded Pannonia, and was defeated by Cornelius Lentulus the lieutenant of Augustus. It is said that Augustus solicited his daughter in marriage. Suetonius, Augustus, ch. 63.—Horace, bk. 3, ode 8, li. 18.

Cotōnis, an island near the Echinades. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12.

Cotta Marcus Aurelius, a Roman who opposed Marius. He was consul with Lucullus; and when in Asia, he was defeated by sea and land by Mithridates. He was surnamed Ponticus, because he took Heraclea of Pontus by treachery. Plutarch, Lucullus.――An orator, greatly commended by Cicero, On Oratory.――A governor of Paphlagonia, very faithful to Sardanapalus. Diodorus, bk. 2.――A spendthrift in the age of Nero, &c. Tacitus.――An officer of Cæsar in Gaul.――A poet mentioned by ♦Ovid, Epistulæ ex Ponto.

♦ added author’s name ‘Ovid’

Cottiæ Alpes, a certain part of the Alps, by which Italy is separated from Gaul. Suetonius, Tiberius, ch. 37; Nero, ch. 18.

Cottus, a giant, son of Cœlus and Terra, who had 100 hands and 50 heads. Hesiod, Theogony, li. 147.――A man among the Ædui. Cæsar, Gallic War.

Cotyæum, a town of Galatia. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 32.――Of Phrygia.

Cotyæus, a surname of Æsculapius, worshipped on the borders of the Eurotas. His temple was raised by Hercules. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 19.

Cotylius, a mountain of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 41.

Cotyora, a city of Asia Minor, founded by a colony from Sinope. Diodorus, bk. 14.

Cotys, the father of Asia. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 45.――A son of Manes by Callirhoe, who succeeded his father on the throne of Mæonia.――A king of Thrace. Cornelius Nepos, Iphicrates.――Another, who favoured the interest of Pompey. He was of an irascible temper. Lucan, bk. 5, li. 54.――Another, king of Thrace, who divided the kingdom with his uncle, by whom he was killed. It is the same to whom Ovid writes from his banishment. Tacitus, bk. 2, Annals, ch. 64.—Ovid, bk. 2, Epistulæ ex Ponto, ltr. 9.――A king of the Odrysæ. Livy, bk. 42, ch. 29.――A king of Armenia Minor, who fought against Mithridates, in the age of Claudius. Tacitus, Annals, bks. 11 & 13.――Another, who imagined he should marry Minerva, and who murdered some of his servants who wished to dissuade him from expectations so frivolous and inconsistent. Athenæus, bk. 12.

Cotytto, the goddess of all debauchery, whose festivals, called Cotyttia, were celebrated by the Athenians, Corinthians, Thracians, &c., during the night. Her priests were called Baptæ, and nothing but debauchery and wantonness prevailed at the celebration. A festival of the same name was observed in Sicily, where the votaries of the goddess carried about boughs hung with cakes and fruit, which it was lawful for any person to pluck off. It was a capital punishment to reveal whatever was seen or done at these sacred festivals; and it cost Eupolis his life for an unseasonable reflection upon them. The goddess ♦Cotytto is supposed to be the same as Proserpine or Ceres. Horace, epode 17, li. 58.—Juvenal, satire 2, li. 91.

♦ ‘Corytto’ replaced with ‘Cotytto’

Cragus, a woody mountain of Cilicia, part of mount Taurus, sacred to Apollo. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 9, li. 645.—Horace, bk. 1, ode 21.

Crambūsa, a town of Lycia.

Cranai, a surname of the Athenians, from their king Cranaus. Herodotus, bk. 8, ch. 44.

Cranapes, a Persian, &c. Herodotus.

Cranaus, the second king of Athens, who succeeded Cecrops, and reigned nine years, B.C. 1497. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 2.――A city of Caria. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 29.

Crane, a nymph. See: ♦Cara.――A town of Arcadia.

♦ no reference found for ‘Cara’

Craneum, a gymnastic school at Corinth. Diogenes Laërtius.

Cranii, a town of Cephallenia. Thucydides, bk. 2, ch. 30.

Cranon and Crannon, a town of Thessaly on the borders of Macedonia, where Antipater and Craterus defeated the Athenians after Alexander’s death. Livy, bk. 26, ch. 10; bk. 42, ch. 64.

Crantor, a philosopher of Soli, among the pupils of Plato, B.C. 310. Diogenes Laërtius.――An armour-bearer of Peleus, killed by Demoleon. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12, li. 361.

Crassĭpes, a surname of the family of the Furii, one of whom married Tullia, Cicero’s daughter, whom he soon after divorced. Cicero, Letters to Atticus, bk. 4, ltr. 5.—Livy, bk. 38, ch. 42.

Lucius Crassitius, a man who opened a school at Rome. Suetonius, Lives of the Grammarians, ch. 18.

Crassus, the grandfather of Crassus the Rich, who never laughed. Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 19.――Publius Licinius, a Roman high priest about 131 years B.C., who went into Asia with an army against Aristonicus, where he was killed and buried at Smyrna.――Marcus Licinius, a celebrated Roman, surnamed Rich, on account of his opulence. At first he was very circumscribed in his circumstances; but, by educating slaves, and selling them at a high price, he soon enriched himself. The cruelties of Cinna obliged him to leave Rome; and he retired to Spain, where he remained concealed for eight months. After Cinna’s death he passed into Africa, and thence to Italy, where he served Sylla, and ingratiated himself in his favour. When the gladiators, with Spartacus at their head, had spread a universal alarm in Italy, and defeated some of the Roman generals, Crassus was sent against them. A battle was fought, in which Crassus slaughtered 12,000 of the slaves, and by this decisive blow he soon put an end to the war, and was honoured with an ovatio at his return. He was soon after made consul with Pompey; and in this high office he displayed his opulence, by entertaining the populace at 10,000 tables. He was afterwards censor, and formed the first triumvirate with Pompey and Cæsar. As his love of riches was more predominant than that of glory, Crassus never imitated the ambitious conduct of his colleagues, but was satisfied with the province of Syria, which seemed to promise an inexhaustible source of wealth. With hopes of enlarging his possessions, he set off from Rome, though the omens proved unfavourable, and everything seemed to threaten his ruin. He crossed the Euphrates, and, forgetful of the rich cities of Babylon and Seleucia, he hastened to make himself master of Parthia. He was betrayed in his march by the delay of Artavasdes king of Armenia, and the perfidy of Ariamnes. He was met in a large plain by Surena, the general of the forces of Orodes the king of Parthia; and a battle was fought in which 20,000 Romans were killed, and 10,000 taken prisoners. The darkness of the night favoured the escape of the rest, and Crassus, forced by the mutiny and turbulence of his soldiers, and the treachery of his guides, trusted himself to the general of the enemy, on pretence of proposing terms of accommodation, and he was put to death, B.C. 53. His head was cut off and sent to Orodes, who poured melted lead down his throat, and insulted his misfortunes. The firmness with which Crassus received the news of his son’s death, who perished in that expedition, has been deservedly commended; and the words that he uttered when he surrendered himself into the hands of Surena, equally claim our admiration. He was wont often to say, that no man ought to be accounted rich if he could not maintain an army. Though he has been called avaricious, yet he showed himself always ready to lend money to his friends without interest. He was fond of philosophy, and his knowledge of history was great and extensive. Plutarch has written his life. Florus, bk. 3, ch. 11.――Publius, the son of the rich Crassus, went into Parthia with his father. When he saw himself surrounded by the enemy, and without any hope of escape, he ordered one of his men to run him through. His head was cut off, and shown with insolence to his father by the Parthians. Plutarch, Crassus.――Lucius Licinius, a celebrated Roman orator, commended by Cicero, and introduced in his book On Oratory as the principal speaker.――A son of Crassus the Rich, killed in the civil wars, after Cæsar’s death.

Crastīnus, a man in Cæsar’s army, killed at the battle of Pharsalia. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 3, ch. 29.

Cratais, the mother of Scylla, supposed to be the same as Hecate. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 12, li. 124.

Cratæus, conspired against Archelaus, &c. Aristotle.

Crater, a bay of Campania near Misenus.

Cratĕrus, one of Alexander’s generals. He rendered himself conspicuous by his literary fame, as well as by his valour in the field, and wrote the history of Alexander’s life. He was greatly respected and loved by the Macedonian soldiers, and Alexander always trusted him with unusual confidence. After Alexander’s death he subdued Greece with Antipater, and passed with his colleague into Asia, where he was killed in a battle against Eumenes, B.C. 321. He had received for his share of Alexander’s kingdoms, Greece and Epirus. Cornelius Nepos, Eumenes, ch. 2.—Justin, bks. 12 & 13.—Curtius, bk. 3.—Arrian.—Plutarch, Alexander.――A physician of Atticus, mentioned by Cicero, bk. 12, Letters to Atticus, ltr. 13.—Horace, bk. 2, satire 3, li. 161.――A painter whose pieces adorned the public buildings of Athens. Pliny, bk. 35, ch. 11.――An Athenian, who collected into one body all the decrees which had passed in the public assemblies at Athens.――A famous sculptor.

Crates, a philosopher of Bœotia, son of Ascondus, and disciple of Diogenes the Cynic, B.C. 324. He sold his estates, and gave the money to his fellow-citizens. He was naturally deformed, and he rendered himself more hideous by sewing sheepskins to his mantle, and by the singularity of his manners. He clothed himself as warm as possible in the summer; but in the winter, his garments were uncommonly thin, and incapable to resist the inclemency of the season. Hipparchia, the sister of a philosopher, became enamoured of him; and as he could not check her passion by representing himself as poor and deformed, he married her. He had by her two daughters, whom he gave in marriage to his disciples, after he had permitted them their company for 30 days, by way of trial. Some of his letters are extant. Diogenes Laërtius, Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers.――A stoic, son of Timocrates, who opened a school at Rome, where he taught grammar. Suetonius.――A native of Pergamus, who wrote an account of the most striking events of every age, B.C. 165. Ælian, de Natura Animalium, bk. 17, ch. 9.――A philosopher of Athens, who succeeded in the school of his master Polemon.――An Athenian comic poet.

Cratesiclēa, the mother of Cleomenes, who went to Egypt in hopes of serving her country, &c. Plutarch, Cleomenes.

Cratesipŏlis, a queen of Sicyon, who severely punished some of her subjects, who had revolted at the death of Alexander her husband, &c. Polyænus, bk. 8, ch. 58.

Cratesippĭdas, a commander of the Lacedæmonian fleet against the Athenians, &c. Diodorus, bk. 13.

Cratēvas, a general of Cassander. Diodorus, bk. 19.

Crateus, a son of Minos.

Crathis, a river of Achaia, falling into the bay of Corinth. Strabo, bk. 8.――Another in Magna Græcia, whose waters were supposed to give a yellow colour to the hair and beard of those that drank them. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 14, li. 315.—Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 25.—Pliny, bk. 31, ch. 2.

Cratīnus, a native of Athens, celebrated for his comic writings, and his fondness for drinking. He died at the age of ♦97 years, B.C. 431. Quintilian greatly commends his comedies, which the little remains of his poetry do not seem fully to justify. Horace, bk. 1, satire 4.—Quintilian.――A wrestler of an uncommon beauty. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 25.――A river of Asia. Pliny, bk. 37, ch. 2.

♦ ‘97, B.C. 431 years.’ replaced with ‘97 years, B.C. 431.’

Cratippus, a philosopher of Mitylene, who, among others, taught Cicero’s son at Athens. After the battle of Pharsalia, Pompey visited the house of Cratippus, where their discourse was chiefly turned upon Providence, which the warrior blamed, and the philosopher defended. Plutarch, Pompey.—Cicero, De Officiis, bk. 1.――An historian contemporary with Thucydides. Dionysius of Halicarnassus.

Craty̆les, a philosopher, preceptor to Plato after Socrates.

Crausiæ, two islands on the coast of Peloponnesus.

Crausis, the father of Philopœmen.

Crauxĭdas, a man who obtained an Olympic crown at a horse-race. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 8.

Crĕmĕra, a small river of Tuscany, falling into the Tiber, famous for the death of the 300 Fabii, who were killed there in a battle against the Veientes, A.U.C. 277. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 2, li. 205.—Juvenal, satire 2, li. 155.

Cremides, a place of Bithynia. Diodorus, bk. 14.

Cremma, a town of Lycia.

Cremmyon and Crommyon, a town near Corinth, where Theseus killed a sow of uncommon bigness. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 7, li. 435.

Cremni and Cremnos, a commercial place on the Palus Mæotis. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 2.

Cremōna, a town of Cisalpine Gaul, on the Po, near Mantua. It was a Roman colony, and suffered much when Annibal first passed into Italy. Livy, bk. 21, ch. 56.—Tacitus, Histories, bk. 3, chs. 4 & 19.

Cremōnis Jugum, a part of the Alps, over which, as some suppose, Annibal passed to enter Italy. Livy, bk. 21, ch. 38.

Cremutius Cordus, an historian who wrote an account of Augustus, and of the civil wars, and starved himself for fear of the resentment of Tiberius, whom he had offended by calling Cassius the last of the Romans. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 55, chs. 34, 35.—Suetonius, Augustus, ch. 35; Tiberius, ch. 60, Caligula, ch. 16.

Crenis, a nymph mentioned by Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12, li. 313.

Creon, king of Corinth, was son of Sisyphus. He promised his daughter Glauce to Jason, who repudiated Medea. To revenge the success of her rival, Medea sent her for a present a gown covered with poison. Glauce put it on and was seized with sudden pains. Her body took fire, and she expired in the greatest torments. The house was also consumed by the fire, and Creon and his family shared Glauce’s fate. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 3, ch. 7.—Euripides, Medea.—Hyginus, fable 25.—Diodorus, bk. 4.――A son of Menœtius father of Jocasta, the wife and mother of Œdipus. At the death of Laius, who married Jocasta, Creon ascended the vacant throne of Thebes. As the ravages of the Sphinx [See: Sphinx] were intolerable, Creon offered his crown and daughter in marriage to him who could explain the enigmas which the monster proposed. Œdipus was happy in his explanations, and he ascended the throne of Thebes, and married Jocasta without knowing that she was his mother, and by her he had two sons, Polynices and Eteocles. These two sons mutually agreed, after their father’s death, to reign in the kingdom each alternately. Eteocles first ascended the throne by right of seniority; but when he was once in power, he refused to resign at the appointed time, and his brother led against him an army of Argives to support his right. The war was decided by single combat between the two brothers. They both killed one another and Creon ascended the throne, till Leodamas the son of Eteocles should be of sufficient age to assume the reins of government. In his regal capacity, Creon commanded that the Argives, and more particularly Polynices, who was the cause of all the bloodshed, should remain unburied. If this was in any manner disobeyed, the offenders were to be buried alive. Antigone the sister of Polynices transgressed, and was accordingly punished. Hæmon the son of Creon, who was passionately fond of Antigone, killed himself on her grave, when his father refused to grant her pardon. Creon was afterwards killed by Theseus, who had made war against him at the request of Adrastus, because he refused burial to the Argives. See: Eteocles, Polynices, Adrastus, Œdipus. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 56, &c.—Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 39; bk. 9, ch. 5, &c.—Statius, Thebiad.—Sophocles, Antigone.—Aeschylus, Seven Against Thebes.—Hyginus, fables 67 & 76.—Diodorus, bks. 1 & 4.――The first annual archon at Athens. 684 B.C. Paterculus, bk. 1, ch. 8.

Creontiădes, a son of Hercules by Megara daughter of Creon, killed by his father because he had slain Lycus.

Creŏphĭlus, a Samian who hospitably entertained Homer, from whom he received a poem in return. Some say that he was that poet’s master, &c. Strabo, bk. 14.――An historian. Athenæus, bk. 8.

Creperius Pollio, a Roman, who spent his all in the most extravagant debauchery. Juvenal, satire 9, li. 6.

Cres, an inhabitant of Crete.――The first king of Crete. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 53.

Cresa and Cressa, a town of Caria.

Cresius, a hill of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 44.

Cresphontes, a son of Aristomachus, who, with his brothers Temenus and Aristodemus, attempted to recover the Peloponnesus. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 3, &c.

Cressius, belonging to Crete. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 4, li. 70; bk. 8, li. 294.

Creston, a town of Thrace, capital of a part of the country called Crestonia. The inhabitants had each many wives; and when the husband died, she who had received the greatest share of his affection was cheerfully slain on his grave. Herodotus, bk. 5, ch. 5.

Cresus and Ephesus, two men who built the temple of Diana at Ephesus. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 2.

Crēta, now Candia, one of the largest islands of the Mediterranean sea, at the south of all the Cyclades. It was once famous for its 100 cities, and for the laws which the wisdom of Minos established there. The inhabitants have been detested for their unnatural loves, their falsehood, their piracies, and robberies. Jupiter, as some authors report, was educated in that island by the Corybantes, and the Cretans boasted that they could show his tomb. There were different colonies from Phrygia, Doris, Achaia, &c., that established themselves there. The island, after groaning under the tyranny of democratical usurpation, and feeling the scourge of frequent sedition, was made a Roman province, B.C. 66, after a war of three years, in which the inhabitants were so distressed that they were even compelled to drink the water of their cattle. Chalk was produced there and thence called Creta, and with it the Romans marked their lucky days in their calendar. Horace, bk. 1, ode 36, li. 10; epode 9.—Ovid, Fasti, bk. 3, li. 444; Epistles, bk. 10, li. 106.—Valerius Maximus, bk. 7, ch. 6.—Strabo, bk. 10.—Lucan, bk. 3, li. 184.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 104.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.—Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12.

Cretæus, a poet mentioned by Propertius, bk. 2, poem 34, li. 29.

Crete, the wife of Minos. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 1.――A daughter of Deucalion. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 3.

Cretea, a country of Arcadia, where Jupiter was educated, according to some traditions. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 38.

Cretes, inhabitants of Crete. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 4, li. 146.

Creteus, a Trojan, distinguished as a poet and musician. He followed Æneas, and was killed by Turnus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 774.――Another, killed by Turnus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 12, li. 538.

Cretheis, the wife of Acastus king of Iolchos, who fell in love with Peleus son of Æacus, and accused him of attempts upon her virtue, because he refused to comply with her wishes, &c. She is called by some Hippolyte or Astyadamia. Pindar, Nemean, ch. 4.

Cretheus, a son of ♦Æolus father of ♥Æson, by Tyro his brother’s daughter. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 7, &c.

♦ ‘Œolus’ replaced with ‘Æolus’

♥ ‘Œson’ replaced with ‘Æson’

Crethon, a son of Diocles, engaged in the Trojan war on the side of Greece. He was slain, with his brother Orsilochus, by ♦Æneas. Homer, Iliad, bk. 5, li. 540.

♦ ‘Œneas’ replaced with ‘Æneas’

Cretĭcus, a certain orator. Juvenal, satire 2, li. 67.――A surname of Marcus Antony’s father.

Cressas, a famous boxer. Pausanias, bk. 2.

Creūsa, a daughter of Creon king of Corinth. As she was going to marry Jason, who had divorced Medea, she put on a poisoned garment, which immediately set her body on fire, and she expired in the most excruciating torments. She had received this gown as a gift from Medea, who wished to take that revenge upon the infidelity of Jason. Some call her Glauce. Ovid, de Ars Amatoria, bk. 1, li. 335.――A daughter of Priam king of Troy by Hecuba. She married Æneas, by whom she had some children, among which was Ascanius. When Troy was taken, she fled in the night, with her husband; but they were separated in the midst of the confusion, and Æneas could not recover her, nor hear where she was. Cybele saved her, and carried her to her temple, of which she became priestess; according to the relation of Vigil, who makes Creusa appear to her husband in a vision, while he was seeking her in the tumult of war. She predicted to Æneas the calamities that attended him, the fame he should acquire when he came to Italy, and his consequent marriage with a princess of the country. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 16.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 2, li. 562, &c.――A daughter of Erechtheus king of Athens. She was mother of Janus by Apollo.――A town of Bœotia. Strabo, bk. 9.—Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 32.

Creusis, a naval station of the Thespians. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 32.

Criăsus, a son of Argos king of Peloponnesus. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 1.

Crinippus, a general of Dionysius the elder.

Crinis, a stoic philosopher. Diogenes Laërtius.――A priest of Apollo.

Crinīsus and Crimīsus, now Caltabellota, a river on the western parts of ♦Sicily near Segesta, where Timoleon defeated the Carthaginian forces. Cornelius Nepos, Timoleon.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 5, li. 38. The word in the various editions of Virgil, is spelt Cremissus, Crimissus, Crimisus, Crimesus, Crinisus, Crimnisus. The Crinisus was a Trojan prince, who exposed his daughter on the sea, rather than suffer her to be devoured by the sea monster which Neptune sent to punish the infidelity of Laomedon. See: Laomedon. The daughter came safe to the shores of Sicily. Crinisus some time after went in quest of his daughter, and was so disconsolate for her loss, that the gods changed him into a river in Sicily, and granted him the power of metamorphosing himself into whatever shape he pleased. He made use of this privilege to seduce the neighbouring nymphs.

♦ ‘Cicily’ replaced with ‘Sicily’

Crino, a daughter of Antenor. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 27.――One of the Danaides. Apollodorus.

Crison, a man of Himera, who obtained a prize at Olympia, &c. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 23.

Crispīna, a Roman matron, &c. Tacitus, bk. 1, Histories, ch. 47.

Crispīnus, a pretorian, who, though originally a slave in Egypt, was, after the acquisition of riches, raised to the honours of Roman knighthood by Domitian. Juvenal, satire 1, li. 26.――A stoic philosopher, as remarkable for his loquacity as for the foolish and tedious poem which he wrote, to explain the tenets of his own sect, to which Horace alludes in the last verses of bk. 1, satire 1.

Crispus Sallustius. See: Sallustius.――Virio, a famous orator. Quintilian, bk. 10, ch. 1.――The second husband of Agrippina.――Flavius Julius, a son of the Great Constantine, made Cæsar by his father, and distinguished for valour and extensive knowledge. Fausta, his stepmother, wished to seduce him; and when he refused, she accused him before Constantine, who believed the crime, and caused his son to be poisoned, A.D. 326.

Crissæus sinus, a bay on the coast of Peloponnesus, near Corinth, now the bay of Salona. It received its name from Crissa, a town of Phocis, situate on the bay and near Delphi.

Critāla, a town of Cappadocia. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 26.

Crithēis, a daughter of Melanippus, who became pregnant by an unknown person, and afterwards married Phemicis of Smyrna, and brought forth the poet Homer, according to Herodotus, Life of Homer.

Crithōte, a town of the Thracian Chersonesus. Cornelius Nepos.

Critias, one of the 30 tyrants set over Athens by the Spartans. He was eloquent and well-bred, but of dangerous principles, and he cruelly persecuted his enemies, and put them to death. He was killed in a battle against those citizens whom his oppression had banished. He had been among the disciples of Socrates, and had written elegies and other compositions, of which some fragments remain. Cicero, bk. 2, On Oratory.――A philosopher.――A man who wrote on republics.――Another who addressed an elegy to Alcibiades.

Crito, one of the disciples of Socrates, who attended his learned preceptor in his last moments, and composed some dialogues, now lost. Diogenes Laërtius.――A physician in the age of Artaxerxes Longimanus.――An historian of Naxus, who wrote an account of all that had happened during eight particular years of his life.――A Macedonian historian, who wrote an account of Pallene, of Persia, of the foundation of Syracuse, of the Getæ, &c.

Critobūlus, a general of Phocis, at the battle of Thermopylæ, between Antiochus and the Romans. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 20.――A physician in the age of Philip king of Macedonia. Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 37.――A son of Crito, disciple to Socrates. Diogenes Laërtius, Crito.

Critodēmus, an ancient historian. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 76.

Critognātus, a celebrated warrior of Alesia, when Cæsar was in Gaul. Cæsar, Gallic War.

Critolāus, a citizen of Tegea in Arcadia, who, with two brothers, fought against the three sons of Demostratus of Pheneus, to put an end to the long war between their respective nations. The brothers of Critolaus were both killed, and he alone remained to withstand his three bold antagonists. He conquered them; and when, at his return, his sister deplored the death of one of his antagonists to whom she was betrothed, he killed her in a fit of resentment. The offence deserved capital punishment; but he was pardoned, on account of the services he had rendered his country. He was afterwards general of the Achæans, and it is said that he poisoned himself, because he had been conquered at Thermopylæ by the Romans. Cicero, de Natura Deorum.――A peripatetic philosopher of Athens, sent ambassador to Rome, &c., 140 B.C. Cicero, bk. 2, On Oratory.――An historian who wrote about Epirus.

Crius, a soothsayer, son of Theocles. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 13.――A man of Ægina, &c. Herodotus, bk. 6, ch. 50.――A river of Achaia, called after a giant of the same name. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 27.

Crobialus, a town of Paphlagonia.

Crobyzi, a people of Thrace.

Crŏcăle, one of Diana’s attendants. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 3.

Croceæ, a town of Laconia. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 21.

Crocodilopŏ1is, a town of Egypt, near the Nile, above Memphis. The crocodiles were held there in the greatest veneration; and they were so tame, that they came to feed from the hand of their feeders. It was afterwards called Arsinoe. Herodotus, bk. 2, ch. 69.—Strabo, bk. 17.

Crocus, a beautiful youth enamoured of the nymph Smilax. He was changed into a flower of the same name, on account of the impatience of his love, and Smilax was metamorphosed into a yew tree. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 4, li. 283.

Crœsus, the fifth and last of the Mermnadæ, who reigned in Lydia, was son of Alyattes, and passed for the richest of mankind. He was the first who made the Greeks of Asia tributary to the Lydians. His court was the asylum of learning; and Æsop the famous fable-writer, among others, lived under his patronage. In a conversation with Solon, Crœsus wished to be thought the happiest of mankind; but the philosopher apprised him of his mistake, and gave the preference to poverty and domestic virtue. Crœsus undertook a war against Cyrus the king of Persia, and marched to meet him with an army of 420,000 men and 60,000 horse. After a reign of 14 years, he was defeated, B.C. 548; his capital was besieged, and he fell into the conqueror’s hands, who ordered him to be burnt alive. The pile was already on fire, when Cyrus heard the conquered monarch three times exclaim, “Solon!” with lamentable energy. He asked him the reason of his exclamation, and Crœsus repeated the conversation which he had once with Solon on human happiness. Cyrus was moved at the recital, and at the recollection of the inconstancy of human affairs, he ordered Crœsus to be taken from the burning pile, and he became one of his most intimate friends. The kingdom of Lydia became extinct in his person, and the power was transferred to Persia. Crœsus survived Cyrus. The manner of his death is unknown. He is celebrated for the immensely rich presents which he made to the temple of Delphi, from which he received an obscure and ambiguous oracle, which he interpreted in his favour, and which was fulfilled in the destruction of his empire. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 26, &c.—Plutarch, Solon, bk. 8, ch. 24.—Justin, bk. 1, ch. 7.

Cromi, a people of Arcadia.

Cromītis, a country of Arcadia.

Crommyon and Cromyon, a place of Attica, where Perseus killed a large sow that laid waste the neighbouring country. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 7.—Xenophon.――A town near Corinth. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 1.

Cromna, a town of Bithyna.

Cromus, a son of Neptune. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 1.――A son of Lycaon. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 3.

Cronia, a festival at Athens in honour of Saturn. The Rhodians observed the same festival, and generally sacrificed to the god a condemned malefactor.

Cronium, a town of Elis,――of Sicily.

Crophi, a mountain of Egypt, near which were the sources of the Nile, according to some traditions, in the city of Sais. Herodotus, bk. 2, ch. 28.

Crossæa, a country situate partly in Thrace, and partly in Macedonia. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 123.

Crotălus, a navigable river of Italy. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 10.

Croton, a man killed by Hercules, by whom he was afterwards greatly honoured. Diodorus, bk. 4.

Crŏtōna, a town of Italy, still known by the same name, in the bay of Tarentum, founded 759 years before the Augustan age, by a colony from Achaia. The inhabitants were excellent warriors, and great wrestlers. Democedes, Alcmæon, Milo, &c., were natives of this place. It was surrounded with a wall 12 miles in circumference, before the arrival of Pyrrhus in Italy. Crotona struggled in vain against the attacks of Dionysius of Sicily, who took it. It suffered likewise in the wars of Pyrrhus and Annibal, but it received ample glory, in being the place where Pythagoras established his school. Herodotus, bk. 8, ch. 47.—Strabo, bk. 6.—Pliny, bk. 2, ch. 96.—Livy, bk. 1, ch. 18; bk. 24, ch. 3.—Justin, bk. 20, ch. 2.

Crotoniatæ, the inhabitants of Crotona. Cicero, de Inventione, bk. 2, ch. 1.

Crotoniatis, a part of Italy, of which Crotona is the capital. Thucydides, bk. 7, ch. 35.

Crotopiădes, a patronymic of Linus, as grandson of Crotopus.

Crotōpias, the patronymic of Linus grandson of Crotopus. Ovid, Ibis, li. 480.

Crotōpus, a king of Argos, son of Agenor, and father to Psamathe the mother of Linus by Apollo. Ovid, Ibis, li. 480.

Crotus, a son of Eumene the nurse of the Muses. He devoted his life to the labours of the chase, and after death Jupiter placed him among the constellations, under the name of Sagittarius. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 29.

Crunos, a town of Peloponnesus. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 2.

Crusis, a place near Olynthos.

Crustŭmĕrium and Crustumeria, a town of the Sabines. Livy, bk. 4, ch. 9; bk. 42, ch. 34.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 631.

Crustūmīnum, a town of Etruria, near Veii, famous for pears; whence the adjective Crustumia. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 2, li. 88.

Crustŭmium, Crustunus, and Crusturnenius, now Conca, a river flowing from the Apennines by Ariminum. Lucan, bk. 2, li. 406.

Crynis, a river of Bithynia.

Crypta, a passage through mount Pausilypus. See: Pausilypus.

Cteătus, one of the Grecian chiefs before Troy. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 4.

Ctemene, a town of Thessaly.

Ctenos, a harbour of Chersonesus Taurica.

Ctesias, a Greek historian and physician of Cnidos, taken prisoner by Artaxerxes Mnemon at the battle of Cunaxa. He cured the king’s wounds, and was his physician for 17 years. He wrote a history of the Assyrians and Persians, which Justin and Diodorus have partially preferred to that of Herodotus. Some fragments of his compositions have been preserved by Photius, and are to be found in Wesseling’s edition of Herodotus. Strabo, bk. 1.—Athenæus, bk. 12.—Plutarch, Artaxerxes.――A sycophant of Athens.――An historian of Ephesus.

Ctesibius, a mathematician of Alexandria, who flourished 135 years B.C. He was the inventor of the pump and other hydraulic instruments. He also invented a clepsydra, or water clock. This invention of measuring time by water was wonderful and ingenious. Water was made to drop upon wheels, which it turned. The wheels communicated their regular motion to a small wooden image, which, by a gradual rise, pointed with a stick to the proper hours and months, which were engraved on a column near the machine. This artful invention gave rise to many improvements; and the modern manner of measuring time with an hour-glass is an imitation of the clepsydra of Ctesibius. Vitruvius, On Architecture, bk. 9, ch. 9.――A cynic philosopher.――An historian, who flourished 254 years B.C., and died in his 104th year. Plutarch, Demosthenes.

Ctesĭcle, a general of Zacynthos.

Ctesidēmus, a painter who had Antiphilus for pupil. Pliny, bk. 35, ch. 10.

Ctesilŏchus, a noble painter, who represented Jupiter as bringing forth Bacchus. Pliny, bk. 35, ch. 11.

Ctesĭphon, an Athenian, son of Leosthenes, who advised his fellow-citizens publicly to present Demosthenes with a golden crown for his probity and virtue. This was opposed by the orator Æschines, the rival of Demosthenes, who accused Ctesiphon of seditious views. Demosthenes undertook the defence of his friend, in a celebrated oration still extant, and Æschines was banished. Demosthenes & Æschines, On the Crown.――A Greek architect, who made the plan of Diana’s temple at Ephesus.――An elegiac poet, whom king Attalus sat over his possessions in Æolia. Athenæus, bk. 13.――A Greek historian, who wrote a history of Bœotia, besides a treatise on trees and plants. ♦Plutarch, Theseus.――A large village of Assyria, now Elmodain, on the banks of the Tigris, where the kings of Parthia generally resided on account of the mildness of the climate. Strabo, bk. 15.—Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 26.

♦ ‘Put.’ replaced with ‘Plutarch’

Ctesippus, a son of Chabrias. After his father’s death he was received into the house of Phocion, the friend of Chabrias. Phocion attempted in vain to correct his natural foibles and extravagancies. Plutarch, Phocion.――A man who wrote a history of Scythia.――One of the descendants of Hercules.

Ctimĕne, the youngest daughter of Laertes by Anticlea. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 15, li. 334.

Cularo, a town of the Allobroges in Gaul, called afterwards Gratianopolis, and now Grenoble. Cicero, Letters to his Friends.

Cuma and Cumæ, a town of Æolia, in Asia Minor. The inhabitants have been accused of stupidity for not laying a tax upon all the goods which entered their harbour during 300 years. They were called Cumani. Strabo, bk. 13.—Paterculus, bk. 1, ch. 4.――A city of Campania, near Puteoli, founded by a colony from Chalcis and Cumæ, of Æolia, before the Trojan war. The inhabitants were called Cumæi and Cumani. There was one of the Sibyls that fixed her residence in a cave in the neighbourhood, and was called the Cumæan Sibyl. See: Sibyllæ.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 15, li. 712; Fasti, bk. 4, li. 158; Ex Ponto, bk. 2, poem 8, li. 41.—Cicero, De Lege Agraria contra Rullum, bk. 2, ch. 26.—Paterculus, bk. 1, ch. 4.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 441.—Livy, bk. 4.—Ptolemy, bk. 3.—Strabo, bk. 5.

Cumānum, a country house of Pompey, near Cumæ. Cicero, Letters to Atticus, bk. 4, ltr. 10.――Another of Varro. Cicero, Academica, bk. 1, ch. 1.

Cunaxa, a place of Assyria, 500 stadia from Babylon, famous for a battle fought there between Artaxerxes and his brother Cyrus the younger, B.C. 401. The latter entered the field of battle with 113,000 men, and the former’s forces amounted to 900,000 men. The valour and the retreat of the 10,000 Greeks, who were among the troops of Cyrus, are well known, and have been celebrated by the pen of Xenophon, who was present at the battle, and who had the principal care of the retreat. Plutarch, Artaxerxes.—Ctesias.

Cuneus, a cape of Spain, now Algarve, extending into the sea in the form of a wedge. Mela, bk. 3, ch. 1.—Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 22.

Capāvo, a son of Cycnus, who assisted Æneas against Turnus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 186.

Cupentus, a friend of Turnus, killed by Æneas. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 12, li. 539.

Cupīdo, a celebrated deity among the ancients, god of love, and love itself. There are different traditions concerning his parents. Cicero mentions three Cupids: one, son of Mercury and Diana; another, son of Mercury and Venus; and the third, of Mars and Venus. Plato mentions two; Hesiod, the most ancient theogonist, speaks only of one, who as he says, was produced at the same time as Chaos and the earth. There are, according to the more received opinions, two Cupids, one of whom is a lively, ingenious youth, son of Jupiter and Venus; whilst the other, son of Nox and Erebus, is distinguished by his debauchery and riotous disposition. Cupid is represented as a winged infant, naked, armed with a bow and a quiver full of arrows. On gems, and all other pieces of antiquity, he is represented as amusing himself with some childish diversion. Sometimes he appears driving a hoop, throwing a quoit, playing with a nymph, catching a butterfly, or trying to burn with a torch; at other times he plays upon a horn before his mother, or closely embraces a swan, or with one foot raised in the air, he, in a musing posture, seems to meditate some trick. Sometimes, like a conqueror, he marches triumphantly, with a helmet on his head, a spear on his shoulder, and a buckler on his arm, intimating that even Mars himself owns the superiority of love. His power was generally known by his riding on the back of a lion, or on a dolphin, or breaking to pieces the thunderbolts of Jupiter. Among the ancients he was worshipped with the same solemnity as his mother Venus, and as his influence was extended over the heavens, the sea, and the earth, and even the empire of the dead, his divinity was universally acknowledged, and vows, prayers, and sacrifices were daily offered to him. According to some accounts, the union of Cupid with Chaos gave birth to men, and all the animals which inhabit the earth, and even the gods themselves, were the offspring of love, before the foundation of the world. Cupid, like the rest of the gods, assumed different shapes; and we find him in the Æneid putting on, at the request of his mother, the form of Ascanius, and going to Dido’s court, where he inspired the queen with love. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 693, &c.—Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 3.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 1, fable 10.—Hesiod, Theogony, li. 121, &c.—Oppian, Halieutica, bk. 4.—Cynegetica, bk. 2.—Bion, Idylls, bk. 3.—Moschus.—Euripides, Hippolytus.—Theocritus, Idylls, poems 3, 11, &c.

Cupiennius, a friend of Augustus, who made himself ridiculous for the nicety and effeminacy of his dress. Horace, bk. 1, satire 2, li. 36.

Cures, a town of the Sabines, of which Tatius was king. The inhabitants, called Quirites, were carried to Rome, of which they became citizens. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 292; bk. 8, li. 638.—Livy, bk. 1, ch. 13.—Macrobius, bk. 1, ch. 9.—Ovid, Fasti, bk. 2, lis. 477 & 480; bk. 3, li. 94.

Curētes, a people of Crete, called also Corybantes, who, according to Ovid, were produced from rain. Their knowledge of all the arts was extensive, and they communicated it to many parts of ancient Greece. They were entrusted with the education of Jupiter, and to prevent his being discovered by his father, they invented a kind of dance, and drowned his cries in the harsh sounds of their shields and cymbals. As a reward for their attention, they were made priests and favourite ministers of Rhea, called also Cybele, who had entrusted them with the care of Jupiter. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 2.—Virgil, Georgics, bk. 4, li. 151.—Strabo, bk. 10.—Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 33.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 4, li. 282; Fasti, bk. 4, li. 210.

Curētis, a name given to Crete, as being the residence of the Curetes. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 8, li. 136.

Curia, a division of the Roman tribes. Romulus originally divided the people into three tribes, and each tribe into 10 Curiæ. Over each Curia was appointed a priest, who officiated at the sacrifices of his respective assembly. The sacrifices were called Curionia and the priest Curio. He was to be above the age of 50. His morals were to be pure and unexceptionable, and his body free from all defects. The Curiones were elected by their respective Curiæ, and above them was a superior priest called Curio maximus, chosen by all the Curiæ in a public assembly.――The word Curia was also applied to public edifices among the Romans. These were generally of two sorts, divine and civil. In the former were held the assemblies of the priests, and of every religious order, for the regulation of religious sacrifices and ceremonies. The other was appointed for the senate, where they assembled for the despatch of public business. The Curia was solemnly consecrated by the Augurs, before a lawful assembly could be convened there. There were three at Rome, which more particularly claim our attention: Curia Hostilia, built by king Tullus Hostilius: Curia Pompeii, where Julius Cæsar was murdered; and Curia Augusti, the palace and court of the emperor Augustus.――A town of the Rhœti, now Coire, the capital of the Grisons.

Curia lex, de Comitiis, was enacted by Marcus Curius Dentatus the tribune. It forbade the convening of the Comitia, for the election of magistrates, without a previous permission from the senate.

Curias. See: Curium.

Curiatii, a family of Alba, which was carried to Rome by Tullus Hostilius, and entered among the patricians. The three Curiatii, who engaged the Horatii, and lost the victory, were of this family. Florus, bk. 1, ch. 3.—Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 5.—Livy, bk. 1, ch. 24.

♦Caius Curio, an excellent orator, who called Cæsar in full senate, Omnium mulierum virum et omnium virorum mulierem. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 21, ch. 7.—Suetonius, Cæsar, ch. 49.—Cicero, Brutus.――His son Caius Scribonius, was tribune of the people, and an intimate friend of Cæsar. He saved Cæsar’s life as he returned from the senate house, after the debates concerning the punishments which ought to be inflicted on the adherents of Catiline. He killed himself in Africa. Florus, bk. 4, ch. 2.—Plutarch, Pompey & Cæsar, ch. 49.—Valerius Maximus, bk. 9, ch. 1.—Lucan, bk. 4, li. 268.

♦ ‘Q.’ replaced with ‘Caius’

Curiosolitæ, a people among the Celtæ, who inhabited the country which now forms Lower Brittany. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 2, ch. 34; bk. 3, ch. 11.

Curium, a town of Cyprus, at a small distance from which, in the south of the island, there is a Cape, which bears the name of Curias. Herodotus, bk. 5, ch. 113.

Curius Dentātus Marcus Annius, a Roman celebrated for his fortitude and frugality. He was three times consul, and was twice honoured with a triumph. He obtained decisive victories over the Samnites, the Sabines, and the Lucanians, and defeated Pyrrhus near Tarentum. The ambassadors of the Samnites visited his cottage, while he was boiling some vegetables in an earthen pot, and they attempted to bribe him by the offer of large presents. He refused their offers with contempt, and said. “I prefer my earthen pots to all your vessels of gold and silver, and it is my wish to command those who are in possession of money, while I am deprived of it, and live in poverty.” Plutarch, Marcus Cato.—Horace, bk. 1, ode 12, li. 41.—Florus, bk. 1, ch. 15.――A lieutenant of Cæsar’s cavalry, to whom six cohorts of Pompey revolted, &c. Cæsar, Civil War, ♦bk. 1, ch. 24.

♦ Book number omitted in text.

Curtia, a patrician family, which migrated with Tatius to Rome.

Curtīllus, a celebrated epicure, &c. Horace, bk. 2, satire 8, li. 52.

Marcus Curtius, a Roman youth who devoted himself to the gods’ manes for the safety of his country about 360 years B.C. A wide gap, called afterwards Curtius lacus, had suddenly opened in the forum, and the oracle had said that it never would close before Rome threw into it whatever it had most precious. Curtius immediately perceived that no less than a human sacrifice was required. He armed himself, mounted his horse, and solemnly threw himself into the gulf, which immediately closed over his head. Livy, bk. 7, ch. 6.—Valerius Maximus, bk. 5, ch. 6.――Quintus Rufus. See: Quintus.――Nicias, a grammarian, intimate with Pompey, &c. Suetonius, Lives of the Grammarians.――Montanus, an orator and poet under Vespasian. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 4.――Atticus, a Roman knight, who accompanied Tiberius in his retreat into Campania. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 4.――Lacus, the gulf into which Curtius leaped. See: Marcus Curtius.――Fons, a stream which conveyed water to Rome from the distance of 40 miles, by an aqueduct so elevated as to be distributed through all the hills of the city. Pliny, bk. 36, ch. 15.

Curūlis magistratus, a state officer at Rome, who had the privilege of sitting in an ivory chair in public assemblies. The dictator, the consuls, the censors, the pretors, and ediles, claimed that privilege, and therefore were called curules magistratus. The senators who had passed through the above-mentioned offices, were generally carried to the senate-house in ivory chairs, as also all generals in their triumphant procession to the Capitol. When names of distinction began to be known among the Romans, the descendants of curule magistrates were called nobiles, the first of a family who discharged that office were known by the name of notii, and those that had never been in office were called ignobiles.

Cussæi, a nation of Asia, destroyed by Alexander to appease the manes of Hephæstion. Plutarch, Alexander.

Cusus, a river of Hungary falling into the Danube, now the Vag.

Cutilium, a town of the Sabines, near a lake which contained a floating island, and of which the water was of an unusually cold quality. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 12; bk. 31, ch. 2.—Seneca, Naturales quaestiones, bk. 3, ch. 25.—Livy, bk. 26, ch. 11.

Cyamosōrus, a river of Sicily.

Cyăne, a nymph of Syracuse, to whom her father offered violence in a fit of drunkenness. She dragged her ravisher to the altar, where she sacrificed him, and killed herself to stop a pestilence, which, from that circumstance, had already begun to afflict the country. Plutarch, Parallela minora――A nymph of Sicily, who endeavoured to assist Proserpine when she was carried away by Pluto. The god changed her into a fountain now called Pisme, a few miles from Syracuse. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 5, li. 112.――A town of Lycia. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 27.――An inn-keeper, &c. Juvenal, satire 8, li. 162.

Cyăneæ, now the Pavorane, two rugged islands at the entrance of the Euxine sea, about 20 stadia from the mouth of the Thracian Bosphorus. One of them is on the side of Asia, and the other on the European coast, and, according to Strabo, there is only a space of 20 furlongs between them. The waves of the sea, which continually break against them with a violent noise, fill the air with a darkening foam, and render the passage extremely dangerous. The ancients supposed that these islands floated, and even sometimes united to crush vessels into pieces when they passed through the straits. This tradition arose from their appearing, like all other objects, to draw nearer when navigators approached them. They were sometimes called Symplegades and Planetæ. Their true situation and form was first explored and ascertained by the Argonauts. Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 12.—Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 85.—Apollonius, bk. 2, lis. 317 & 600.—Lycophron, li. 1285.—Strabo, bks. 1 & 3.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.—Ovid, Tristia, bk. 1, poem 9, li. 34.

Cyanee and Cyanea, a daughter of the Mæander, mother of Byblis and Caunus by Miletus, Apollo’s son. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 9, li. 451.

Cyaneus, a large river of Colchis.

Cyanippe, a daughter of Adrastus.

Cyanippus, a Syracusan, who derided the orgies of Bacchus, for which impiety the god so inebriated him, that he offered violence to his daughter Cyane, who sacrificed him on the altar. Plutarch, Parallela minora.――A Thessalian, whose wife met with the same fate as Procris. Plutarch, Parallela minora.

Cyaraxes, or Cyaxares, son of Phraortes, was king of Media and Persia. He bravely defended his kingdom, which the Scythians had invaded. He made war against Alyattes king of Lydia, and subjected to his power all Asia beyond the river Halys. He died after a reign of 40 years, B.C. 585. Diodorus, bk. 2.—Herodotus, bk. 1, chs. 73 & 103.――Another prince, supposed by some to be the same as Darius the Mede. He was the son of Astyages king of Media. He added seven provinces to his father’s dominions, and made war against the Assyrians, whom Cyrus favoured. Xenophon, Cyropædia, bk. 1.

Cybēbe, a name of Cybele, from ♦κυβηβειν, because in the celebration of her festivals men were driven to madness.

♦ ‘κυβμβειν’ replaced with ‘κυβηβειν’

Cybĕle, a goddess, daughter of Cœlus and Terra, and wife of Saturn. She is supposed to be the same as Ceres, Rhea, Ops, Vesta, Bona Mater, Magna Mater, Berecynthia, Dindymene, &c. According to Diodorus, she was the daughter of a Lydian prince called Menos, by his wife Dindymene, and he adds, that as soon as she was born she was exposed on a mountain. She was preserved and suckled by some of the wild beasts of the forest, and received the name of Cybele from the mountain where her life had been preserved. When she returned to her father’s court, she had an intrigue with Atys, a beautiful youth, whom her father mutilated, &c. All the mythologists are unanimous in mentioning the amours of Atys and Cybele. The partiality of the goddess for Atys seems to arise from his having first introduced her worship in Phrygia. She enjoined him perpetual celibacy, and the violation of his promise was expiated by voluntary mutilation. In Phrygia the festivals of Cybele were observed with the greatest solemnity. Her priests, called Corybantes, Galli, &c., were not admitted in the service of the goddess without a previous mutilation. In the celebration of the festivals, they imitated the manners of madmen, and filled the air with dreadful shrieks and howlings, mixed with the confused noise of drums, tabrets, bucklers, and spears. This was in commemoration of the sorrow of Cybele for the loss of her favourite Atys. Cybele was generally represented as a robust woman, far advanced in her pregnancy, to intimate the fecundity of the earth. She held keys in her hand, and her head was crowned with rising turrets, and sometimes with the leaves of an oak. She sometimes appears riding in a chariot drawn by two tame lions; Atys follows by her side, carrying a ball in his hand, and supporting himself upon a fir tree, which is sacred to the goddess. Sometimes Cybele is represented with a sceptre in her hand, with her head covered with a tower. She is also seen with many breasts, to show that the earth gives aliments to all living creatures; and she generally carries two lions under her arms. From Phrygia the worship of Cybele passed into Greece, and was solemnly established at Eleusis, under the name of the Eleusinian mysteries of Ceres. The Romans, by order of the Sibylline books, brought the statue of the goddess from Pessinus into Italy; and when the ship which carried it had run on a shallow bank of the Tiber, the virtue and innocence of Claudia were vindicated in removing it with her girdle. It is supposed that the mysteries of Cybele were first known about 1580 years B.C. The Romans were particularly superstitious in washing every year, on the 6th of the calends of April, the shrine of this goddess in the waters of the river Almon. There prevailed many obscenities in the observation of the festivals, and the priests themselves were the most eager to use indecent expressions, and to show their unbounded licentiousness by the impurity of their actions. See: Atys, Eleusis, Rhea, Corybantes, Galli, &c. Augustine, City of God, &c.—Lactantius.—Lucian, De Syria Dea.—Diodorus, bk. 3.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 617; bk. 10, li. 252.—Lucan, bk. 1, li. 566.—Ovid, Tristia, bk. 4, lis. 210 & 361.—Plutarch, de Garrulitate.—Cicero, Letters to Atticus.—Cælius, Rhodiginus, ♦bk. 18, ch. 17, &c.

♦ ‘8’ replaced with ‘18’

Cybĕle and Cybela, a town of Phrygia. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 5.

Cybĕlus, a mountain of Phrygia, where Cybele was worshipped.

Cy̆bĭra, a town of Phrygia, whence Cybiraticus. Horace, bk. 1, ltr. 6, li. 33.

Cybistria, a town of Cappadocia. Cicero, Letters to his Friends, bk. 15.

Cycesium, a town of Peloponnesus, near Pisa.

Cychreus, a son of Neptune and Salamis. After death he was honoured as a god in Salamis and Attica. As he left no children, he made Telamon his successor, because he had freed the country from a monstrous serpent. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 35.—Plutarch, Theseus.—Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 12.

Cyclădes, a name given to certain islands of the Ægean sea, those particularly that surround Delos as with a circle; whence the name (κυκλος, circulus). They were about 53 in number, the principal of which were Ceos, Naxos, Andros, Paros, Melos, Seriphos, Gyarus, Tenedos, &c. The Cyclades were reduced under the power of Athens by Miltiades; but during the invasion of Greece by the Persians, they revolted from their ancient and natural allies. Cornelius Nepos, Miltiades, ch. 2.—Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.—Ptolemy, bk. 3, ch. 15.—Strabo, bk. 10.—Dionysius Periegeta.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 2, li. 64.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 127; bk. 8, li. 692.—Silius Italicus, bk. 4, li. 247.

Cyclōpes, a certain race of men of gigantic stature, supposed to be the sons of Cœlus and Terra. They had but one eye, in the middle of the forehead; whence their name (κυκλος, circulus, ὠψ, oculus). They were three in number, according to Hesiod, called Arges, Brontes, and Steropes. Their number was greater according to other mythologists, and in the age of Ulysses, Polyphemus was their king. See: Polyphemus. They inhabited the western parts of the island of Sicily; and because they were uncivilized in their manners, the poets speak of them as men-eaters. The tradition of their having only one eye originates from their custom of wearing small bucklers of steel which covered their faces, and had a small aperture in the middle, which corresponded exactly to the eye. From their vicinity to mount Ætna, they have been supposed to be the workmen of Vulcan, and to have fabricated the thunderbolts of Jupiter. The most solid walls and impregnable fortresses were said, among the ancients, to be the work of the Cyclops, to render them more respectable; and we find that Jupiter was armed with what they had fabricated, and that the shield of Pluto, and the trident of Neptune, were the produce of their labour. The Cyclops were reckoned among the gods, and we find a temple dedicated to their service at Corinth, where sacrifices were solemnly offered. Apollo destroyed them all, because they had made the thunderbolts of Jupiter, with which his son Æsculapius had been killed. From the different accounts given of the Cyclops by the ancients, it may be concluded that they were all the same people, to whom various functions have been attributed, which cannot be reconciled one to the other, without drawing the pencil of fiction or mythology. Apollodorus, bk. 1, chs. 1 & 2.—Homer, Odyssey, bks. 1 & 9.—Hesiod, Theogony, li. 140.—Theocritus, Idylls, poem 1, &c.—Strabo, bk. 8.—Virgil, Georgics, bk. 4, li. 170; Æneid, bk. 6, li. 630; bk. 8, li. 418, &c.; bk. 11, li. 263.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 13, li. 780; bk. 14, li. 249.――A people of Asia.

Cycnus, a son of Mars by Pelopea, killed by Hercules. The manner of his death provoked Mars to such a degree that he resolved severely to punish his murderer, but he was prevented by the thunderbolts of Jupiter. Hyginus, fables 31 & 261.—Hesiod, Shield of Heracles.――A son of Neptune, invulnerable in every part of his body. Achilles fought against him; but when he saw that his darts were of no effect, he threw him on the ground and smothered him. He stripped him of his armour, and saw him suddenly changed into a bird of the same name. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12, fable 3.――A son of Hyrie, changed into a swan.――A son of Sthenelus king of Liguria. He was deeply afflicted at the death of his friend and relation Phaeton, and in the midst of his lamentations he was metamorphosed into a swan. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 2, li. 367.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 189.—Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 30.――A horse’s name. Statius, bk. 6, Thebiad li. 524.

Cydas, a profligate Cretan, made judge at Rome by Antony. Cicero, Philippics, speeches 5 & 8.

Cydias, an Athenian of great valour, &c. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 21.――A painter who made a painting of the Argonauts. This celebrated piece was bought by the orator Hortensius, for 164 talents. Pliny, bk. 34.

Cydippe, the wife of Anaxilaus, &c. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 165.――The mother of Cleobis and Biton. See: Cleobis.――A girl beloved by Acontius. See: Acontius.――One of Cyrene’s attendants. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 4, li. 329.

Cydnus, a river of Cilicia, near Tarsus, where Alexander bathed when covered with sweat. The consequences proved almost fatal to the monarch. Curtius, bk. 3, ch. 4.—Justin, bk. 11, ch. 8.

Cydon, a friend of Turnus against Æneas. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 335.

Cydon and Cydonia, now Canea, a town of Crete, built by a colony from Samos. It was supposed that Minos generally resided there. Hence Cydoneus. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 8, li. 22.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 12, li. 858.—Silius Italicus, bk. 2, li. 109.—Livy, bk. 37, ch. 60.—Lucan, bk. 7, li. 229.

Cydonia, an island opposite Lesbos. Pliny, bks. 2 & 4.

Cydrara, a city of Phrygia. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 30.

Cydrolāus, a man who led a colony to Samos. Diodorus, bk. 5.

Cygnus. See: Cycnus.

Cylabus, a place near Argos in Peloponnesus. ♦Plutarch, Pyrrhus.

♦ ‘Piut.’ replaced with ‘Plutarch’

Cylbiani, mountains of Phrygia where the Gayster takes its rise. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 29.

Cylices, a people among the Illyrians. There was in their country a monument in honour of Cadmus. Athenæus.

Cylindus, a son of Phryxus and Calliope.

Cyllabaris, a public place for exercises at Argos, where was a statue of Minerva. Pausanias, Corinthia.

Cyllabărus, a gallant of the wife of Diomedes, &c.

Cyllărus, the most beautiful of all the Centaurs, passionately fond of Hylonome. They perished both at the same time. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12, li. 408.――A celebrated horse of Pollux or of Castor, according to Seneca. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 3, li. 90.

Cyllen, a son of Elatus. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 4.

Cyllēne, the mother of Lycaon by Pelasgus. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 8.――A naval station of Elis in Peloponnesus. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 23.――A mountain of Arcadia, with a small town on its declivity, which received its name from Cyllen. Mercury was born there; hence his surname of Cylleneius, which is indiscriminately applied to anything he invented, or over which he presided. Lucan, bk. 1, li. 663.—Horace, epode 13, li. 13.—Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 17.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 8, li. 139.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 13, li. 146; Ars Amatoria, bk. 3, li. 147.

Cyllēnēius, a surname of Mercury, from his being born on the mountain of Cyllene.

Cyllyrii, certain slaves at Syracuse. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 155.

Cylon, an Athenian who aspired to tyranny. Herodotus, bk. 5, ch. 71.

Cyma, or Cymæ, the largest and most beautiful town of Æolia, called also Phriconis, and Phricontis, and Cumæ. See: Cumæ. Livy, bk. 37, ch. 11.—Cicero, Flaccus, ch. 20.—Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 149.

Cymodŏce, Cyme, and Cymo, one of the Nereides. Hesiod, Theogony, li. 255.—Virgil, Georgics, bk. 4, li. 388.

Cymōlus and Cimōlus, an island of the Cretan sea. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 7, li. 463.

Cymŏthoe, one of the Nereides, represented by Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 148, as assisting the Trojans with Triton after the storm with which Æolus, at the request of Juno, had afflicted the fleet.

Cynara, one of Horace’s favourites. Bk. 4, ode 1, li. 4.

Cynægīrus, an Athenian, celebrated for his extraordinary courage. He was brother to the poet Æschylus. After the battle of Marathon, he pursued the flying Persians to their ships, and seized one of their vessels with his right hand, which was immediately severed by the enemy. Upon this he seized the vessel with his left hand, and when he had lost that also, he still kept his hold with his teeth. Herodotus, bk. 6, ch. 114.—Justin, bk. 2, ch. 9.

Cynæthium, a town of Arcadia, founded by one of the companions of Æneas. Dionysius of Halicarnassus.

Cynāne, a daughter of Philip king of Macedonia, who married Amyntas son of Perdiccas, by whom she had Eurydice. Polyænus, bk. 8.

Cynāpes, a river falling into the Euxine. Ovid, bk. 4, ex Ponto, ltr. 10, li. 49.

Cynaxa. See: Cunaxa.

Cyneas. See: Cineas.

Cynesii and Cynetæ, a nation on the remotest shores of Europe, towards the ocean. Herodotus, bk. 2, ch. 33.

Cynethussa, an island in the Ægean sea. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12.

Cynia, a lake of Acarcania. Strabo, bk. 16.

Cynĭci, a sect of philosophers founded by Antisthenes the Athenian. They received this name à caninâ mordacitate, from their canine propensity to criticize the lives and actions of men, or because, like dogs, they were not ashamed to gratify their criminal desires publicly. They were famous for their contempt of riches, for their negligence of their dress, and the length of their beards. Diogenes was one of their sect. They generally slept on the ground. Cicero, bk. 1, De Officiis, chs. 35 & 41.

Cynisca, a daughter of Archidamus king of Sparta, who obtained the first prize in the chariot-races at the Olympic games. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 8.

Cyno, a woman who preserved the life of Cyrus. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 110.

Cynocephăle, a town of Thessaly, where the proconsul Quintius conquered Philip of Macedon, and put an end to the first Macedonian war, B.C. 197. Livy, bk. 33, ch. 7.

Cynocephăli, a nation of India, who have the head of a dog, according to some traditions. Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 2.

Cynophontis, a festival of Argos, observed during the dog days. It received its name ἀπο του κυνας φονειν, killing dogs, because they used to kill all the dogs they met.

Cynortas, one of the ancient kings of Sparta, son of Amyclas and Diomede. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 1.

Cynortion, a mountain of Peloponnesus. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 27.

Cynos, a town of Locris.――Another in Thessaly, where Pyrrha, Deucalion’s wife, was buried.

Cynosargres, a surname of Hercules.――A small village of Attica of the same name, where the Cynic philosophers had established their school. Herodotus, bks. 5 & 6.

Cynossēma (a dog’s tomb), a promontory of the Thracian Chersonesus, where Hecuba was changed into a dog, and buried. Ovid, bk. 13, Metamorphoses, li. 569.

Cynosūra, a nymph of Ida in Crete. She nursed Jupiter, who changed her into a star which bears the same name. It is the same as the Ursa Minor. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 3, li. 107.

Cynthia, a beautiful woman who was mistress to Propertius.――A surname of Diana, from mount Cynthus, where she was born.

Cynthius, a surname of Apollo, from mount Cynthus.

Cynthus, a mountain of Delos, so high that it is said to overshadow the whole island. Apollo was surnamed Cynthius, and Diana Cynthia, as they were born on the mountain, which was sacred to them. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 3, li. 36.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 6, li. 304; Fasti, bk. 3, li. 346.

Cynūrenses, a people of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 27.

Cynus, a naval station of Opus. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 1.

Cypărissi and Cyparissia, a town of Peloponnesus, near Massenia. Livy, bk. 32, ch. 31.—Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 5.

Cypărissus, a youth, son of Telephus of Cea, beloved by Apollo. He killed a favourite stag of Apollo’s, for which he was so sorry that he pined away, and was changed by the god into a cypress tree. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 680.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 10, li. 121.――A town near Delphi. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 3.

Cyphăra, a fortified place of Thessaly. Livy, bk. 32, ch. 13.

Cypriānus, a native of Carthage, who, though born of heathen parents, became a convert to christianity, and the bishop of his countrymen. To be more devoted to purity and study, he abandoned his wife; and as a proof of his charity, he distributed his goods to the poor. He wrote 81 letters, besides several treatises, De Dei gratiâ, De virginum habitu, &c., and rendered his compositions valuable by the information which he conveys of the discipline of the ancient church, and by the soundness and purity of his theology. He died a martyr, A.D. 258. The best editions of Cyprian are that of Fell, folio, Oxford, 1682, and that reprinted Amsterdam, 1700.

Cyprus, a daughter of Antony and Cleopatra, who married Agrippa.――A large island in the Mediterranean sea, at the south of Cilicia, and at the west of Syria, formerly joined to the continent near Syria, according to Pliny. It has been anciently called Acamantis, Amathusia, Aspelia, Cerastis, Colonia or Colinia, Macaria, and Spechia. It has been celebrated for giving birth to Venus surnamed Cypris, who was the chief deity of the place, and to whose service many places and temples were consecrated. It was anciently divided into nine kingdoms, and was for some time under the power of Egypt, and afterwards of the Persians. The Greeks made themselves masters of it, and it was taken from them by the Romans. Its length, according to Strabo, is 1400 stadia. There were three celebrated temples there, two sacred to Venus, and the other to Jupiter. The inhabitants were given much to pleasure and dissipation. Strabo, bk. 16.—Ptolemy, bk. 5, ch. 14.—Florus, bk. 3, ch. 9.—Justin, bk. 18, ch. 5.—Pliny, bk. 12, ch. 24; bk. 33, ch. 3; bk. 36, ch. 26.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.

Cypsĕlĭdes, the name of three princes as descendants of Cypselus, who reigned at Corinth during 73 years. Cypselus was succeeded by his son Periander, who left his kingdom, after a reign of 40 years, to Cypselus II.

♦Cypsĕsus, a king of Arcadia, who married the daughter of Ctesiphon, to strengthen himself against the Heraclidæ. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 3.――A man of Corinth, son of Eetion and father of Periander. He destroyed the Bacchiadæ, and seized upon the sovereign power, about 659 years before Christ. He reigned 30 years, and was succeeded by his son. Periander had two sons, Lycophron and Cypselus, who was insane. Cypselus received his name from the Greek word κυψελος, a coffer, because when the Bacchiadæ attempted to kill him, his mother saved his life by concealing him in a coffer. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 17.—Cicero, Tusculanæ Disputationes, bk. 5, ch. 37.—Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 114; bk. 5, ch. 92, &c.—Aristotle, Politics.――The father of Miltiades. Herodotus, bk. 6, ch. 35.

♦ ‘Cysĕsus’ replaced with ‘Cypsĕsus’

Cyraunis, an island of Libya. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 195.

Cyrbiāna, a province of the Elymæans.

Cyre, a fountain near Cyrene.

Cyrēnaĭca, a country of Africa, of which Cyrene is the capital. See: Cyrene.

Cyrēnaĭci, a sect of philosophers who followed the doctrine of Aristippus. They placed their summum bonum in pleasure, and said that virtue ought to be commended because it gave pleasure. Diogenes Laërtius, Aristotle.—Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 3.

Cyrēne, the daughter of the river Peneus, of whom Apollo became enamoured. He carried her to that part of Africa which is called Cyrenaica, where she brought forth Aristæus. She is called by some daughter of Hypseus, king of the Lapithæ and son of the Peneus. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 4, li. 321.—Justin, bk. 13, ch. 7.—Pindar, Pythian, li. 9.――A celebrated city of Libya, to which Aristæus, who was the chief of the colonists settled there, gave his mother’s name. Cyrene was situate in a beautiful and fertile plain, about 11 miles from the Mediterranean sea, and it became the capital of the country, which was called Pentapolis, on account of the five cities which it contained. It gave birth to many great men, among whom were Callimachus, Eratosthenes, Carneades, Aristippus, &c. The town of Cyrene was built by Battus, B.C. 630, and the kingdom was bequeathed to the Romans, B.C. 97, by king Ptolemy Appion. Herodotus, bks. 3 & 4.—Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 13.—Strabo, bk. 17.—Mela, bk. 1, ch. 8.—Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 5.—Tacitus, Annals, bk. 3, ch. 70.

Cyriades, one of the 30 tyrants who harassed the Roman empire in the reign of Gallienus. He died A.D. 259.

Cyrillus, a bishop of Jerusalem, who died A.D. 386. Of his writings, composed in Greek, there remain 23 catecheses, and a letter to the emperor Constantine, the best edition of which is by Milles, folio, Oxford, 1703.――A bishop of Alexandria, who died A.D. 444. The best edition of his writings, which are mostly controversial, in Greek, is that of Paris, folio, 7 vols., 1638.

Cyrne, a place of Eubœa.

Cyrnus, a driver in the games which Scipio exhibited in Africa, &c. Silius Italicus, bk. 16, li. 342.――A man of Argos, who founded a city of Chersonesus. Diodorus, bk. 5.――A river that falls into the Caspian sea. Plutarch, Pompey.――An island on the coast of Liguria, the same as Corsica; and called after Cyrnus the son of Hercules. Virgil, Eclogues, poem 9, li. 30.—Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 17.

Cyrræi, a people of Æthiopia.

Cyrrhadæ, an Indian nation.

Cyrrhes, a people of Macedonia, near Pella.

Cyrrhestĭca, a country of Syria near Cilicia, of which the capital was called Cyrrhum. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 23.—Cicero, Letters to Atticus, bk. 5, ltr. 18.

Cyrrhus and Cyrus, a river of Iberia in Asia.

Cyrsīlus, an Athenian, stoned to death by his countrymen, because he advised them to receive the army of Xerxes, and to submit to the power of Persia. Demosthenes, de Coronâ.—Cicero, bk. 3, de Officiis, ch. 11.

Cyrus, a king of Persia, son of Cambyses and Mandane, daughter of Astyages king of Media. His father was of an ignoble family, whose marriage with Mandane had been consummated on account of the apprehensions of Astyages. See: Astyages. Cyrus was exposed as soon as born; but he was preserved by a shepherdess, who educated him as her own son. As he was playing with his equals in years, he was elected king in a certain diversion, and he exercised his power with such an independent spirit, that he ordered one of his play companions to be severely whipped for disobedience. The father of the youth, who was a nobleman, complained to the king of the ill treatment which his son had received from a shepherd’s son. Astyages ordered Cyrus before him, and discovered that he was Mandane’s son, from whom he had so much to apprehend. He treated him with great coldness; and Cyrus, unable to bear his tyranny, escaped from his confinement, and began to levy troops to dethrone his grandfather. He was assisted and encouraged by the ministers of Astyages, who were displeased with the king’s oppression. He marched against him, and Astyages was defeated in a battle, and taken prisoner, B.C. 559. From this victory the empire of Media became tributary to the Persians. Cyrus subdued the eastern parts of Asia, and made war against Crœsus king of Lydia, whom he conquered, B.C. 548. He invaded the kingdom of Assyria, and took the city of Babylon by drying the channels of the Euphrates, and marching his troops through the bed of the river, while the people were celebrating a grand festival. He afterwards marched against Tomyris the queen of the Massagetæ, a Scythian nation, and was defeated in a bloody battle, B.C. 530. The victorious queen, who had lost her son in a previous encounter, was so incensed against Cyrus, that she cut off his head, and threw it into a vessel filled with human blood, exclaiming, Satia te sanguine quem sitisti. Xenophon has written the life of Cyrus; but his history is not perfectly authentic. In the character of Cyrus he delineates a brave and virtuous prince, and often puts in his mouth many of the sayings of Socrates. The chronology is false; and Xenophon, in his narration, has given existence to persons whom no other historian ever mentioned. The Cyropædia, therefore, is not to be looked upon as an authentic history of Cyrus the Great, but we must consider it as showing what every good and virtuous prince ought to be. Diodorus, bk. 1.—Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 75, &c.—Justin, bk. 1, chs. 5 & 7.――The younger Cyrus was the younger son of Darius Nothus, and the brother of Artaxerxes. He was sent by his father, at the age of 16, to assist the Lacedæmonians against Athens. Artaxerxes succeeded to the throne at the death of Nothus; and Cyrus, who was of an aspiring soul, attempted to assassinate him. He was discovered, and would have been punished with death, had not his mother Parysatis saved him from the hands of the executioner by her tears and entreaties. This circumstance did not in the least check the ambition of Cyrus; he was appointed over Lydia and the sea coasts, where he secretly fomented rebellion, and levied troops under various pretences. At last he took the field with an army of 100,000 barbarians, and 13,000 Greeks under the command of Clearchus. Artaxerxes met him with 900,000 men near Cunaxa. The battle was long and bloody, and Cyrus might have perhaps obtained the victory, had not his uncommon rashness proved his ruin. It is said that the two royal brothers met in person, and engaged with the most inveterate fury, and their engagement ended in the death of Cyrus, 401 years B.C. Artaxerxes was so anxious of its being universally reported that his brother had fallen by his hand, that he put to death two of his subjects for boasting that they had killed Cyrus. The Greeks, who were engaged in the expedition, obtained much glory in the battle; and after the death of Cyrus, they remained victorious in the field without a commander. They were not, however, discouraged, though at a great distance from their country, and surrounded on every side by a powerful enemy. They unanimously united in the election of commanders, and traversed all Asia, in spite of the continual attacks of the Persians; and nothing is more truly celebrated in ancient history than the bold retreat of the 10,000. The journey that they made from the place of their first embarkation till their return, has been calculated at 1155 leagues, performed in the space of 15 months, including all the time which was devoted to take rest and refreshment. This retreat has been celebrated by Xenophon, who was one of their leaders, and among the friends and supporters of Cyrus. It is said, that in the letter he wrote to Lacedæmon to solicit auxiliaries, Cyrus boasted his philosophy, his royal blood, and his ability to drink more wine than his brother without being intoxicated. Plutarch, Artaxerxes.—Diodorus, bk. 14.—Justin, bk. 5, ch. 11.――A rival of Horace, in the affections of one of his mistresses, bk. 1, ode 17, li. 24.――A poet of Panopolis, in the age of Theodosius.

Cyrus and Cyropŏlis, a city of Syria, built by the Jews in honour of Cyrus, whose humanity in relieving them from their captivity they wished thus to commemorate.

Cyrus, a river of Persia, now Kur.

Cyta, a town of Colchis, famous for the poisonous herbs which it produced, and for the birth of Medea. Flaccus, bk. 6, li. 693.—Propertius, bk. 2, poem 1, li. 73.

Cytæis, a surname of Medea, from her being an inhabitant of Cyta. Propertius, bk. 2, poem 4, li. 7.

Cythēra, now Cesigo, an island on the coast of Laconia in Peloponnesus. It was particularly sacred to the goddess Venus, who was from thence surnamed Cytheræa, and who rose, as some suppose, from the sea, near its coasts. It was for some time under the power of the Argives, and always considered as of the highest importance to maritime powers. The Phœnicians had built there a famous temple to Venus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 262; bk. 10, li. 5.—Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 33.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 4, li. 288; bk. 15, li. 386; Fasti, bk. 4, li. 15.—Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 29.

Cythĕræa, a surname of Venus.

Cythēris, a certain courtesan, much respected by the poet Gallus, as well as by Antony.

Cythēron. See: Cithæron.

Cythērun, a place of Attica.

Cytherus, a river of Elis. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 22.

Cythnos, now Thermia, an island near Attica, famous for its cheese. It has been called Ophiousa and Dryopis. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 5, li. 252.

Cytineum, one of the four cities called Tetrapolis in Doris. Strabo, bk. 9.—Thucydides, bk. 1, ch. 107.

Cytissorus, a son of Phryxus, &c. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 197.

Cytōrus, now Kudros, a mountain and town of Galatia, built by Cytorus son of Phryxus, and abounding in box-wood. Catullus, poem 4, li. 13.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 4, li. 311.—Strabo, bk. 11.—Virgil, Georgics, bk. 2, li. 437.

Cyzĭcum, or Cyzicus, an island of the Propontis, about 530 stadia in circumference, with a town called Cyzicus. Alexander joined it to the continent by two bridges, and from that time it was called a peninsula. It had two harbours called Panormus and Chytus, the first natural, and the other artificial. It became one of the most considerable cities of Asia. It was besieged by Mithridates, and relieved by Lucullus. Florus, bk. 3, ch. 5.—Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 32.—Diodorus, bk. 18.

Cyzĭcus, a son of Œneus and Stilba, who reigned in Cyzicus. He hospitably received the Argonauts, in their expedition against Colchis. After their departure from the coast of Cyzicus, they were driven back in the night, by a storm, upon the coast; and the inhabitants seeing such an unexpected number of men, furiously attacked them, supposing them to be the Pelasgi, their ancient enemies. In this nocturnal engagement, many were killed on both sides, and Cyzicus perished by the hands of Jason himself, who honoured him with a splendid funeral, and raised a stately monument over his grave. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9.—Flaccus.—Apollonius.—Orpheus.――The chief town of the island of Cyzicum, built where the island is joined by the bridges to the continent. It has two excellent harbours, called Panormus and Chytus. The former is naturally large and beautiful, and the other owes all its conveniences to the hand of art. The town is situate partly on a mountain, and partly in a plain. The Argonauts built a temple to Cybele in the neighbourhood. It derives its name from Cyzicus, who was killed there by Jason. The Athenians defeated near this place their enemies of Lacedæmon, assisted by Pharnabazus, B.C. 410. Florus, bk. 3, ch. 5, &c.—Strabo.—Apollonius, bk. 1.—Propertius, bk. 3, poem 22.—Flaccus, bk. 2, li. 636.

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D

Daæ, Dahæ, or Dai, now the Dahistan, a people of Scythia, who dwelt on the borders of the Caspian sea. Silius Italicus, bk. 13, li. 764.—Lucan, bk. 7, li. 420.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 728.

Daci and Dacæ, a warlike nation of Germany, beyond the Danube, whose country, called Dacia, was conquered by the Romans under Trajan, after a war of 15 years, A.D. 103. The emperor joined the country to Mœsia, by erecting a magnificent bridge across the Danube, considered as the best of his works, which, however, the envy of his successor Adrian demolished. Dacia now forms the modern countries of Walachia, Transylvania, and Moldavia. Lucan, bk. 2, li. 53.

Dacĭcus, a surname assumed by Domitian on his pretended victory over the Dacians. Juvenal, satire 6, li. 204.

Dacty̆li, a name given to the priests of Cybele, which some derive from δακτυλος, finger, because they were 10, the same number as the fingers of the hands. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 8.

Dadicæ, a people of Asiatic Scythia. Herodotus, bk. 3, ch. 91.

Dædăla, a mountain and city of Lycia, where Dædalus was buried according to Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 27.――A name given to Circe, from her being cunning (δαιδαλος), and like Dædalus, addicted to deceit and artifice. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 282.――Two festivals in Bœotia. One of these was observed at Alalcomenos by the Platæans, in a large grove, where they exposed in the open air pieces of boiled flesh, and carefully observed whither the crows that came to prey upon them directed their flight. All the trees upon which any of these birds alighted were immediately cut down, and with them statues were made called Dædala, in honour of Dædalus.――The other festival was of a more solemn kind. It was celebrated every 60 years by all the cities of Bœotia, as a compensation for the intermission of the smaller festivals, for that number of years, during the exile of the Platæans. Fourteen of the statues, called Dædala, were distributed by lot among the Platæans, Lebadæans, Coroneans, Orchomenians, Thespians, Thebans, Tanagræans, and Chæroneans, because they had effected a reconciliation among the Platæans and had caused them to be recalled from exile, about the time that Thebes was restored by Cassander the son of Antipater. During this festival, a woman in the habit of a bride-maid accompanied a statue, which was dressed in female garments, on the banks of the Eurotas. This procession was attended to the top of mount Cithæron, by many of the Bœotians, who had places assigned them by lot. Here an altar of square pieces of wood cemented together like stones, was erected, and upon it were thrown large quantities of combustible materials. Afterwards a bull was sacrificed to Jupiter, and an ox or heifer to Juno, by every one of the cities of Bœotia, and by the most opulent that attended. The poorest citizens offered small cattle; and all these oblations, together with the Dædala, were thrown in the common heap and set on fire, and totally reduced to ashes. They originated in this: When Juno, after a quarrel with Jupiter, had retired to Eubœa, and refused to return to his bed, the god, anxious for her return, went to consult Cithæron king of Platæa, to find some effectual measure to break her obstinacy. Cithæron advised him to dress a statue in woman’s apparel, and carry it in a chariot, and publicly to report that it was Platæa the daughter of Asopus, whom he was going to marry. The advice was followed, and Juno, informed of her husband’s future marriage, repaired in haste to meet the chariot, and was easily united to him, when she discovered the artful measures he made use of to effect a reconciliation. Pausanias & Plutarch.

Dædălion, a son of Lucifer, brother to Ceyx and father of Philonis. He was so afflicted at the death of Philonis, whom Diana had put to death, that he threw himself down from the top of mount Parnassus, and was changed into a falcon by Apollo. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 11, li. 295.

Dædălus, an Athenian, son of Eupalamus, descended from Erechtheus king of Athens. He was the most ingenious artist of his age, and to him we are indebted for the invention of the wedge, the axe, the wimble, the level, and many other mechanical instruments, and the sails of ships. He made statues, which moved of themselves, and seemed to be endowed with life. Talus, his sister’s son, promised to be as great as himself, by the ingenuity of his inventions; and therefore, from envy, he threw him down from a window and killed him. After the murder of this youth, Dædalus, with his son Icarus, fled from Athens to Crete, where Minos king of the country gave him a cordial reception. Dædalus made a famous labyrinth for Minos, and assisted Pasiphae the queen to gratify her unnatural passion for a bull. For this action, Dædalus incurred the displeasure of Minos, who ordered him to be confined in the labyrinth which he had constructed. Here he made himself wings with feathers and wax, and carefully fitted them to his body, and to that of his son, who was the companion of his confinement. They took their flight in the air from Crete; but the heat of the sun melted the wax on the wings of Icarus, whose flight was too high, and he fell into that part of the ocean, which from him has been called the Icarian sea. The father, by a proper management of his wings, alighted at Cumæ, where he built a temple to Apollo, and thence directed his course to Sicily, where he was kindly received by Cocalus, who reigned over part of the country. He left many monuments of his ingenuity in Sicily, which still existed in the age of Diodorus Siculus. He was despatched by Cocalus, who was afraid of the power of Minos, who had declared war against him, because he had given an asylum to Dædalus. The flight of Dædalus from Crete, with wings, is explained, by observing that he was the inventor of sails, which in his age might pass at a distance for wings. Pausanias, bks. 1, 7 & 9.—Diodorus, bk. 4.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 8, fable 3; Heroides, poem 4; De Ars Amatoria, bk. 2; Tristia, bk. 3, poem 4.—Hyginus, fable 40.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 14.—Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 1, &c.—Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 170.――There were two statuaries of the same name, one of Sicyon son of Patroclus, the other a native of Bithynia. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 14.—Arrian.

Dæmon, a kind of spirit which, as the ancients supposed, presided over the actions of mankind, gave them their private counsels, and carefully watched over their most secret intentions. Some of the ancient philosophers maintained that every man had two of these Dæmons; the one bad and the other good. These Dæmons had the power of changing themselves into whatever they pleased, and of assuming whatever shapes were most subservient to their intentions. At the moment of death, the Dæmon delivered up to judgment the person with whose care he had been entrusted; and according to the evidence he delivered, sentence was passed over the body. The Dæmon of Socrates is famous in history. That great philosopher asserted that the genius informed him when any of his friends was going to engage in some unfortunate enterprise, and stopped him from the commission of all crimes and impiety. These Genii or Dæmons, though at first reckoned only as the subordinate ministers of the superior deities, received divine honour in length of time, and we find altars and statues erected to a Genio loci, Genio Augusti, Junonibus, &c. Cicero, Tusculanæ Disputationes, bk. 1.—Plutarch, de Genio Socratis.

Dahæ. See: Daæ.

Dai, a nation of Persia, all shepherds. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 125.

Daicles, a victor at Olympia, B.C. 753.

Daĭdis, a solemnity observed by the Greeks. It lasted three days. The first was in commemoration of Latona’s labour; the second in memory of Apollo’s birth; and the third in honour of the marriage of Podalirius, and the mother of Alexander. Torches were always carried at the celebration; whence the name.

Daimăchus, a master of horse at Syracuse, &c. Polyænus, bk. 1.

Daimĕnes, a general of the Achæans. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 6.――An officer exposed on a cross, by Dionysius of Syracuse. Diodorus, bk. 14.

Daĭphron, a son of Ægyptus, killed by his wife, &c. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 1.

Daīra, one of the Oceanides, mother of Eleusis by Mercury. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 38.

Daldia, a town of Lydia.

Dalmatius, one of the Cæsars in the age of Constantine, who died A.D. 337.

Dalmătia, a part of Illyricum, at the east of the Adriatic, near Liburnia on the west, whose inhabitants, called Dalmatæ, were conquered by Metellus, B.C. 118. They chiefly lived upon plunder, and from their rebellious spirit were troublesome to the Roman empire. They wore a peculiar garment called Dalmatica, afterwards introduced at Rome. Horace, bk. 2, ode 1, li. 16.—Lampridus, Commodus, ch. 8.—Strabo, bk. 7.—Ptolemy, bk. 2.

Dalmium, the chief town of Dalmatia. Strabo, bk. 7.

Damagetus, a man of Rhodes, who inquired of the oracle what wife he ought to marry? and received for answer the daughter of the bravest of the Greeks. He applied to Aristomenes, and obtained his daughter in marriage, B.C. 670. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 24.

Damălis, a courtesan at Rome in the age of Horace, bk. 1, ode 36, li. 13.

Damas, a Syracusan in the interest of Agathocles. Diodorus, bk. 19.

Damascēna, a part of Syria near mount Libanus.

Damascius, a stoic of Damascus, who wrote a philosophical history, the life of Isidorus, and four books on extraordinary events, in the age of Justinian. His works, which are now lost, were greatly esteemed according to Photius.

Damascus, a rich and ancient city of Damascene in Syria, where Demetrius Nicanor was defeated by Alexander Zebina. It is the modern Damas, or Sham, inhabited by about 80,000 souls. Lucan, bk. 3, li. 215.—Justin, bk. 36, ch. 2.—Mela, bk. 1, ch. 11.

Damasia, a town called also Augusta, now ♦Augsburg, in Swabia, on the Leck.

♦ ‘Ausburg’ replaced with ‘Augsburg’

Damasichthon, a king of Thebes. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 5.

Damasippus, a captain in Philip’s army.――A senator who accompanied Juba when he entered Utica in triumph. Cæsar, Civil War, bk. 2.――A great enemy of Sylla. Paterculus, bk. 2, ch. 22.――An orator. Juvenal, satire 3, li. 185.――A merchant of old seals and vessels, who, after losing his all in unfortunate schemes in commerce, assumed the name and habit of a stoic philosopher. Horace, bk. 2, satire 3.――One of Niobe’s sons.

Damasistrătus, a king of Platæa, who buried Laius. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 5.

Damasithynus, a son of Candaules general in the army of Xerxes. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 98.――A king of Calyndæ, sunk in his ship by Artemisia. Herodotus, bk. 8, ch. 87.

Damastes, a man of Sigæum, disciple of Hellanicus about the age of Herodotus, &c. Dionysius of Halicarnassus.――A famous robber. See: Procrustes.

Damastor, a Trojan chief, killed by Patroclus at the siege of Troy. Homer, Iliad, bk. 16, li. 416.

Damia, a surname of Cybele.――A woman to whom the Epidaurians raised a statue. Herodotus, bk. 5, ch. 82.

Damias, a statuary of Clitor, in Arcadia, in the age of Lysander. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 9.

Damippus, a Spartan taken by Marcellus as he sailed out of the port of Syracuse. He discovered to the enemy that a certain part of the city was negligently guarded, and in consequence of this discovery Syracuse was taken. Polyænus.

Damis, a man who disputed with Aristodemus the right of reigning over the Messenians. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 10.

Damnii, a people at the north of Britain.

Damnonii, a people of Britain, now supposed Devonshire.

Damnōrix, a celebrated Gaul in the interest of Julius Cæsar, &c.

Damo, a daughter of Pythagoras, who, by order of her father, devoted her life to perpetual celibacy, and induced others to follow her example. Pythagoras at his death entrusted her with all the secrets of his philosophy, and gave her the unlimited care of his compositions, under the promise that she never would part with them. She faithfully obeyed his injunctions; and though in the extremest poverty, she refused to obtain money by the violation of her father’s commands. Diogenes Laërtius, Pythagoras.

Damŏcles, one of the flatterers of Dionysius the elder, of Sicily. He admired the tyrant’s wealth, and pronounced him the happiest man on earth. Dionysius prevailed upon him to undertake for a while the charge of royalty, and be convinced of the happiness which a sovereign enjoyed. Damocles ascended the throne, and while he gazed upon the wealth and splendour that surrounded him, he perceived a sword hanging over his head by a horse hair. This so terrified him that all his imaginary felicity vanished at once, and he begged Dionysius to remove him from a situation which exposed his life to such fears and dangers. Cicero, Tusculanæ Disputationes, bk. 5, ch. 21.

Damocrătes, a hero, &c. Plutarch, Aristotle.

Damocrĭta, a Spartan matron, wife of Alcippus, who severely punished her enemies who had banished her husband, &c. Plutarch, Parallela minora.

Damocrĭtus, a timid general of the Achæans, &c. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 13.――A Greek writer, who composed two treatises, one upon the art of drawing an army in battle array, and the other concerning the Jews.――A man who wrote a poetical treatise upon medicine.

Damon, a victor at Olympia, Olympiad 102. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 27.――A poet and musician of Athens, intimate with Pericles, and distinguished for his knowledge of government and fondness of discipline. He was banished for his intrigues about 430 years before Christ. Cornelius Nepos, bk. 15, ch. 2.—Plutarch, Pericles.――A Pythagorean philosopher, very intimate with Pythias. When he had been condemned to death by Dionysius, he obtained from the tyrant leave to go and settle his domestic affairs, on promise of returning at a stated hour to the place of execution. Pythias pledged himself to undergo the punishment which was to be inflicted on Damon, should he not return in time, and he consequently delivered himself into the hands of the tyrant. Damon returned at the appointed moment, and Dionysius was so struck with the fidelity of those two friends, that he remitted the punishment, and entreated them to permit him to share their friendship, and enjoy their confidence. Valerius Maximus, bk. 4, ch. 7.――A man of Cheronæa, who killed a Roman officer, and was murdered by his fellow-citizens. Plutarch, Cimon.――A Cyrenean, who wrote a history of philosophy. Diogenes Laërtius.

Damophantus, a general of Elis in the age of Philopœmen. Plutarch, Philopœmen.

Damophĭla, a poetess of Lesbos, wife of Pamphilus. She was intimate with Sappho, and not only wrote hymns in honour of Diana and of the gods, but opened a school where the younger persons of her sex were taught the various powers of music and poetry. Philostratus.

Damophĭlus, an historian. Diodorus.――A Rhodian general against the fleet of Demetrius. Diodorus, bk. 20.

Damŏphon, a sculptor of Messenia. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 23.

Damostrătus, a philosopher who wrote a treatise concerning fishes. Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 13, ch. 21.

Damoxĕnus, a comic writer of Athens. Athenæus, bk. 3.――A boxer of Syracuse, banished for killing his adversary. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 40.

Damyrias, a river of Sicily. Plutarch, Timoleon.

Dana, a large town of Cappadocia.

Danăce, the name of the piece of money which Charon required to convey the dead over the Styx. Suidas.

Dănae, the daughter of Acrisius king of Argos by Eurydice. She was confined in a brazen tower by her father, who had been told by an oracle that his daughter’s son would put him to death. His endeavours to prevent Danae from becoming a mother proved fruitless; and Jupiter, who was enamoured of her, introduced himself to her bed, by changing himself into a golden shower. From his embraces Danae had a son, with whom she was exposed on the sea by her father. The wind drove the bark which carried her to the coasts of the island of Seriphus, where she was saved by some fishermen, and carried to Polydectes king of the place, whose brother called Dictys educated the child called Perseus, and tenderly treated the mother. Polydectes fell in love with her; but as he was afraid of her son, he sent him to conquer the Gorgons, pretending that he wished Medusa’s head to adorn the nuptials which he was going to celebrate with Hippodamia the daughter of Œnomaus. When Perseus had victoriously finished his expedition, he retired to Argos with Danae, to the house of Acrisius, whom he inadvertently killed. Some suppose that it was Prœtus the brother of Acrisius who introduced himself to Danae in the brazen tower; and instead of a golden shower, it was maintained that the keepers of Danae were bribed by the gold of her seducer. Virgil mentions that Danae came to Italy with some fugitives of Argos, and that she founded a city called Ardea. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 4, li. 611; Ars Amatoria, bk. 3, li. 415; Amores, bk. 2, poem 19, li. 27.—Horace, bk. 3, ode 16.—Homer, Iliad, bk. 14, li. 319.—Apollodorus, bk. 2, chs. 2 & 4.—Statius, Thebiad, bk. 1, li. 255.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 410.――A daughter of Leontium, mistress to Sophron governor of Ephesus.――A daughter of Danaus, to whom Neptune offered violence.

Dănai, a name given to the people of Argos, and promiscuously to all the Greeks, from Danaus their king. Virgil, & Ovid, passim.

Dănaĭdes, the 50 daughters of Danaus king of Argos. When their uncle Ægyptus came from Egypt with his 50 sons, they were promised in marriage to their cousins; but before the celebration of their nuptials, Danaus, who had been informed by an oracle that he was to be killed by the hands of one of his sons-in-law, made his daughters solemnly promise that they would destroy their husbands. They were provided with daggers by their father, and all, except Hypermnestra, stained their hands with the blood of their cousins, the first night of their nuptials; and as a pledge of their obedience to their father’s injunctions, they presented him each with the head of the murdered sons of Ægyptus. Hypermnestra was summoned to appear before her father, and answer for her disobedience in suffering her husband Lynceus to escape, but the unanimous voice of the people declared her innocent, and in consequence of her honourable acquittal, she dedicated a temple to the goddess of Persuasion. The sisters were purified of this murder by Mercury and Minerva, by order of Jupiter; but according to the more received opinion, they were condemned to severe punishment in hell, and were compelled to fill with water a vessel full of holes, so that the water ran out as soon as poured into it, and therefore their labour was infinite, and their punishment eternal. The names of the Danaides and their husbands were as follows, according to Apollodorus: Amymone married Enceladus; Automate, Busiris; Agave, Lycus; Scea, Dayphron; Hippodamia, Ister; Rhodia, Chalcedon; Calyce, another Lynceus; Gorgophone, Proteus; Cleopatra, Agenor; Asteria, Chætus; Glauce, Aleis; Hippodamia, Diacorytes; Hippomedusa, Alcmenon; Gorge, Hippothous; Iphimedusa, Euchenor; Rhode, Hippolytus; Pirene, Agaptolemus; Cercestis, Dorion; Pharte, Eurydamas; Mnestra, Ægius; Evippe, Arigius; Anaxibia, Archelaus; Nelo, Melachus; Clite, Clitus; Stenele, Stenelus; Chrysippe, Chrysippus; Autonoe, Eurylochus; Theano, Phantes; Electra, Peristhenes; Eurydice, Dryas; Glaucippe, Potamon; Autholea, Cisseus; Cleodora, Lixus; Evippe, Imbrus; Erata, Bromius; Stygne, Polyctor; Bryce, Chthonius; Actea, Periphas; Podarce, Œneus; Dioxippe, Ægyptus; Adyte, Menalces; Ocypete, Lampus; Pilarge, Idmon; Hippodice, Idas; Adiante, Diaphron; Callidia, Pandion; Œme, Arbelus; Celena, Hixbius; Hyperia, Hippocoristes. The heads of the sons of Ægyptus were buried at Argos; but their bodies were left at Lerna, where the murder had been committed. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 1.—Horace, bk. 3, ode 11.—Strabo, bk. 8.—Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 16.—Hyginus, fable 168, &c.

Danăla, a castle of Galatia.

Danapris, now the Nieper, a name given in the middle ages to the Borysthenes, as Danaster the Neister, was applied to the Tyras.

Dănaus, a son of Belus and Anchinoe, who, after his father’s death, reigned conjointly with his brother Ægyptus on the throne of Egypt. Some time after, a difference arose between the brothers, and Danaus set sail with his 50 daughters in quest of a settlement. He visited Rhodes, where he consecrated a statue to Minerva, and arrived safe on the coast of Peloponnesus, where he was hospitably received by Gelanor king of Argos. Gelanor had lately ascended the throne, and the first years of his reign were marked with dissensions with his subjects. Danaus took advantage of Gelanor’s unpopularity, and obliged him to abdicate the crown. In Gelanor, the race of the Inaehidæ was extinguished, and the Belides began to reign at Argos in Danaus. Some authors say that Gelanor voluntarily resigned the crown to Danaus, on account of the wrath of Neptune, who had dried up all the waters of Argolis, to punish the impiety of Inachus. The success of Danaus invited the 50 sons of Ægyptus to embark for Greece. They were kindly received by their uncle, who, either apprehensive of their number, or terrified by an oracle which threatened his ruin by one of his sons-in-law, caused his daughters, to whom they were promised in marriage, to murder them the first night of their nuptials. His fatal orders were executed, but Hypermnestra alone spared the life of Lynceus. See: Danaides. Danaus at first persecuted Lynceus with unremitted fury, but he was afterwards reconciled to him, and he acknowledged him for his son-in-law and successor, after a reign of 50 years. He died about 1425 years before the christian era, and after death he was honoured with a splendid monument in the town of Argos, which still existed in the age of Pausanias. According to Æschylus, Danaus left Egypt, not to be present at the marriage of his daughters with the sons of his brother, a connection which he deemed unlawful and impious. The ship in which Danaus came to Greece was called Armais, and was the first that had ever appeared there. It is said that the use of pumps was first introduced into Greece by Danaus. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 1.—Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 19.—Hyginus, fable 168, &c.—Herodotus, bk. 2, ch. 91, &c.; bk. 7, ch. 94.

Dandări and Dandarĭdæ, certain inhabitants near mount Caucasus. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 12, ch. 18.

Dandon, a man of Illyricum, who, as Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 48, reports, lived 500 years.

Dānŭbius, a celebrated river, the greatest in Europe, which rises, according to Herodotus, near the town of Pyrene, in the country of the Celtæ, and after flowing through the greatest part of Europe, falls into the Euxine sea. The Greeks called it Ister; but the Romans distinguished it by the appellation of the Danube, from its source till the middle of its course; and from thence to its mouths they called it Ister, like the Greeks. It falls into the Euxine through seven mouths, or six according to others. Herodotus mentions five, and modern travellers discover only two. The Danube was generally supposed to be the northern boundary of the Roman empire in Europe; and therefore, several castles were erected on its banks, to check the incursions of the barbarians. It was worshipped as a deity by the Scythians. According to modern geography, the Danube rises in Suabia, and after receiving about 40 navigable rivers, finishes a course of 1600 miles, by emptying itself into the Black sea. Dionysius Periegetes.—Herodotus, bk. 2, ch. 33; bk. 4, ch. 48, &c.—Strabo, bk. 4.—Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12.—Ammianus, bk. 23.

Daŏchus, an officer of Philip, &c. Plutarch, Demosthenes.

Daphnæ, a town in Egypt on one of the mouths of the Nile, 16 miles from Pelusium. Herodotus, bk. 2, ch. 30.

Daphnæus, a general of Syracuse, against Carthage. Polyænus, bk. 5.

Daphne, a daughter of the river Peneus or of the Ladon by the goddess Terra, of whom Apollo became enamoured. This passion had been raised by Cupid, with whom Apollo, proud of his late conquest over the serpent Python, had disputed the power of his darts. Daphne heard with horror the addresses of the god, and endeavoured to remove herself from his importunities by flight. Apollo pursued her; and Daphne, fearful of being caught, intreated the assistance of the gods, who changed her into a laurel. Apollo crowned his head with the leaves of the laurel, and for ever ordered that that tree should be sacred to his divinity. Some say that Daphne was admired by Leucippus, son of Œnomaus king of Pisa, who, to be in her company, disguised his sex, and attended her in the woods, in the habit of a huntress. Leucippus gained Daphne’s esteem and love; but Apollo, who was his powerful rival, discovered his sex, and Leucippus was killed by the companions of Diana. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 1, li. 452, &c.—Parthenius, Narrationes Amatoriæ, ch. 15.—Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 20.――A daughter of Tiresias priestess in the temple of Delphi, supposed by some to be the same as Manto. She was consecrated to the service of Apollo by the Epigoni, or, according to others, by the goddess Tellus. She was called Sibyl, on account of the wildness of her looks and expressions when she delivered oracles. Her oracles were generally in verse, and Homer, according to some accounts, has introduced much of her poetry in his compositions. Diodorus, bk. 4.—Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 5.――A famous grove near Antioch, consecrated to voluptuousness and luxury.

Daphnēphŏria, a festival in honour of Apollo, celebrated every ninth year by the Bœotians. It was then usual to adorn an olive bough with garlands of laurel and other flowers, and place on the top a brazen globe, on which were suspended smaller ones. In the middle were placed a number of crowns, and a globe of inferior size, and the bottom was adorned with a saffron-coloured garment. The globe on the top represented the sun, or Apollo; that in the middle was an emblem of the moon, and the others of the stars. The crowns, which were 65 in number, represented the sun’s annual revolutions. This bough was carried in solemn procession by a beautiful youth of an illustrious family, and whose parents were both living. The youth was dressed in rich garments which reached to the ground, his hair hung loose and dishevelled, his head was covered with a golden crown, and he wore on his feet shoes called Iphicratidæ, from Iphicrates, an Athenian who first invented them. He was called δαφνηφορος, laurel-bearer, and at that time he executed the office of priest of Apollo. He was preceded by one of his nearest relations, bearing a rod adorned with garlands, and behind him followed a train of virgins, with branches in their hands. In this order the procession advanced as far as the temple of Apollo, surnamed Ismenius, where supplicatory hymns were sung to the god. This festival owed its origin to the following circumstance: When an oracle advised the Ætolians, who inhabited Arne and the adjacent country, to abandon their ancient possessions, and go in quest of a settlement, they invaded the Theban territories, which at that time were pillaged by an army of Pelasgians. As the celebration of Apollo’s festivals was near, both nations, who religiously observed it, laid aside all hostilities, and according to custom, cut down laurel boughs from mount Helicon and in the neighbourhood of the river Melas, and walked in procession in honour of the divinity. The day that this solemnity was observed, Polemates the general of the ♦Bœotian army saw a youth in a dream that presented him with a complete suit of armour, and commanded the Bœotians to offer solemn prayers to Apollo, and walk in procession with laurel boughs in their hands every ninth year. Three days after this dream, the Bœotian general made a sally, and cut off the greatest part of the besiegers, who were compelled by this blow to relinquish their enterprise. Polemates immediately instituted a novennial festival to the god who seemed to be the patron of the Bœotians. Pausanias, Bœotia, &c.

♦ ‘Bœtian’ replaced with ‘Bœotian’

Daphnis, a shepherd of Sicily, son of Mercury by a Sicilian nymph. He was educated by the nymphs, Pan taught him to sing and play upon the pipe, and the muses inspired him with the love of poetry. It was supposed that he was the first who wrote pastoral poetry, in which his successor Theocritus so happily excelled. He was extremely fond of hunting; and at his death five of his dogs, from their attachment to him, refused all aliments, and pined away. From the celebrity of this shepherd, the name of Daphnis has been appropriated by the poets, ancient and modern, to express a person fond of rural employments, and the peaceful innocence which accompanies the tending of flocks. Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 10, ch. 18.—Diodorus, bk. 4.――There was another shepherd on mount Ida of the same name changed into a rock, according to Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 4, li. 275.――A servant of Nicocrates tyrant of Cyrene, &c. Polyænus, bk. 8.――A grammarian. Suetonius, Lives of the Grammarians.――A son of Paris and Œnone.

Daphnus, a river of Locris, into which the body of Hesiod was thrown after his murder. Plutarch, de Convivium Septem Sapientium.――A physician who preferred a supper to a dinner, because he supposed that the moon assisted digestion. Athenæus, bk. 7.

Darăba, a town of Arabia.

Darantasia, a town of Belgic Gaul, called also Forum Claudii, and now Motier.

Daraps, a king of the Gangaridæ, &c. Flaccus, bk. 6, li. 67.

Dardăni, the inhabitants of Dardania.――Also a people of Mœsia, very inimical to the neighbouring power of Macedonia. Livy, bk. 26, ch. 25; bk. 27, ch. 33; bk. 31, ch. 28; bk. 40, ch. 57.—Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 1.

Dardănia, a town or country of Troas, from which the Trojans were called Dardani and Dardanidæ. There is also a country of the same name near Illyricum. This appellation is also applied to Samothrace. Virgil & Ovid, passim.—Strabo, bk. 7.

Dardănĭdes, a name given to Æneas, as descended from Dardanus. The word, in the plural number, is applied to the Trojan women. Virgil, Æneid.

Dardanium, a promontory of Troas, called from the small town of Dardanus, about seven miles from Abydos. The two castles built on each side of the strait by the emperor Mahomet IV., A.D. 1659, gave the name of Dardanelles to the place. Strabo, bk. 13.

Dardănus, a son of Jupiter and Electra, who killed his brother Jasius to obtain the kingdom of Etruria after the death of his reputed father Corytus, and fled to Samothrace, and thence to Asia Minor, where he married Batia the daughter of Teucer, king of Teucria. After the death of his father-in-law he ascended the throne, and reigned 62 years. He built the city of Dardania, and was reckoned the founder of the kingdom of Troy. He was succeeded by Erichthonius. According to some, Corybas his nephew accompanied him to Teucria, where he introduced the worship of Cybele. Dardanus taught his subjects to worship Minerva; and he gave them two statues of the goddess, one of which is well known by the name of Palladium. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 5, li. 167.—Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 4.—Hyginus, fables 155 & 275.—Apollodorus, bk. 3.—Homer, Iliad, bk. 20.――A Trojan killed by Achilles. Homer, Iliad, bk. 20, li. 460.

Dardării, a nation near the Palus Mæotis. Plutarch, Lucullus.

Dares, a Phrygian who lived during the Trojan war, in which he was engaged, and of which he wrote the history in Greek. This history was extant in the age of Ælian; the Latin translation, now extant, is universally believed to be spurious, though it is attributed by some to Cornelius Nepos. The best edition is that of Smids cum not. var. 4to & 8vo, Amsterdam, 1702.—Homer, Iliad, bk. 5, lis. 10 & 27.――One of the companions of Æneas, descended from Amycus, and celebrated as a pugilist at the funeral games in honour of Hector, where he killed Butes. He was killed by Turnus in Italy. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 5, li. 369; bk. 12, li. 363.

Darētis, a country of Macedonia.

Darīa, a town of Mesopotamia.

Dariaves, the name of Darius in Persian. Strabo, bk. 16.

Dariobrigum, a town of Gaul, now Vennes in Britany.

Darītæ, a people of Persia. Herodotus, bk. 3, ch. 92.

Darīus, a noble satrap of Persia, son of Hystaspes, who conspired with six other noblemen to destroy Smerdis, who usurped the crown of Persia after the death of Cambyses. On the murder of the usurper, the seven conspirators universally agreed, that he whose horse neighed first should be appointed king. In consequence of this resolution the groom of Darius previously led his master’s horse to a mare at a place near which the seven noblemen were to pass. On the morrow before sunrise, when they proceeded all together, the horse, recollecting the mare, suddenly neighed; and at the same time a clap of thunder was heard, as if in approbation of the choice. The noblemen dismounted from their horses, and saluted Darius king; and a resolution was made among them, that the king’s wives and concubines should be taken from no other family but that of the conspirators, and that they should for ever enjoy the unlimited privilege of being admitted into the king’s presence without previous introduction. Darius was 29 years old when he ascended the throne, and he soon distinguished himself by his activity and military accomplishments. He besieged Babylon, which he took after a siege of 20 months, by the artifices of Zopyrus. From thence he marched against the Scythians, and in his way conquered Thrace. This expedition was unsuccessful; and, after several losses and disasters in the wilds of Scythia, the king retired with shame, and soon after turned his arms against the Indians, whom he subdued. The burning of Sardis, which was a Grecian colony, incensed the Athenians, and a war was kindled between Greece and Persia. Darius was so exasperated against the Greeks, that a servant every evening, by his order, repeated these words: “Remember, O king, to punish the Athenians.” Mardonius, the king’s son-in-law, was entrusted with the care of the war, but his army was destroyed by the Thracians; and Darius, more animated by his loss, sent a more considerable force, under the command of Datis and Artaphernes. They were conquered at the celebrated battle of Marathon, by 10,000 Athenians; and the Persians lost in that expedition no less than 206,000 men. Darius was not disheartened by this severe blow, but he resolved to carry on the war in person, and immediately ordered a still larger army to be levied. He died in the midst of his preparations, B.C. 485, after a reign of 36 years, in the 65th year of his age. Herodotus, bks. 1, 2, &c.—Diodorus, bk. 1.—Justin, bk. 1, ch. 9.—Plutarch, Aristotle.—Cornelius Nepos, Miltiades.――The second king of Persia, of that name, was also called Ochus or Nothus, because he was the illegitimate son of Artaxerxes by a concubine. Soon after the murder of Xerxes he ascended the throne of Persia, and married Parysatis his sister, a cruel and ambitious woman, by whom he had Artaxerxes Memnon, Amestris, and Cyrus the younger. He carried on many wars with success, under the conduct of his generals and of his son Cyrus. He died B.C. 404, after a reign of 19 years, and was succeeded by his son Artaxerxes, who asked him on his death-bed, what had been the guide of his conduct in the management of the empire, that he might imitate him? “The dictates of justice and of religion,” replied the expiring monarch. Justin, bk. 5, ch. 11.—Diodorus, bk. 12.――The third of that name was the last king of Persia, surnamed Codomanus. He was son of Arsanes and Sysigambis, and descended from Darius Nothus. The eunuch Bagoas raised him to the throne, though not nearly allied to the royal family, in hopes that he would be subservient to his will; but he prepared to poison him, when he saw him despise his advice, and aim at independence. Darius discovered his perfidy, and made him drink the poison which he had prepared against his life. The peace of Darius was early disturbed, and Alexander invaded Persia to avenge the injuries which the Greeks had suffered from the predecessors of Darius. The king of Persia met his adversary in person, at the head of 600,000 men. This army was remarkable more for its opulence and luxury than for the military courage of its soldiers; and Athenæus mentions that the camp of Darius was crowded with 277 cooks, 29 waiters, 87 cup-bearers, 40 servants to perfume the king, and 66 to prepare garlands and flowers to deck the dishes and meat which appeared on the royal table. With these forces Darius met Alexander. A battle was fought near the Granicus, in which the Persians were easily defeated. Another was soon after fought near Issus; and Alexander left 110,000 of the enemy dead on the field of battle, and took among the prisoners of war, the mother, wife, and children of Darius. The darkness of the night favoured the retreat of Darius, and he saved himself by flying in disguise, on the horse of his armour-bearer. These losses weakened, but discouraged not Darius. He assembled another more powerful army, and the last decisive battle was fought at Arbela. The victory was long doubtful; but the intrepidity of Alexander, and the superior valour of the Macedonians, prevailed over the effeminate Persians; and Darius, sensible of his disgrace and ruin, fled towards Media. His misfortunes were now completed. Bessus the governor of Bactriana took away his life, in hopes of succeeding him on the throne; and Darius was found by the Macedonians in his chariot, covered with wounds, and almost expiring, B.C. 331. He asked for water, and exclaimed, when he received it from the hand of a Macedonian, “It is the greatest of my misfortunes that I cannot reward thy humanity. Beg Alexander to accept my warmest thanks for the tenderness with which he has treated my wretched family, whilst I am doomed to perish by the hand of a man whom I have loaded with kindness.” These words of the dying monarch were reported to Alexander, who covered the dead body with his own mantle, and honoured it with a most magnificent funeral. The traitor Bessus met with a due punishment from the conquerer, who continued his kindness to the unfortunate family of Darius. Darius has been accused of imprudence, for the imperious and arrogant manner in which he wrote his letters to Alexander, in the midst of his misfortunes. In him the empire of Persia was extinguished 228 years after it had been first founded by Cyrus the Great. Diodorus, bk. 17.—Plutarch, Alexander.—Justin, bks. 10, 11, &c.—Curtius.――A son of Xerxes, who married Artaynta, and was killed by Artabanus. Herodotus, bk. 9, ch. 108.—Diodorus, bk. 11.――A son of Artaxerxes, declared successor to the throne, as being the eldest prince. He conspired against his father’s life, and was capitally punished. Plutarch, Artaxerxes.

Dascon, a man who founded Camarina. Thucydides, bk. 6, ch. 5.

Dascylitis, a province of Persia. Thucydides, bk. 1, ch. 129.

Dascy̆lus, the father of Gyges. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 8.

Dasea, a town of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 27.

Dasius, a chief of Salapia, who favoured Annibal. Livy, bk. 26, ch. 38.

Dassarĕtæ, Dassarītæ, Dassarēni, or Dassariti, a people of Illyricum, or Macedonia. Plutarch, Titus Flamininus.

Datămes, son of Camissares, governor of Caria and general of the armies of Artaxerxes. The influence of his enemies at court obliged him to fly for safety, after he had greatly signalized himself by his military exploits. He took up arms in his own defence, and the king made war against him. He was treacherously killed by Mithridates, who had invited him under pretence of entering into the most inviolable connection and friendship, 362 B.C. Cornelius Nepos, Datames.

Dataphernes, one of the friends of Bessus. After the murder of Darius, he betrayed Bessus into Alexander’s hands. He also revolted from the conqueror, and was delivered up by the Dahæ. Curtius, bk. 7, chs. 5 & 8.

Datis, a general of Darius I., sent with an army of 200,000 foot and 10,000 horse, against the Greeks, in conjunction with Artaphernes. He was defeated at the celebrated battle of Marathon by Miltiades, and some time after put to death by the Spartans. Cornelius Nepos, Miltiades.

Datos, or Daton, a town of Thrace, on a small eminence, near the Strymon. There is in the neighbourhood a fruitful plain, from which Proserpine, according to some, was carried away by Pluto. That city was so rich, that the ancients generally made use of the word Datos to express abundance. When the king of Macedonia conquered it he called it Philippi, after his own name. Appian, Civil Wars.

Davara, a hill near mount Taurus, in Asia Minor.

Daulis, a nymph, from whom the city of Daulis in Phocis, anciently called Anacris, received its name. It was there that Philomela and Procne made Tereus eat the flesh of his son, and hence the nightingale, into which Philomela was changed, is often called Daulias avis. Ovid, ltr. 15, li. 154.—Strabo, bk. 9.—Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 4.—Ptolemy, bk. 3, ch. 15.—Livy, bk. 32, ch. 18.—Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 3.

Dauni, a people on the eastern part of Italy, conquered by Daunus, from whom they received their name.

Daunia, a name given to the northern parts of Apulia, on the coast of the Adriatic. It receives its name from Daunus, who settled there, and is now called Capitanata. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 8, li. 146.—Silius Italicus, bk. 9, li. 500; bk. 12, li. 429.—Horace, bk. 4, ode 6, li. 27.――Juturna, the sister of Turnus, was called Daunia, after she had been made a goddess by Jupiter. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 12, lis. 139 & 785.

Daunus, a son of Pilumnus and Danae. He came from Illyricum into Apulia, where he reigned over part of the country, which from him was called Daunia, and he was still on the throne when Diomedes came to Italy. Ptolemy, bk. 3, ch. 1.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 4.—Strabo, bk. 5.――A river of Apulia, now Carapelle. Horace, bk. 3, ode 30.

Daurĭfer and Daurises, a brave general of Darius, treacherously killed by the Carians. Herodotus, bk. 5, ch. 116, &c.

Davus, a comic character in the Andria of Terence. Horace, bk. 1, satire 10, li. 40.

Debæ, a nation of Arabia. Diodorus, bk. 3.

Decapŏlis, a district of Judæa, from its 10 cities. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 18.

Decebălus, a warlike king of the Daci, who made a successful war against Domitian. He was conquered by Trajan, Domitian’s successor, and he obtained peace. His active spirit again kindled rebellion, and the Roman emperor marched against him, and defeated him. He destroyed himself, and his head was brought to Rome, and Dacia became a Roman province, A.D. 103. Dio Cassius, bk. 68.

Deceleum (or ea), now Biala Castro, a small village of Attica, north of Athens; which, when in the hands of the Spartans, proved a very galling garrison to the Athenians. The Peloponnesian war has occasionally been called Decelean, because for some time hostilities were carried on in its neighbourhood. Cornelius Nepos, bk. 7, ch. 4.

Decĕlus, a man who informed Castor and Pollux that their sister, whom Theseus had carried away, was concealed at Aphidnæ. Herodotus, bk. 9, ch. 73.

Decemvĭri, 10 magistrates of absolute authority among the Romans. The privileges of the patricians raised dissatisfaction among the plebeians; who, though freed from the power of the Tarquins, still saw that the administration of justice depended upon the will and caprice of their superiors, without any written statute to direct them, and convince them that they were governed with equity and impartiality. The tribunes complained to the senate, and demanded that a code of laws might be framed for the use and benefit of the Roman people. This petition was complied with, and three ambassadors were sent to Athens, and to all the other Grecian states, to collect the laws of Solon, and of the other celebrated legislators of Greece. Upon the return of the commissioners, it was universally agreed that 10 new magistrates, called decemviri, should be elected from the senate, to put the project into execution. Their power was absolute; all other offices ceased after their election, and they presided over the city with regal authority. They were invested with the badges of the consul, in the enjoyment of which they succeeded by turns, and only one was preceded by the fasces, and had the power of assembling the senate and confirming decrees. The first decemvirs were Appius Claudius, Titus Genutius, Publius Sextus, Spurius Veturius, Caius Julius, Aulus Manlius, Servius Sulpitius Pluriatius, Titus Romulus, Spurius Posthumius, A.U.C. 303. Under them, the laws which had been exposed to public view, that every citizen might speak his sentiments, were publicly approved of as constitutional, and ratified by the priests and augurs in the most solemn and religious manner. These laws were 10 in number, and were engraved on tables of brass; two were afterwards added, and they were called the laws of the 12 tables, leges duodecim tabularum, and leges decemvirales. The decemviral power, which was beheld by all ranks of people with the greatest satisfaction, was continued; but in the third year after their creation, the decemvirs became odious, on account of their tyranny; and the attempt of Appius Claudius to ravish Virginia, was followed by the total abolition of the office. The people were so exasperated against them, that they demanded them from the senate, to burn them alive. Consuls were again appointed, and tranquillity re-established in the state.――There were other officers in Rome, called decemvirs, who were originally appointed, in the absence of the pretor, to administer justice. Their appointment became afterwards necessary, and they generally assisted at sales called subhastationes, because a spear, hasta, was fixed at the door of the place where the goods were exposed to sale. They were called decemviri litibus judicandis. The officers whom Tarquin appointed to guard the Sibylline books, were also called decemviri. They were originally two in number, called duumviri, till the year of Rome 388, when their number was increased to 10, five of which were chosen from the plebeians, and five from the patricians. Sylla increased their number to 15, called quindecemvirs.

Decetia, a town of Gaul. Cæsar.

Decia lex, was enacted by Marcus Decius the tribune, A.U.C. 442, to empower the people to appoint two proper persons to fit and repair the fleets.

Lucius Decidius Saxa, a Celtiberian in Cæsar’s camp. Cæsar, Civil War, bk. 1.

Decineus, a celebrated soothsayer. Strabo, bk. 16.

Decius Mus, a celebrated Roman consul, who, after many glorious exploits, devoted himself to the gods’ manes for the safety of his country, in a battle against the Latins, 338 years B.C. His son Decius imitated his example, and devoted himself in like manner in his fourth consulship, when fighting against the Gauls and Samnites, B.C. 296. His grandson also did the same in the wars against Pyrrhus and the Tarentines, B.C. 280. This action of devoting oneself was of infinite service to the state. The soldiers were animated by the example, and induced to follow with intrepidity a commander who, arrayed in an unusual dress, and addressing himself to the gods with solemn invocation, rushed into the thickest part of the enemy to meet his fate. Livy, bks. 8, 9, &c.—Valerius Maximus, bk. 5, ch. 6.—Polybius, bk. 2.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 824.――Brutus, conducted Cæsar to the senate-house the day that he was murdered.—Cnæus Metius Q. Trajanus, a native of Pannonia, sent by the emperor Philip to appease a sedition in Mœsia. Instead of obeying his master’s command, he assumed the imperial purple, and soon after marched against him, and at his death became the only emperor. He signalized himself against the Persians; and when he marched against the Goths, he pushed his horse in a deep marsh, from which he could not extricate himself, and he perished with all his army by the darts of the barbarians, A.D. 251, after a reign of two years. This monarch enjoyed the character of a brave man and of a great disciplinarian; and by his justice and exemplary life merited the title of Optimus, which a servile senate had lavished upon him.

Decurio, a subaltern officer in the Roman armies. He commanded a decuria, which consisted of 10 men, and was the third part of a turma, or the thirtieth part of a legio of horse, which was composed of 300 men. The badge of the centurions was a vine rod or sapling, and each had a deputy called optio. There were certain magistrates in the provinces called decuriones municipales, who formed a body to represent the Roman senate in free and corporate towns. They consisted of 10, whence the name; and their duty extended to watch over the interest of their fellow-citizens, and to increase the revenues of the commonwealth. Their court was called curia decurionum, and minor senatus; and their decrees, called decreta decurionum, were marked with two D. D. at the top. They generally styled themselves civitatum patres curiales, and honorati municipiorum senatores. They were elected with the same ceremonies as the Roman senators; they were to be at least 25 years of age, and to be possessed of a certain sum of money. The election happened on the calends of March.

Decumates agri, lands in Germany which paid the tenth part of their value to the Romans. Tacitus, Germania, ch. 29.

Deditamĕnes, a friend of Alexander, made governor of Babylonia. Curtius, bk. 8, ch. 3.

Degis, a brother of Decebalus king of the Daci. He came as ambassador to the court of Domitian. Martial, bk. 5, ltr. 3.

Dējănīra, a daughter of Œneus king of Ætolia. Her beauty procured her many admirers, and her father promised to give her in marriage to him only who proved to be the strongest of all his competitors. Hercules obtained the prize, and married Dejanira, by whom he had three children, the most known of whom is Hyllus. As Dejanira was once travelling with her husband, they were stopped by the swollen streams of the Evenus, and the centaur Nessus offered Hercules to convey her safe to the opposite shore. The hero consented; but no sooner had Nessus gained the bank, than he attempted to offer violence to Dejanira, and to carry her away in the sight of her husband. Hercules, upon this, aimed from the other shore a poisoned arrow at the seducer, and mortally wounded him. Nessus, as he expired, wished to avenge his death upon his murderer; and he gave Dejanira his tunic, which was covered with blood, poisoned and infected by the arrow, observing that it had the power of reclaiming a husband from unlawful loves. Dejanira accepted the present; and when Hercules proved faithless to her bed, she sent him the centaur’s tunic, which instantly caused his death. See: Hercules. Dejanira was so disconsolate at the death of her husband, which she had ignorantly occasioned, that she destroyed herself. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bks. 8 & 9.—Diodorus, bk. 4.—Seneca, Hercules.—Hyginus, fable 34.

Deicoon, a Trojan prince, son of Pergasus, intimate with Æneas. He was killed by Agamemnon. Homer, Iliad, bk. 4, li. 534.――A son of Hercules and Megara. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 7.

Dēĭdămīa, a daughter of Lycomedes king of Scyros. She bore a son called Pyrrhus, or Neoptolemus, to Achilles, who was disguised at her father’s court in woman’s clothes, under the name of Pyrrha. Propertius, bk. 2, poem 9.—Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 13.――A daughter of Pyrrhus, killed by the Epirots. Polyænus.――A daughter of Adrastus king of Argos, called also Hippodamia.

Deilēon, a companion of Hercules in his expedition against the Amazons. Flaccus, bk. 5, li. 115.

Deilŏchus, a son of Hercules.

Deimăchus, a son of Neleus and Chloris, was killed, with all his brothers, except Nestor, by Hercules. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9.――The father of Enarette. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 7.

Deiŏces, a son of Phraortes, by whose means the Medes delivered themselves from the yoke of the Assyrians. He presided as judge among his countrymen, and his great popularity and love of equity raised him to the throne, and he made himself absolute, B.C. 700. He was succeeded by his son Phraortes, after a reign of 53 years. He built Ecbatana according to Herodotus, and surrounded it with seven different walls, in the middle of which was the royal palace. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 96, &c.—Polyænus.

Deiŏchus, a Greek captain killed by Paris in the Trojan war. Homer, Iliad, bk. 15, li. 341.

Dēīŏne, the mother of Miletus by Apollo. Miletus is often called Deionides, on account of his mother. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 9, li. 442.

Dēīŏneus, a king of Phocis, who married Diomede daughter of Xuthus, by whom he had Dia. He gave his daughter Dia in marriage to Ixion, who promised to make a present to his father-in-law. Deioneus accordingly visited the house of Ixion, and was thrown into a large hole filled with burning coal, by his son-in-law. Hyginus, fables 48 & 241.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, chs. 7 & 9; bk. 2, ch. 4.

Dēĭŏpēia, a nymph, the fairest of all the 14 nymphs that attended upon Juno. The goddess promised her in marriage to Æolus the god of the winds, if he would destroy the fleet of Æneas, which was sailing for Italy. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 76.――One of the attendant nymphs of Cyrene. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 4, li. 343.

Deiotărus, a governor of Galatia, made king of that province by the Roman people. In the civil wars of Pompey and Cæsar, Deiotarus followed the interest of the former. After the battle of Pharsalia, Cæsar severely reprimanded Deiotarus for his attachment to Pompey, deprived him of part of his kingdom, and left him only the bare title of royalty. When he was accused by his grandson of attempts upon Cæsar’s life, Cicero ably defended him in the Roman senate. He joined Brutus with a large army, and faithfully supported the republican cause. His wife was barren; but fearing that her husband might die without issue, she presented him with a beautiful slave, and tenderly educated, as her own, the children of this union. Deiotarus died in an advanced old age. Strabo, bk. 12.—Lucan, bk. 5, li. 55.

Deĭphĭla. See: Deipyle.

Dēĭphŏbe, a sibyl of Cumæ, daughter of Glaucus. It is supposed that she led Æneas to the infernal regions. See: Sibyllæ. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 36.

Dēĭphŏbus, a son of Priam and Hecuba, who, after the death of his brother Paris, married Helen. His wife unworthily betrayed him, and introduced into his chamber her old husband Menelaus, to whom she wished to reconcile herself. He was shamefully mutilated and killed by Menelaus. He had highly distinguished himself during the war, especially in his two combats with Merion, and in that in which he slew Ascalaphus son of Mars. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 495.—Homer, Iliad, bk. 13.――A son of Hippolytus, who purified Hercules after the murder of Iphitus. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 6.

Deĭphon, a brother of Triptolemus, son of Celeus and Metanira. When Ceres travelled over the world, she stopped at his father’s court, and undertook to nurse him and bring him up. To reward the hospitality of Celeus, the goddess began to make his son immortal; and every evening she placed him on burning coals to purify him from whatever mortal particles he still possessed. The uncommon growth of Deiphon astonished Metanira, who wished to see what Ceres did to make him so vigorous. She was frightened to see her son on burning coals, and the shrieks that she uttered disturbed the mysterious operations of the goddess, and Deiphon perished in the flames. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 5.――The husband of Hyrnetho, daughter of Temenus king of Argos. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 7.

Dēiphontes, a general of Temenus, who took Epidauria, &c. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 12.――A general of the Dorians, &c. Polyænus.

Dēipy̆le, a daughter of Adrastus, who married Tydeus, by whom she had Diomedes. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 8.

Dēipy̆lus, a son of Sthenelus, in the Trojan war. Homer, Iliad, bk. 5.

Dēipy̆rus, a Grecian chief during the Trojan war. Homer, Iliad, bk. 8.

Deldon, a king of Mysia, defeated by Crassus.

Dēlia, a festival celebrated every fifth year in the island of Delos, in honour of Apollo. It was first instituted by Theseus, who, at his return from Crete, placed a statue there, which he had received from Ariadne. At the celebration, they crowned the statue of the goddess with garlands, appointed a choir of music, and exhibited horse-races. They afterwards led a dance, in which they imitated, by their motions, the various windings of the Cretan labyrinth, from which Theseus had extricated himself by Ariadne’s assistance.――There was also another festival of the same name, yearly celebrated by the Athenians in Delos. It was also instituted by Theseus, who, when he was going to Crete, made a vow, that if he returned victorious, he would yearly visit in a solemn manner the temple of Delos. The persons employed in this annual procession were called Deliastæ and Theori. The ship, the same which carried Theseus, and had been carefully preserved by the Athenians, was called Theoria and Delias. When the ship was ready for the voyage, the priest of Apollo solemnly adorned the stern with garlands, and a universal lustration was made all over the city. The Theori were crowned with laurel, and before them proceeded men armed with axes, in commemoration of Theseus, who had cleared the way from Trœzene to Athens, and delivered the country from robbers. When the ship arrived at Delos, they offered solemn sacrifices to the god of the island, and celebrated a festival in his honour. After this they retired to their ship, and sailed back to Athens, where all the people of the city ran in crowds to meet them. Every appearance of festivity prevailed at their approach, and the citizens opened their doors, and prostrated themselves before the Deliastæ, as they walked in procession. During this festival, it was not lawful to put to death any malefactor, and on that account the life of Socrates was prolonged for 30 days. Xenophon, Memorabilia & Symposium.—♦Plato, Phædo.—Seneca, ltr. 70.

♦ ‘Plutarch’ replaced with ‘Plato’

Dēlia, a surname of Diana, because she was born in Delos. Virgil, Eclogues, poem 3, li. 67.

Dēliădes, a son of Glaucus, killed by his brother Bellerophon. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 3.――The priestesses in Apollo’s temple. Homer, Hymn to Apollo.

Dēlium, a temple of Apollo.――A town of Bœotia opposite Calchis, famous for a battle fought there, B.C. 424, &c. Livy, bk. 31, ch. 45; bk. 35, ch. 51.

Dēlius, a surname of Apollo, because he was born in Delos.――Quintus, an officer of Antony, who, when he was sent to cite Cleopatra before his master, advised her to make her appearance in the most captivating attire. The plan succeeded. He afterwards abandoned his friend, and fled to Augustus, who received him with great kindness. Horace has addressed bk. 2, ode 3 to him. Plutarch, Antonius.

Delmatius Flavius Julius, a nephew of Constantine the Great, honoured with the title of Cæsar, and put in possession of Thrace, Macedonia, and Achaia. His great virtues were unable to save him from a violent death, and he was assassinated by his own soldiers, &c.

Delmĭnium, a town of Dalmatia. Florus, bk. 4, ch. 12.

Dēlos, one of the Cyclades at the north of Naxos, was severally called Lagia, Ortygia, Asteria, Chlamidia, Pelasgia, Pyrpyle, Cynthus, and Cynæthus, and now bears the name of Sailles. It was called Delos from δηλος, because it suddenly made its appearance on the surface of the sea, by the power of Neptune, who, according to the mythologists, permitted Latona to bring forth there, when she was persecuted all over the earth, and could find no safe asylum. See: Apollo. The island is celebrated for the nativity of Apollo and Diana; and the solemnity with which the festivals of these deities were celebrated there, by the inhabitants of the neighbouring islands and of the continent, is well known. One of the altars of Apollo, in the island, was reckoned among the seven wonders of the world. It had been erected by Apollo when only four years old, and made with the horns of goats, killed by Diana on mount Cynthus. It was unlawful to sacrifice any living creature upon that altar, which was religiously kept pure from blood and every pollution. The whole island of Delos was held in such veneration, that the Persians, who had pillaged and profaned all the temples of Greece, never offered violence to the temple of Apollo, but respected it with the most awful reverence. Apollo, whose image was in the shape of a dragon, delivered there oracles during the summer, in a plain manner, without any ambiguity or obscure meaning. No dogs, as Thucydides mentions, were permitted to enter the island. It was unlawful for a man to die, or for a child to be born there; and when the Athenians were ordered to purify the place, they dug up all the dead bodies that had been interred there, and transported them to the neighbouring islands. An edict was also issued, which commanded all persons labouring under any mortal or dangerous disease to be instantly removed to the adjacent island called Rhane. Some mythologists suppose that Asteria, who changed herself into a quail, to avoid the importuning addresses of Jupiter, was metamorphosed into this island, originally called Ortygia ab ὀρτυξ, a quail. The people of Delos are described by Cicero, Academica, bk. 2, chs. 16 & 18; bk. 4, ch. 18, as famous for rearing hens. Strabo, bks. 8 & 10.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 5, li. 329; bk. 6, li. 333.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.—Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12.—Plutarch, de Sollertia Animalium, &c.—Thucydides, bks. 3, 4, &c.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 73.—Ptolemy, bk. 3, ch. 15.—Callimachus, Hymn to Delos.—Claudian, Panegyricus de Consulatu Honorii Augusti, bk. 4.

Delphi, now Castri, a town of Phocis, situate in a valley at the south-west side of mount Parnassus. It was also called Pytho, because the serpent Python was killed there; and it received the name of Delphi, from Delphus the son of Apollo. Some have also called it Parnassia Nape, the valley of Parnassus. It was famous for a temple of Apollo, and for an oracle celebrated in every age and country. The origin of the oracle, though fabulous, is described as something wonderful. A number of goats that were feeding on mount Parnassus came near a place which had a deep and long perforation. The steam which issued from the hole seemed to inspire the goats, and they played and frisked about in such an uncommon manner, that the goat-herd was tempted to lean on the hole, and see what mysteries the place contained. He was immediately seized with a fit of enthusiasm, and his expressions were wild and extravagant, and passed for prophecies. This circumstance was soon known about the country, and many experienced the same enthusiastic inspiration. The place was revered, and a temple was soon after erected in honour of Apollo, and a city built. According to some accounts, Apollo was not the first who gave oracles there; but Terra, Neptune, Themis, and Phœbe were in possession of the place before the son of Latona. The oracles were generally given in verse; but when it had been sarcastically observed that the god and patron of poetry was the most imperfect poet in the world, the priestess delivered her answers in prose. The oracles were always delivered by a priestess called Pythia. See: Pythia. The temple was built and destroyed several times. It was customary for those who consulted the oracle to make rich presents to the god of Delphi; and no monarch distinguished himself more by his donations than Crœsus. This sacred repository of opulence was often the object of plunder, and the people of Phocis seized 10,000 talents from it, and Nero carried away no less than 500 statues of brass, partly of the gods, and partly of the most ♦illustrious heroes. In another age, Constantine the Great removed its most splendid ornaments to his new capital. It was universally believed, and supported, by the ancients, that Delphi was in the middle of the earth; and on that account it was called terræ umbilicus. This, according to mythology, was first found out by two doves, which Jupiter had let loose from the two extremities of the earth, and which met at the place where the temple of Delphi was built. Apollonius, bk. 2, li. 706.—Diodorus, bk. 16.—Plutarch, de Defectu Oraculorum, &c.—Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 6, &c.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 10, li. 168.—Strabo, bk. 9.

♦ ‘illustrous’ replaced with ‘illustrious’

Delphĭcus, a surname of Apollo, from the worship paid to his divinity at Delphi.

Delphīnia, festivals at Ægina, in honour of Apollo of Delphi.

Delphīnium, a place in Bœotia, opposite Eubœa.

Delphis, the priestess of Delphi. Martial, bk. 9, ltr. 43.

Delphus, a son of Apollo, who built Delphi, and consecrated it to his father. The name of his mother is differently mentioned. She is called by some Celæno, by others Melæne daughter of Cephis, and by others Thyas daughter of Castalius, the first who was priestess of Bacchus. Hyginus, fable 161.—Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 6.

Delphȳne, a serpent which watched over Jupiter. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 6.

Delta, a part of Egypt, which received that name from its resemblance to the form of the fourth letter of the Greek alphabet. It lies between the Canopian and Pelusian mouths of the Nile, and begins to be formed where the river divides itself into several streams. It has been formed totally by the mud and sand, which are washed down from the upper parts of Egypt by the Nile, according to ancient tradition. Cæsar, Alexandrine War, ch. 27.—Strabo, bks. 15 & 17.—Herodotus, bk. 2, ch. 13, &c.—Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 16.

Demădes, an Athenian, who, from a sailor, became an eloquent orator, and obtained much influence in the state. He was taken prisoner at the battle of Cheronæa by Philip, and ingratiated himself into the favour of that prince, by whom he was greatly esteemed. He was put to death, with his son, on suspicion of treason, B.C. 322. One of his orations is extant. Diodorus, bks. 16 & 17.—Plutarch, Demosthenes.

Demænetus, a rhetorician of Syracuse, enemy to Timoleon. Cornelius Nepos, Timoleon, ch. 5.

Demagŏras, one of Alexander’s flatterers.――An historian, who wrote concerning the foundation of Rome. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 1.

Demarāta, a daughter of Hiero, &c. Livy, bk. 24, ch. 22.

Demarātus, the son and successor of Ariston on the throne of Sparta, B.C. 526. He was banished by the intrigues of Cleomenes his royal colleague, as being illegitimate. He retired into Asia, and was kindly received by Darius son of Hystaspes king of Persia. When the Persian monarch made preparations to invade Greece, Demaratus, though persecuted by the Lacedæmonians, informed them of the hostilities which hung over their head. Herodotus, bk. 5, ch. 75, &c.; bk. 6, ch. 50, &c.――A rich citizen of Corinth, of the family of the Bacchiadæ. When Cypselus had usurped the sovereign power of Corinth, Demaratus, with all his family, migrated to Italy, and settled at Tarquinii, 658 years before Christ. His son Lucumon was king of Rome, under the name of Tarquinius Priscus. Dionysius of Halicarnassus.――A Corinthian exile at the court of Philip king of Macedonia. Plutarch, Alexander.

Demarchus, a Syracusan put to death by Dionysius.

Demarēta, the wife of Gelon. Diodorus, bk. 15.

Demariste, the mother of Timoleon.

Dēmātria, a Spartan mother, who killed her son because he returned from a battle without glory. Plutarch, Instituta Laconica.

Demetria, a festival in honour of Ceres, called by the Greeks Demeter. It was then customary for the votaries of the goddess to lash themselves with whips made with the bark of trees. The Athenians had a solemnity of the same name, in honour of Demetrius Poliorcetes.

Dēmētrias, a town of Thessaly. The name was common to other places.

Dēmētrius, a son of Antigonus and Stratonice, surnamed Poliorcetes, destroyer of towns. At the age of 22, he was sent by his father against Ptolemy, who had invaded Syria. He was defeated near Gaza, but he soon repaired his loss by a victory over one of the generals of the enemy. He afterwards sailed with a fleet of 250 ships to Athens, and restored the Athenians to liberty, by freeing them from the power of Cassander and Ptolemy, and expelling the garrison, which was stationed there under Demetrius Phalereus. After this successful expedition, he besieged and took Munychia, and defeated Cassander at Thermopylæ. His reception at Athens, after these victories, was attended with the greatest servility; and the Athenians were not ashamed to raise altars to him as to a god, and to consult his oracles. This uncommon success raised the jealousy of the successors of Alexander; and Seleucus, Cassander, and Lysimachus united to destroy Antigonus and his son. Their hostile armies met at Ipsus, B.C. 301. Antigonus was killed in the battle; and Demetrius, after a severe loss, retired to Ephesus. His ill success raised him many enemies; and the Athenians, who lately adored him as a god, refused to admit him into their city. He soon after ravaged the territories of Lysimachus, and reconciled himself to Seleucus, to whom he gave his daughter Stratonice in marriage. Athens now laboured under tyranny; and Demetrius relieved it, and pardoned the inhabitants. The loss of his possessions in Asia recalled him from Greece, and he established himself on the throne of Macedonia, by the murder of Alexander the son of Cassander. Here he was continually at war with the neighbouring states; and the superior power of his adversaries obliged him to leave Macedonia, after he had sat on the throne for seven years. He passed into Asia, and attacked some of the provinces of Lysimachus with various success; but famine and pestilence destroyed the greatest part of his army, and he retired to the court of Seleucus for support and assistance. He met with a kind reception, but hostilities were soon begun; and after he had gained some advantages over his son-in-law, Demetrius was totally forsaken by his troops in the field of battle, and became an easy prey to the enemy. Though he was kept in confinement by his son-in-law, yet he maintained himself like a prince, and passed his time in hunting and in every laborious exercise. His son Antigonus offered Seleucus all his possessions and even his person, to procure his father’s liberty; but all proved unavailing, and Demetrius died in the 54th year of his age, after a confinement of three years, 286 B.C. His remains were given to Antigonus, and honoured with a ♦splendid funeral pomp at Corinth, and thence conveyed to Demetrias. His posterity remained in possession of the Macedonian throne till the age of Perseus, who was conquered by the Romans. Demetrius has rendered himself famous for his fondness of dissipation when among the dissolute, and his love of virtue and military glory in the field of battle. He has been commended as a great warrior, and his ingenious inventions, his warlike engines, and stupendous machines in his war with the Rhodians, justify his claims to that perfect character. He has been blamed for his voluptuous indulgencies; and his biographer observes, that no Grecian prince had more wives and concubines than Poliorcetes. His obedience and reverence to his father have been justly admired; and it has been observed, that Antigonus ordered the ambassadors of a foreign prince particularly to remark the cordiality and friendship which subsisted between him and his son. Plutarch, Parallel Lives.—Diodorus, bk. 17.—Justin, bk. 1, ch. 17, &c.――A prince who succeeded his father Antigonus on the throne of Macedonia. He reigned 11 years, and was succeeded by Antigonus Doson. Justin, bk. 26, ch. 2.—Polybius, bk. 2.――A son of Philip king of Macedonia, given up as a hostage to the Romans. His modesty delivered his father from a heavy accusation laid before the Roman senate. When he returned to Macedonia, he was falsely accused by his brother Perseus, who was jealous of his popularity, and his father too credulously consented to his death, B.C. 180. Livy, bk. 40, ch. 20.—Justin, bk. 32, ch. 2.――A Magnesian.――A servant of Cassius.――A son of Demetrius of Cyrene.――A freedman of Pompey.――A son of Demetrius, surnamed Slender.――A prince surnamed Soter, was son of Seleucus Philopater, the son of Antiochus the Great king of Syria. His father gave him as a hostage to the Romans. After the death of Seleucus, Antiochus Epiphanes, the deceased monarch’s brother, usurped the kingdom of Syria, and was succeeded by his son Antiochus Eupator. This usurpation displeased Demetrius, who was detained at Rome; he procured his liberty on pretence of going to hunt, and fled to Syria, where the troops received him as their lawful sovereign, B.C. 162. He put to death Eupator and Lysias, and established himself on his throne by cruelty and oppression. Alexander Bala the son of Antiochus Epiphanes laid claim to the crown of Syria, and defeated Demetrius in a battle, in the 12th year of his reign. Strabo, bk. 16.—Appian.—Justin, bk. 34, ch. 3.――The Second, surnamed Nicanor, or Conqueror, was son of Soter, to whom he succeeded by the assistance of Ptolemy Philometer, after he had driven out the usurper Alexander Bala, B.C. 146. He married Cleopatra daughter of Ptolemy; who was, before, the wife of the expelled monarch. Demetrius gave himself up to luxury and voluptuousness, and suffered his kingdom to be governed by his favourites. At that time a pretended son of Bala, called Diodorus Tryphon, seized a part of Syria; and Demetrius, to oppose his antagonist, made an alliance with the Jews, and marched into the east, where he was taken by the Parthians. Phraates king of Parthia gave him his daughter Rhodogyne in marriage; and Cleopatra was so incensed at this new connection, that she gave herself up to Antiochus Sidetes her brother-in-law, and married him. Sidetes was killed in a battle against the Parthians, and Demetrius regained the possession of his kingdom. His pride and oppression rendered him odious, and his subjects asked a king of the house of Seleucus, from Ptolemy Physcon king of Egypt; and Demetrius, unable to resist the power of his enemies, fled to Ptolemais, which was then in the hands of his wife Cleopatra. The gates were shut up against his approach by Cleopatra; and he was killed by order of the governor of Tyre, whither he had fled for protection. He was succeeded by Alexander Zebina, whom Ptolemy had raised to the throne, B.C. 127. Justin, bk. 36, &c.—Appian, Syrian Wars.—Josephus.――The Third, surnamed Eucerus, was son of Antiochus Gryphus. After the example of his brother Philip, who had seized Syria, he made himself master of Damascus, B.C. 93, and soon after obtained a victory over his brother. He was taken in a battle against the Parthians, and died in captivity. Josephus, bk. 1.――Phalereus, a disciple of Theophrastus, who gained such an influence over the Athenians, by his eloquence, and the purity of his manners, that he was elected decennial archon, B.C. 317. He so embellished the city, and rendered himself so popular by his munificence, that the Athenians raised 360 brazen statues to his honour. Yet in the midst of all this popularity, his enemies raised a sedition against him, and he was condemned to death, and all his statues thrown down, after obtaining the sovereign power for 10 years. He fled without concern or mortification to the court of Ptolemy Lagus, where he met with kindness and cordiality. The Egyptian monarch consulted him concerning the succession of his children; and Demetrius advised him to raise to the throne the children of Eurydice, in preference to the offspring of Berenice. This counsel so irritated Philadelphus the son of Berenice, that after his father’s death he sent the philosopher into Upper Egypt, and there detained him in strict confinement. Demetrius, tired with his situation, put an end to his life by the bite of an asp, 284 B.C. According to some, Demetrius enjoyed the confidence of Philadelphus, and enriched his library at Alexandria with 200,000 volumes. All the works of Demetrius, on rhetoric, history, and eloquence are lost; and the treatise on rhetoric, falsely attributed to him, is by some supposed to be the composition of Halicarnassus. The last edition of this treatise is that of Glasgow, 8vo, 1743. Diogenes Laërtius, Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers.—Cicero, Brutus & de Officiis, bk. 1.—Plutarch, De Exilio.――A Cynic philosopher, disciple of Apollonius Thyaneus, in the age of Caligula. The emperor wished to gain the philosopher to his interest by a large present; but Demetrius refused it with indignation, and said, “If Caligula wishes to bribe me, let him send me his crown.” Vespasian was displeased with his insolence, and banished him to an island. The Cynic derided the punishment, and bitterly inveighed against the emperor. He died in a great old age; and Seneca observes, that nature had brought him forth, to show mankind that an exalted genius can live securely without being corrupted by the vices of the surrounding world. Seneca.—Philostratus, Apollonius.――One of Alexander’s flatterers.――A native of Byzantium, who wrote on the Greek poets.――An Athenian killed at Mantinea, when fighting against the Thebans. Polyænus.――A writer who published a history of the irruptions of the Gauls into Asia.――A philological writer in the age of Cicero. Cicero, Letters to Atticus, bk. 8, ltr. 11.――A stage player. Juvenal, satire 3, li. 99.――Syrus, a rhetorician at Athens. Cicero, Brutus, ch. 174.――A geographer surnamed the Calatian. Strabo, bk. 1.

♦ ‘splended’ replaced with ‘splendid’

Demo, a sibyl of Cumæ.

Demoanassa, the mother of Ægialeus.

Democēdes, a celebrated physician of Crotona, son of Calliphon, and intimate with Polycrates. He was carried as a prisoner from Samos to Darius king of Persia, where he acquired great riches and much reputation by curing the king’s foot, and the breast of Atossa. He was sent to Greece as a spy by the king, and fled away to Crotona, where he married the daughter of the wrestler Milo. Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 8, ch. 18.—Herodotus, bk. 3, ch. 124, &c.

Dēmŏchăres, an Athenian sent with some of his countrymen with an embassy to Philip king of Macedonia. The monarch gave them audience, and when he asked them what he could do to please the people of Athens, Demochares replied, “Hang yourself.” This imprudence raised the indignation of all the hearers; but Philip mildly dismissed them, and bade them ask their countrymen, which deserved most the appellation of wise and moderate, either they who gave such ill language, or he who received it without any signs of resentment? Seneca, de Irâ, bk. 3.—Ælian, Varia Historia, bks. 3, 7, 8, 12.—Cicero, Brutus, ch. 3; On Oratory, bk. 2.――A poet of Soli, who composed a comedy on Demetrius Poliorcetes. Plutarch, Demetrius.――A statuary, who wished to make a statue to mount Athos. Vitruvius.――A general of Pompey the younger, who died B.C. 36.

Dēmŏcles, a man accused of disaffection towards Dionysius, &c. Polyænus, bk. 5.――A beautiful youth, passionately loved by Demetrius Poliorcetes. He threw himself into a cauldron of boiling water, rather than submit to the unnatural lusts of the tyrant. Plutarch, Demetrius.

Demŏcoon, a natural son of Priam, who came from his residence at Abydos to protect his country against the Greeks. He was, after a glorious defence, killed by Ulysses. Homer, Iliad, bk. 4.

Dēmŏcrătes, an architect of Alexandria.――A wrestler. Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 4, ch. 15.――An Athenian, who fought on the side of Darius against the Macedonians. Curtius, bk. 6, ch. 5.

Dēmŏcrĭtus, a celebrated philosopher of Abdera, disciple to Leucippus. He travelled over the greatest part of Europe, Asia, and Africa, in quest of knowledge, and returned home in the greatest poverty. There was a law at Abdera, which deprived of the honour of a funeral the man who had reduced himself to indigence; and Democritus, to avoid ignominy, repeated before his countrymen one of his compositions called Diacosmus. It was received with such uncommon applause that he was presented with 500 talents; statues were erected in his honour; and a decree passed that the expenses of his funeral should be paid from the public treasury. He retired to a garden near the city, where he dedicated his time to study and solitude; and according to some authors he put out his eyes, to apply himself more closely to philosophical inquiries. He was accused of insanity, and Hippocrates was ordered to inquire into the nature of his disorder. The physician had a conference with the philosopher, and declared that not Democritus, but his enemies, were insane. He continually laughed at the follies and vanity of mankind, who distract themselves with care, and are at once a prey to hope and anxiety. He told Darius, who was inconsolable for the loss of his wife, that he would raise her from the dead, if he could find three persons who had gone through life without adversity, whose names he might engrave on the queen’s monument. The king’s inquiries to find such persons proved unavailing, and the philosopher in some manner soothed the sorrow of his sovereign. He taught his disciples that the soul died with the body; and therefore, as he gave no credit to the existence of ghosts, some youths, to try his fortitude, dressed themselves in a hideous and deformed habit, and approached his cave in the dead of night, with whatever could create terror and astonishment. The philosopher received them unmoved; and without even looking at them, he desired them to cease making themselves such objects of ridicule and folly. He died in the 109th year of his age, B.C. 361. His father was so rich, that he entertained Xerxes, with all his army, as he was marching against Greece. All the works of Democritus are lost. He was the author of the doctrine of atoms, and first taught that the milky way was occasioned by a confused light from a multitude of stars. He may be considered as the parent of experimental philosophy, in the prosecution of which he showed himself so ardent, that he declared he would prefer the discovery of one of the causes of the works of nature to the diadem of Persia. He made artificial emeralds, and tinged them with various colours; he likewise dissolved stones, and softened ivory. Eusebius, bk. 14, ch. 27.—Diogenes Laërtius, Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers.—Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 4, ch. 20.—Cicero, de Finibus Bonorum et Malorum.—Valerius Maximus, bk. 8, ch. 7.—Strabo, bks. 1 & 15.――An Ephesian, who wrote a book on Diana’s temple, &c. Diogenes Laërtius.――A powerful man of Naxos. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 46.

Dēmŏdĭce, the wife of Cretheus king of Iolchos. Some call her Biadice, or Tyro. Hyginus, Poeticon Astronomicon, bk. 2, ch. 20.

Dēmŏdŏchus, a musician at the court of Alcinous, who sang, in the presence of Ulysses, the secret amours of Mars and Venus, &c. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 8, li. 44.—Plutarch, de Musica.――A Trojan chief, who came with Æneas into Italy, where he was killed. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 413.――An historian. Plutarch, de Fluviis.

Dēmŏleon, a centaur, killed by Theseus at the ♦nuptials of Pirithous. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12, li. 356.――A son of Antenor, killed by Achilles. Homer, Iliad, bk. 20, li. 395.

♦ ‘nupitals’ replaced with ‘nuptials’

Dēmŏleus, a Greek, killed by Æneas in the Trojan war. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 5, li. 260.

Dēmon, an Athenian, nephew to Demosthenes. He was at the head of the government during the absence of his uncle, and obtained a decree that Demosthenes should be recalled, and that a ship should be sent to bring him back.

Dēmonassa, a daughter of Amphiaraus, who married Thersander. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 5.

Dēmōnax, a celebrated philosopher of Crete, in the reign of Adrian. He showed no concern about the necessaries of life; but when hungry, he entered the first house he met, and there satisfied his appetite. He died in his 100th year.――A man of Mantinea, sent to settle the government of Cyrene. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 161.

Dēmŏnīca, a woman who betrayed Ephesus to Brennus. Plutarch, Parallela minora.

Dēmŏphantus, a general killed by Antigonus, &c. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 49.

Demophĭle, a name given to the sibyl of Cumæ, who, as it is supposed by some, sold the sibylline books to Tarquin. Varro, cited by Lactantius, [Divine Institutes], bk. 1, ch. 6.

Dēmŏphĭlus, an Athenian archon.――An officer of Agathocles. Diodorus, bk. 19.

Dēmŏphon, an Athenian, who assisted the Thebans in recovering Cadmea, &c. Diodorus, bk. 15.

Dēmŏphoon, son of Theseus and Phædra, was king of Athens, B.C. 1182 and reigned 33 years. At his return from the Trojan war, he visited Thrace, where he was tenderly received and treated by Phyllis. He retired to Athens, and forgot the kindness and love of Phyllis, who hanged herself in despair. Ovid, Heroides, poem 2.—Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 55.――A friend of Æneas, killed by Camilla. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 11, li. 675.

Dēmŏpŏlis, a son of Themistocles. Plutarch, Themistocles.

Dēmos, a place of Ithaca.

Dēmosthĕnes, a celebrated Athenian, son of a rich blacksmith, called Demosthenes, and of Cleobule. He was but seven years of age when his father died. His guardians negligently managed his affairs, and embezzled the greatest part of his possessions. His education was totally neglected; and for whatever advances he made in learning, he was indebted to his own industry and application. He became the pupil of Isæus and Plato, and applied himself to study the orations of Isocrates. At the age of 17 he gave an early proof of his eloquence and abilities against his guardians, from whom he obtained the retribution of the greatest part of his estate. His rising talents were, however, impeded by weak lungs, and a difficulty of pronunciation, especially of the letter ρ, but these obstacles were soon conquered by unwearied application. To correct the stammering of his voice, he spoke with pebbles in his mouth; and removed the distortion of his features, which accompanied his utterance, by watching the motions of his countenance in a looking-glass. That his pronunciation might be loud and full of emphasis, he frequently ran up the steepest and most uneven walks, where his voice acquired force and energy; and on the sea-shore, when the waves were violently agitated, he declaimed aloud, to accustom himself to the noise and tumults of a public assembly. He also confined himself in a subterraneous cave, to devote himself more closely to studious pursuits; and to eradicate all curiosity of appearance in public, he shaved one half of his head. In this solitary retirement, by the help of a glimmering lamp, he composed the greatest part of his orations, which have ever been the admiration of every age, though his contemporaries and rivals severely inveighed against them, and observed that they smelt of oil. His abilities as an orator raised him to consequence at Athens, and he was soon placed at the head of the government. In this public capacity he roused his countrymen from their indolence, and animated them against the encroachments of Philip of Macedonia. In the battle of Cheronæa, however, Demosthenes betrayed his pusillanimity, and saved his life by flight. After the death of Philip, he declared himself warmly against his son and successor Alexander, whom he branded with the appellation of boy; and when the Macedonians demanded of the Athenians their orators, Demosthenes reminded his countrymen of the fable of the sheep which delivered their dogs to the wolves. Though he had boasted that all the gold of Macedonia could not tempt him, yet he suffered himself to be bribed by a small golden cup from Harpalus. The tumults which this occasioned forced him to retire from Athens; and in his banishment, which he passed at Trœzene and Ægina, he lived with more effeminacy than true heroism. When Antipater made war against Greece, after the death of Alexander, Demosthenes was publicly recalled from his exile, and a galley was sent to fetch him from Ægina. His return was attended with much splendour, and all the citizens crowded at the Piræus to see him land. His triumph and popularity, however, were short. Antipater and Craterus were near Athens, and demanded all the orators to be delivered up into their hands. Demosthenes, with all his adherents, fled to the temple of Neptune in Calauria, and when he saw that all hopes of safety were banished, he took a dose of poison, which he always carried in a quill, and expired on the day that the Thesmophoria were celebrated, in the 60th year of his age, B.C. 322. The Athenians raised a brazen statue to his honour, with an inscription translated into this distich:

Si tibi par menti robur, Vir magne, fuisset,

Græcia non Macedæ succubuisset hero.

Demosthenes has been deservedly called the prince of orators; and Cicero, his successful rival among the Romans, calls him a perfect model, and such as he wished to be. These two great princes of eloquence have often been compared together; but the judgment hesitates to which to give the preference. They both arrived at perfection, but the measures by which they obtained it were diametrically opposite. Demosthenes has been compared, and with propriety, by his rival Æschines, to a Siren, from the melody of his expressions. No orator can be said to have expressed the various passions of hatred, resentment, or indignation, with more energy than he; and as a proof of his uncommon application, it need only be mentioned, that he transcribed eight or even ten times the history of Thucydides, that he might not only imitate, but possess the force and energy of the great historian. The best editions of his works are that of Wolfius, folio, Frankof. 1604; that left unfinished by Taylor, Cambridge, 4to, and that published in 12 vols., 8vo, 1720, &c., Lipscomb, by Reiske and his widow. Many of the orations of Demosthenes have been published separately. Plutarch, Parallel Lives.—Diodorus, bk. 16.—Cicero, Orator, &c.—Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 8; bk. 2, ch. 33.――An Athenian general, sent to succeed Alcibiades in Sicily. He attacked Syracuse with Nicias, but his efforts were ineffectual. After many calamities he fell into the enemy’s hands, and his army was confined to hard labour. The accounts about the death of Demosthenes are various; some believe that he stabbed himself, while others suppose that he was put to death by the Syracusans, B.C. 413. Plutarch, Nicias.—Thucydides, bk. 4, &c.—Diodorus, bk. 12.――The father of the orator Demosthenes. He was very rich, and employed an immense number of slaves in the business of a sword-cutler. Plutarch, Demosthenes.――A governor of Cæsarea, under the Roman emperors.

Dēmostrătus, an Athenian orator.

Demūchus, a Trojan, son of Philetor, killed by Achilles. Homer, Iliad, bk. 20, li. 457.

Dēmy̆lus, a tyrant who tortured the philosopher Zeno. Plutarch, de Stoicorum Repugnantiis.

Denseletæ, a people of Thrace. Cicero, Against Piso, ch. 34.

Deobriga, a town on the Iberus in Spain, now Miranda de Ebro.

Deodătus, an Athenian who opposed the cruel resolutions of Cleon against the captive prisoners of Mitylene.

Dēōis, a name given to Proserpine from her mother Ceres, who was called Deo. This name Ceres received, because when she sought her daughter all over the world, all wished her success in her pursuits, with the word δηεις, invenies; a δηω, invenio. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 6, li. 114.

Deræ, a place of Messenia.

Derbe, a town of Lycaonia, at the north of mount Taurus in Asia Minor, now Alah-Dag.—Cicero, Letters to his Friends, bk. 13, ltr. 73.

Derbĭces, a people near Caucasus, who killed all those that had reached their 70th year. They buried such as died a natural death. Strabo.

Derce, a fountain in Spain, whose waters were said to be uncommonly cold.

Dercennus, an ancient king in Latium. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 11, li. 850.

Dercĕto and Dercĕtis, a goddess of Syria, called also Atergatis, whom some supposed to be the same as Astarte. She was represented as a beautiful woman above the waist, and the lower part terminated in a fish’s tail. According to Diodorus, Venus, whom she had offended, made her passionately fond of a young priest, remarkable for the beauty of his features. She had a daughter by him, and became so ashamed of her incontinence, that she removed her lover, exposed the fruit of her amour, and threw herself into a lake. Her body was transformed into a fish, and her child was preserved, and called Semiramis. As she was chiefly worshipped in Syria, and represented like a fish, the Syrians anciently abstained from fishes. Lucian, de Deâ Syria.—Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 13.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 4, li. 44.—Diodorus, bk. 2.

Dercyllĭdas, a general of Sparta, celebrated for his military exploits. He took nine different cities in eight days, and freed Chersonesus from the inroads of the Thracians by building a wall across the country. He lived B.C. 399. Diodorus, bk. 14.—Xenophon, Hellenica, bk. 1, &c.

Dercyllus, a man appointed over Attica by Antipater. Cornelius Nepos, Phocion, ch. 2.

Dercy̆nus, a son of Neptune, killed by Hercules. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 5.

Dersæi, a people of Thrace.

Derthona, now Tortona, a town of Liguria, between Genoa and Placentia, where a Roman colony was settled. Cicero, De Divinatione, bk. 2.

Dertose, now Tortosa, a town of Spain near the Iberus.

Derusiæi, a people of Persia.

Dēsudăba, a town of Media. Livy, bk. 44, ch. 26.

Deva, a town of Britain, now Chester on the Dee.

Deucălion, a son of Prometheus, who married Pyrrha the daughter of Epimetheus. He reigned over part of Thessaly, and in his age the whole earth was overwhelmed with a deluge. The impiety of mankind had irritated Jupiter, who resolved to destroy the world, and immediately the earth exhibited a boundless scene of waters. The highest mountains were climbed up by the frightened inhabitants of the country; but this seeming place of security was soon overtopped by the rising waters, and no hope was left of escaping the universal calamity. Prometheus advised his son to make himself a ship, and by this means he saved himself and his wife Pyrrha. The vessel was tossed about during nine successive days, and at last stopped on the top of mount Parnassus, where Deucalion remained till the waters had subsided. Pindar and Ovid make no mention of a vessel built by the advice of Prometheus; but, according to their relation, Deucalion saved his life by taking refuge on the top of Parnassus, or, according to Hyginus, of Ætna in Sicily. As soon as the waters had retired from the surface of the earth, Deucalion and his wife went to consult the oracle of Themis, and were directed to repair the loss of mankind, by throwing behind them the bones of their grandmother. This was nothing but the stones of the earth; and after some hesitation about the meaning of the oracle, they obeyed. The stones thrown by Deucalion became men, and those of Pyrrha women. According to Justin, Deucalion was not the only one who escaped from the universal calamity. Many saved their lives by ascending the highest mountains, or trusting themselves in small vessels to the mercy of the waters. This deluge, which chiefly happened in Thessaly, according to the relation of some writers, was produced by the inundation of the waters of the river Peneus, whose regular course was stopped by an earthquake near mount Ossa and Olympus. According to Xenophon, there were no less than five deluges. The first happened under Ogyges, and lasted three months. The second, which was in the age of Hercules and Prometheus, continued but one month. During the third, which happened in the reign of another Ogyges, all Attica was laid waste by the waters. Thessaly was totally covered by the waters during the fourth, which happened in the age of Deucalion. The last was before the Trojan war, and its effects were severely felt by the inhabitants of Egypt. There prevailed a report in Attica, that the waters of Deucalion’s deluge had disappeared through a small aperture about a cubit wide, near Jupiter Olympius’s temple; and Pausanias, who saw it, further adds, that a yearly offering of flour and honey was thrown into it with religious ceremony. The deluge of Deucalion, so much celebrated in ancient history, is supposed to have happened 1503 years B.C. Deucalion had two sons by Pyrrha, Hellen, called by some son of Jupiter, and Amphictyon king of Attica, and also a daughter, Protogenia, who became mother of Æthlius by Jupiter. Pindar, poem 9, Olympian.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 1, fable 8; Heroides, ♦poem 15, li. 167.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 7.—Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 10; bk. 5, ch. 8.—Juvenal, satire 1, li. 81.—Hyginus, fable 153.—Justin, bk. 2, ch. 6.—Diodorus, bk. 5.—Lucian, de Deâ Syriâ.—Virgil, Georgics, bk. 1, li. 62.――One of the Argonauts.――A son of Minos. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 1.――A son of Abas.

♦ ‘45’ replaced with ‘15’

Deucetius, a Sicilian general. Diodorus, bk. 11.

Deudorix, one of the Cherusci, led in triumph by Germanicus.

Dexamĕne, one of the Nereides. Homer, Iliad, bk. 18.

Dexamĕnus, a man delivered by Hercules from the hands of his daughter’s suitors. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 5.――A king of Olenus in Achaia, whose two daughters married the sons of Actor. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 3.

Dexippus, a Spartan who assisted the people of Agrigentum, &c. Diodorus, bk. 13.

Dexithea, the wife of Minos. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 1.

Dexius, a Greek, father of Iphinous, killed by Glaucus in the Trojan war, &c. Homer, Iliad, bk. 7.

Dīa, a daughter of Deion, mother of Pirithous by Ixion.――An island in the Ægean sea, 17 miles from Delos. It is the same as Naxos. See:Naxos. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 8, li. 157.――Another on the coast of Crete, now Standia.――A city of Thrace,――of Eubœa,――Peloponnesus,――Lusitania,――Italy, near the Alps,――Scythia, near the Phasis,――Caria,――Bithynia,――and Thessaly.

Diactorĭdes, one of Agarista’s suitors. Herodotus, bk. 6, ch. 127.――The father of Eurydame the wife of Leutychides. Herodotus, bk. 6, ch. 71.

Diæus, of Megalopolis, a general of the Achæans, who killed himself when his affairs became desperate. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 16.

Diadumeniānus, a son of Macrinus, who enjoyed the title of Cæsar during his father’s lifetime, &c.

Diăgon and Diăgum, a river of Peloponnesus, flowing into the Alpheus, and separating Pisa from Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 21.

Diagondas, a Theban who abolished all nocturnal sacrifices. Cicero, de Legibus, bk. 2, ch. 15.

Diăgŏras, an Athenian philosopher. His father’s name was Teleclytus. From the greatest superstition, he became a most unconquerable atheist, because he saw a man who laid a false claim to one of his poems, and who perjured himself, go unpunished. His great impiety and blasphemies provoked his countrymen, and the Areopagites promised one talent to him who brought his head before their tribunal, and two if he were produced alive. He lived about 416 years before Christ. Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 1, ch. 23; bk. 3, ch. 37, &c.—Valerius Maximus, bk. 1, ch. 1.――An athlete of Rhodes, 460 years before the christian era. Pindar celebrated his merit in a beautiful ode still extant, which was written in golden letters in a temple of Minerva. He saw his three sons crowned the same day at Olympia, and died through excess of joy. Cicero, Tusculanæ Disputationes, bk. 5.—Plutarch, Pelopidas.—Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 7.

Diālis, a priest of Jupiter at Rome, first instituted by Numa. He was never permitted to swear, even upon public trials. Varro, de Lingua Latina, bk. 4, ch. 15.—Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 2.—Livy, bk. 1, ch. 20.

Diallus, an Athenian who wrote a history of all the memorable occurrences of his age.

Diamastigōsis, a festival of Sparta in honour of Diana Orthia, which received that name, ἀπο του μαστιγουν, from whipping, because boys were whipped before the altar of the goddess. These boys, called Bomonicæ, were originally free-born Spartans; but, in the more delicate ages, they were of mean birth, and generally of a slavish origin. This operation was performed by an officer in a severe and unfeeling manner; and that no compassion should be raised, the priest stood near the altar with a small light statue of the goddess, which suddenly became heavy and insupportable if the lash of the whip was more lenient or less rigorous. The parents of the children attended the solemnity, and exhorted them not to commit anything, either by fear or groans, that might be unworthy of Laconian education. These flagellations were so severe, that the blood gushed in profuse torrents, and many expired under the lash of the whip without uttering a groan, or betraying any marks of fear. Such a death was reckoned very honourable, and the corpse was buried with much solemnity, with a garland of flowers on its head. The origin of this festival is unknown. Some suppose that Lycurgus first instituted it to inure the youths of Lacedæmon to bear labour and fatigue, and render them insensible to pain and wounds. Others maintain that it was a mitigation of an oracle, which ordered that human blood should be shed on Diana’s altar; and according to their opinion, Orestes first introduced that barbarous custom, after he had brought the statue of Diana Taurica into Greece. There is another tradition, which mentions that Pausanias, as he was offering prayers and sacrifices to the gods, before he engaged with Mardonius, was suddenly attacked by a number of Lydians who disturbed the sacrifice, and were at last repelled with staves and stones, the only weapons with which the Lacedæmonians were provided at that moment. In commemoration of this, therefore, the whipping of boys was instituted at Sparta, and after that the Lydian procession.

Diāna, was the goddess of hunting. According to Cicero, there were three of this name; a daughter of Jupiter and Proserpine, who became mother of Cupid; a daughter of Jupiter and Latona; and a daughter of Upis and Glauce. The second is the most celebrated, and to her all the ancients allude. She was born at the same birth as Apollo; and the pains which she saw her mother suffer during her labour, gave her such an aversion to marriage, that she obtained from her father the permission to live in perpetual celibacy, and to preside over the travails of women. To shun the society of men, she devoted herself to hunting, and obtained the permission of Jupiter to have for her attendants 60 of the Oceanides, and 20 other nymphs, all of whom, like herself, abjured the use of marriage. She is represented with a bent bow and quiver, and attended with dogs, and sometimes drawn in a chariot by two white stags. Sometimes she appears with wings, holding a lion in one hand and a panther in the other, with a chariot drawn by two heifers, or two horses of different colours. She is represented taller by the head than her attendant nymphs, her face has something manly, her legs are bare, well-shaped, and strong, and her feet are covered with a buskin, worn by huntresses among the ancients. Diana received many surnames, particularly from the places where her worship was established, and from the functions over which she presided. She was called Lucina, Ilythia, or Juno Pronuba, when invoked by women in child-bed, and Trivia when worshipped in the cross-ways, where her statues were generally erected. She was supposed to be the same as the moon, and Proserpine or Hecate, and from that circumstance she was called Triformis; and some of her statues represented her with three heads, that of a horse, a dog, and a boar. Her power and functions under these three characters have been beautifully expressed in these two verses:

Terret, lustrat, agit, Proserpina, Luna, Diana,

Ima, suprema, feras, sceptro, fulgore, sagittâ.

She was also called Agrotera, Orthia, Taurica, Delia, Cynthia, Aricia, &c. She was supposed to be the same as the Isis of the Egyptians, whose worship was introduced into Greece with that of Osiris under the name of Apollo. When Typhon waged war against the gods, Diana is said to have metamorphosed herself into a cat, to avoid his fury. The goddess is generally known in the figures that represent her, by the crescent on her head, by the dogs which attend her, and by her hunting habit. The most famous of her temples was that of Ephesus, which was one of the seven wonders of the world. See: Ephesus. She was there represented with a great number of breasts, and other symbols which signified the earth, or Cybele. Though she was the patroness of chastity, yet she forgot her dignity to enjoy the company of Endymion, and the very familiar favours which, according to mythology, she granted to Pan and Orion are well known. See: Endymion, Pan, Orion. The inhabitants of Taurica were particularly attached to the worship of this goddess, and they cruelly offered on her altar all the strangers that were shipwrecked on their coasts. Her temple in Aricia was served by a priest who had always murdered his predecessor, and the Lacedæmonians yearly offered her human victims till the age of Lycurgus, who changed this barbarous custom for the sacrifice of flagellation. The Athenians generally offered her goats, and others a white kid, and sometimes a boar pig, or an ox. Among plants the poppy and the ditamy were sacred to her. She, as well as her brother Apollo, had some oracles, among which those of Egypt, Cilicia, and Ephesus are the most known. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 2, li. 155; Metamorphoses, bk. 3, li. 156; bk. 7, lis. 94 & 194, &c.—Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 3.—Horace, bk. 3, ode 22.—Virgil, Georgics, bk. 3, li. 302; Æneid, bk. 1, li. 505.—Homer, Odyssey, bk. 5.—Pausanias, bk. 8, chs. 31 & 37.—Catullus.—Statius, bk. 3, Sylvæ, poem 1, li. 57.—Apollodorus bk. 1, ch. 4, &c.; bk. 3, ch. 5, &c.

Dianasa, the mother of Lycurgus. Plutarch, Lycurgus.

Dianium, a town and promontory of Spain, now cape Martin, where Diana was worshipped.

Diasia, festivals in honour of Jupiter at Athens. They received their name ἀπο του διος και της ἁτης, from Jupiter and misfortune, because, by making application to Jupiter, men obtained relief from their misfortunes, and were delivered from dangers. During this festival things of all kinds were exposed for sale.

Dibio, a town of France, now Dijon in Burgundy.

Dicæa and Dicæarchea, a town of Italy. Silius Italicus, bk. 13, li. 385.

Dicæus, an Athenian who was supernaturally apprised of the defeat of the Persians in Greece. Herodotus, bk. 8, ch. 65.

Dice, one of the Horæ, daughters of Jupiter. Apollonius, bk. 1, ch. 3.

Dicearchus, a Messenian famous for his knowledge of philosophy, history, and mathematics. He was one of Aristotle’s disciples. Nothing remains of his numerous compositions. He had composed a history of the Spartan republic, which was publicly read over every year by order of the magistrates, for the improvement and instruction of youth.

Diceneus, an Egyptian philosopher in the age of Augustus, who travelled into Scythia, where he ingratiated himself with the king of the country, and by his instruction softened the wildness and rusticity of his manners. He also gained such an influence over the multitude, that they destroyed all the vines which grew in their country, to prevent the riot and dissipation which the wine occasioned among them. He wrote all his maxims and his laws in a book, that they might not lose the benefit of them after his death.

Dicomas, a king of the Getæ. Plutarch, Antonius.

Dictæ and Dictæus mons, a mountain of Crete. The island is often known by the name of Dictæa arva. Virgil, Eclogues, poem 6; Æneid, bk. 3, li. 171.――Jupiter was called Dictæus, because worshipped there, and the same epithet was applied to Minos. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 2, li. 536.—Ovid. Metamorphoses, bk. 8, li. 43.—Ptolemy, bk. 3, ch. 17.—Strabo, bk. 10.

Dictamnum and Dictynna, a town of Crete, where the herb called dictamnus chiefly grows. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 12, li. 412.—Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 2, ch. 50.

Dictātor, a magistrate at Rome, invested with regal authority. This officer, whose magistracy seems to have been borrowed from the customs of the Albans or Latins, was first chosen during the Roman wars against the Latins. The consuls being unable to raise forces for the defence of the state, because the plebeians refused to enlist, if they were not discharged from all the debts they had contracted with the patricians, the senate found it necessary to elect a new magistrate, with absolute and incontrollable power to take care of the state. The dictator remained in office for six months, after which he was again elected, if the affairs of the state seemed to be desperate; but if tranquillity was re-established, he generally laid down his power before the time was expired. He knew no superior in the republic, and even the laws were subjected to him. He was called dictator, because dictus, named by the consul, or quoniam dictis ejus parebat populus, because the people implicitly obeyed his command. He was named by the consul in the night, vivâ voce, and his election was confirmed by the auguries, though sometimes he was nominated or recommended by the people. As his power was absolute, he could proclaim war, levy forces, conduct them against an enemy, and disband them at pleasure. He punished as he pleased; and from his decision there was no appeal, at least till later times. He was preceded by 24 lictors, with the fasces: during his administration, all other offices, except the tribunes of the people, were suspended, and he was the master of the republic. But amidst all his independence he was not permitted to go beyond the borders of Italy, and he was always obliged to march on foot in his expeditions; and he never could ride in difficult and laborious marches, without previously obtaining a formal leave from the people. He was chosen only when the state was in imminent dangers from foreign enemies or inward seditions. In the time of a pestilence, a dictator was sometimes elected, as also to hold the comitia, or to celebrate the public festivals, to hold trials, to choose senators, or drive a nail in the Capitol, by which superstitious ceremonies the Romans believed that a plague could be averted, or the progress of an enemy stopped. This office, so respectable and illustrious in the first ages of the republic, became odious by the perpetual usurpations of Sylla and Julius Cæsar; and after the death of the latter the Roman senate, on the motion of the consul Antony, passed a decree, which for ever after forbade a dictator to exist in Rome. The dictator, as soon as elected, chose a subordinate officer, called his master of horse, magister equitum. This officer was respectable, but he was totally subservient to the will of the dictator, and could do nothing without his express order, though he enjoyed the privilege of using a horse, and had the same insignia as the pretors. This subordination, however, was some time after removed; and during the second Punic war the master of the horse was invested with a power equal to that of the dictator. A second dictator was also chosen for the election of magistrates at Rome, after the battle of Cannæ. The dictatorship was originally confined to the patricians, but the plebeians were afterwards admitted to share it. Titus Lartius Flavus was the first dictator, A.U.C. 253. Dionysius of Halicarnassus.—Cicero, de Legibus, bk. 3.—Dio Cassius.—Plutarch, Fabius Maximus.—Appian, bk. 3.—Polybius, bk. 3.—Paterculus, bk. 2, ch. 28.—Livy, bk. 1, ch. 23; bk. 2, ch. 18; bk. 4, ch. 57; bk. 9, ch. 38.

Dictidienses, certain inhabitants of mount Athos. Thucydides, bk. 5, ch. 82.

Dictynna, a nymph of Crete, who first invented hunting nets. She was one of Diana’s attendants, and for that reason the goddess is often called Dictynnia. Some have supposed that Minos pursued her, and that, to avoid his importunities, she threw herself into the sea, and was caught in fishermen’s nets, δικτυα, whence her name. There was a festival at Sparta in honour of Diana, called Dictynnia. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 30; bk. 3, ch. 12.――A city of Crete.

Dictys, a Cretan, who went with Idomeneus to the Trojan war. It is supposed that he wrote a history of this celebrated war, and that at his death he ordered it to be laid in his tomb, where it remained till a violent earthquake, in the reign of Nero, opened the monument where he had been buried. This convulsion of the earth threw out his history of the ♦Trojan war, which was found by some shepherds, and afterwards carried to Rome. This mysterious tradition is deservedly deemed fabulous; and the history of the Trojan war, which is now extant as the composition of Dictys of Crete, was composed in the 15th century, or, according to others, in the age of Constantine, and falsely attributed to one of the followers of Idomeneus. The edition of Dictys is by Mascellus Venia, 4to, Milan, 1477.――A king of the island of Seriphus, son of Magnes and Nais. He married the nymph Clymene, and was made king of Seriphus by Perseus, who deposed Polydectes, because he behaved with wantonness to Danae. See: Polydectes. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 2, ch. 4.――A centaur, killed at the nuptials of Pirithous. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12, li. 334.

♦ ‘Trojon’ replaced with ‘Trojan’

Didas, a Macedonian who was employed by Perseus to render Demetrius suspected to his father Philip. Livy, bk. 40.

Didia lex, de Sumptibus, by Didius, A.U.C. 606, to restrain the expenses that attended public festivals and entertainments, and limit the number of guests which generally attended them, not only at Rome, but in all the provinces of Italy. By it, not only those who received guests in these festive meetings, but the guests themselves, were liable to be fined. It was an extension of the Oppian and Fannian laws.

Didius, a governor of Spain, conquered by Sertorius. Plutarch, Sertorius.――A man who brought Cæsar the head of Pompey’s eldest son. Plutarch.――A governor of Britain under Claudius.――Julianus, a rich Roman, who, after the murder of Pertinax, bought the empire which the pretorians had exposed to sale, A.D. 192. His great luxury and extravagance rendered him odious; and when he refused to pay the money which he had promised for the imperial purple, the soldiers revolted against him, and put him to death, after a short reign. Severus was made emperor after him.

Dīdo, called also Elissa, a daughter of Belus king of Tyre, who married Sichæus, or Sicharbas, her uncle, who was priest of Hercules. Pygmalion, who succeeded to the throne of Tyre after Belus, murdered Sichæus, to get possession of the immense riches which he possessed; and Dido, disconsolate for the loss of a husband whom she tenderly loved, and by whom she was equally esteemed, set sail in quest of a settlement, with a number of Tyrians, to whom the cruelty of the tyrant became odious. According to some accounts, she threw into the sea the riches of her husband, which Pygmalion so greatly desired; and by that artifice compelled the ships to fly with her, that had come by order of the tyrant to obtain the riches of Sichæus. During her voyage, Dido visited the coast of Cyprus, where she carried away 50 women, who prostituted themselves on the sea-shore, and gave them as wives to her Tyrian followers. A storm drove her fleet on the African coast, and she bought of the inhabitants as much land as could be covered by a bull’s hide, cut into thongs. Upon this piece of land she built a citadel, called Byrsa [See: Byrsa], and in the increase of population, and the rising commerce among her subjects, soon obliged her to enlarge her city and the boundaries of her dominions. Her beauty, as well as the fame of her enterprise, gained her many admirers; and her subjects wished to compel her to marry Iarbas king of Mauritania, who threatened them with a dreadful war. Dido begged three months to give her decisive answer; and during that time, she erected a funeral pile, as if wishing, by a solemn sacrifice, to appease the manes of Sichæus, to whom she had promised eternal fidelity. When all was prepared, she stabbed herself on the pile in presence of her people, and by this uncommon action obtained the name of Dido, valiant woman, instead of Elissa. According to Virgil and Ovid, the death of Dido was caused by the sudden departure of Æneas, of whom she was deeply enamoured, and whom she could not obtain as a husband. This poetical fiction represents Æneas as living in the age of Dido, and introduces an anachronism of near 300 years. Dido left Phœnicia, 247 years after the Trojan war, or the age of Æneas; that is, about 953 years B.C. This chronological error proceeds not from the ignorance of the poets, but it is supported by the authority of Horace,

Aut famam sequere, aut sibi convenientia finge.

While Virgil describes, in a beautiful episode, the desperate love of Dido, and the submission of Æneas to the will of the gods, he at the same time gives an explanation of the hatred which existed between the republics of Rome and Carthage, and informs his readers that their mutual enmity originated in their very first foundation, and was apparently kindled by a more remote cause than the jealousy and rivalship of two flourishing empires. Dido, after her death, was honoured as a deity by her subjects. Justin, bk. 18, ch. 4, &c.—Paterculus, bk. 1, ch. 6.—Virgil, Æneid.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 14, fable 2; Heroides, poem 6.—Appian, Punic Wars.—Orosius, bk. 4.—Herodian.—Dionysius of Halicarnassus.

Dĭdy̆ma, a place of Miletus. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 9.――An island in the Sicilian sea. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 11.

Dĭdy̆mæus, a surname of Apollo.

Dĭdy̆māon, an excellent artist, famous for making suits of armour. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 5, li. 359.

Dĭdy̆me, one of the Cyclades. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 7, li. 469.――A city of Sicily. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 4, li. 476.――One of the Lipari isles, now Saline.――A place near Miletus, where the Branchidæ had their famous oracle.

Dĭdy̆mum, a mountain of Asia Minor.

Dĭdy̆mus, a freedman of Tiberius, &c. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 6, ch. 24.――A scholiast on Homer, surnamed Χαλκεντερος, flourished B.C. 40. He wrote a number of books, which are now lost. The editions of his commentaries are, that in 2 vols., Venice, by Aldus Manutius, 1528, and that of Paris, 8vo, 1530.

Diēnĕces, a Spartan, who, upon hearing, before the battle of Thermopylæ, that the Persians were so numerous that their arrows would darken the light of the sun, observed that it would be a great convenience, for they then should fight in the shade. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 226.

Diespĭter, a surname of Jupiter, as being the father of light.

Digentia, a small river which watered Horace’s farm, in the country of the Sabines. Horace, bk. 1, ltr. 18, li. 104.

Digma, a part of the Piræus at Athens.

Dii, the divinities of the ancient inhabitants of the earth, were very numerous. Every object which causes terror, inspires gratitude, or bestows affluence, received the tribute of veneration. Man saw a superior agent in the stars, the elements, or the trees, and supposed that the waters which communicated fertility to his fields and possessions, were under the influence and direction of some invisible power, inclined to favour and to benefit mankind. Thus arose a train of divinities, which imagination arrayed in different forms, and armed with different powers. They were endowed with understanding, and were actuated by the same passions which daily afflict the human race; and those children of superstition were appeased or provoked as the imperfect being which gave them birth. Their wrath was mitigated by sacrifice and incense, and sometimes human victims bled to expiate a crime which superstition alone supposed to exist. The sun, from its powerful influence and animating nature, first attracted the notice, and claimed the adoration, of the uncivilized inhabitants of the earth. The moon also was honoured with sacrifices, and addressed in prayers; and after immortality had been liberally bestowed on all the heavenly bodies, mankind classed among their deities the brute creation, and the cat and the sow shared equally with Jupiter himself, the father of gods and men, the devout veneration of their votaries. This immense number of deities have been divided into classes, according to the will and pleasure of the mythologists. The Romans, generally speaking, reckoned two classes of the gods, the dii majorum gentium, or dii consulentes, and the dii minorum gentium. The former were 12 in number, six males and six females. See: Consentes. In the class of the latter, were ranked all the gods who were worshipped in different parts of the earth. Besides these, there were some called dii selecti, sometimes classed with the 12 greater gods; these were Janus, Saturn, the Genius, the Moon, Pluto, and Bacchus. There were also some called demi-gods, that is, who deserved immortality by the greatness of their exploits, and for their uncommon services to mankind. Among these were Priapus, Vertumnus, Hercules, and those whose parents were some of the immortal gods. Besides these, there were some called topici, whose worship was established at particular places, such as Isis in Egypt, Astarte in Syria, Uranus at Carthage, &c. In process of time also, all the passions and the moral virtues were reckoned as powerful deities, and temples were raised to a goddess of concord, peace, &c. According to the authority of Hesiod, there were no less than 30,000 gods that inhabited the earth, and were guardians of men, all subservient to the power of Jupiter. To these succeeding ages have added an almost equal number; and indeed they were so numerous, and their functions so various, that we find temples erected, and sacrifices offered, to unknown gods. It is observable, that all the gods of the ancients have lived upon earth as mere mortals; and even Jupiter, who was the ruler of heaven, is represented by the mythologists as a helpless child; and we are acquainted with all the particulars that attended the birth and education of Juno. In process of time, not only good and virtuous men who had been the patrons of learning and the supporters of liberty, but also thieves and pirates, were admitted among the gods; and the Roman senate courteously granted immortality to the most cruel and abandoned of their emperors.

Dii, a people of Thrace, on mount Rhodope.

Dimassus, an island near Rhodes. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 31.

Dinarchus, a Greek orator, son of Sostratus, and disciple to Theophrastus at Athens. He acquired much money by his compositions, and suffered himself to be bribed by the enemies of the Athenians, 307 B.C. Of 64 of his orations, only three remain. Cicero, On Oratory, bk. 2, ch. 53.――A Corinthian ambassador, put to death by Polyperchon. Plutarch, Phocion.――A native of Delos, who collected some fables in Crete, &c. Dionysius of Halicarnassus.

Dindy̆mus (or a, orum), a mountain of Phrygia, near a town of the same name in the neighbourhood of Cyzicus. It was from this place that Cybele was called Dindymene, as her worship was established there by Jason. Strabo, bk. 12.—Statius, bk. 1, Sylvæ, poem 1, li. 9.—Horace, bk. 1, ode 16, li. 5.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 617.

Dinia, a town of Phrygia. Livy, bk. 38, ch. 5.――A town of Gaul, now Digne in Provence.

Dinias, a general of Cassander. Diodorus, bk. 19.――A man of Pheræ, who seized the supreme power at Cranon. Polyænus, bk. 2.――A man who wrote a history of Argos. Plutarch, Aratus.

Dinĭche, the wife of Archidamus. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 10.

Dinŏchăres, an architect who finished the temple of Diana at Ephesus, after it had been burnt by Erostratus.

Dinŏcrătes, an architect of Macedonia, who proposed to Alexander to cut mount Athos in the form of a statue, holding a city in one hand, and in the other a basin, into which all the waters of the mountain should empty themselves. This project Alexander rejected as too chimerical, but he employed the talents of the artist in building and beautifying Alexandria. He began to build a temple in honour of Arsinoe, by order of Ptolemy Philadelphus, in which he intended to suspend a statue of the queen, by means of loadstones. His death, and that of his royal patron, prevented the execution of a work which would have been the admiration of future ages. Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 37.—Marcellinus, bk. 22, ch. 40.—Plutarch, Alexander.――A general of Agathocles.――A Messenian, who behaved with great effeminacy and wantonness. He defeated Philopœmen, and put him to death, B.C. 183. Plutarch, Titus Flamininus.

Dinŏdŏchus, a swift runner. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 1.

Dinolŏchus, a Syracusan, who composed 14 comedies. Ælian, de Natura Animalium, bk. 6, ch. 52.

Dinŏmĕnes, a tyrant of Syracuse. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 42.

Dinon, a governor of Damascus, under Ptolemy, &c. Polyænus, bk. 4.――The father of Clitarchus, who wrote a history of Persia in Alexander’s age. He is esteemed a very ♦authentic historian by Cornelius Nepos, Conon.—Plutarch, Alexander.—Diogenes Laërtius.

♦ ‘anthentic’ replaced with ‘authentic’

Dinosthĕnes, a man who made himself a statue of an Olympian victor. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 16.

Dinostrătus, a celebrated geometrician in the age of Plato.

Diŏclea, festivals in the spring at Megara, in honour of Diocles, who died in the defence of a certain youth to whom he was tenderly attached. There was a contention on his tomb, and the youth who gave the sweetest kiss was publicly rewarded with a garland. Theocritus has described them in his Idylls, bk. 12, li. 27.――A town on the coast of Dalmatia. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 23.

Diocles, a general of Athens, &c. Polyænus, bk. 5.――A comic poet of Athens.――An historian, the first Grecian who ever wrote concerning the origin of the Romans, and the fabulous history of Romulus. Plutarch, Romulus.――One of the four brothers placed over the citadel of Corinth by Archelaus, &c. Polyænus, bk. 6.――A rich man of Messenia. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 2.――A general of Syracuse. Diodorus, bk. 13.

Diocletianopŏlis, a town of Thessaly, called so in honour of Diocletian.

Diocletiānus Caius Valerius Jovius, a celebrated Roman emperor, born of an obscure family in Dalmatia. He was first a common soldier, and by merit and success he gradually rose to the office of a general, and at the death of Numerian he was invested with the imperial purple. In this high station, he rewarded the virtue and fidelity of Maximian, who had shared with him all the subordinate offices in the army, by making him his colleague on the throne. He created two subordinate emperors, Constantius and Galerius, whom he called Cæsars, whilst he claimed for himself and his colleague the superior title of Augustus. Diocletian has been celebrated for his military virtues; and though he was naturally unpolished by education and study, yet he was the friend and patron of learning and true genius. He was bold and resolute, active and diligent, and well acquainted with the arts which endear a sovereign to his people, and make him respectable even in the eyes of his enemies. His cruelty, however, against the followers of christianity has been deservedly branded with the appellation of unbounded tyranny, and insolent wantonness. After he had reigned 21 years in the greatest prosperity, he publicly abdicated the crown at Nicomedia, on the 1st of May, A.D. 304, and retired to a private station at Salona. Maximian, his colleague, followed his example, but not from voluntary choice; and when he some time after endeavoured to rouse the ambition of Diocletian, and persuade him to reassume the imperial purple, he received for answer, that Diocletian took now more delight in cultivating his little garden, than he formerly enjoyed in a palace, when his power was extended over all the earth. He lived nine years after his abdication in the greatest security and enjoyment at Salona, and died in the 68th year of his age. Diocletian is the first sovereign who voluntarily resigned his power; a philosophical resolution, which, in a later age, was imitated by the emperor Charles V. of Germany.

Diŏdōrus, an historian, surnamed Siculus, because he was born at Argyra in Sicily. He wrote a history of Egypt, Persia, Syria, Media, Greece, Rome, and Carthage, which was divided into 40 books, of which only 15 are extant, with some few fragments. This valuable composition was the work of an accurate inquirer, and it is said that he visited all the places of which he has made mention in his history. It was the labour of 30 years, though the greater part may be considered as nothing more than a judicious compilation from Berosus, Timæus, Theopompus, Callisthenes, and others. The author, however, is too credulous in some of his narrations, and often wanders far from the truth. His style is neither elegant nor too laboured, but it contains great simplicity and unaffected correctness. He often dwells too long upon fabulous reports and trifling incidents, while events of the greatest importance to history are treated with brevity, and sometimes passed over in silence. His manner of reckoning, by the Olympiads and the Roman consuls, will be found very erroneous. The historian flourished about 44 years B.C. He spent much time at Rome to procure information, and authenticate his historical narrations. The best edition of his works is that of Wesseling, 2 vols., folio, Amsterdam, 1746.――A disciple of Euclid, in the age of Plato. Diogenes Laërtius, Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers.――A comic poet.――A son of Echeanax, who, with his brothers Codrus and Anaxagoras, murdered Hegesias the tyrant of Ephesus, &c. Polyænus, bk. 6.――An Ephesian, who wrote an account of the life of Anaximander. Diogenes Laërtius.――An orator of Sardis, in the time of the Mithridatic war.――A stoic philosopher, preceptor to Cicero. He lived and died in the house of his pupil, whom he instructed in the various branches of Greek literature. Cicero, Brutus.――A general of Demetrius.――A writer, surnamed Periegetes, who wrote a description of the earth. Plutarch, Themistocles.――An African, &c. Plutarch.

Dioetas, a general of Achaia, &c. Polyænus, bk. 2.

Dīŏgēnes, a celebrated Cynic philosopher of Sinope, banished from his country for coining false money. From Sinope, he retired to Athens, where he became the disciple of Antisthenes, who was at the head of the Cynics. Antisthenes, at first, refused to admit him into his house, and even struck him with a stick. Diogenes calmly bore the rebuke, and said, “Strike me, Antisthenes, but never shall you find a stick sufficiently hard to remove me from your presence, whilst there is anything to be learnt, any information to be gained, from your conversation and acquaintance.” Such firmness recommended him to Antisthenes, and he became his most devoted pupil. He dressed himself in the garment which distinguished the Cynics, and walked about the streets with a tub on his head, which served him as a house and a place of repose. Such singularity, joined to the greatest contempt for riches, soon gained him reputation, and Alexander the Great condescended to visit the philosopher in his tub. He asked Diogenes if there was anything in which he could gratify or oblige him. “Get out of my sunshine,” was the only answer which the philosopher gave. Such an independence of mind so pleased the monarch, that he turned to his courtiers, and said, “Were I not Alexander, I would wish to be Diogenes.” He was once sold as a slave, but his magnanimity so pleased his master, that he made him the preceptor of his children, and the guardian of his estates. After a life spent in the greatest misery and indigence, he died B.C. 324, in the 96th year of his age. He ordered his body to be carelessly thrown into a ditch, and some dust to be sprinkled over it. His orders were, however, disobeyed in this particular, and his friends honoured his remains with a magnificent funeral at Corinth. The inhabitants of Sinope raised statues to his memory; and the marble figure of a dog was placed on a high column erected on his tomb. His biographer has transmitted to posterity a number of his sayings, remarkable for their simplicity and moral tendency. The life of Diogenes, however, shrinks from the eye of a strict examination; he boasted of his poverty, and was so arrogant, that many have observed that the virtues of Diogenes arose from pride and vanity, not from wisdom and sound philosophy. His morals were corrupted, and he gave way to his most vicious indulgencies, and his unbounded wantonness has given occasion to some to observe, that the bottom of his tub would not bear too close an examination. Diogenes Laërtius, Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers.—Plutarch, Apophthegmata Laconica.—Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 3, ch. 36, &c.――A stoic of Babylon, disciple of Chrysippus. He went to Athens, and was sent as ambassador to Rome, with Carneades and Critolaus, 155 years before Christ. He died in the 88th year of his age, after a life of the most exemplary virtue. Some suppose that he was strangled by order of Antiochus king of Syria, for speaking disrespectfully of his family in one of his treatises. Quintilian, bk. 1, ch. 1.—Athenæus, bk. 5, ch. 11.—Cicero, de Officiis, bk. 3, ch. 51.――A native of Apollonia, celebrated for his knowledge of philosophy and physic. He was pupil to Anaxagoras. Diogenes Laërtius, Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers.――Laërtius, an epicurean philosopher, born in Cilicia. He wrote the lives of the philosophers in 10 books, still extant. This work contains an accurate account of the ancient philosophers, and is replete with all their anecdotes and particular opinions. It is compiled, however, without any plan, method, or precision, though much neatness and conciseness are observable through the whole. In this multifarious biography the author does not seem particularly partial to any sect, except perhaps it be that of Potamon of Alexandria. Diogenes died A.D. 222. The best editions of his works are that of Meibomius, 2 vols., 4to, Amsterdam, 1692, and that of Lipscomb, 8vo, 1759.――A Macedonian, who betrayed Salamis to Aratus. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 8.――There was a philosopher of that name who attended Alexander in his Asiatic expedition, for the purpose of marking out and delineating his march, &c.

Diogĕnia, a daughter of Celeus. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 38.――A daughter of the Cephisus, who married Erechtheus. Apollodorus.

Diogĕnus, a man who conspired with Dymnus against Alexander. Curtius, bk. 6, ch. 7.

Diognetus, a philosopher who instructed Marcus Aurelius in philosophy, and in writing dialogues.

Diŏmēda, a daughter of Phorbas, whom Achilles brought from Lemnos, to be his mistress after the loss of Briseis. Homer, Iliad, bk. 9, li. 661.――The wife of Deion of Amyclæ.

Diŏmēdes, son of Tydeus and Deiphyle, was king of Ætolia, and one of the bravest of the Grecian chiefs in the Trojan war. He engaged Hector and Æneas, and by repeated acts of valour obtained much military glory. He went with Ulysses to steal the Palladium from the temple of Minerva at Troy; and assisted in murdering Rhesus king of Thrace, and carrying away his horses. At his return from the siege of Troy, he lost his way in the darkness of the night, and landed in Attica, where his companions plundered the country, and lost the Trojan Palladium. During his long absence, his wife Ægiale forgot her marriage vows, and prostituted herself to Cometes, one of her servants. This lasciviousness of the queen was attributed by some to the resentment of Venus, whom Diomedes had severely wounded in the arm in a battle before Troy. The infidelity of Ægiale was highly displeasing to Diomedes. He resolved to abandon his native country, which was the seat of his disgrace, and the attempts of his wife to take away his life, according to some accounts, did not a little contribute to hasten his departure. He came to that part of Italy which has been called Magna Græcia, where he built a city called Argyripa, and married the daughter of Daunus the king of the country. He died there in extreme old age, or, according to a certain tradition, he perished by the hand of his father-in-law. His death was greatly lamented by his companions, who in the excess of their grief were changed into birds resembling swans. These birds took flight into a neighbouring island in the Adriatic, and became remarkable for the tameness with which they approached the Greeks, and for the horror with which they shunned all other nations. They are called the birds of Diomedes. Altars were raised to Diomedes, as to a god, one of which Strabo mentions at Timavus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 756; bk. 11, li. 243, &c.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 14, fable 10.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 8; bk. 3, ch. 7.—Hyginus, fables 97, 112, & 113.—Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 30.――A king of Thrace, son of Mars and Cyrene, who fed his horses with human flesh. It was one of the labours of Hercules to destroy him; and accordingly the hero, attended with some of his friends, attacked the inhuman tyrant, and gave him to be devoured by his own horses, which he had fed so barbarously. Diodorus, bk. 4.—Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 18.—Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 5.――A friend of Alcibiades. Plutarch, Alcibiades.――A grammarian.

Diŏmēdon, an Athenian general, put to death for his negligence at Arginusæ. Thucydides, bk. 8, ch. 19.――A man of Cyzicus, in the interest of Artaxerxes. Cornelius Nepos, Epaminondas.

Dion, a Syracusan, son of Hipparinus, famous for his power and abilities. He was related to Dionysius, and often advised him, together with the philosopher Plato, who at his request had come to reside at the tyrant’s court, to lay aside the supreme power. His great popularity rendered him odious in the eyes of the tyrant, who banished him to Greece. There he collected a numerous force, and encouraged by the influence of his name, and the hatred of his enemy, he resolved to free his country from tyranny. He entered the port of Syracuse only with two ships, and in three days reduced under his power an empire which had already subsisted for 50 years, and which was guarded by 500 ships of war, and 100,000 foot and 10,000 horse. The tyrant fled to Corinth, and Dion kept the power in his own hands, fearful of the aspiring ambition of some of the friends of Dionysius. He was, however, shamefully betrayed and murdered by one of his familiar friends, called Callicrates, or Callipus, 354 years before the christian era, in the 55th year of his age, and four years after his return from Peloponnesus. His death was universally lamented by the Syracusans, and a monument was raised to his memory. Diodorus, bk. 16.—Cornelius Nepos, Life of Dion.――A town of Macedonia. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 36.――Cassius, a native of Nicæa in Bithynia. His father’s name was Apronianus. He was raised to the greatest offices of state in the Roman empire by Pertinax and his three successors. Naturally fond of study, he improved himself by unwearied application, and was 10 years collecting materials for a history of Rome, which he made public in 80 books, after a laborious employment of 12 years in composing it. This valuable history began with the arrival of Æneas in Italy, and was continued down to the reign of the emperor Alexander Severus. The 34 first books are totally lost, the 20 following are mutilated, and fragments are all that we possess of the last 20. In the compilation of his extensive history, Dion proposed to himself Thucydides for a model; but he is not perfectly happy in his imitation. His style is pure and elegant, and his narrations are judiciously managed, and his reflections learned; but upon the whole he is credulous, and the bigoted slave of partiality, satire, and flattery. He inveighs against the republican principles of Brutus and Cicero, and extols the cause of Cæsar. Seneca also is the object of his satire, and he represents him as debauched and licentious in his morals. Dion flourished about the 230th year of the christian era. The best edition of his works is that of Reimarus, 2 vols., folio, Hamburg, 1750.――A famous christian writer, surnamed Chrysostom, &c.

Diōnæa, a surname of Venus, supposed to be the daughter of Jupiter and Done.

Diōne, a nymph, daughter of Nereus and Doris. She was mother of Venus by Jupiter, according to Homer and others. Hesiod, however, gives Venus a different origin. See: Venus. Venus is herself sometimes called Dione. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 19.—Homer, Iliad, bk. 5, li. 381.—Statius, bk. 1, Sylvæ, poem 1, li. 86.

Dionȳsia, festivals in honour of Bacchus among the Greeks. Their form and solemnity were first introduced into Greece from Egypt by a certain Melampus, and if we admit that Bacchus is the same as Isis, the Dionysia of the Greeks are the same as the festivals celebrated by the Egyptians in honour of Isis. They were observed at Athens with more splendour and ceremonious superstition than in any other part of Greece. The years were numbered by their celebration, the Archon assisted at the solemnity, and the priests that officiated were honoured with the most dignified seats at the public games. At first they were celebrated with great simplicity, and the time was consecrated to mirth. It was then usual to bring a vessel of wine adorned with a vine branch, after which followed a goat, a basket of figs, and the φαλλοι. The worshippers imitated in their dress and actions the poetical fictions concerning Bacchus. They clothed themselves in fawns’ skins, fine linen, and mitres; they carried thyrsi, drums, pipes, and flutes, and crowned themselves with garlands of ivy, vine, fir, &c. Some imitated Silenus, Pan, and the Satyrs by the uncouth manner of their dress, and their fantastical motions. Some rode upon asses, and others drove the goats to slaughter for the sacrifice. In this manner both sexes joined in the solemnity, and ran about the hills and country, nodding their heads, dancing in ridiculous postures, and filling the air with hideous shrieks and shouts, and crying aloud, “Evoe Bacche! Io! Io! Evoe! Iacche! Io Bacche! Evohe!” With such solemnities were the festivals of Bacchus celebrated by the Greeks, particularly the Athenians. In one of these there followed a number of persons carrying sacred vessels, one of which contained water. After these came a select number of noble virgins, carrying little baskets of gold filled with all sorts of fruits. This was the most mysterious part of the solemnity. Serpents were sometimes put in the baskets, and by their wreathing and crawling out they amused and astonished the beholders. After the virgins followed a company of men carrying poles, at the end of which were fastened φαλλοι. The heads of these men, who were called φαλλοφοροι, were crowned with ivy and violets, and their faces covered with other herbs. They marched singing songs upon the occasion of the festivals, called φαλλικα ᾁσματα. Next to the φαλλοφοροι followed the ἰθυφαλλοι in women’s apparel, with white striped garments reaching to the ground; their heads were decked with garlands, and on their hands they wore gloves composed of flowers. Their gestures and actions were like those of a drunken man. Besides these, there were a number of persons called λικνοφοροι, who carried the λικνον or musical van of Bacchus; without their attendance none of the festivals of Bacchus were celebrated with due solemnity, and on that account the god is often called λικνιτης. The festivals of Bacchus were almost innumerable. The name of the most celebrated were the Dionysia ♦ἀρχαιότερα, at Limnæ in Attica. The chief persons that officiated were 14 women called γεραιραι, venerable. They were appointed by one of the archons, and before their appointment they solemnly took an oath before the archon or his wife, that their body was free from all pollution.――The greater Dionysia, sometimes called ἀστικα or τα κατ’ ἀστυ, as being celebrated within the city, were the most famous. They were supposed to be the same as the preceding.――The less Dionysia, sometimes called τα κατ’ ἀργους, because celebrated in the country, or ληναια, from ληνος, a wine-press, were, to all appearance, a preparation for the greater festivals. They were celebrated in autumn.――The Dionysia βραυρωνια, observed at Brauron in Attica, were a scene of lewdness, extravagance, and debauchery.――The Dionysia νυκτηλια were observed by the Athenians in honour of Bacchus Nyctelius. It was unlawful to reveal whatever was seen or done during the celebration.――The Dionysia called ὠμοφαγια, because human victims were offered to the god, or because the priests imitated the eating of raw flesh, were celebrated with much solemnity. The priests put serpents in their hair, and by the wildness of their looks, and the oddity of their actions, they feigned insanity.――The Dionysia ἀρκαδικα were yearly observed in Arcadia, and the children who had been instructed in the music of Philoxenus and Timotheus, were introduced in a theatre, where they celebrated the festivals of Bacchus by entertaining the spectators with songs, dances, and different exhibitions. There were, besides these, others of inferior note. There was also one observed every three years called Dionysia τριετηρικα, and it is said that Bacchus instituted it himself in commemoration of his Indian expedition, in which he spent three years. There is also another, celebrated every fifth year, as mentioned by the scholiast of Aristophanes.――All these festivals, in honour of the god of wine, were celebrated by the Greeks with great licentiousness, and they contributed much to the corruption of morals among all ranks of people. They were also introduced into Tuscany, and from thence to Rome. Among the Romans, both sexes promiscuously joined in the celebration during the darkness of night. The drunkenness, the debauchery, and impure actions and indulgencies which soon prevailed at the solemnity, called aloud for the interference of the senate, and the consuls Spurius Posthumius Albinus and Quintus Martius Philippus made a strict examination concerning the propriety and superstitious forms of the Bacchanalia. The disorder and pollution which was practised with impunity by no less than 7000 votaries of either sex, were beheld with horror and astonishment by the consuls, and the Bacchanalia were for ever banished from Rome by a decree of the senate. They were again reinstituted there in length of time, but not with such licentiousness as before. Euripides, Bacchæ.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 11, li. 737.—Diodorus, bk. 4.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 3, li. 533; bk. 4, li. 391; bk. 6, li. 587.

♦ ‘ἀλχαιωτερα’ replaced with ‘ἀρχαιότερα’

Diŏnȳsiădes, two small islands near Crete.――Festivals in honour of Bacchus. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 13.

Diŏnȳsias, a fountain. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 36.

Diŏnysides, a tragic poet of Tarsus.

Diŏnȳsiodōrus, a famous geometer. Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 109.――A Bœotian historian. Diodorus, bk. 15.――A Tarentine, who obtained a prize at Olympia in the 100th Olympiad.

Dionȳsion, a temple of Bacchus in Attica. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 43.

Dionȳsipŏlis, a town of Thrace. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 2.

Dionȳsius I., or the elder, was son of Hermocrates. He signalized himself in the wars which the Syracusans carried on against the Carthaginians, and, taking advantage of the power lodged in his hands, he made himself absolute at Syracuse. To strengthen himself in his usurpation, and acquire popularity, he increased the pay of the soldiers, and recalled those that had been banished. He vowed eternal enmity against Carthage, and experienced various success in his wars against that republic. He was ambitious of being thought a poet, and his brother Theodorus was commissioned to go to Olympia, and repeat there some verses in his name, with other competitors, for the poetical prizes. His expectations were frustrated, and his poetry was received with groans and hisses. He was not, however, so unsuccessful at Athens, where a poetical prize was publicly adjudged to one of his compositions. This victory gave him more pleasure than all the victories he had ever obtained in the field of battle. His tyranny and cruelty at home rendered him odious in the eyes of his subjects, and he became so suspicious that he never admitted his wife or children to his private apartment without a previous examination of their garments. He never trusted his head to a barber, but always burnt his beard. He made a subterraneous cave in a rock, said to be still extant, in the form of a human ear, which measured 80 feet in height and 250 in length. It was called the ear of Dionysius. The sounds of this subterraneous cave were all necessarily directed to one common tympanum, which had a communication with an adjoining room, where Dionysius spent the greatest part of his time to hear whatever was said by those whom his suspicion and cruelty had confined in the apartments above. The artists that had been employed in making this cave were all put to death by order of the tyrant, for fear of their revealing to what purposes a work of such uncommon construction was to be appropriated. His impiety and sacrilege were as conspicuous as his suspicious credulity. He took a golden mantle from the statue of Jupiter, observing that the son of Saturn had a covering too warm for the summer, and too cold for the winter, and he placed one of wool instead. He also robbed Æsculapius of his golden beard, and plundered the temple of Proserpine. He died of an indigestion in the 63rd year of his age, B.C. 368, after a reign of 38 years. Authors, however, are divided about the manner of his death, and some are of opinion that he died a violent death. Some suppose that the tyrant invented the catapulta, an engine which proved of infinite service for the discharging of showers of darts and stones in the time of a siege. Diodorus, bks. 13, 15, &c.—Justin, bk. 20, ch. 1, &c.—Xenophon, Hellenica.—Cornelius Nepos, Timoleon.—Plutarch, Diodorus.――The second of that name, surnamed the younger, was son of Dionysius I. by Doris. He succeeded his father as tyrant of Sicily, and by the advice of Dion his brother-in-law, he invited the philosopher Plato to his court, under whom he studied for a while. The philosopher advised him to lay aside the supreme power, and in his admonitions he was warmly seconded by Dion. Dionysius refused to consent, and soon after Plato was seized and publicly sold as a slave. Dion likewise, on account of his great popularity, was severely abused and insulted in his family, and his wife given in marriage to another. Such a violent behaviour was highly resented; Dion, who was banished, collected some forces in Greece, and in three days rendered himself master of Syracuse, and expelled the tyrant B.C. 357. See: Dion. Dionysius retired to Locri, where he behaved with the greatest oppression, and was ejected by the citizens. He recovered Syracuse 10 years after his expulsion, but his triumph was short, and the Corinthians, under conduct of Timoleon, obliged him to abandon the city. He fled to Corinth, where to support himself he kept a school, as Cicero observes, that he might still continue to be tyrant; and as he could not command over men, that he might still exercise his power over boys. It is said that he died from excess of joy, when he heard that a tragedy of his own composition had been rewarded with a poetical prize. Dionysius was as cruel as his father, but he did not, like him, possess the art of restraining his power. This was seen and remarked by the old man, who, when he saw his son attempting to debauch the wives of some of his old subjects, asked him, with the greatest indignation, whether he had ever heard of his having acted so brutal a part in his younger days? “No,” answered the son, “because you were not the son of a king.” “Well, my son,” replied the old man, “never shalt thou be the father of a king.” Justin, bk. 21, chs. 1, 2, &c.—Diodorus, bk. 15, &c.—Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 9, ch. 8.—Quintilian, bk. 8, ch. 6.—Cornelius Nepos, Dion.—Cicero, Tusculanæ Disputationes, bk. 5, ch. 2.――An historian of Halicarnassus, who left his country and came to reside at Rome, that he might carefully study all the Greek and Latin writers, whose compositions treated of the Roman history. He formed an acquaintance with all the learned of the age, and derived much information from their company and conversation. After an unremitted application, during 24 years, he gave to the world his Roman antiquities in 20 books, of which only the 11 first are now extant, nearly containing the account of 312 years. His composition has been greatly valued by the ancients as well as the moderns for the easiness of his style, the fidelity of his chronology, and the judiciousness of his remarks and criticism. Like a faithful historian, he never mentioned anything but what was authenticated, and he totally disregarded the fabulous traditions which fill and disgrace the pages of both his predecessors and followers. To the merits of the elegant historian, Dionysius, as may be seen in his treatises, has also added the equally respectable character of the eloquent orator, the critic, and the politician. He lived during the Augustan age, and came to Rome about 80 years before the christian era. The best editions of his works are that of Oxford, 2 vols., folio, 1704, and that of Reiske, 6 vols., 8vo, Lipscomb, 1774.――A tyrant of Heraclea in Pontus, in the age of Alexander the Great. After the death of the conqueror and of Perdiccas, he married Amestris the niece of king Darius, and assumed the title of king. He was of such an uncommon corpulence that he never exposed his person in public, and when he gave audience to foreign ambassadors, he always placed himself in a chair which was conveniently made to hide his face and person from the eyes of the spectators. When he was asleep, it was impossible to awake him without boring his flesh with pins. He died in the 55th year of his age. As his reign was remarkable for mildness and popularity, his death was severely lamented by his subjects. He left two sons and a daughter, and appointed his widow queen-regent.――A surname of Bacchus.――A disciple of Chæremon.――A native of Chalcis, who wrote a book entitled κτισεις, or the origin of cities.――A commander of the Ionian fleet against the Persians, who went to plunder Phœnicia. Herodotus, bk. 6, ch. 17.――A general of Antiochus Hierax.――A philosopher of Heraclea, disciple to Zeno. He starved himself to death, B.C. 279, in the 81st year of his age. Diogenes Laërtius.――An epic poet of Mitylene.――A sophist of Pergamus. Strabo, bk. 13.――A writer in the Augustan age, called Periegetes. He wrote a very valuable geographical treatise in Greek hexameters, still extant. The best edition of his treatise is that of Henry Stephens, 4to, 1577, with the scholia, and that of Hill, 8vo, London, 1688.――A christian writer, A.D. 492, called Areopagita. The best edition of his works is that of Antwerp, 2 vols., folio, 1634.――The music master of Epaminondas. Cornelius Nepos.――A celebrated critic. See: Longinus.――A rhetorician of Magnesia.――A Messenian madman, &c. Plutarch, Alexander.――A native of Thrace, generally called the Rhodian, because he lived there. He wrote some grammatical treatises and commentaries, B.C. 64. Strabo, bk. 14.――A painter of Colophon.

Diŏphănes, a man who joined Peloponnesus to the Achæan league. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 30.――A rhetorician intimate with Tiberias Gracchus. Plutarch, Tiberius Gracchus.

Diŏphantus, an Athenian general of the Greek mercenary troops in the service of Nectanebus king of Egypt. Diodorus, bk. 16.――A Greek orator of Mitylene, preceptor to Tiberius Gracchus. Cicero, Brutus.――A native of Alexandria in the fourth century. He wrote 13 books of arithmetical questions, of which six are still extant, the best edition of which is that in folio, Tolosæ, 1670. He died in his 84th year, but the age in which he lived is uncertain. Some place him in the reign of Augustus, others under Nero and Antonines.

Diopœnus, a noble sculptor of Crete. Pliny, bk. 36, ch. 4.

Diopŏlis, a name given to Cabira, a town of Paphlagonia, by Pompey. Strabo, bk. 12.

Diōres, a friend of Æneas, killed by Turnus. He had engaged in the games exhibited by Æneas on his father’s tomb in Sicily. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 5, li. 297; bk. 12, li. 509.

Dioryctus, a place of Acarnania, where a canal was cut (δια ὀρυσσω), to make Leucadia an island. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 1.

Dioscorĭdes, a native of Cilicia, who was physician to Antony and Cleopatra, or lived, as some suppose, in the age of Nero. He was originally a soldier, but afterwards he applied himself to study, and wrote a book upon medicinal herbs, of which the best edition is that of Saracenus, folio, Frankfurt. 1598.――A man who wrote an account of the republic of Lacedæmon.――A nephew of Antigonus. Diodorus, bk. 19.――A Cyprian, blind of one eye, in the age of Ptolemy Philadelphus.――A disciple of Isocrates.――An astrologer sent ambassador by Julius Cæsar to Achillas, &c. Cæsar, Civil War, bk. 3, ch. 109.

Dioscorĭdis insula, an island situate at the south of the entrance of the Arabic gulf, and now called Socotra.

Dioscūri, or sons of Jupiter, a name given to Castor and Pollux. There were festivals in their honour, called Dioscuria, celebrated by the people of Corcyra, and chiefly by the Lacedæmonians. They were observed with much jovial festivity. The people made a free use of the gifts of Bacchus, and diverted themselves with sports, of which wrestling matches always made a part.

Dioscurias, a town of Colchis. Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 28.

Diospăge, a town of Mesopotamia. Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 26.

Diospŏlis, or Thebæ, a famous city of Egypt, formerly called Hecatompylos. See: Thebæ.

Diotīme, a woman who gave lectures upon philosophy, which Socrates attended. Plutarch, Convivium Septem Sapientium.

Diotīmus, an Athenian skilled in maritime affairs, &c. Polyænus, bk. 5.――A stoic, who flourished 85 B.C.

Diotrephes, an Athenian officer, &c. Thucydides, bk. 3, ch. 75.

Dioxippe, one of the Danaides. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 1.

Dioxippus, a soldier of Alexander, who killed one of his fellow-soldiers in a fury, &c. Ælian.――An Athenian boxer, &c. Diodorus, bk. 17.――A Trojan killed by Turnus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 574.

Dipæa, a place of Peloponnesus, where a battle was fought between the Arcadians and Spartans. Herodotus, bk. 9, ch. 35.

Diphĭlas, a man sent to Rhodes by the Spartans, to destroy the Athenian faction there. Diodorus, bk. 14.――A governor of Babylon in the interest of Antigonus. Diodorus, bk. 19.――An historian.

Dīphĭlus, an Athenian general, A.U.C. 311.――An architect so slow in finishing his works, that Diphilo tardior became a proverb. Cicero, Letters to his brother Quintus, bk. 3.――A tragic writer.

Diphorĭdas, one of the Ephori at Sparta. Plutarch, Agesilaus.

Dipœnæ, a town of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 31.

Dipŏlis, a name given to Lemnos, as having two cities, Hephæstia and Myrina.

Dipsas (antis), a river of Cilicia, flowing from mount Taurus. Lucan, bk. 8, li. 255.――(adis), a profligate and incontinent woman mentioned by Ovid, Amores, bk. 1, poem 8.――A kind of serpent. Lucan, bk. 9.

Dipylon, one of the gates of Athens.

Diræ, the daughters of Acheron and Nox, who persecuted the souls of the guilty. They are the same as the furies, and some suppose they are called Furies in hell, Harpies on earth, and Diræ in heaven. They were represented as standing near the throne of Jupiter, in an attitude which expressed their eagerness to receive his orders, and the power of tormenting the guilty on earth with the most excruciating punishments. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 4, li. 473; bk. 8, li. 701.

Dirce, a woman whom Lycus king of Thebes married after he had divorced Antiope. When Antiope became pregnant by Jupiter, Dirce suspected her husband of infidelity to her bed, and imprisoned Antiope, whom she tormented with the greatest cruelty. Antiope escaped from her confinement, and brought forth Amphion and Zethus on mount Cithæron. When these children were informed of the cruelties to which their mother had been exposed, they besieged Thebes, put Lycus to death, and tied the cruel Dirce to the tail of a wild bull, which dragged her over rocks and precipices, and exposed her to the most poignant pains, till the gods, pitying her fate, changed her into a fountain, in the neighbourhood of Thebes. According to some accounts, Antiope was mother of Amphion and Zethus before she was confined and exposed to the tyranny of Dirce. See: Amphion, Antiope. Propertius, bk. 3, poem 15, li. 37.—Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 26.—Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 12, ch. 57.—Lucan, bk. 3, li. 175; bk. 4, li. 550.

Dircenna, a cold fountain of Spain, near Bilbilis. Martial, bk. 1, ltr. 50, li. 17.

Dirphyia, a surname of Juno, from Dirphya, a mountain of Bœotia, where the goddess had a temple.

Dis, a god of the Gauls, the same as Pluto the god of hell. The inhabitants of Gaul supposed themselves descended from that deity. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 6.—Tacitus, Histories, bk. 4, ch. 84.

Discordia, a malevolent deity, daughter of Nox, and sister to Nemesis, the Parcæ, and death. She was driven from heaven by Jupiter, because she sowed dissensions among the gods, and was the cause of continual quarrels. When the nuptials of Peleus and Thetis were celebrated, the goddess of discord was not invited, and this seeming neglect so irritated her, that she threw an apple into the midst of the assembly of the gods, with the inscription of detur pulchriori. This apple was the cause of the ruin of Troy, and of infinite misfortunes to the Greeks. See: Paris. She is represented with a pale, ghastly look, her garment is torn, her eyes sparkle with fire, and she holds a dagger concealed in her bosom. Her head is generally entwined with serpents, and she is attended by Bellona. She is supposed to be the cause of all dissensions, murders, wars, and quarrels which arise upon earth, public as well as private. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 8, li. 702.—Hesiod, Theogony, li. 225.—Petronius.

Dithyrambus, a surname of Bacchus, whence the hymns sung in his honour were called Dithyrambics. Horace, bk. 4, ode 2.

Dittani, a people of Spain.

Divi, a name chiefly appropriated to those who were made gods after death, such as heroes and warriors, or the Lares and Penates, and other domestic gods.

Divitiăcus, one of the Ædui, intimate with Cæsar. Cicero bk. 1, de Divinatione.

Dium, a town of Eubœa, where there were hot baths. Pliny, bk. 31, ch. 2.――A promontory of Crete.――A town of Macedonia. Livy, bk. 44, ch. 7.

Divodurum, a town of Gaul, now Metz in Lorrain.

Divus Fidius, a god of the Sabines, worshipped also at Rome. Dionysius of Halicarnassus.

Diyllus, an Athenian historian. Diodorus, bk. 16.――A statuary. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 13.

Doberes, a people of Pæonia. Herodotus, bk. 5, ch. 16.

Docĭlis, a gladiator at Rome, mentioned by Horace, bk. 1, ltr. 18, li. 19.

Docĭmus, a man of Tarentum, deprived of his military dignity by Philip son of Amyntas, for indulging himself with hot baths. Polyænus, bk. 4.――An officer of Antigonus. Diodorus, bk. 19.――An officer of Perdiccas, taken by Antigonus. Diodorus, bk. 18.

Dōdōna, a town of Thesprotia in Epirus, or, according to others, in Thessaly. There was in its neighbourhood, upon a small hill called Tmarus, a celebrated oracle of Jupiter. The town and temple of the god were first built by Deucalion, after the universal deluge. It was supposed to be the most ancient oracle of all Greece, and according to the traditions of the Egyptians mentioned by Herodotus, it was founded by a dove. Two black doves, as he relates, took their flight from the city of Thebes in Egypt, one of which flew to the temple of Jupiter Ammon, and the other to Dodona, where, with a human voice, they acquainted the inhabitants of the country that Jupiter had consecrated the ground, which in future would give oracles. The extensive grove which surrounded Jupiter’s temple was endowed with the gift of prophecy, and oracles were frequently delivered by the sacred oaks, and the doves which inhabited the place. This fabulous tradition of the oracular power of the doves is explained by Herodotus, who observes that some Phœnicians carried away two priestesses from Egypt, one of which went to fix her residence at Dodona, where the oracle was established. It may further be observed, that the fable might have been founded upon the double meaning of the word πελειαι, which signifies doves in most parts of Greece, while in the dialect of the Epirots, it implies old women. In ancient times the oracles were delivered by the murmuring of a neighbouring fountain, but the custom was afterwards changed. Large kettles were suspended in the air near a brazen statue, which held a lash in its hand. When the wind blew strong, the statue was agitated and struck against one of the kettles, which communicated the motion to all the rest, and raised that clattering and discordant din which continued for a while, and from which the artifice of the priests drew their predictions. Some suppose that the noise was occasioned by the shaking of the leaves and boughs of an old oak, which the superstition of the people frequently consulted, and from which they pretended to receive oracles. It may be observed with more probability that the oracles were delivered by the priests, who, by artfully concealing themselves behind the oaks, gave occasion to the superstitious multitude to believe that the trees were endowed with the power of prophecy. As the ship Argo was built with some of the oaks of the forest of Dodona, there were some beams in the vessel which gave oracles to the Argonauts, and warned them against the approach of calamity. Within the forest of Dodona there was a stream with a fountain of cool water, which had the power of lighting a torch as soon as it touched it. This fountain was totally dry at noonday, and was restored to its full course at midnight, from which time till the following noon it began to decrease, and at the usual hour was again deprived of its waters. The oracles of Dodona were originally delivered by men, but afterwards by women. See: Dodonides. Pliny, bk. 2, ch. 103.—Herodotus, bk. 2, ch. 57.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 3.—Homer, Odyssey, bk. 14; Iliad.—Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 21.—Strabo, bk. 17.—Plutarch, Pyrrhus.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9.—Lucan, bk. 6, li. 427.—Ovid, Tristia, bk. 4, poem 8, li. 23.

Dōdōnæus, a surname of Jupiter from Dodona.

Dōdōne, a daughter of Jupiter and Europa.――A fountain in the forest of Dodona. See: Dodona.

Dōdōnĭdes, the priestesses who gave oracles in the temple of Jupiter in Dodona. According to some traditions the temple was originally inhabited by seven daughters of Atlas, who nursed Bacchus. Their names were Ambrosia, Eudora, Pasithoe, Pytho, Plexaure, Coronis, Tythe or Tyche. In the latter ages the oracles were always delivered by three old women, which custom was first established when Jupiter enjoyed the company of Dione, whom he permitted to receive divine honour in his temple at Dodona. The Bœotians were the only people of Greece who received their oracles at Dodona from men, for reasons which Strabo, bk. 9, fully explains.

Doii, a people of Arabia Felix.

Dolabella Publius Cornelius, a Roman who married the daughter of Cicero. During the civil wars he warmly espoused the interest of Julius Cæsar, whom he accompanied at the famous battles at Pharsalia, Africa, and Munda. He was made consul by his patron, though Marcus Antony his colleague opposed it. After the death of Julius Cæsar, he received the government of Syria as his province. Cassius opposed his views, and Dolabella, for violence, and for the assassination of Trebonius, one of Cæsar’s murderers, was declared an enemy to the republic of Rome. He was besieged by Cassius in Laodicea, and when he saw that all was lost, he killed himself, in the 27th year of his age. He was of small stature, which gave occasion to his father-in-law to ask him once when he entered his house, who had tied him so cleverly to his sword.――A proconsul of Africa.――Another, who conquered the Gauls, Etrurians, and Boii at the lake of Vadimonis, B.C. 283.――The family of the Dolabellæ distinguished themselves at Rome, and one of them, Lucius Cornelius, conquered Lusitania, B.C. 99.

Dolichaon, the father of the Hebrus, &c. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 696.

Dolīche, an island in the Ægean sea. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 6.――A town of Syria,――of Macedonia. Livy, bk. 42, ch. 53.

Dolius, a faithful servant of Ulysses. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 4, li. 675.

Dolomēna, a country of Assyria. Strabo, bk. 16.

Dŏlon, a Trojan, son of Eumedes, famous for his swiftness. Being sent by Hector to spy the Grecian camp by night, he was seized by Diomedes and Ulysses, to whom he revealed the situation, schemes, and resolutions of his countrymen, with the hopes of escaping with his life. He was put to death by Diomedes, as a traitor. Homer, Iliad, bk. 10, li. 314.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 12, li. 349, &c.――A poet. See: Susarion.

Dōlonci, a people of Thrace. Herodotus, bk. 6, ch. 34.

Dŏlŏpes, a people of Thessaly, near mount Pindus. Peleus reigned there, and sent them to the Trojan war under Phœnix. They became also masters of Scyros, and like the rest of the ancient Greeks, were fond of migration. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 2, li. 7.—Flaccus, bk. 2, li. 10.—Livy, bk. 36, ch. 33.—Strabo, bk. 9.—Plutarch, Cimon.

Dŏlŏpia, the country of the Dolopes, near Pindus, through which the Achelous flowed.

Dŏlops, a Trojan, son of Lampus, killed by Menelaus. Homer, Iliad, bk. 15, li. 525.

Domidūcus, a god who presided over marriage. Juno also was called Domiduca, from the power she was supposed to have in marriages.

Domīnĭca, a daughter of Petronius, who married the ♦emperor Valens.

♦ ‘emperior’ replaced with ‘emperor’

Domitĭa lex, de Religione, was enacted by Domitius Ahenobarbus the tribune, A.U.C. 650. It transferred the right of electing priests from the college to the people.

Domĭtia Longīna, a Roman lady who boasted in her debaucheries. She was the wife of the emperor Domitian.

Domĭtiānus Titus Flavius, son of Vespasian and Flavia Domatilla, made himself emperor of Rome at the death of his brother Titus, whom, according to some accounts, he destroyed by poison. The beginning of his reign promised tranquillity to the people, but their expectations were soon frustrated. Domitian became cruel, and gave way to incestuous and unnatural indulgencies. He commanded himself to be called God and Lord in all the papers which were presented to him. He passed the greatest part of the day in catching flies and killing them with a bodkin, so that it was wittily answered by Vibius to a person who asked him who was with the emperor, “Nobody, not even a fly.” In the latter part of his reign Domitian became suspicious, and his anxieties were increased by the predictions of astrologers, but still more poignantly by the stings of remorse. He was so distrustful even when alone, that round the terrace, where he usually walked, he built a wall with shining stones, that from them he might perceive as in a looking-glass whether anybody followed him. All these precautions were unavailing; he perished by the hand of an assassin the 18th of September, A.D. 96, in the 45th year of his age and the 15th of his reign. He was the last of the 12 Cæsars. He distinguished himself for his love of learning, and in a little treatise which he wrote upon the great care which ought to be taken of the hair to prevent baldness, he displayed much taste and elegance, according to the observations of his biographers. After his death he was publicly deprived by the senate of all the honours which had been profusely heaped upon him, and even his body was left in the open air without the honours of a funeral. This disgrace might proceed from the resentment of the senators, whom he had exposed to terror as well as to ridicule. He once assembled that august body, to know in what vessel a turbot might be most conveniently dressed. At another time they received a formal invitation to a feast, and when they arrived at the palace, they were introduced into a large gloomy hall hung with black, and lighted with a few glimmering tapers. In the middle were placed a number of coffins, on each of which was inscribed the name of some one of the invited senators. On a sudden a number of men burst into the room, clothed in black, with drawn swords and flaming torches, and after they had for some time terrified the guests, they permitted them to retire. Such were the amusements and cruelties of a man who, in the first part of his reign, was looked upon as the father of his people, and the restorer of learning and liberty. Suetonius, The Twelve Caesars.—Eutropius, bk. 7.

Domĭtilla Flavia, a woman who married Vespasian, by whom she had Titus a year after her marriage, and, 11 years after, Domitian.――A niece of the emperor Domitian, by whom she was banished.

Domĭtius Domitiănus, a general of Diocletian in Egypt. He assumed the imperial purple at Alexandria, A.D. 288, and supported the dignity of emperor for about two years. He died a violent death.――Lucius. See: Ænobarbus.――Cnæus Ænobarbus, a Roman consul, who conquered Bituitus the Gaul, and left 20,000 of the enemy on the field of battle, and took 3000 prisoners.――A grammarian in the reign of Adrian. He was remarkable for his virtues, and his melancholy disposition.――A Roman who revolted from Antony to Augustus. He was at the battle of Pharsalia, and forced Pompey to fight by the mere force of his ridicule.――The father of Nero, famous for his cruelties and debaucheries. Suetonius, Nero.――A tribune of the people, who conquered the Allobroges. Plutarch.――A consul during whose consulate peace was concluded with Alexander king of Epirus. Livy, bk. 8, ch. 17.――A consul under Caligula. He wrote some few things now lost.――A Latin poet, called also Marsus, in the age of Horace. He wrote epigrams, remarkable for little besides their indelicacy. Ovid, ex Ponto, bk. 4, poem 16, li. 5.――Afer, an orator, who was preceptor to Quintilian. He disgraced his talents by his adulation, and by practising the arts of an informer under Tiberius and his successors. He was made a consul by Nero, and died A.D. 59.

Ælius Donātus, a grammarian, who flourished A.D. 353.――A bishop of Numidia, a promoter of the Donatists, A.D. 311.――A bishop of Africa, banished from Carthage, A.D. 356.

Donilāus, a prince of Gallogræcia, who assisted Pompey with 300 horsemen against Julius Cæsar.

Donūca, a mountain of Thrace. Livy, bk. 40, ch. 57.

Dŏnȳsa, one of the Cyclades in the Ægean, where green marble is found. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 125.

Doracte, an island in the Persian gulf.

Dōres, the inhabitants of Doris. See: Doris.

Dori and Dorica, a part of Achaia near Athens.

Dorĭcus, an epithet applied not only to Doris, but to all the Greeks in general. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 2, li. 27.

Dorienses, a people of Crete,――of Cyrene.

Dorieus, a son of Anaxandridas, who went with a colony into Sicily, because he could not bear to be under his brother at home. Herodotus, bk. 5, ch. 42, &c.—Pausanias, bk. 3, chs. 3 & 16, &c.――A son of Diagoras of Rhodes. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 7.

Dorilas, a rich Libyan prince, killed in the court of Cepheus. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 5, fable 4.

Dorilaus, a general of the great Mithridates.

Dorion, a town of Thessaly, where Thamyras the musician challenged the muses to a trial of skill. Statius, Thebiad, bk. 4, li. 182.—Propertius, bk. 2, poem 22, li. 19.—Lucan, bk. 6, li. 352.

Dōris, a country of Greece between Phocis, Thessaly, and Acarnania. It received its name from Dorus the son of Deucalion, who made a settlement there. It was called Tetrapolis, from the four cities of Pindus or Dryopis, Erineum, Cytinium, Borium, which it contained. To these four some add Lilæum and Carphia, and therefore call it Hexapolis. The name of Doris has been common to many parts of Greece. The Dorians, in the age of Deucalion, inhabited Phthiotis, which they exchanged for Histiæotis, in the age of Dorus. From thence they were driven by the Cadmæans, and came to settle near the town of Pindus. From thence they passed into Dryopis, and afterwards into Peloponnesus. Hercules having re-established Ægimius king of Phthiotis or Doris, who had been driven from his country by the Lapithæ, the grateful king appointed Hyllus the son of his patron to be his successor, and the Heraclidæ marched from that part of the country to go to recover Peloponnesus. The Dorians sent many colonies into different places, which bore the same name as their native country. The most famous of these is Doris in Asia Minor, of which Halicarnassus was once the capital. This part of Asia Minor was called Hexapolis, and afterwards Pentapolis, after the exclusion of Halicarnassus. Strabo, bk. 9, &c.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 2, li. 27.—Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 29.—Apollodorus, bk. 2.—Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 144; bk. 8, ch. 31.――A goddess of the sea, daughter of Oceanus and Tethys. She married her brother Nereus, by whom she had 50 daughters called Nereides. Her name is often used to express the sea itself. Propertius, bk. 1, poem 17, li. 25.—Virgil, Eclogues, poem 10.—Hesiod, Theogony, li. 240.――A woman of Locri, daughter of Xenetus, whom Dionysius the elder, of Sicily, married the same day with Aristomache. Cicero, Tusculanæ Disputationes, bk. 5.――One of the 50 Nereides. Hesiod, Theogony, li. 250.—Homer, Iliad, bk. 18, li. 45.

Doriscus, a place of Thrace near the sea, where Xerxes numbered his forces. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 59.

Dorium, a town of Peloponnesus. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 33.――One of the Danaides. Apollodorus.

Dorius, a mountain of Asia Minor. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 3.

Dorsennus, a comic poet of great merit in the Augustan age. Pliny, bk. 14, ch. 13.—Horace, bk. 2, ltr. 10, li. 173.

Dorso Caius Fabius, a Roman who, when Rome was in the possession of the Gauls, issued from the Capitol, which was then besieged, to go and offer a sacrifice, which was to be offered on mount Quirinalis. He dressed himself in sacerdotal robes, and carrying on his shoulders the statues of his country gods, passed through the guards of the enemy, without betraying the least signs of fear. When he had finished his sacrifice, he returned to the Capitol unmolested by the enemy, who were astonished at his boldness, and did not obstruct his passage or molest his sacrifice. Livy, bk. 5, ch. 46.

Dōrus, a son of Hellen and Orseis, or, according to others, of Deucalion, who left Phthiotis, where his father reigned, and went to make a settlement with some of his companions near mount Ossa. The country was called Doris, and the inhabitants Dorians. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 56, &c.――A city of Phœnicia, whose inhabitants are called Dorienses. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 24.

Doryasus, a Spartan, father to Agesilaus.

Dŏrȳclus, an illegitimate son of Priam, killed by Ajax in the Trojan war. Homer, Iliad, bk. 11.――A brother of Phineus king of Thrace, who married Beroe. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 5, li. 620.

Dŏrȳlæum and Dorylæus, a city of Phrygia, now Eski Shehr. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 29.—Cicero, Flaccus, ch. 17.

Dory̆las, one of the centaurs killed by Theseus. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12, li. 180.

Dory̆lāus, a warlike person intimate with Mithridates Evergetes, and general of the Gnossians, B.C. 125. Strabo, bk. 10.

Doryssus, a king of Lacedæmon, killed in a tumult. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 2.

Dosci, a people near the Euxine.

Dosiadas, a poet who wrote a piece of poetry in the form of an altar (βωμος), which Theocritus has imitated.

Dosiades, a Greek, who wrote a history of Crete. Diodorus, bk. 5.

Doson, a surname of Antigonus, because he promised and never performed.

Dossēnus, or Dorsennus. See: Dorsennus.

Dotădas, a king of Messenia, &c. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 3.

Doto, one of the Nereides. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 102.

Dotus, a general of the Paphlagonians, in the army of Xerxes. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 72.

Doxander, a man mentioned by Aristotle, Politics, bk. 5.

Dracānus, a mountain where Jupiter took Bacchus from his thigh. Theocritus.

Draco, a celebrated lawgiver of Athens. When he exercised the office of archon, he made a code of laws, B.C. 623, for the use of the citizens, which, on account of their severity, were said to be written in letters of blood. By them, idleness was punished with as much severity as murder, and death was denounced against the one as well as the other. Such a code of rigorous laws gave occasion to a certain Athenian to ask of the legislator why he was so severe in his punishments, and Draco gave for answer, that as the smallest transgression had appeared to him deserving death, he could not find any punishment more rigorous for more atrocious crimes. These laws were at first enforced, but they were often neglected on account of their extreme severity, and Solon totally abolished them, except that one which punished a murderer with death. The popularity of Draco was uncommon, but the gratitude of his admirers proved fatal to him. When once he appeared on the theatre, he was received with repeated applauses, and the people, according to the custom of the Athenians, showed their respect to their lawgiver, by throwing garments upon him. This was done in such profusion, that Draco was soon hid under them, and smothered by the too great veneration of his citizens. Plutarch, Solon.――A man who instructed Plato in music. Plutarch, de Musica.

Dracontides, a wicked citizen of Athens. ♦Plato [Comicus], The Sophists.

♦ ‘Plut.’ replaced with ‘Plato’

Dracus, a general of the Achæans, conquered by Mummius.

Drances, a friend of Latinus, remarkable for his weakness and eloquence. He showed himself an obstinate opponent to the violent measures which Turnus pursued against the Trojans. Some have imagined that the poet wished to delineate the character and the eloquence of Cicero under this name. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 11, li. 122.

Drangina, a province of Persia. Diodorus, bk. 17.

Drapes, a seditious Gaul, &c. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 8, ch. 30.

Drapus, a river of Noricum, which falls into the Danube near Mursa.

Drĕpăna and Drĕpănum, now Trapani, a town of ♦Sicily near mount Eryx, in the form of a scythe, whence its name (δρεπανον, falx). Anchises died there, in his voyage to Italy with his son Æneas. The Romans under Claudius Pulcher were defeated near the coast, B.C. 249, by the Carthaginian general Adherbal. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 707.—Cicero, Against Verres, bk. 2, ch. 57.—Ovid, Fasti, bk. 4, li. 474.――A promontory of Peloponnesus.

♦ ‘Scily’ replaced with ‘Sicily’

Drilo, a river of Macedonia, which falls into the Adriatic at Lissus.

Drimăchus, a famous robber of Chios. When a price was set upon his head, he ordered a young man to cut it off and go and receive the money. Such an uncommon instance of generosity so pleased the Chians, that they raised a temple to his memory, and honoured him as a god. Athenæus, bk. 13.

Drinus, a small river falling into the Save and Danube.

Driŏpĭdes, an Athenian ambassador sent to Darius when the peace with Alexander had been violated. Curtius, bk. 3, ch. 13.

Drios, a mountain of Arcadia.

Droi, a people of Thrace. Thucydides, bk. 2, ch. 101.

Dromæus, a surname of Apollo in Crete.

Dropĭci, a people of Persia. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 125.

Dropion, a king of Pæonia. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 13.

Druentius and Druentia, now Durance, a rapid river of Gaul, which falls into the Rhone between Arles and Avignon. Silius Italicus, bk. 3, li. 468.—Strabo, bk. 4.

Drugĕri, a people of Thrace. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 11.

Druĭdæ, the ministers of religion among the ancient Gauls and Britons. They were divided into different classes, called the Bardi, Eubages, the Vates, the Semnothei, the Sarronides, and the Samothei. They were held in the greatest veneration by the people. Their life was austere and recluse from the world, their dress was peculiar to themselves, and they generally appeared with a tunic which reached a little below the knee. As the chief power was lodged in their hands, they punished as they pleased, and could declare war and make peace at their option. Their power was extended not only over private families, but they could depose magistrates and even kings, if their actions in any manner deviated from the laws of the state. They had the privilege of naming the magistrates which annually presided over their cities, and the kings were created only with their approbation. They were entrusted with the education of youth, and all religious ceremonies, festivals, and sacrifices were under their peculiar care. They taught the doctrine of the metempsychosis, and believed the immortality of the soul. They were professionally acquainted with the art of magic, and from their knowledge of astrology they drew omens and saw futurity revealed before their eyes. In their sacrifices they often immolated human victims to their gods, a barbarous custom which continued long among them, and which the Roman emperors attempted to abolish, to little purpose. The power and privileges which they enjoyed were beheld with admiration by their countrymen, and as their office was open to every rank and every station, there were many who daily proposed themselves as candidates to enter upon this important function. The rigour, however, and severity of a long noviciate deterred many, and few were willing to attempt a labour, which enjoined them during 15 or 20 years to load their memory with the long and tedious maxims of druidical religion. Their name is derived from the Greek word δρυς, an oak, because the woods and solitary retreats were the places of their residence. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 6, ch. 13.—Pliny, bk. 16, ch. 44.—Diodorus, bk. 5.

Druna, the Drome, a river of Gaul, falling into the Rhone.

Drusilla Livia, a daughter of Germanicus and Agrippina, famous for her debaucheries and licentiousness. She committed incest with her brother Caligula, who was so tenderly attached to her, that, in a dangerous illness, he made her heiress of all his possessions, and commanded that she should succeed him in the Roman empire. She died A.D. 38, in the 23rd year of her age, and was deified by her brother Caligula, who survived her for some time.――A daughter of Agrippa king of Judæa, &c.

Drūso, an unskilful historian and mean usurer, who obliged his debtors, when they could not pay him, to hear him read his compositions, to draw from them praises and flattery. Horace, bk. 1, satire 3, li. 86.

Drūsus, a son of Tiberius and Vipsania, who made himself famous by his intrepidity and courage in the provinces of Illyricum and Pannonia. He was raised to the greatest honours of the state by his father, but a blow which he gave to Sejanus, an audacious libertine, proved his ruin. Sejanus corrupted Livia the wife of Drusus, and in conjunction with her, he caused him to be poisoned by a eunuch, A.D. 23.――A son of Germanicus and Agrippina, who enjoyed offices of the greatest trust under Tiberius. His enemy Sejanus, however, effected his ruin by his insinuations; Drusus was confined by Tiberius, and deprived of all aliment. He was found dead nine days after his confinement, A.D. 33.――A son of the emperor Claudius, who died by swallowing a pear thrown in the air.――An ambitious Roman, grandfather to Cato. He was killed for his seditious conduct. Paterculus, bk. 1, ch. 13.――Livius, father of Julia Augusta, was intimate with Brutus, and killed himself with him after the battle of Philippi. Paterculus, bk. 2, ch. 71.――Marcus Livius, a celebrated Roman, who renewed the proposals of the Agrarian laws, which had proved fatal to the Gracchi. He was murdered as he entered his house, though he was attended with a number of clients and Latins, to whom he had proposed the privilege of Roman citizens, B.C. 190. Cicero, Rhetorica ad Herennium, bk. 4, ♦ch. 22.――Nero Claudius, a son of Tiberius Nero and Livia, adopted by Augustus. He was brother to Tiberius, who was afterwards made emperor. He greatly signalized himself in his wars in Germany and Gaul against the Rhœti and Vindelici, and was honoured with a triumph. He died of a fall from his horse in the 30th year of his age, B.C. 9. He left three children, Germanicus, Livia, and Claudius, by his wife Antonia. Dionysius of Halicarnassus.――Marcus Livius Salinator, a consul who conquered Asdrubal with his colleague Claudius Nero. Horace, bk. 4, ode 4.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 824.――Caius, an historian, who being one day missed from his cradle, was found the next on the highest part of the house, with his face turned towards the sun.――Marcus, a pretor, &c. Cicero, Rhetorica ad Herennium, bk. 2, ch. 13.――The plebeian family of the Drusi produced eight consuls, two censors, and one dictator. The surname of Drusus was given to the family of the Livii, as some suppose, because one of them killed a Gaulish leader of that name. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 824, mentions the Drusi among the illustrious Romans, and that perhaps more particularly because the wife of Augustus was of that family.

♦ ‘12’ replaced with ‘22’

Dryădes, nymphs that presided over the woods. Oblations of milk, oil, and honey were offered to them, and sometimes the votaries sacrificed a goat. They were not generally considered immortal, but as genii, whose lives were terminated with the tree over which they were supposed to preside. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 1, li. 11.

Dryantiădes, a patronymic of Lycurgus king of Thrace, son of Dryas. He cut his legs as he attempted to destroy the vines that no libations might be made to Bacchus. Ovid, Ibis, li. 345.

Dryas, a son of Hippolochus, who was father to Lycurgus. He went with Eteocles to the Theban war, where he perished. Statius, Thebiad, bk. 8, li. 355.――A son of Mars, who went to the chase of the Calydonian boar. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 8.――A centaur at the nuptials of Pirithous, who killed Rhœtus. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12, li. 296.――A daughter of Faunus, who so hated the sight of men, that she never appeared in public.――A son of Lycurgus, killed by his own father in a fury. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 5.――A son of Ægyptus, murdered by his wife Eurydice. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 1.

Drymæa, a town of Phocis. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 33.

Drymo, a sea-nymph, one of the attendants of Cyrene. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 4, li. 536.

Drymus, a town between Attica and Bœotia.

Dryŏpe, a woman of Lemnos, whose shape Venus assumed, to persuade all the females of the island to murder the men. Flaccus, bk. 2, li. 174.――A virgin of Œchalia, whom Andræmon married after she had been ravished by Apollo. She became mother of Amphisus, who, when scarce a year old, was with his mother changed into a lotus. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 10, li. 331.――A nymph, mother of Tarquitus by Faunus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 551.――A nymph of Arcadia, mother of Pan by Mercury, according to Homer, Hymn 19 to Pan.

Dryŏpeia, an anniversary day observed at Asine in Argolis, in honour of Dryops the son of Apollo.

♦Dryŏpes, a people of Greece, near mount Œta. They afterwards passed into the Peloponnesus, where they inhabited the towns of Asine and Hermione, in Argolis. When they were driven from Asine by the people of Argos, they settled among the Messenians, and called a town by the name of their ancient habitation Asine. Some of their descendants went to make a settlement in Asia Minor, together with the Ionians. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 146; bk. 8, ch. 32.—Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 34.—Strabo, bks. 7, 8, 13.—Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 1.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 4, li. 146.—Lucan, bk. 3, li. 179.

♦ ‘Drpŏpes’ replaced with ‘Dryŏpes’

Dryŏpis and Dryŏpĭda, a small country at the foot of mount Œta in Thessaly. Its true situation is not well ascertained. According to Pliny, it bordered on Epirus. It was for some time in the possession of the Hellenes, after they were driven from Histiæotis by the Cadmeans. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 56.

Dryops, a son of Priam.――A son of Apollo. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 34.――A friend of Æneas, killed by Clausus in Italy. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 346.

Drypĕtis, the younger daughter of Darius, given in marriage to Hephæstion by Alexander. Diodorus, bk. 18.

Dubis, or Alduadubis, the Daux, a river of Gaul, falling into the Saone.

Dubris, a town of Britain, supposed to be Dover.

Ducetius, a Sicilian general, who died B.C. 440.

Duillia lex, was enacted by Marcus Duillius, a tribune, A.U.C. 304. It made it a capital crime to leave the Roman people without its tribunes, or to create any new magistrate without a sufficient cause. Livy, bk. 3, ch. 55.――Another, A.U.C. 392, to regulate what interest ought to be paid for money lent.

C. Duillius Nepos, a Roman consul, the first who obtained a victory over the naval power of Carthage, B.C. 260. He took 50 of the enemy’s ships, and was honoured with a naval triumph, the first that ever appeared at Rome. The senate rewarded his valour by permitting him to have music playing and torches lighted, at the public expense, every day while he was at supper. There were some medals struck in commemoration of this victory, and there still exists a column at Rome which was erected on the occasion. Cicero, de Senectute.—Tacitus, Annals, bk. 1, ch. 12.

Dulĭchium, an island of the Ionian sea, opposite the Achelous. It was part of the kingdom of Ulysses. Ovid, Tristia, bk. 1, poem 4, li. 67; Metamorphoses, bk. 14, li. 226; Remedia Amoris, li. 272.—Martial, bk. 11, ltr. 70, li. 8.—Virgil, Eclogues, poem 6, li. 76.

Dumnōrix, a powerful chief among the Ædui. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 1, ch. 9.

Dunax, a mountain of Thrace.

Duratius Picto, a Gaul, who remained in perpetual friendship with the Roman people. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 8, ch. 26.

Duris, an historian of Samos, who flourished B.C. 257. He wrote the life of Agathocles of Syracuse, a treatise on tragedy, a history of Macedonia, &c. Strabo, bk. 1.

Durius, a large river of ancient Spain, now called the Douro, which falls into the ocean, near modern Oporto in Portugal, after a course of nearly 300 miles. Silius Italicus, bk. 1, li. 234.

Durocasses, the chief residence of the Druids in Gaul, now Dreux. Cæsar. Gallic War, bk. 6, ch. 13.

Duronia, a town of the Samnites.

Dusii, some deities among the Gauls. Augustine, The City of God, bk. 15, ch. 23.

Duumvĭri, two noble patricians at Rome, first appointed by Tarquin to keep the Sibylline books, which were supposed to contain the fate of the Roman empire. These sacred books were placed in the Capitol, and secured in a chest under the ground. They were consulted but seldom, and only by an order of the senate, when the armies had been defeated in war, or when Rome seemed to be threatened by an invasion, or by secret seditions. These priests continued in their original institution, till the year A.U.C. 388, when a law was proposed by the tribunes to increase the number to 10, to be chosen promiscuously from patrician and plebeian families. They were from their number called Decemviri, and some time after Sylla increased them to 15, known by the name of Quindecemviri.――There were also certain magistrates at Rome, called Duumviri perduelliones sive capitales. They were first created by Tullus Hostilius, for trying such as were accused of treason. This office was abolished as unnecessary, but Cicero complains of their revival by Labienus the tribune. For Rabirius on a Charge of Treason.――Some of the commanders of the Roman vessels were also called Duumviri, especially when there were two together. They were first created A.U.C. 542.――There were also in the municipal towns in the provinces two magistrates called Duumviri municipales. They were chosen from the centurions, and their office was much the same as that of the two consuls at Rome. They were sometimes preceded by two lictors with the fasces. Their magistracy continued for five years, on which account they have been called Quinquennales magistratus.

Dyagondas, a Theban legislator, who abolished all nocturnal sacrifices. Cicero, de Legibus, bk. 2, ch. 15.

Dyardenses, a river in the extremities of India. Curtius, bk. 8, ch. 9.

Dy̆mæ, a town of Achaia. Livy, bk. 27, ch. 31; bk. 32, ch. 22.—Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 17.

Dy̆mæi, a people of Ætolia. Diodorus, bk. 19.

Dy̆mas, a Trojan, who joined himself to Æneas when Troy was taken, and was at last killed by his countrymen, who took him to be an enemy because he had dressed himself in the armour of one of the Greeks whom he had slain. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 2, lis. 340 & 428.――The father of Hecuba. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 11, li. 761.

Dymnus, one of Alexander’s officers. He conspired with many of his fellow-soldiers against his master’s life. The conspiracy was discovered, and Dymnus stabbed himself before he was brought before the king. Curtius, bk. 6, ch. 7.

Dȳnămĕne, one of the Nereides. Homer, Iliad, bk. 18, li. 43.

Dynaste, a daughter of Thespius. Apollodorus.

Dyras, a river of Trachinia. It rises at the foot of mount Œta, and falls into the bay of Malia. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 198.

Dyraspes, a river of Scythia. Ovid, ex Ponto, bk. 4, poem 10, li. 54.

Dyris, the name of mount Atlas among the inhabitants of that neighbourhood.

Dyrrhăchium, now Durazzo, a large city of Macedonia, bordering on the Adriatic sea, founded by a colony from Corcyra, B.C. 623. It was anciently called Epidammus, which the Romans, considering it of ominous meaning, changed ♦into Dyrrhachium. Cicero met with a ♥favourable reception there during his exile. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 3.—Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 10.—Plutarch.—Cicero, bk. 3, Letters to Atticus, ltr. 22.

♦ ‘intlo’ replaced with ‘into’

♥ ‘favourabe’ replaced with ‘favourable’

Dysaules, a brother of Celeus, who instituted the mysteries of Ceres at Celeæ. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 14.

Dyscinētus, an Athenian archon. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 27.

Dysōrum, a mountain of Thrace. Herodotus, bk. 5, ch. 22.

Dyspontii, a people of Elis. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 22.

________________________________________

E

Eanes, a man supposed to have killed Patroclus, and to have fled to Peleus in Thessaly. Strabo, bk. 9.

Eānus, the name of Janus among the ancient Latins.

Eărĭnus, a beautiful boy, eunuch to Domitian. Statius, bk. 3, Sylvæ, poem 4.

Easium, a town of Achaia in Peloponnesus. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 6.

Ebdŏme, a festival in honour of Apollo at Athens on the seventh day of every lunar month. It was usual to sing hymns in honour of the god, and to carry about boughs of laurel.――There was also another of the same name celebrated by private families the seventh day after the birth of every child.

Ebon, a name given to Bacchus by the people of Neapolis. Macrobius, bk. 1, ch. 18.

Ebora, a town of Portugal, now Evora.

Eborăcum, York in England.

Ebūdæ, the western isles of Britain, now Hebrides.

Eburōnes, a people of Belgium, now the country of Liege. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 2, ch. 4; bk. 6, ch. 5.――The Eburovices Aulerci were the people of Evreux in Normandy. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 3, ch. 17.

Ebŭsus, one of the Baleares, 100 miles in circumference, which produces no hurtful animals. It is near the coast of Spain in the Mediterranean, and now bears the name of Yvica, and is famous for pasturage and figs. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 5.――A man engaged in the Rutulian war. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 12, li. 299.

Ecbatăna (ōrum), now Hamedan, the capital of Media, and the palace of Deioces king of Media. It was surrounded with seven walls, which rose in gradual ascent, and were painted in seven different colours. The most distant was the lowest, and the innermost, which was the most celebrated, contained the royal palace. Parmenio was put to death there by Alexander’s orders; and Hephæstion died there also, and received a most magnificent burial.—Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 98.—Strabo, bk. 21.—Curtius, bk. 3, ch. 5; bk. 5, ch. 8; bk. 7, ch. 10.—Diodorus, bk. 17.――A town of Syria, where Cambyses gave himself a mortal wound when mounting on horseback. Herodotus, bk. 3.—Ptolemy, bk. 6, ch. 2.—Curtius, bk. 5, ch. 8.

Ecechiria, the wife of Iphitus. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 10.

Ecetra, a town of the Volsci. Livy, bk. 2, ch. 25; bk. 3, ch. 4.

Echecrătes, a Thessalian who offered violence to Phœbas the priestess of Apollo’s temple at Delphi. From this circumstance a decree was made by which no woman was admitted to the office of priestess before the age of 50. Diodorus, bk. 4.

Echedamia, a town of Phocis. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 3.

Echelătus, a man who led a colony to Africa. Strabo, bk. 8.

Echelta, a fortified town in Sicily.

Echĕlus, a Trojan chief killed by Patroclus.――Another, son of Agenor, killed by Achilles. Homer, Iliad, bks. 16 & 20.

Echembrŏtus, an Arcadian, who obtained the prize at the Pythian games. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 7.

Echĕmon, a son of Priam, killed by Diomedes. Homer, Iliad, bk. 5, li. 160.

Echĕmus, an Arcadian, who conquered the Dorians when they endeavoured to recover Peloponnesus under Hyllus. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 5.――A king of Arcadia, who joined Aristomenes against the Spartans.

Echenēus, a Phæacian. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 7.

Echĕphron, one of Nestor’s sons. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9.――A son of Priam. Apollodorus.――A son of Hercules. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 24.

Echepŏlis, a Trojan, son of Thasius, killed by Antilochus. Homer, Iliad, bk. 4, li. 458.

Echestrătus, a son of Agis I. king of Sparta, who succeeded his father, B.C. 1058. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 204.

Echevethenses, a people of Tegea in Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 45.

Echidna, a celebrated monster sprung from the union of Chrysaor with Callirhoe the daughter of Oceanus. She is represented as a beautiful woman in the upper part of the body, but as a serpent below the waist. She was mother, by Typhon, of Orthos, Geryon, Cerberus, the Hydra, &c. According to Herodotus, Hercules had three children by her, Agathyrsus, Gelonus, and Scytha. Herodotus, bk. 3, ch. 108.—Hesiod, Theogony.—Apollodorus, bk. 2.—Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 18.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 9, li. 158.

Echidorus, a river of Thrace. Ptolemy, bk. 3.

Echīnădes, or Echinæ, five small islands near Acarnania, at the mouth of the river Achelous. They have been formed by the inundations of that river, and by the sand and mud which its waters carry down, and now bear the name of Curzolari. Pliny, bk. 2, ch. 85.—Herodotus, bk. 2, ch. 10.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 8, li. 588.—Strabo, bk. 2.

Echīnon, a city of Thrace. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 3.

Echīnus, an island in the Ægean.――A town of Acarnania,――of Phthiotis. Livy, bk. 32, ch. 33.

Echinussa, an island near Eubœa, called afterwards Cimolus. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12.

Echīon, one of those men who sprung from the dragon’s teeth sown by Cadmus. He was one of the five who survived the fate of his brothers, and assisted Cadmus in building the city of Thebes. Cadmus rewarded his services by giving him his daughter Agave in marriage. He was father of Pentheus by Agave. He succeeded his father-in-law on the throne of Thebes, as some have imagined, and from that circumstance Thebes has been called Echioniæ, and the inhabitants Echionidæ. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 3, li. 311; Tristia, bk. 5, poem 5, li. 53.――A son of Mercury and Antianira, who was the herald of the Argonauts. Flaccus, bk. 1, li. 400.――A man who often obtained a prize in running. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 8, li. 292.――A musician at Rome, in Domitian’s age. Juvenal, satire 6, li. 76.――A statuary.――A painter.

Echionides, a patronymic given to Pentheus, as ♦descended from Echion. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 3.

♦ ‘deseended’ replaced with ‘descended’

Echionius, an epithet applied to a person born in Thebes, founded with the assistance of Echion. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 12, li. 515.

Echo, a daughter of the Air and Tellus, who chiefly resided in the vicinity of the Cephisus. She was once one of Juno’s attendants, and became the confidant of Jupiter’s amours. Her loquacity, however, displeased Jupiter; and she was deprived of the power of speech by Juno, and only permitted to answer to the questions which were put to her. Pan had formerly been one of her admirers, but he never enjoyed her favours. Echo, after she had been punished by Juno, fell in love with Narcissus, and on being despised by him, she pined away, and was changed into a stone, which still retained the power of voice. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 3, li. 358.

Ecnŏmos, a mountain of Sicily, now Licata.

Edessa and Edesa, a town of Syria.

Edessæ portus, a harbour of Sicily near Pachynus. Cicero, Against Verres, bk. 5, ch. 34.

Edeta, or Leria, a town of Spain along the river Sucro. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 3.—Livy, bk. 28, ch. 24.—Silius Italicus, bk. 3, li. 371.

Edissa and Ædessa, a town of Macedonia taken by Caranus, and called Ægæ, or Ægeas. See: Ædessa.

Edon, a mountain of Thrace, called also Edonus. From this mountain that part of Thrace is often called Edonia which lies between the Strymon and the Nessus, and the epithet is generally applied not only to Thrace but to a cold northern climate. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 12, li. 325.—Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 18.—Lucan, bk. 1, li. 674.

Edoni, or Edones, a people of Thrace, near the Strymon. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 5.

Edonĭdes, a name given to the priestesses of Bacchus, because they celebrated the festivals of the god on mount Edon. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 11, li. 69.

Edylius, a mountain which Sylla seized to attack the people of Cheronæa. Plutarch, Sulla.

Eetion, the father of Andromache, and of seven sons, was king of Thebes in Cilicia. He was killed by Achilles. From him the word Eetioneus is applied to his relations or descendants. Homer, Iliad, bk. 12.――The commander of the Athenian fleet conquered by the Macedonians under Clytus, near the Echinades. Diodorus, bk. 18.

Egĕlĭdus, a river of Etruria. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 8, li. 610.

Egĕria, a nymph of Aricra in Italy, where Diana was particularly worshipped. Egeria was courted by Numa, and according to Ovid she became his wife. This prince frequently visited her, and that he might more successfully introduce his laws and new regulations into the state, he solemnly declared before the Roman people that they were previously sanctified and approved by the nymph Egeria. Ovid says that Egeria was so disconsolate at the death of Numa, that she melted into tears, and was changed into a fountain by Diana. She is reckoned by many as a goddess who presided over the pregnancy of women, and some maintain that she is the same as Lucina, or Diana. Livy, bk. 1, ch. 19.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 15, li. 547.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 775.—Martial, bk. 2, ltr. 6, li. 16.

Egesarētus, a Thessalian of Larissa, who favoured the interest of Pompey during the civil wars. Cæsar, bk. 3, Civil War, ch. 35.

Egesīnus, a philosopher, pupil to Evander. Cicero, Academica, bk. 4, ch. 6.

Egesta, a daughter of Hippotes the Trojan. Her father exposed her on the sea, for fear of being devoured by a marine monster which laid waste the country. She was carried safe to Sicily, where she was ravished by the river Crinisus.――A town of Sicily. See: Ægesta.

Egnātia Maximilla, a woman who accompanied her husband into banishment under Nero, &c. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 15, ch. 71.――A town. See: Gnatia.

Proculus Egnātius, a crafty and perfidious Roman in the reign of Nero, who committed the greatest crimes for the sake of money. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 4, ch. 10.

Eion, a commercial place at the mouth of the Strymon. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 8.

Eiones, a village of Peloponnesus on the sea coast.

Eioneus, a Greek killed by Hector in the Trojan war. Homer, Iliad, bk. 8.――A Thracian, father to Rhesus. Iliad, bk. 10.

Elabontas, a river near Antioch. Strabo.

Elæa, a town of Æolia. Livy, bk. 36, ch. 43. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 5.――An island in the Propontis.

Elæus, a part of Epirus.――A surname of Jupiter.――A town of the Thracian Chersonesus. Livy, bk. 31, ch. 16; bk. 37, ch. 9.

Elagabālus, the surname of the sun at Emessa.

Elāites, a grove near Canopus in Egypt.

Elaius, a mountain of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 41.

Elaphiæa, a surname of Diana in Elis. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 22.

Elăphus, a river of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 36.

Elaphebŏlia, a festival in honour of Diana the huntress. In the celebration a cake was made in the form of a deer, ἐλαφος, and offered to the goddess. It owed its institution to the following circumstance. When the Phocians had been severely beaten by the Thessalians, they resolved, by the persuasion of a certain Deiphantus, to raise a pile of combustible materials, and burn their wives, children, and effects, rather than submit to the enemy. This resolution was unanimously approved by the women, who decreed Deiphantus a crown for his magnanimity. When everything was prepared, before they fired the pile, they engaged their enemies, and fought with such desperate fury, that they totally routed them, and obtained a complete victory. In commemoration of this unexpected success, this festival was instituted to Diana, and observed with the greatest solemnity, so that even one of the months of the year, March, was called Elaphebolion from this circumstance.

Elaptonius, a youth who conspired against Alexander. Curtius, bk. 8, ch. 6.

Elāra, the mother of Tiphyus by Jupiter. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 4.――A daughter of Orchomenus king of Arcadia. Strabo, bk. 9.

Elatēa, the largest town of Phocis, near the Cephisus. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 34.

Elatia, a town of Phocis. Livy, bk. 28, ch. 7.――Of Thessaly. Livy, bk. 42, ch. 54.

Elātus, one of the first Ephori of Sparta, B.C. 760. Plutarch, Lycurgus.――The father of Ceneus. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12, li. 497.――A mountain of Asia,――of Zacynthus.――The father of Polyphemus the Argonaut by Hipseia. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 9.――The son of Arcas king of Arcadia by Erato, who retired to Phocis. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 9.—Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 4.――A king in the army of Priam, killed by Agamemnon. Homer, Iliad, bk. 6.――One of Penelope’s suitors, killed by Eumeus. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 22, li. 267.

Elaver, a river in Gaul falling into the Loire, now the Allier.

Elea, a town of Campania, whence the followers of Zeno were called the Eleatic sect. Cicero, Academica, bk. 4, ch. 42; Tusculanæ Disputationes, bk. 2, chs. 21 & 22; de Natura Deorum, bk. 3, ch. 33.――Of Æolia.

Electra, one of the Oceanides, wife of Atlas, and mother of Dardanus by Jupiter. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 4, li. 31.――A daughter of Atlas and Pleione. She was changed into a constellation, Apollodorus, bk. 3, chs. 10 & 12.――One of the Danaides. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 1.――A daughter of Agamemnon king of Argos. She first incited her brother Orestes to revenge his father’s death by assassinating his mother Clytemnestra. Orestes gave her in marriage to his friend Pylades, and she became mother of two sons, Strophius and Merdon. Her adventures and misfortunes form one of the interesting tragedies of the poet Sophocles. Hyginus, fable 122.—Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 16.—Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 4, ch. 26, &c.――A sister of Cadmus. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 8.――A city and river of Messenia in Peloponnesus. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 33.――One of Helen’s female attendants. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 25.

Electræ, a gate of Thebes. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 8.

Electrĭdes, islands in the Adriatic sea, which received their name from the quantity of amber (electrum) which they produced. They were at the mouth of the Po, according to Apollonius of Rhodes, but some historians doubt their existence. Pliny, bk. 2, ch. 26; bk. 37, ch. 2.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.

Electryon, a king of Argos, son of Perseus and Andromeda. He was brother to Alcæus, whose daughter Anaxo he married, and by her he had several sons, and one daughter, Alcmene. He sent his sons against the Teleboans, who had ravaged his country, and they were all killed except Licymnius. Upon this Electryon promised his crown and daughter in marriage to him who could undertake to punish the Teleboans for the death of his sons. Amphitryon offered himself and succeeded. Electryon inadvertently perished by the hand of his son-in-law. See: Amphitryon, Alcmena. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 4.—Pausanias.

Elēi, a people of Elis in Peloponnesus. They were formerly called Epei. In their country was the temple of Jupiter, where also were celebrated the Olympic games, of which they had the superintendence. Their horses were in great repute, hence Elei equi and Elea palma. Propertius, bk. 3, poem 9, li. 18.—Pausanias, bk. 5.—Lucan, bk. 4, li. 293.

Elēlēus, a surname of Bacchus, from the word ἐλελευ, which the Bacchanals loudly repeated during his festivals. His priestesses were in consequence called Eleleis, ides. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 4, li. 15.

Eleon, a village of Bœotia.――Another in Phocis.

Eleontum, a town of the Thracian Chersonesus.

Elephantis, a poetess who wrote lascivious verses. Martial, bk. 12, ltr. 43.――A princess by whom Danaus had two daughters. Apollodorus, bk. 2.――An island in the river Nile, in Upper Egypt, with a town of the same name, which is often called Elephantina by some authors. Strabo, bk. 17.—Herodotus, bk. 2, ch. 9, &c.

Elephantophăgi, a people of Æthiopia.

Elphēnor, son of Chalcedon, was one of Helen’s suitors. Homer, Iliad, bk. 2, li. 47.

Elepōrus, a river of Magna Græcia.

Eleuchia, a daughter of Thespius. Apollodorus.

Eleus, a city of Thrace.――A river of Media.――A king of Elis. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 3.

Eleusīnia, a great festival observed every fourth year by the Celeans, Phliasians, as also by the Pheneatæ, Lacedæmonians, Parrhasians, and Cretans; but more particularly by the people of Athens, every fifth year at Eleusis in Attica, where it was introduced by Eumolpus, B.C. 1356. It was the most celebrated of all the religious ceremonies of Greece, whence it is often called, by way of eminence, μυστηρια, the mysteries. It was so superstitiously observed, that if any one ever revealed it, it was supposed that he had called divine vengeance upon his head, and it was unsafe to live in the same house with him. Such a wretch was publicly put to an ignominious death. This festival was sacred to Ceres and Proserpine; everything contained a mystery, and Ceres herself was known only by the name of ἀχθεια, from the sorrow and grief (ἀχθος) which she suffered for the loss of her daughter. This mysterious secrecy was solemnly observed, and enjoined to all the votaries of the goddess; and if any one ever appeared at the celebration, either intentionally, or through ignorance, without proper introduction, he was immediately punished with death. Persons of both sexes and all ages were initiated at this solemnity, and it was looked upon as so heinous a crime to neglect this sacred part of religion, that it was one of the heaviest accusations, which contributed to the condemnation of Socrates. The initiated were under the more particular care of the deities, and therefore their life was supposed to be attended with more happiness and real security than that of other men. This benefit was not only granted during life, but it was extended beyond the grave, and they were honoured with the first places in the Elysian fields, while others were left to wallow in perpetual filth and ignominy. As the benefits of expiation were so extensive, particular care was taken in examining the character of such as were presented for initiation. Such as were guilty of murder, though against their will, and such as were convicted of witchcraft, or any heinous crime, were not admitted, and the Athenians suffered none to be initiated but such as were members of their city. This regulation, which compelled Hercules, Castor, and Pollux to become citizens of Athens, was strictly observed in the first ages of the institution, but afterwards all persons, barbarians excepted, were freely initiated. The festivals were divided into greater and less mysteries. The less were instituted from the following circumstance. Hercules passed near Eleusis while the Athenians were celebrating the mysteries, and desired to be initiated. As this could not be done because he was a stranger, and as Eumolpus was unwilling to displease him on account of his great power and the services which he had done to the Athenians, another festival was instituted without violating the laws. It was called μικρα, and Hercules was solemnly admitted to the celebration and initiated. These less mysteries were observed at Agræ, near the Ilissus. The greater were celebrated at Eleusis, from which place Ceres has been called Eleusinia. In latter times the smaller festivals were preparatory to the greater, and no person could be initiated at Eleusis without a previous purification at Agræ. This purification they performed by keeping themselves pure, chaste, and unpolluted during nine days, after which they came and offered sacrifices and prayers, wearing garlands of flowers, called ἱσμερα, or ἱμερα, and having under their feet Διος κωδιον, Jupiter’s skin, which was the skin of a victim offered to that god. The person who assisted was called ὑδρανος, from ὑδωρ, water, which was used at the purification, and they themselves were called μυϛαι, the initiated. A year after the initiation at the less mysteries they sacrificed a sow to Ceres, and were admitted in the greater, and the secrets of the festivals were solemnly revealed to them, from which they were called ἐφοροι and ἐποπται, inspectors. The institution was performed in the following manner. The candidates, crowned with myrtle, were admitted by night into a place called μυϛικος σηκος, the mystical temple, a vast and stupendous building. As they entered the temple they purified themselves by washing their hands in holy water, and received for admonition that they were to come with a mind pure and undefiled, without which the cleanness of the body would be unacceptable. After this the holy mysteries were read to them from a large book called πετρωμα, because made of two stones, πετραι, fitly cemented together. After this the priest, called Ἱεροφαντης, proposed to them certain questions to which they readily answered. After this, strange and amazing objects presented themselves to their sight; the place often seemed to quake, and to appear suddenly resplendent with fire, and immediately covered with gloomy darkness and ♦horror. Sometimes thunders were heard, or flashes of lightning appeared on every side. At other times hideous noises and howlings were heard, and the trembling spectators were alarmed by sudden and dreadful apparitions. This was called αὐτοψια, intuition. After this the initiated were dismissed with the barbarous words of κογξ, ομπαξ. The garments in which they were initiated were held sacred, and of no less efficacy to avert evils than charms and incantations. From this circumstance, therefore, they were never left off before they were totally unfit for wear, after which they were appropriated for children, or dedicated to the goddess. The chief person that attended at the initiation was called Ἱεροφαντης, the revealer of sacred things. He was a citizen of Athens, and held his office during life, though among the Celeans and Phliasians it was limited to the period of four years. He was obliged to devote himself totally to the service of the deities; his life was chaste and single, and he usually anointed his body with the juice of hemlock, which is said, by its extreme coldness, to extinguish in a great degree the natural heat. The Hierophantes had three attendants; the first was called δαδουχος, torch-bearer, and was permitted to marry; the second was called κηρυξ, a cryer; the third administered at the altar, and was called ὁ ἐπι βωμῳ. The Hierophantes is said to have been a type of the powerful creator of all things, Δαδουχος of the sun, Κηρυξ of Mercury, and ὁ ἐπι βωμῳ of the moon. There were besides these other inferior officers, who took particular care that everything was performed according to custom. The first of these, called βασιλευς, was one of the Archons; he offered prayers and sacrifices, and took care that there was no indecency or irregularity during the celebration. Besides him there were four others, called ἐπιμεληται, curators, elected by the people. One of them was chosen from the sacred family of the Eumolpidæ, the other was one of the Ceryces, and the rest were from among the citizens. There were also 10 persons who assisted at this and every other festival, called Ἱεροποιοι, because they offered sacrifices. This festival was observed in the month Boedromion or September, and continued nine days, from the 15th till the 23rd. During that time it was unlawful to arrest any man or present any petition, on pain of forfeiting 1000 drachmas, or, according to others, on pain of death. It was also unlawful for those who were initiated to sit upon the cover of a well, to eat beans, mullets, or weasels. If any woman rode to Eleusis in a chariot, she was obliged by an edict of Lycurgus to pay 6000 drachmas. The design of this law was to destroy all distinction between the richer and poorer sort of citizens. The first day of the celebration was called ἀγορμος, assembly, as it might be said that the worshippers first met together. The second day was called ἀλαδε μυσται, to the sea, you that are initiated, because they were commanded to purify themselves by bathing in the sea. On the third day sacrifices, and chiefly a mullet, were offered; as also barley from a field of Eleusis. These oblations were called Θυα, and held so sacred that the priests themselves were not, as in other sacrifices, permitted to partake of them. On the fourth day they made a solemn procession, in which the καλαθιον, holy basket of Ceres, was carried about in a consecrated cart, while on every side the people shouted χαιρε Δημητερ, Hail, Ceres! After these followed women, called κιστοφοροι, who carried baskets, in which were sesamum, carded wool, grains of salt, a serpent, pomegranates, reeds, ivy boughs, certain cakes, &c. The fifth was called ἡ των λαμπαδων ἡμερα, the torch day, because on the following night the people ran about with torches in their hands. It was usual to dedicate torches to Ceres, and contend which should offer the biggest in commemoration of the travels of the goddess, and of her lighting a torch in the flames of mount Ætna. The sixth day was called Ἰακχος, from Iacchus the son of Jupiter and Ceres, who accompanied his mother in her search of Proserpine, with a torch in his hand. From that circumstance his statue had a torch in its hand, and was carried in solemn procession from the Ceramicus to Eleusis. The statue with those that accompanied it, called Ἰακχαγωγοι, were crowned with myrtle. In the way nothing was heard but singing and the noise of brazen kettles, as the votaries danced along. The way through which they issued from the city was called Ἱερα ὁδος, the sacred way; the resting place Ἱερα συκη, from a fig tree which grew in the neighbourhood. They also stopped on a bridge over the Cephisus, where they derided those that passed by. After they had passed this bridge, they entered Eleusis by a place called μυστικη εἰσοδος, the mystical entrance. On the seventh day were sports, in which the victors were rewarded with a measure of barley, as that grain had been first sown in Eleusis. The eighth day was called Ἐπιδαυριων ἡμερα, because once Æsculapius, at his return from Epidaurus to Athens, was initiated by the repetition of the less mysteries. It became customary, therefore, to celebrate them a second time upon this, that such as had not hitherto been initiated might be lawfully admitted. The ninth and last day of the festival was called Πλημοχοαι, earthen vessels, because it was usual to fill two such vessels with wine, one of which being placed towards the east, and the other towards the west, which after the repetition of some mystical words, were both thrown down, and the wine being spilt on the ground, was offered as a libation. Such was the manner of celebrating the Eleusinian mysteries, which have been deemed the most sacred and solemn of all the festivals observed by the Greeks. Some have supposed them to be obscene and abominable, and that from thence proceeded all the mysterious secrecy. They were carried from Eleusis to Rome in the age of Adrian, where they were observed with the same ceremonies as before, though perhaps with more freedom and licentiousness. They lasted about 1800 years, and were at last abolished by Theodosius the Great. Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 12, ch. 24.—Cicero, de Legibus, bk. 2, ch. 14.—Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 31, &c.—Plutarch.

♦ ‘horrror’ replaced with ‘horror’

Eleusis, or Eleusin, a town of Attica, equally distant from Megara and the Piræus, celebrated for the festivals of Ceres. See: Eleusinia. It was founded by Triptolemus. Ovid, bk. 4, Fasti, ♦li. 507.—Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 24.

♦ extraneous reference ‘5,’ removed

Eleuther, a son of Apollo.――One of the Curetes, from whom a town of Bœotia, and another in Crete, received their name. Pausanias, bk. 9, chs. 2 & 9.

Eleuthĕræ, a village of Bœotia, between Megara and Thebes, where Mardonius was defeated with 300,000 men. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 7; bk. 34, ch. 8.

Eleuthĕria, a festival celebrated at Platæa in honour of Jupiter Eleutherius, or the asserter of liberty, by delegates from almost all the cities of Greece. Its institution originated in this: After the victory obtained by the Grecians under Pausanias over Mardonius the Persian general, in the country of Platæa, an altar and statue were erected to Jupiter Eleutherius, who had freed the Greeks from the tyranny of the barbarians. It was further agreed upon in a general assembly, by the advice of Aristides the Athenian, that deputies should be sent every fifth year from the different cities of Greece to celebrate Eleutheria, festivals of liberty. The Platæans celebrated also an anniversary festival in memory of those who had lost their lives in that famous battle. The celebration was thus: At break of day a procession was made with a trumpeter at the head, sounding a signal for battle. After him followed chariots loaded with myrrh, garlands, and a black bull, and certain free young men, as no signs of servility were to appear during the solemnity, because they in whose honour the festival was instituted had died in the defence of their country. They carried libations of wine and milk in large-eared vessels, with jars of oil and precious ointments. Last of all appeared the chief magistrate, who, though not permitted at other times to touch iron, or wear garments of any colour but white, yet appeared clad in purple; and taking a water-pot out of the city chamber, proceeded through the middle of the town with a sword in his hand, towards the sepulchres. There he drew water from the neighbouring spring, and washed and anointed the monuments; after which he sacrificed a bull upon a pile of wood, invoking Jupiter and infernal Mercury, and inviting to the entertainment the souls of those happy heroes who had perished in the defence of their country. After this he filled a bowl with wine, saying, “I drink to those who lost their lives in the defence of the liberties of Greece.” There was also a festival of the same name observed by the Samians in honour of the god of love. Slaves also, when they obtained their liberty, kept a holiday, which they called Eleutheria.

Eleutho, a surname of Juno Lucina, from her presiding over the delivery of pregnant women. Pindar, Olympian, bk. 6.

Eleutherocilĭces, a people of Cilicia, never subject to kings. Cicero, bk. 15, Letters to his Friends, ltr. 4; bk. 5, Letters to Atticus, ltr. 20.

Eleuthĕros, a river of Syria, falling into the Mediterranean. Pliny, bk. 9, ch. 10.

Elĭcius, a surname of Jupiter, worshipped on mount Aventine. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 3, li. 328.

Eliensis and Eliăca, a sect of philosophers founded by Phædon of Elis, who was originally a slave, but restored to liberty by Alcibiades. Diogenes Laërtius.—Strabo.

Elimēa, or Elimiotis, a district of Macedonia, or of Illyricum according to others. Livy, bk. 42, ch. 53; bk. 45, ch. 30.

Elis, a country of Peloponnesus at the west of Arcadia, and north of Messenia, extending along the coast, and watered by the river Alpheus. The capital of the country called Elis, now Belvidere, became large and populous in the age of Demosthenes, though in the age of Homer it did not exist. It was originally governed by kings, and received its name from Eleus, one of its monarchs. Elis was famous for the horses it produced, whose celerity was so often known and tried at the Olympic games. Strabo, bk. 8.—Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 5.—Pausanias, bk. 5.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 5, li. 494.—Cicero, Letters to his Friends, bk. 13, ltr. 26; de Divinatione, bk. 2, ch. 12.—Livy, bk. 27, ch. 32.—Virgil, Georgics, bk. 1, li. 59; bk. 3, li. 202.

Eliphasii, a people of Peloponnesus. Polybius, bk. 11.

Elissa, a queen of Tyre, more commonly known by the name of Dido. See: Dido.

Elissus, a river of Elis.

Ellopia, a town of Eubœa.――An ancient name of that island.

Elōrus, a river of Sicily on the eastern coast, called after a king of the same name. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 145.

Elos, a city of Achaia, called after a servant-maid of Athamas of the same name.

Elotæ. See: Helotæ.

Elpēnor, one of the companions of Ulysses, changed into a hog by Circe’s potions, and afterwards restored to his former shape. He fell from the top of a house where he was sleeping, and was killed. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 14, li. 252.—Homer, Odyssey, bk. 10, li. 552; bk. 11, li. 51.

Elpinīce, a daughter of Miltiades, who married a man that promised to release from confinement her brother and husband, whom the laws of Athens had made responsible for the fine imposed on his father. Cornelius Nepos, Cimon.

Eluīna, a surname of Ceres.

Elyces, a man killed by Perseus. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 5, fable 3.

Elymāis, a country of Persia, between the Persian gulf and Media. The capital of the country was called Elymais, and was famous for a rich temple of Diana, which Antiochus Epiphanes attempted to plunder. The Elymeans assisted Antiochus the Great in his wars against the Romans. None of their kings are named in history. Strabo.

Ely̆mi, a nation descended from the Trojans, in alliance with the people of Carthage. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 8.

Elymus, a man at the court of Acestes in Sicily. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 5, li. 73.

Elyrus, a town of Crete. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 16.

Ely̆sium and Elysii Campi, a place or island in the infernal regions, where, according to the mythology of the ancients, the souls of the virtuous were placed after death. There happiness was complete, the pleasures were innocent and refined. Bowers for ever green, delightful meadows with pleasant streams, were the most striking objects. The air was wholesome, serene, and temperate; the birds continually warbled in the groves, and the inhabitants were blessed with another sun and other stars. The employments of the heroes who dwelt in these regions of bliss were various; the manes of Achilles are represented as waging war with the wild beasts, while the Trojan chiefs are innocently exercising themselves in managing horses, or in handling arms. To these innocent amusements some poets have added continual feasting and revelry, and they suppose that the Elysian fields were filled with all the incontinence and voluptuousness which could gratify the low desires of the debauchee. The Elysian fields were, according to some, in the Fortunate Islands on the coast of Africa, in the Atlantic. Others place them in the island of Leuce; and, according to the authority of Virgil, they were situate in Italy. According to Lucian, they were near the moon; or in the centre of the earth, if we believe Plutarch. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 638.—Homer, Odyssey, bk. 4.—Pindar.—Tibullus, bk. 1, poem 3, li. 57.—Lucian.—Plutarch, ♦de Consul.

♦ Unidentified, possible typo for ‘Consolatio ad Apollonium’

Emăthia, a name given anciently, and particularly by the poets, to the countries which formed the empires of Macedonia and Thessaly. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 1, li. 492; bk. 4, li. 390.—Lucan, bk. 1, li. 1; bk. 10, li. 50; bk. 6, li. 620; bk. 7, li. 427.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 5, li. 314.

Emăthion, a son of Titan and Aurora, who reigned in Macedonia. The country was called Emathia, from his name. Some suppose that he was a famous robber destroyed by Hercules. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 5, li. 313.—Justin, bk. 7, ch. 1.――A man killed at the nuptials of Perseus and Andromeda. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 5, li. 100.

Emăthion, a man killed in the wars of Turnus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 571.

Embătum, a place of Asia, opposite Chios.

Embolīma, a town of India. Curtius, bk. 8, ch. 12.

Emerĭta, a town of Spain, famous for dyeing wool. Pliny, bk. 9, ch. 41.

Emessa and Emissa, a town of Phœnicia.

Emoda, a mountain of India.

Empĕdŏcles, a philosopher, poet, and historian of Agrigentum in Sicily, who flourished 444 B.C. He was the disciple of Telauges the Pythagorean, and warmly adopted the doctrine of transmigration. He wrote a poem upon the opinions of Pythagoras, very much commended, in which he spoke of the various bodies which nature had given him. He was first a girl, afterwards a boy, a shrub, a bird, a fish, and lastly Empedocles. His poetry was bold and animated, and his verses were so universally esteemed, that they were publicly recited at the Olympic games with those of Homer and Hesiod. Empedocles was no less remarkable for his humanity and social virtues than for his learning. He showed himself an inveterate enemy to tyranny, and refused to become the sovereign of his country. He taught rhetoric in Sicily, and often alleviated the anxieties of his mind as well as the pains of his body with music. It is reported that his curiosity to visit the flames of the crater of Ætna proved fatal to him. Some maintain that he wished it to be believed that he was a god, and, that his death might be unknown, he threw himself into the crater and perished in the flames. His expectations, however, were frustrated, and the volcano, by throwing up one of his sandals, discovered to the world that Empedocles had perished by fire. Others report that he lived to an extreme old age, and that he was drowned in the sea. Horace, bk. 1, ltr. 12, li. 20.—Cicero, On Oratory, bk. 1, ch. 50, &c.—Diogenes Laërtius, Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers.

Emperāmus, a Lacedæmonian general in the second Messenian war.

Empōclus, an historian.

Empŏria Punĭca, certain places near the Syrtes.

Emporiæ, a town of Spain in Catalonia, now Ampurias. Livy, bk. 34, chs. 9 & 16; bk. 26, ch. 19.

Encĕlădus, a son of Titan and Terra, the most powerful of all the giants who conspired against Jupiter. He was struck with Jupiter’s thunders, and overwhelmed under mount Ætna. Some supposed that he is the same as Typhon. According to the poets, the flames of Ætna proceeded from the breath of Enceladus; and as often as he turned his weary side, the whole island of Sicily felt the motion, and shook from its very foundations. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 578, &c.――A son of Ægyptus.

Enchĕleæ, a town of Illyricum, where Cadmus was changed into a serpent. Lucan, bk. 3, li. 189.—Strabo, bk. 7.

Endeis, a nymph, daughter of Chiron. She married Æacus king of Agina, by whom she had Peleus and Telamon. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 29.—Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 12.

Endēra, a place of Æthiopia.

Endy̆mion, a shepherd, son of Æthlius and Calyce. It is said that he required of Jupiter to grant to him to be always young, and to sleep as much as he would; whence came the proverb of Endymionis somnum dormire, to express a long sleep. Diana saw him naked as he slept on mount Latmos, and was so struck with his beauty that she came down from heaven every night to enjoy his company. Endymion married Chromia daughter of Itonus, or, according to some, Hyperipne daughter of Arcas, by whom he had three sons, Pæon, Epeus, and Æolus, and a daughter called Eurydice; and so little ambitious did he show himself of sovereignty, that he made his crown the prize of the best racer among his sons, an honourable distinction which was gained by Epeus. The fable of Endymion’s amours with Diana, or the moon, arises from his knowledge of astronomy, and as he passed the night on some high mountain, to observe the heavenly bodies, it has been reported that he was courted by the moon. Some suppose that there were two of that name, the son of a king of Elis, and the shepherd or astronomer of Caria. The people of Heraclea maintained that Endymion died on mount Latmos, and the Eleans pretended to show his tomb at Olympia in Peloponnesus. Propertius, bk. 2, poem 25.—Cicero, Tusculanæ Disputationes, bk. 1.—Juvenal, satire 10.—Theocritus, poem 3.—Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 1; bk. 6, ch. 20.

Enĕti, or Henĕti, a people near Paphlagonia.

Engȳum, now Gangi, a town of Sicily freed from tyranny by Timoleon. Cicero, Against Verres, bk. 3, ch. 43; bk. 4, ch. 44.—Silius Italicus, bk. 14, li. 250.

Enienses, a people of Greece.

Eniopeus, a charioteer of Hector, killed by Diomedes. Homer, Iliad, bk. 8, li. 120.

Enīpeus, a river of Thessaly, flowing near Pharsalia. Lucan, bk. 6, li. 373.――A river of Elis in Peloponnesus, of which Tyro the daughter of Salmoneus became enamoured. Neptune assumed the shape of the river god to enjoy the company of Tyro. Ovid, Amores, bk. 3, poem 5.—Strabo.

Enispe, a town of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 25.

Enna, now Castro Janni, a town in the middle of Sicily, with a beautiful plain, whence Proserpine was carried away by Pluto. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.—Cicero, Against Verres, bk. 3, ch. 49; bk. 4, ch. 104.—Ovid, Fasti, bk. 4, li. 522.—Livy, bk. 24, ch. 37.

Ennia, was the wife of Macro, and afterwards of the emperor Caligula. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 6, ch. 45.

Quintus Ennius, an ancient poet born at Rudii in Calabria. He obtained the name and privileges of a Roman citizen by his genius and the brilliancy of his learning. His style is rough and unpolished, but his defects, which are more particularly attributed to the age in which he lived, have been fully compensated by the energy of his expressions and the fire of his poetry. Quintilian warmly commends him, and Virgil has shown his merits by introducing many whole lines from his poetry into his own compositions, which he calls pearls gathered from the dunghill. Ennius wrote in heroic verse 18 books of the annals of the Roman republic, and displayed much knowledge of the world in some dramatical and satirical compositions. He died of the gout, contracted by frequent intoxication, about 169 years before the christian era, in the 70th year of his age. Ennius was intimate with the great men of his age; he accompanied Cato in his questorship in Sardinia, and was esteemed by him of greater value than the honours of a triumph; and Scipio, on his death-bed, ordered his body to be buried by the side of his poetical friend. This epitaph was said to be written upon him:

Aspicite, o cives, senis Ennii imaginis formam!

Hic vestrum pinxit maxima facta patrum.

Nemo me lacrymis decoret, neque funera fletu

Faxit: cur? volito vivus per ora virûm.

Conscious of his merit as the first epic poet of Rome, Ennius bestowed on himself the appellation of the Homer of Latium. Of the tragedies, comedies, annals, and satires which he wrote, nothing remains but fragments happily collected from the quotations of ancient authors. The best edition of these is by Hesselius, 4to, Amsterdam, 1707. Ovid, Tristia, bk. 2, li. 424.—Cicero, de Finibus Bonorum et Malorum, bk. 1, ch. 4; De Officiis, bk. 2, ch. 18.—Quintilian, bk. 10, ch. 1.—Lucretius, bk. 1, li. 117, &c.—Cornelius Nepos, Cato.

Ennŏmus, a Trojan prince killed by Achilles. Homer, Iliad, bk. 2, li. 365; bk. 11, li. 422.

Ennosigæus, terræ concussor, a surname of Neptune. Juvenal, satire 10, li. 182.

Enŏpe, a town of Peloponnesus near Pylos. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 26.

Enops, a shepherd loved by the nymph Nesis, by whom he had Satnius. Homer, Iliad, bk. 14.――The father of Thestos.――A Trojan killed by Patroclus. Iliad, bk. 16.

Enos, a maritime town of Thrace.

Enosichthon, a surname of Neptune.

Enotocœtæ, a nation whose ears are described as hanging down to their heels. Strabo.

Entella, a town of Sicily inhabited by Campanians. Silius Italicus, bk. 14, li. 205.—Cicero, Against Verres, bk. 3, ch. 43.

Entellus, a famous athlete among the friends of Æneas. He was intimate with Eryx, and entered the lists against Dares, whom he conquered in the funeral games of Anchises in Sicily. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 5, li. 387, &c.

Enyalius, a surname of Mars.

Enȳo, a sister of Mars, called by the Latins Bellona, supposed by some to be daughter of Phorcys and Ceto. Silius Italicus, bk. 10, li. 203.

Eone, a daughter of Thespius. Apollodorus.

Eordæa, a district at the west of Macedonia. Livy, bk. 31, ch. 39; bk. 33, ch. 8; bk. 42, ch. 53.

Eos, the name of Aurora among the Greeks, whence the epithet Eous is applied to all the eastern parts of the world. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 3, li. 406; Ars Amatoria, bk. 3, li. 537; bk. 6, li. 478.—Virgil, Georgics, bk. 1, li. 288; bk. 2, li. 115.

Eōus, one of the horses of the sun. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 2, li. 153, &c.

Epāgris, one of the Cyclades, called by Aristotle Hydrussa. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12.

Epaminondas, a famous Theban descended from the ancient kings of Bœotia. His father’s name was Polymnus. He has been celebrated for his private virtues and military accomplishments. His love of truth was so great that he never disgraced himself by falsehood. He formed a most sacred and inviolable friendship with Pelopidas, whose life he saved in battle. By his advice Pelopidas delivered Thebes from the power of Lacedæmon. This was the signal of war. Epaminondas was set at the head of the Theban armies, and defeated the Spartans at the celebrated battle of Leuctra, about 371 years B.C. Epaminondas made a proper use of this victorious campaign, and entered the territories of Lacedæmon with 50,000 men. Here he gained many friends and partisans; but at his return to Thebes he was seized as a traitor for violating the laws of his country. While he was making the Theban arms victorious on every side, he neglected the law which forbade any citizen to retain in his hands the supreme power more than one month, and all his eminent services seemed unable to redeem him from death. He paid implicit obedience to the laws of his country, and only begged of his judges that it might be inscribed on his tomb that he had suffered death for saving his country from ruin. This animated reproach was felt; he was pardoned and invested again with the sovereign power. He was successful in a war in Thessaly, and assisted the Eleans against the Lacedæmonians. The hostile armies met near Mantinea, and while Epaminondas was bravely fighting in the thickest of the enemy, he received a fatal wound in the breast and expired, exclaiming that he died unconquered, when he heard that the Bœotians obtained the victory, in the 48th year of his age, 363 years before Christ. The Thebans severely lamented his death; in him their power was extinguished, for only during his life they had enjoyed freedom and independence among the Grecian states. Epaminondas was frugal as well as virtuous, and he refused with indignation the rich presents which were offered to him by Artaxerxes the king of Persia. He is represented by his biographer as an elegant dancer and a skilful musician, accomplishments highly esteemed among his countrymen. Plutarch, Parallela minora.—Cornelius Nepos, Epaminondas.—Xenophon, Hellenica.—Diodorus, bk. 15.—Polybius, bk. 1.

Epantelii, a people of Italy.

Epaphrodītus, a freedman punished with death for assisting Nero to destroy himself. Suetonius, Nero.――A freedman of Augustus, sent as a spy to Cleopatra. Plutarch.――A name assumed by Sylla.

Epăphus, a son of Jupiter and Io, who founded a city in Egypt, which he called Memphis, in honour of his wife, who was the daughter of the Nile. He had a daughter called Libya, who became mother of Ægyptus and Danaus by Neptune. He was worshipped as a god at Memphis. Herodotus, bk. 2, ch. 153.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 1, li. 699, &c.

Epasnactus, a Gaul in alliance with Rome, &c. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 8, ch. 44.

Epebŏlus, a soothsayer of Messenia, who prevented Aristodemus from obtaining the sovereignty. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 9, &c.

Epēi and Elēi, a people of Peloponnesus. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 5.

Epetium, now Viscio, a town of Illyricum.

Epēus, a son of Endymion, brother to Pæon, who reigned in a part of Peloponnesus. His subjects were called from him Epei. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 1.――A son of Panopeus, who was the fabricator of the famous wooden horse, which proved the ruin of Troy. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 2, li. 264.—Justin, bk. 20, ch. 2.—Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 26.

Ephĕsus, a city of Ionia, built, as Justin mentions, by the Amazons; or by Androchus son of Codrus, according to Strabo; or by Ephesus, a son of the river Cayster. It is famous for a temple of Diana, which was reckoned one of the seven wonders of the world. This temple was 425 feet long and 200 feet broad. The roof was supported by 127 columns, 60 feet high, which had been placed there by so many kings. Of these columns, 36 were carved in the most beautiful manner, one of which was the work of the famous Scopas. This celebrated building was not totally completed till 220 years after its foundation. Ctesiphon was the chief architect. There was above the entrance a huge stone, which, according to Pliny, had been placed there by Diana herself. The riches which were in the temple were immense, and the goddess who presided over it was worshipped with the most awful solemnity. This celebrated temple was burnt on the night that Alexander was born [See: Erostratus], and soon after it rose from its ruins with more splendour and magnificence. Alexander offered to rebuild it at his own expense, if the Ephesians would place upon it an inscription which denoted the name of the benefactor. This generous offer was refused by the Ephesians, who observed, in the language of adulation, that it was improper that one deity should raise temples to the other. Lysimachus ordered the town of Ephesus to be called Arsinoe, in honour of his wife; but after his death the new appellation was lost, and the town was again known by its ancient name. Though modern authors are not agreed about the ancient ruins of this once famed city, some have given the barbarous name of Ajasalouc to what they conjecture to be the remains of Ephesus. The words literæ Ephesiæ are applied to letters containing magical powers. Pliny, bk. 36, ch. 14.—Strabo, bks. 12 & 14.—Mela, bk. 1, ch. 17.—Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 2.—Plutarch, Alexander.—Justin, bk. 2, ch. 4.—Callimachus, Hymn to Artemis.—Ptolemy, bk. 5.—Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 2.

Ephĕtæ, a number of magistrates at Athens, first instituted by Demophoon the son of Theseus. They were reduced to the number of 51 by Draco, who, according to some, first established them. They were superior to the Areopagites, and their privileges were great and numerous. Solon, however, lessened their power, and entrusted them only with the trial of manslaughter and conspiracy against the life of a citizen. They were all more than 50 years old, and it was required that their manners should be pure and innocent, and their behaviour austere and full of gravity.

Ephialtes, or Ephialtus, a giant, son of Neptune, who grew nine inches every month. See: Aloeus.――An Athenian, famous for his courage and strength. He fought with the Persians against Alexander, and was killed at Halicarnassus. Diodorus, bk. 17.――A Trachinian who led a detachment of the army of Xerxes by a secret path to attack the Spartans at Thermopylæ. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 4.—Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 213.

Ephŏri, powerful magistrates at Sparta, who were first created by Lycurgus; or, according to some, by Theopompus, B.C. 760. They were five in number. Like censors in the state, they could check and restrain the authority of the kings, and even imprison them, if guilty of irregularities. They fined Archidamus for marrying a wife of small stature, and imprisoned Agis for his unconstitutional behaviour. They were much the same as the tribunes of the people at Rome, created to watch with a jealous eye over the liberties and rights of the populace. They had the management of the public money, and were the arbiters of peace and war. Their office was annual, and they had the privilege of convening, proroguing, and dissolving the greater and less assemblies of the people. The former was composed of 9000 Spartans, all inhabitants of the city; the latter of 33,000 Lacedæmonians, inhabitants of the inferior towns and villages. Cornelius Nepos, Pausanias, ch. 3.—Aristotle, Politics, bk. 2, ch. 7.

Ephŏrus, an orator and historian of Cumæ in Æolia, about 352 years before Christ. He was disciple to Isocrates, by whose advice he wrote a history which gave an account of all the actions and battles that had happened between the Greeks and barbarians for 750 years. It was greatly esteemed by the ancients. It is now lost. Quintilian, bk. 10, ch. 1.

Ephy̆ra, the ancient name of Corinth, which it received from a nymph of the same name, and thence Ephyreus is applied to Dyrrhachium, founded by a Grecian colony. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 2, li. 264.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 2, li. 239.—Lucan, bk. 6, li. 17.—Statius, Thebiad, bk. 4, li. 59.—Silius Italicus, bk. 14, li. 181.――A city of Threspotia in Epirus.――Another in Elis.――Ætolia.――One of Cyrene’s attendants. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 4, li. 343.

Epicaste, a name of Jocasta the mother and wife of Œdipus. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 5.――A daughter of Ægeus, mother of Thestalus by Hercules.

Epicerides, a man of Cyrene, greatly esteemed by the Athenians for his beneficence. Demosthenes.

Epichăris, a woman accused of conspiracy against Nero. She refused to confess the associates of her guilt, though exposed to the greatest torments, &c. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 15, ch. 51.

Epicharmus, a poet and Pythagorean philosopher of Sicily, who introduced comedy at Syracuse, in the reign of Hiero. His compositions were imitated by Plautus. He wrote some treatises upon philosophy and medicine, and observed that the gods sold all their kindnesses for toil and labour. According to Aristotle and Pliny, he added the two letters χ and θ to the Greek alphabet. He flourished about 440 years before Christ, and died in the 90th year of his age. Horace, bk. 2, ltr. 1, li. 58.—Diogenes Laërtius, bks. 3 & 8.—Cicero, Letters to Atticus, bk. 1, ltr. 19.

Epicles, a Trojan prince killed by Ajax. Homer, Iliad, bk. 12, li. 378.

Epiclīdes, a Lacedæmonian of the family of the Eurysthenidæ. He was raised to the throne by his brother Cleomenes III. in the place of Agis, against the laws and constitution of Sparta. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 9.

Epicrătes, a Milesian, servant to Julius Cæsar.――A poet of Ambracia. Ælian.――The name is applied to Pompey, as expressive of supreme authority. Cicero, Letters to Atticus, bk. 3, ltr. 3.

Epictētus, a stoic philosopher of Hieropolis in Phrygia, originally the slave of Epaphroditus, the freedman of Nero. Though driven from Rome by Domitian, he returned after the emperor’s death, and gained the esteem of Adrian and Marcus Aurelius. Like the Stoics he supported the doctrine of the immortality of the soul, but he declared himself strongly against suicide, which was so warmly adopted by his sect. He died in a very advanced age. The earthen lamp of which he made use was sold some time after his death for 3000 drachmas. His Enchiridion is a faithful picture of the stoic philosophy, and his dissertations which were delivered to his pupils, were collected by Arrian. His style is concise and devoid of all ornament, full of energy and useful maxims. The value of his compositions is well known from the saying of the emperor Antoninus, who thanked the gods he could collect from the writings of Epictetus wherewith to conduct life with honour to himself and advantage to his country. There are several good editions of the works of Epictetus, with those of Cebes and others; the most valuable of which, perhaps, will be found to be that of Reland, Utrecht, 4to, 1711; and Arrian’s by Upton, 2 vols. 4to, London, 1739.

Epĭcūrus, a celebrated philosopher, son of Neocles and Cherestrata, born at Gargettus in Attica. Though his parents were poor and of an obscure origin, yet he was early sent to school, where he distinguished himself by the brilliancy of his genius, and at the age of 12, when his preceptor repeated to him this verse from Hesiod,

Ἠτοι μεν πρωτιστα χαος γενετ’, &c.,

In the beginning of things the Chaos was created,

Epicurus earnestly asked him who created it? To this the teacher answered that he knew not, but only philosophers. “Then,” says the youth, “philosophers henceforth shall instruct me.” After having improved himself, and enriched his mind by travelling, he visited Athens, which was then crowded by the followers of Plato, the Cynics, the Peripatetics, and the Stoics. Here he established himself, and soon attracted a number of followers by the sweetness and gravity of his manners, and by his social virtues. He taught them that the happiness of mankind consisted in pleasure, not such as arises from sensual gratification, or from vice, but from the enjoyments of the mind, and the sweets of virtue. This doctrine was warmly attacked by the philosophers of the different sects, and particularly by the Stoics. They observed that he disgraced the gods by representing them as inactive, given up to pleasure, and unconcerned with the affairs of mankind. He refuted all the accusations of his adversaries by the purity of his morals, and by his frequent attendance on places of public worship. When Leontium, one of his female pupils, was accused of prostituting herself to her master and to all his disciples, the philosopher proved the falsity of the accusation by silence and an exemplary life. His health was at last impaired by continual labour, and he died of a retention of urine, which long subjected him to the most excruciating torments, and which he bore with unparalleled fortitude. His death happened 270 years before Christ, in the 72nd year of his age. His disciples showed their respect for the memory of their learned preceptor, by the unanimity which prevailed among them. While philosophers in every sect were at war with mankind and among themselves, the followers of Epicurus enjoyed perfect peace, and lived in the most solid friendship. The day of his birth was observed with universal festivity, and during a month all his admirers gave themselves up to mirth and innocent amusement. Of all the philosophers of antiquity, Epicurus is the only one whose writings deserve attention for their number. He wrote no less than 300 volumes, according to Diogenes Laërtius; and Chrysippus was so jealous of the fecundity of his genius, that no sooner had Epicurus published one of his volumes, than he immediately composed one, that he might not be overcome in the number of his productions. Epicurus, however, advanced truth and arguments unknown before; but Chrysippus said what others long ago had said, without showing anything which might be called originality. The followers of Epicurus were numerous in every age and country; his doctrines were rapidly disseminated over the world, and when the gratification of the sense was substituted to the practice of virtue, the morals of mankind were undermined and destroyed. Even Rome, whose austere simplicity had happily nurtured virtue, felt the attack, and was corrupted. When Cineas spoke of the tenets of the Epicureans in the Roman senate, Fabricius indeed entreated the gods that all the enemies of the republic might become his followers. But those were the feeble efforts of expiring virtue; and when Lucretius introduced the popular doctrine in poetical composition, the smoothness and beauty of the numbers contributed, with the effeminacy of the Epicureans, to enervate the conquerors of the world. Diogenes Laërtius, Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers.—Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 4, ch. 13.—Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 1, chs. 24 & 25; Tusculanæ Disputationes, bk. 3, ch. 49; De Finibus Bonorum et Malorum, bk. 2, ch. 22.

Epicydes, a tyrant of Syracuse, B.C. 213.

Epidamnus, a town of Macedonia on the Adriatic, nearly opposite Brundusium. The Romans planted there a colony, which they called Dyrrachium, considering the ancient name (ad damnum) ominous. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 10.—Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 23.—Plautus, Menæchmi, scene 2, act 1, li. 42.

Epidaphne, a town of Syria, called also Antioch. Germanicus son of Drusus died there. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 2, ch. 83.

Epidauria, a festival at Athens in honour of Æsculapius.――A country of Peloponnesus.

Epidaurus, a town at the north of Argolis in Peloponnesus, chiefly dedicated to the worship of Æsculapius, who had there a famous temple. It received its name from Epidaurus son of Argus and Evadne. It is now called Pidaura. Strabo, bk. 8.—Virgil, Georgics, bk. 3, li. 44.—Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 21.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 3.――A town of Dalmatia, now Ragusi Vecchio,――of Laconia.

Epidium, one of the western isles of Scotland, or the Mull of Cantyre, according to some. Ptolemy.

Epidius, a man who wrote concerning unusual prodigies. Pliny, bk. 16, ch. 25.

Epidotæ, certain deities who presided over the birth and growth of children, and were known among the Romans by the name of Dii Averrunci. They were worshipped by the Lacedæmonians, and chiefly invoked by those who were persecuted by the ghosts of the dead, &c. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 17, &c.

Epigĕnes, a Babylonian astrologer and historian. Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 56.

Epigeus, a Greek killed by Hector.

Epigŏni, the sons and descendants of the Grecian heroes who were killed in the first Theban war. The war of the Epigoni is famous in ancient history. It was undertaken 10 years after the first. The sons of those who had perished in the first war resolved to avenge the death of their fathers, and marched against Thebes, under the command of Thersander; or, according to others, of Alcmæon the son of Amphiaraus. The Argives were assisted by the Corinthians, the people of Messina, Arcadia, and Megara. The Thebans had engaged all their neighbours in their quarrel, as in one common cause, and the two hostile armies met and engaged on the banks of the Glissas. The fight was obstinate and bloody, but victory declared for the Epigoni, and some of the Thebans fled to Illyricum with Leodamas their general, while others retired into Thebes, where they were soon besieged and forced to surrender. In this war Ægialeus alone was killed, and his father Adrastus was the only person who escaped alive in the first war. This whole war, as Pausanias observes, was written in verse; and Callinus, who quotes some of the verses, ascribes them to Homer, which opinion has been adopted by many writers. “For my part,” continues the geographer, “I own that, next to the Iliad and Odyssey of Homer, I have never seen a finer poem.” Pausanias, bk. 6, chs. 9 & 25.—Apollodorus, bks. 1 & 3.—Diodorus, bk. 4.――This name has been applied to the sons of those Macedonian veterans, who in the age of Alexander formed connections with the women of Asia.

Epĭgŏnus, a mathematician of Ambracia.

Epigranea, a fountain in Bœotia. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 7.

Epīi and Epēi, a people of Elis.

Epilarus, a daughter of Thespius. Apollodorus.

Epimĕlĭdes, the founder of Corone. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 34.

Epimĕnes, a man who conspired against Alexander’s life. Curtius, bk. 8, ch. 6.

Epimenĭdes, an epic poet of Crete, contemporary with Solon. His father’s name was Agiasarchus and his mother’s Blasta. He is reckoned one of the seven wise men by those who exclude Periander from the number. While he was tending his flocks one day, he entered into a cave, where he fell asleep. His sleep continued for 40 or 47, or according to Pliny, 57 years, and when he awoke, he found every object so considerably altered, that he scarce knew where he was. His brother apprised him of the length of his sleep, to his great astonishment. It is supposed that he lived 289 years. After death he was revered as a god, and greatly honoured by the Athenians, whom he had delivered from a plague, and to whom he had given many good and useful counsels. He is said to be the first who built temples in the Grecian communities. Cicero, de Divinatione, bk. 1, ch. 34.—Diogenes Laërtius, Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers.—Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 14.—Plutarch, Solon.—Valerius Maximus, bk. 8, ch. 13.—Strabo, bk. 10.—Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 12.

Epĭmētheus, a son of Japetus and Clymene, one of the Oceanides, who inconsiderately married Pandora, by whom he had Pyrrha the wife of Deucalian. He had the curiosity to open the box which Pandora had brought with her [See: Pandora], and from thence issued a train of evils, which from that moment have never ceased to afflict the human race. Hope was the only one which remained at the bottom of the box, not having sufficient time to escape, and it is she alone which comforts men under misfortunes. Epimetheus was changed into a monkey by the gods, and sent into the island of Pithecusa. Apollodorus, bk. 1, chs. 2 & 7.—Hyginus, fable.—Hesiod, Theogony. See: Prometheus.

Epĭmēthis, a patronymic of Pyrrha the daughter of Epimetheus. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 1, li. 390.

Epĭochus, a son of Lycurgus, who received divine honours in Arcadia.

Epiŏne, the wife of Æsculapius. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 29.

Epiphanea, a town of Cilicia, near Issus, now Surpendkar. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 27.—Cicero, Letters to his Friends, bk. 15, ltr. 4.――Another of Syria on the Euphrates. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 24.

Epiphănes (illustrious), a surname given to the Antiochi, kings of Syria.――A surname of one of the Ptolemies, the fifth of the house of the Lagidæ. Strabo, bk. 17.

Epipanius, a bishop of Salamis, who was active in refuting the writings of Origen; but his compositions are more valuable for the fragments which they preserve than for their own intrinsic merit. The only edition is by Dionysius Petavius, 2 vols., Paris, 1622. The bishop died A.D. 403.

Epipŏlæ, a district of Syracuse, on the north side, surrounded by a wall by Dionysius, who, to complete the work expeditiously, employed 60,000 men upon it, so that in 30 days he finished a wall 4¾ miles long, and of great height and thickness.

Epīrus, a country situate between Macedonia, Achaia, and the Ionian sea. It was formerly governed by kings, of whom Neoptolemus son of Achilles was one of the first. It was afterwards joined to the empire of Macedonia, and at last became a part of the Roman dominions. It is now called Larta. Strabo, bk. 7.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 3.—Ptolemy, bk. 3, ch. 14.—Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 1.—Virgil, Georgics, bk. 3, li. 121.

Epistrŏphus, a son of Iphitus king of Phocis, who went to the Trojan war. Homer, Iliad.

Epitades, a man who first violated a law of Lycurgus, which forbade laws to be made. Plutarch, Agis.

Epitus. See: Epytus.

Epium, a town of Peloponnesus on the borders of Arcadia.

Epŏna, a beautiful girl, the fruit, it is said, of a man’s union with a mare.

Epŏpeus, a son of Neptune and Canace, who came from Thessaly to Sicyon, and carried away Antiope, daughter of Nicteus king of Thebes. This rape was followed by a war, in which Nycteus and Epopeus were both killed. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 6.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 7, &c.――A son of Aloeus, grandson to Phœbus. He reigned at Corinth. Pausanias, bk. 2, chs. 1 & 3.――One of the Tyrrhene sailors, who attempted to abuse Bacchus. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 3, li. 619.

Eporedōrix, a powerful person among the Ædui, who commanded his countrymen in their war against the Sequani. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 7, ch. 67.

Epŭlo, a Rutulian killed by Achates. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 12, li. 459.

Epytides, a patronymic given to Periphas the son of Epytus, and the companion of Ascanius. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 5, li. 547.

Epy̆tus, a king of Alba. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 4, li. 44.――A king of Arcadia.――A king of Messenia, of the family of the Heraclidæ.――The father of Periphus, a herald in the Trojan war. Homer, Iliad, bk. 17.

Equajusta, a town of Thessaly.

Equĭcŏlus, a Rutulian engaged in the wars of Æneas. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 684.

Equīria, festivals established at Rome by Romulus, in honour of Mars, when horse-races and games were exhibited in the Campus Martius. Varro, de Lingua Latina, bk. 5, ch. 3.—Ovid, Fasti, bk. 2, li. 859.

Equotutĭcum, now Castel Franco, a little town of Apulia, to which, as some suppose, Horace alludes in this verse, bk. 1, satire 5, li. 87,

Mansuri oppidulo, versu quod dicere non est.

Eracon, an officer of Alexander, imprisoned for his cruelty. Curtius, bk. 10.

Eræa, a city of Greece, destroyed in the age of Strabo, bk. 3.

Erana, a small village of Cilicia on mount Amanus. Cicero, Letters to his Friends, bk. 15, ltr. 4.

Erăsēnus, a river of Peloponnesus, flowing for a little space under the ground, in Argolis. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 15, li. 275.—Pliny, bk. 2, ch. 13.

Erasippus, a son of Hercules and Lysippe.

Erasistrătus, a celebrated physician, grandson to the philosopher Aristotle. He discovered by the motion of the pulse the love which Antiochus had conceived for his mother-in-law Stratonice, and was rewarded with 100 talents for the cure by the father of Antiochus. He was a great enemy to bleeding and violent physic. He died B.C. 257. Valerius Maximus, bk. 5, ch. 7.—Plutarch, Demetrius.

Erăto, one of the muses who presided over lyric, tender, and amorous poetry. She is represented as crowned with roses and myrtle, holding in her right hand a lyre, and a lute in her left, musical instruments of which she is considered by some as the inventress. Love is sometimes placed by her side holding a lighted flambeau, while she herself appears with a thoughtful, but oftener with a gay and animated look. She was invoked by lovers, especially in the month of April, which, among the Romans, was more particularly devoted to love. Apollodorus, bk. 10.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 37.—Ovid, de Ars Amatoria, bk. 2, li. 425.――One of the Nereides. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 2.――One of the Dryades, wife of Arcas king of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 4.――One of the Danaides, who married Bromius.――A queen of the Armenians, after the death of Ariobarzanes, &c. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 2, ch. 4.

Eratosthĕnes, son of Aglaus, was a native of Cyrene, and the second entrusted with the care of the Alexandrian library. He dedicated his time to grammatical criticism and philosophy, but more particularly to poetry and mathematics. He has been called a second Plato, the cosmographer and the geometer of the world. He is supposed to be the inventor of the armillary sphere. With the instruments with which the munificence of the Ptolemies supplied the library of Alexandria, he was enabled to measure the obliquity of the ecliptic, which he called 20½ degrees. He also measured a degree of the meridian, and determined the extent and circumference of the earth with great exactness, by means adopted by the moderns. He starved himself after he had lived to his 82nd year, B.C. 194. Some few fragments remain of his compositions. He collected the annals of the Egyptian kings by order of one of the Ptolemies. Cicero, Letters to Atticus, bk. 2, ltr. 6.—Varro, de Re Rustica, bk. 1, ch. 2.

Eratostrătus, an Ephesian who burnt the famous temple of Diana, the same night that Alexander the Great was born. This burning, as some writers have observed, was not prevented or seen by the goddess of the place, who was then present at the labours of Olympias, and the birth of the conqueror of Persia. Eratostratus did this villainy merely to eternize his name by so uncommon an action. Plutarch, Alexander.—Valerius Maximus, bk. 8, ch. 14.

Erātus, a son of Hercules and Dynaste. Apollodorus.――A king of Sicyon, who died B.C. 1671.

Erbessus, a town of Sicily north of Agrigentum, now Monte Bibino. Livy, bk. 24, ch. 30.

Erchia, a small village of Attica, the birthplace of Xenophon. Diogenes Laërtius, bk. 2, ch. 48.

Erĕbus, a deity of hell, son of Chaos and Darkness. He married Night, by whom he had the light and the day. The poets often used the word Erebus to signify hell itself, and particularly that part where dwelt the souls of those who had lived a virtuous life, from whence they passed into the Elysian fields. Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 3, ch. 17.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 4, li. 26.

Erechtheus, son of Pandion I., was the sixth king of Athens. He was father of Cecrops II., Merion, Pandorus, and of four daughters, Creusa, Orithya, Procris, and Othonia, by Praxithea. In a war against Eleusis he sacrificed Othonia, called also Chthonia, to obtain a victory which the oracle promised for such a sacrifice. In that war he killed Eumolpus, Neptune’s son, who was the general of the enemy, for which he was struck with thunder by Jupiter at Neptune’s request. Some say that he was drowned in the sea. After death he received divine honours at Athens. He reigned 50 years, and died B.C. 1347. According to some accounts, he first introduced the mysteries of Ceres at Eleusis. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 6, li. 877.—Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 25.—Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 15.—Cicero, For Sestius, ch. 21; Tusculanæ Disputationes, bk. 1, ch. 48; Natura Deorum, bk. 3, ch. 15.

Erechthĭdes, a name given to the Athenians, from their king Erechtheus. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 7, li. 430.

Erembi, a people of Arabia.

Erēmus, a country of Ethiopia.

Erenēa, a village of Megara. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 44.

Eressa, a town of Æolia.

Erēsus, a town of Lesbos, where Theophrastus was born.

Erĕtria, a city of Eubœa on the Euripus, anciently called Melaneis and Arotria. It was destroyed by the Persians, and the ruins were hardly visible in the age of Strabo. It received its name from Eretrius, a son of Phaeton. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 8, &c.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.—Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12.—Cornelius Nepos, Miltiades, ch. 4.

Erētum, a town of the Sabines near the Tiber, whence came the adjective Eretinus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 711.—Tibullus, bk. 4, poem 8, li. 4.

Eruthalion, a man killed by Nestor in a war between the Pylians and Arcadians. Homer, Iliad.

Ergăne, a river whose waters intoxicated as wine.――A surname of Minerva. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 14.

Ergenna, a celebrated soothsayer of Etruria. Persius, satire 2, li. 26.

Ergias, a Rhodian who wrote a history of his country.

Ergīnus, a king of Orchomenos, son of Clymenus. He obliged the Thebans to pay him a yearly tribute of 100 oxen, because his father had been killed by a Theban. Hercules attacked his servants, who came to raise the tribute, and mutilated them, and he afterwards killed Erginus, who attempted to avenge their death by invading Bœotia with an army. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 17.――A river of Thrace. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 2.――A son of Neptune.――One of the four brothers who kept the Acrocorinth, by order of Antigonus. Polyænus, bk. 6.

Erginnus, a man made master of the ship Argo by the Argonauts, after the death of Typhis.

Eribœa, a surname of Juno. Homer, Iliad, bk. 5.――The mother of Ajax Telamon. Sophocles.

Eribotes, a man skilled in medicine, &c. Orpheus.

Erĭcētes, a man of Lycaonia, killed by Messapus in Italy. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 749.

Erichtho, a Thessalian woman famous for her knowledge of poisonous herbs and medicine. Lucan, bk. 6, li. 507.――One of the Furies. Ovid.—Hesiod, bk. 2, li. 151.

Erichthŏnius, the fourth king of Athens, sprung from the seed of Vulcan, which fell upon the ground when that god attempted to offer violence to Minerva. He was very deformed, and had the tails of serpents instead of legs. Minerva placed him in a basket, which she gave to the daughters of Cecrops, with strict injunctions not to examine its contents. Aglauros, one of the sisters, had the curiosity to open the basket, for which the goddess punished her indiscretion by making her jealous of her sister Herse. See: Herse. Erichthon was young when he ascended the throne of Athens. He reigned 50 years, and died B.C. 1437. The invention of chariots is attributed to him, and the manner of harnessing horses to draw them. He was made a constellation after death under the name of Bootes. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 2, li. 553.—Hyginus, fable 166.—Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 14.—Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 2.—Virgil, Georgics, bk. 3, li. 113.――A son of Dardanus, who reigned in Troy, and died 1374 B.C., after a long reign of about 75 years. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 10.

Ericinium, a town of Macedonia.

Ericūsa, one of the Lipari isles, now Alicudi.

Erĭdănus, one of the largest rivers of Italy, rising in the Alps, and falling into the Adriatic by several mouths; now called the Po. It was in its neighbourhood that the Heliades, the sisters of Phaeton, were changed into poplars, according to Ovid. Virgil calls it the king of all rivers, and Lucan compares it to the Rhine and Danube. An Eridanus is mentioned in heaven. Cicero, Aratus, li. 145.—Claudian, Panegyricus de Consulatu Honorii Augusti, bk. 6, li. 175.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 2, fable 3.—Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 3.—Strabo, bk. 5.—Lucan, bk. 2, li. 409.—Virgil, Georgics, bk. 1, li. 482; Æneid, bk. 6, li. 659.

Erĭgŏne, a daughter of Icarius, who hung herself when she heard that her father had been killed by some shepherds whom he had intoxicated. She was made a constellation, now known under the name of Virgo. Bacchus deceived her by changing himself into a beautiful grape. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 6, fable 4.—Statius, bk. 11, Thebiad, li. 644.—Virgil, Georgics, bk. 1, li. 33.—Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 14.—Hyginus, fables 1 & 24.――A daughter of Ægisthus and Clytemnestra, who had by her brother Orestes, Penthilus, who shared the regal power with Timasenus, the legitimate son of Orestes and Hermione. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 18.—Paterculus, bk. 1, ch. 1.

Erigoneius, a name applied to the Dog-star, because looking towards Erigone, &c. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 5, li. 723.

Erĭgŏnus, a river of Thrace.――A painter. Pliny, bk. 35, ch. 11.

Erigȳus, a Mitylenean, one of Alexander’s officers. Curtius, bk. 6, ch. 4.

Erillus, a philosopher of Carthage, contemporary with Zeno. Diogenes Laërtius.

Erindes, a river of Asia, near Parthia. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 11, ch. 16.

Erinna, a poetess of Lesbos, intimate with Sappho. Pliny, bk. 34, ch. 8.

Erinnys, the Greek name of the Eumenides. The word signifies the fury of the mind, ἐρις νους. See: Eumenides. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 2, li. 337.――A surname of Ceres, on account of her amour with Neptune under the form of a horse. Pausanias, bk. 8, chs. 25 & 42.

Eriopis, a daughter of Medea. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 3.

Eriphănis, a Greek woman famous for her poetical compositions. She was extremely fond of the hunter Melampus, and to enjoy his company she accustomed herself to live in the woods. Athenæus, bk. 14.

Eriphidas, a Lacedæmonian, who being sent to suppress a sedition at Heraclea, assembled the people and beheaded 500 of the ringleaders. Diodorus, bk. 14.

Erĭphȳle, a sister of Adrastus king of Argos, who married Amphiaraus. She was daughter of Talaus and Lysimache. When her husband concealed himself that he might not accompany the Argives in their expedition against Thebes, where he knew he was to perish, Eriphyle suffered herself to be bribed by Polynices with a golden necklace, which had been formerly given to Hermione by the goddess Venus, and she discovered where Amphiaraus was. This treachery of Eriphyle compelled him to go to the war; but before he departed, he charged his son Alcmæon to murder his mother as soon as he was informed of his death. Amphiaraus perished in the expedition, and his death was no sooner known than his last injunctions were obeyed, and Eriphyle was murdered by the hands of her son. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 445.—Homer, Odyssey, bk. 11.—Cicero, Against Verres, bk. 4, ch. 18.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 3, chs. 6 & 7.—Hyginus, fable 73.—Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 17.

Eris, the goddess of discord among the Greeks. She is the same as the Discordia of the Latins. See: Discordia.

Erisichthon, a Thessalian, son of Triops, who derided Ceres and cut down her groves. This impiety irritated the goddess, who afflicted him with continual hunger. He squandered all his possessions to gratify the cravings of his appetite, and at last he devoured his own limbs for want of food. His daughter Metra had the power of transforming herself into whatever animal she pleased, and she made use of that artifice to maintain her father, who sold her, after which she assumed another shape, and became again his property. Ovid, Metamorphoses, fable 18.

Erithus, a son of Actor, killed by Perseus. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 5.

Erixo, a Roman knight condemned by the people for having whipped his son to death. Seneca, bk. 1, de Clementia, ch. 14.

Erōchus, a town of Phocis. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 3.

Erōpus or Æropes, a king of Macedonia, who when in the cradle succeeded his father Philip I., B.C. 602. He made war against the Illyrians, whom he conquered. Justin, bk. 7, ch. 2.

Eros, a servant of whom Antony demanded a sword to kill himself. Eros produced the instrument, but instead of giving it to his master, he killed himself in his presence. Plutarch, Antonius.――A comedian. Cicero, For Quintus Roscius the Actor, ch. 2.――A son of Chronos or Saturn, god of love. See: Cupido.

Erostrătus. See: Eratostratus.

Erōtia, a festival in honour of Eros the god of love. It was celebrated by the Thespians every fifth year with sports and games, when musicians and all others contended. If any quarrels or seditions had arisen among the people, it was then usual to offer sacrifices and prayers to the god, that he would totally remove them.

Errūca, a town of the Volsci of Italy.

Erse, a daughter of Cecrops. See: Herse.

Erxias, a man who wrote a history of Colophon. He is perhaps the same as the person who wrote a history of Rhodes.

Eryălus, a Trojan chief killed by Patroclus. Homer, Iliad, bk. 16, li. 411.

Erybium, a town at the foot of mount Parnassus.

Erycīna, a surname of Venus from mount Eryx, where she had a temple. She was also worshipped at Rome under this appellation. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 4, li. 874.—Horace, bk. 1, ode 2, li. 33.

Ery̆manthis, a surname of Callisto, as an inhabitant of Erymanthus.――Arcadia is also known by that name.

Erymanthus, a mountain, river, and town of Arcadia, where Hercules killed a prodigious boar, which he carried on his shoulders to Eurystheus, who was so terrified at the sight that he hid himself in a brazen vessel. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 24.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 802.—Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 6.—Cicero, Tusculanæ Disputationes, bk. 2, ch. 8; bk. 4, ch. 22.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 2, li. 499.

Ery̆mas, a Trojan killed by Turnus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 702.

Erymnæ, a town of Thessaly. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 24.――Of Magnesia.

Erymneus, a peripatetic philosopher, who flourished B.C. 126.

Ery̆mus, a huntsman of Cyzicus.

Erythea, an island between Gades and Spain, where Geryon reigned. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 22.—Mela, bk. 3, ch. 6.—Propertius, bk. 4, poem 10, li. 1.—Silius Italicus, bk. 16, li. 195.—Ovid, Fasti, bk. 5, li. 649.――A daughter of Geryon. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 37.

Erythīni, a town of Paphlagonia.

Erȳthræ, a town of Ionia opposite Chios, once the residence of a Sybil. It was built by Neleus the son of Codrus. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 12.—Livy, bk. 44, ch. 28; bk. 38, ch. 39.――A town of Bœotia. Livy, bk. 6, ch. 21.――One in Libya,――another in Locris.

Ery̆thræum mare, a part of the ocean on the coast of Arabia. As it has a communication with the Persian gulf, and that of Arabia or the Red sea, it has often been mistaken by the ancient writers, who by the word Erythran, understood indiscriminately either the Red sea or the Persian gulf. It received this name either from Erythras, or from the redness (ἐρυθρος, ruber) of its sand or waters. Curtius, bk. 8, ch. 9.—Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 23.—Herodotus, bk. 1, chs. 180 & 189; bk. 3, ch. 93; bk. 4, ch. 37.—Mela, bk. 3, ch. 8.

Ery̆thras, a son of Hercules. Apollodorus.――A son of Perseus and Andromeda, drowned in the Red sea, which from him was called Erythræum. Arrian, Indica, bk. 6, ch. 10.—Mela, bk. 3, ch. 7.

Erythrion, a son of Athamas and Themistone. Apollodorus.

Ery̆thros, a place of Latium.

Eryx, a son of Butes and Venus, who, relying upon his strength, challenged all strangers to fight with him in the combat of the cestus. Hercules accepted his challenge after many had yielded to his superior dexterity, and Eryx was killed in the combat, and buried on the mountain, where he had built a temple to Venus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 5, li. 402.――An Indian killed by his subjects for opposing Alexander, &c. Curtius, bk. 8, ch. 11.――A mountain of Sicily, now Giuliano, near Drepanum, which received its name from Eryx, who was buried there. This mountain was so steep that the houses which were built upon it seemed every moment ready to fall. Dædalus had enlarged the top, and enclosed it with a strong wall. He also consecrated there to Venus Erycina a golden heifer, which so much resembled life, that it seemed to exceed the power of art. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 4, li. 478.—Hyginus, fables 16 & 260.—Livy, bk. 22, ch. 9.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.—Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 16.

Eryxo, the mother of Battus, who artfully killed the tyrant Learchus who courted her. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 160.

Esernus, a famous gladiator. Cicero.

Esquĭliæ and Esquilīnus mons, one of the seven hills of Rome, which was joined to the city by king Tullus. Birds of prey generally came to devour the dead bodies of criminals who had been executed there, and thence they were called Esquilinæ alites. Livy, bk. 2, ch. 11.—Horace, epode 5, li. 100.—Tacitus, Annals, bk. 2, ch. 32.

Essedŏnes, a people of Asia, above the Palus Mæotis, who ate the flesh of their parents mixed with that of cattle. They gilded the head and kept it as sacred. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 1.—Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12.

Essui, a people of Gaul.

Estiæotis, a district of Thessaly on the river Peneus.

Esŭla, a town of Italy near Tibur. Horace, bk. 3, ode 29, li. 6.

Estiaia, solemn sacrifices to Vesta, of which it was unlawful to carry away anything or communicate it to anybody.

Etearchus, a king of Oaxus in Crete. After the death of his wife, he married a woman who made herself odious for her tyranny over her stepdaughter Phronima. Etearchus gave ear to all the accusations which were brought against his daughter, and ordered her to be thrown into the sea. She had a son called Battus, who led a colony to Cyrene. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 154.

Eteŏcles, a son of Œdipus and Jocasta. After his father’s death, it was agreed between him and his brother Polynices, that they should both share the royalty, and reign alternately each a year. Eteocles by right of seniority first ascended the throne, but after the first year of his reign was expired, he refused to give up the crown to his brother according to their mutual agreement. Polynices, resolving to punish such an open violation of a solemn engagement, went to implore the assistance of Adrastus king of Argos. He received that king’s daughter in marriage, and was soon after assisted with a strong army, headed by seven famous generals. These hostile preparations were watched by Eteocles, who on his part did not remain inactive. He chose seven brave chiefs to oppose the seven leaders of the Argives, and stationed them at the seven gates of the city. He placed himself against his brother Polynices, and he opposed Menalippus to Tydeus, Polyphontes to Capaneus, Megareus to Eteoclus, Hyperbius to Parthenopæus, and Lasthenes to Amphiaraus. Much blood was shed in light and unavailing skirmishes, and it was at last agreed between the two brothers that the war should be decided by single combat. They both fell in an engagement conducted with the most inveterate fury on either side, and it is even said that the ashes of these two brothers, who had been so inimical one to the other, separated themselves on the burning pile, as if, even after death, sensible of resentment and hostile to reconciliation. Statius, Thebiad.—Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 5, &c.—Aeschylus, Seven Against Thebes.—Euripides, Phœnician Women.—Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 9; bk. 9, ch. 6.――A Greek, the first who raised altars to the Graces. Pausanias.

Eteŏclus, one of the seven chiefs of the army of Adrastus, in his expedition against Thebes, celebrated for his valour, for his disinterestedness, and magnanimity. He was killed by Megareus the son of Creon under the walls of Thebes. Euripides.—Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 6.――A son of Iphis.

Eteocrētæ, an ancient people of Crete.

Eteones, a town of Bœotia on the Asopus. Statius, Thebiad, bk. 7, li. 266.

Eteoneus, an officer at the court of Menelaus, when Telemachus visited Sparta. He was son of Bœthus. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 4, li. 22.

Eteonīcus, a Lacedæmonian general, who upon hearing that Callicratidas was conquered at Arginusæ, ordered the messengers of this news to be crowned, and to enter Mitylene in triumph. This so terrified Conon, who besieged the town, that he concluded that the enemy had obtained some advantageous victory, and he raised the siege. Diodorus, bk. 13.—Polyænus, bk. 1.

Etēsiæ, periodical northern winds of a gentle and mild nature, very common for five or six weeks in the months of spring and autumn. Lucretius, bk. 5, li. 741.

Ethalion, one of the Tyrrhene sailors changed into dolphins for carrying away Bacchus. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 3, li. 647.

Etheleum, a river of Asia, the boundary of Troas and Mysia. Strabo.

Ethŏda, a daughter of Amphion and Niobe.

Ethēmon, a person killed at the marriage of Andromeda. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 5, li. 163.

Etias, a daughter of Æneas. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 22.

Etis, a town of Peloponnesus. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 22.

Etrūria. See: Hetruria.

Etrusci, the inhabitants of Etruria, famous for their superstitions and enchantments. See: Hetruria. Cicero, Letters to his Friends, bk. 6, ltr. 6.—Livy, bk. 2, ch. 34.

Etylus, the father of Theocles. Livy, bk. 6, ch. 19.

Evadne, a daughter of Iphis or Iphicles of Argos, who slighted the addresses of Apollo, and married Capancus, one of the seven chiefs who went against Thebes. When her husband had been struck with thunder by Jupiter for his blasphemies and impiety, and his ashes had been separated from those of the rest of the Argives, she threw herself on his burning pile, and perished in the flames. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 447.—Propertius, bk. 1, poem 15, li. 21.—Statius, Thebiad, bk. 12, li. 800.――A daughter of the Strymon and Neæra. She married Argus, by whom she had four children. Apollodorus, bk. 2.

Evages, a poet, famous for his genius but not for his learning.

Evăgŏras, a king of Cyprus who retook Salamis, which had been taken from his father by the Persians. He made war against Artaxerxes the king of Persia, with the assistance of the Egyptians, Arabians, and Tyrians, and obtained some advantage over the fleet of his enemy. The Persians, however, soon repaired their losses, and Evagoras saw himself defeated by sea and land, and obliged to be tributary to the power of Artaxerxes, and to be stripped of all his dominions, except the town of Salamis. He was assassinated soon after this fatal change of fortune by a eunuch, 374 B.C. He left two sons, Nicocles, who succeeded him, and Protagoras, who deprived his nephew Evagoras of his possessions. Evagoras deserves to be commended for his sobriety, moderation, and magnanimity, and if he was guilty of any political error in the management of his kingdom, it may be said that his love of equity was a full compensation. His grandson bore the same name, and succeeded his father Nicocles. He showed himself oppressive, and his uncle Protagoras took advantage of his unpopularity to deprive him of his power. Evagoras fled to Artaxerxes Ochus, who gave him a government more extensive than that of Cyprus, but his oppression rendered him odious, and he was accused before his benefactor, and by his orders put to death. Cornelius Nepos, bk. 12, ch. 2.—Diodorus, bk. 14.—Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 3.—Justin, bk. 5, ch. 6.――A man of Elis, who obtained a prize at the Olympian games. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 8.――A Spartan, famous for his services to the people of Elis. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 10.――A son of Neleus and Chloris. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9.――A son of Priam. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 12.――A king of Rhodes.――An historian of Lindos.――Another of Thasos, whose works proved serviceable to Pliny in the compilation of his natural history. Pliny, bk. 10.

Evăgŏre, one of the Nereides. Apollodorus.

Evan, a surname of Bacchus, which he received from the wild ejaculation of Evan! Evan! by his priestesses. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 4, li. 15.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 517.

Evander, a son of the prophetess Carmente, king of Arcadia. An accidental murder obliged him to leave his country, and he came to Italy, where he drove the aborigines from their ancient possessions, and reigned in that part of the country where Rome was afterwards founded. He kindly received Hercules when he returned from the conquest of Geryon; and he was the first who raised him altars. He gave Æneas assistance against the Rutuli, and distinguished himself by his hospitality. It is said that he first brought the Greek alphabet into Italy, and introduced there the worship of the Greek deities. He was honoured as a god after death by his subjects, who raised him an altar on mount Aventine. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 43.—Livy, bk. 1, ch. 7.—Silius Italicus, bk. 7, li. 18.—Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 1, ch. 7.—Ovid, Fasti, bk. 1, li. 500; bk. 5, li. 91.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 8, li. 100, &c.――A philosopher of the second academy, who flourished B.C. 215.

Evangĕlus, a Greek historian.――A comic poet.

Evangorĭdes, a man of Elis, who wrote an account of all those who had obtained a prize at Olympia, where he himself had been victorious. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 8.

Evanthes, a man who planted a colony in Lucania at the head of some Locrians.――A celebrated Greek poet.――An historian of Miletus.――A philosopher of Samos.――A writer of Cyzicus.――A son of Œnopion of Crete, who migrated to live at Chios. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 4.

Evarchus, a river of Asia Minor flowing into the Euxine, on the confines of Cappadocia. Flaccus, bk. 6, li. 102.

Evas, a native of Phrygia who accompanied Æneas into Italy, where he was killed by Mezentius. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 702.

Evax, an Arabian prince who wrote to Nero concerning jewels. Pliny, bk. 25, ch. 2.

Eubages, certain priests held in great veneration among the Gauls and Britons. See: Druidæ.

Eubātas, an athlete of Cyrene, whom the courtesan Lais in vain endeavoured to seduce. Pausanias, Elis, bk. 1.

Eubius, an obscene writer, &c. Ovid, Tristia, bk. 2, li. 415.

Eubœa, the largest island in the Ægean sea after Crete, now called Negropont. It is separated from the continent of Bœotia by the narrow straits of the Euripus, and was anciently known by the different names of Macris, Oche, Ellopia, Chalcis, Abantis, Asopis. It is 150 miles long, and 37 broad in its most extensive parts, and 365 in circumference. The principal town was Chalcis; and it was reported that in the neighbourhood of Chalcis the island had been formerly joined to the continent. Eubœa was subjected to the power of the Greeks; some of its cities, however, remained for some time independent. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12.—Strabo, bk. 10.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 14, li. 155.――One of the three daughters of the river Asterion, who was one of the nurses of Juno. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 17.――One of Mercury’s mistresses.――A daughter of Thespius. Apollodorus, bk. 2.――A town of Sicily near Hybla.

Euboĭcus, belonging to Eubœa. The epithet is also applied to the country of Cumæ, because that city was built by a colony from Chalcis, a town of Eubœa. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 4, li. 257.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 2; bk. 9, li. 710.

Eubote, a daughter of Thespius. Apollodorus.

Eubotes, a son of Hercules. Apollodorus, bk. 2.

Eubūle, an Athenian virgin, daughter of Leon, sacrificed with her sisters, by order of the oracle of Delphi, for the safety of her country, which laboured under a famine. Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 12, ch. 18.

Eubūlĭdes, a philosopher of Miletus, pupil and successor to Euclid. Demosthenes was one of his pupils, and by his advice and encouragement to perseverance he was enabled to conquer the difficulty he felt in pronouncing the letter R. He severely attacked the doctrines of Aristotle. Diogenes Laërtius.――An historian, who wrote an account of Socrates and of Diogenes. Diogenes Laërtius.――A famous statuary of Athens. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 14.

Eubūlus, an Athenian orator, rival to Demosthenes.――A comic poet.――An historian, who wrote a voluminous account of Mithras.――A philosopher of Alexandria.

Eucērus, a man of Alexandria, accused of adultery with Octavia, that Nero might have occasion to divorce her. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 14, ch. 60.

Euchēnor, a son of Ægyptus and Arabia. Apollodorus.

Euchides, an Athenian who went to Delphi and returned the same day, a journey of about 107 miles. The object of his journey was to obtain sacred fire.

Euclīdes, a native of Megara, disciple of Socrates, B.C. 404. When the Athenians had forbidden all the people of Megara on pain of death to enter their city, Euclides disguised himself in women’s clothes to introduce himself into the presence of Socrates. Diogenes Laërtius, Socrates.――A mathematician of Alexandria, who flourished 300 B.C. He distinguished himself by his writings on music and geometry, but particularly by 15 books on the elements of mathematics, which consist of problems and theorems with demonstrations. This work has been greatly mutilated by commentators. Euclid was so respected in his lifetime, that king Ptolemy became one of his pupils. Euclid established a school at Alexandria, which became so famous, that from his age to the time of the Saracen conquest, no mathematician was found but what had studied at Alexandria. He was so respected that Plato, himself a mathematician, being asked concerning the building of an altar at Athens, referred his inquiries to the mathematician of Alexandria. The latest edition of Euclid’s writings is that of Gregory, folio, Oxford, 1703. Valerius Maximus, bk. 8, ch. 12.—Cicero, On Oratory, bk. 3, ch. 72.

Euclus, a prophet of Cyprus, who foretold the birth and greatness of the poet Homer, according to some traditions. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 12.

Eucrăte, one of the Nereides. Apollodorus.

Eucrătes, the father of Procles the historian. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 21.

Eucritus. See: Evephenus.

Euctēmon, a Greek of Cumæ, exposed to great barbarities. Curtius, bk. 5, ch. 5.――An astronomer who flourished B.C. 431.

Euctresii, a people of Peloponnesus.

Eudæmon, a general of Alexander.

Eudamĭdas, a son of Archidamus IV., brother to Agis IV. He succeeded on the Spartan throne, after his brother’s death, B.C. 330. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 10.――A son of Archidamus king of Sparta, who succeeded B.C. 268.――The commander of a garrison stationed at Trœzene by Craterus.

Eudamus, a son of Agesilaus of the Heraclidæ. He succeeded his father.――A learned naturalist and philosopher.

Eudēmus, the physician of Livia the wife of Drusus, &c. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 4, ch. 3.――An orator of Megalopolis, preceptor to Philopœmen.――An historian of Naxos.

Eudocia, the wife of the emperor Theodosius the younger, who gave the public some compositions. She died A.D. 460.

Eudocĭmus, a man who appeased a mutiny among some soldiers by telling them that a hostile army was in sight. Polyænus.

Eudōra, one of the Nereides.――One of the Atlantides.

Eudōrus, a son of Mercury and Polimela, who went to the Trojan war with Achilles. Homer, Iliad, bk. 16.

Eudoxi Specŭla, a place in Egypt.

Eudoxia, the wife of Arcadius, &c.――A daughter of Theodosius the younger, who married the emperor Maximus, and invited Genseric the Vandal over into Italy.

Eudoxus, a son of Æschines of Cnidus, who distinguished himself by his knowledge of astrology, medicine, and geometry. He was the first who regulated the year among the Greeks, among whom he first brought from Egypt the celestial sphere and regular astronomy. He spent a great part of his life on the top of a mountain, to study the motions of the stars, by whose appearance he pretended to foretell the events of futurity. He died in his 53rd year, B.C. 352. Lucan, bk. 10, li. 187.—Diogenes Laërtius.—Petronius, ch. 88.――A native of Cyzicus, who sailed all around the coast of Africa from the Red sea, and entered the Mediterranean by the columns of Hercules.――A Sicilian, son of Agathocles.――A physician. Diogenes Laërtius.

Evelthon, a king of Salamis in Cyprus.

Euemĕrĭdas, an historian of Cnidus.

Evemĕrus, an ancient historian of Messenia, intimate with Cassander. He travelled over Greece and Arabia, and wrote a history of the gods, in which he proved that they all had been upon earth, as mere mortal men. Ennius translated it into Latin. It is now lost.

Evēnor, a painter, father to Parrhasius. Pliny, bk. 35, ch. 9.

Evēnus, an elegiac poet of Paros.――A river running through Ætolia, and falling into the Ionian sea. It receives its name from Evenus son of Mars and Sterope, who being unable to overcome Idas, who had promised him his daughter Marpessa in marriage, if he surpassed him in running, grew so desperate, that he threw himself into the river, which afterwards bore his name. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 9, li. 104.—Strabo, bk. 7.――A son of Jason and Hypsipyle queen of Lemnos. Homer, Iliad, bk. 7, li. 467.

Evephēnus, a Pythagorean philosopher, whom Dionysius condemned to death because he had alienated the people of Metapontum from his power. The philosopher begged leave of the tyrant to go and marry his sister, and promised to return in six months. Dionysius consented by receiving Eucritus, who pledged himself to die if Evephenus did not return in time. Evephenus returned at the appointed moment, to the astonishment of Dionysius, and delivered his friend Eucritus from the death which threatened him. The tyrant was so pleased with these two friends, that he pardoned Evephenus, and begged to share their friendship and confidence. Polyænus, bk. 5.

Everes, a son of Pteralaus, the only one of his family who did not perish in a battle against Electryon. Apollodorus, bk. 2.――A son of Hercules and Parthenope.――The father of Tiresias. Apollodorus.

Evergĕtæ, a people of Scythia, called also Arimaspi. Curtius, bk. 7, ch. 3.

Evergĕtes, a surname signifying benefactor, given to Philip of Macedonia, and to Antigonus Doson, and Ptolemy of Egypt. It was also commonly given to the kings of Syria and Pontus, and we often see among the former an Alexander Evergetes, and among the latter a Mithridates Evergetes. Some of the Roman emperors also claimed that epithet, so expressive of benevolence and humanity.

Evesperĭdes, a people of Africa. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 171.

Eugănei, a people of Italy on the borders of the Adriatic, who, upon being expelled by the Trojans, seized upon a part of the Alps. Silius Italicus, bk. 8, li. 604.—Livy, bk. 1, ch. 1.

Eugeon, an ancient historian before the Peloponnesian war.

Eugenius, a usurper of the imperial title after the death of Valentinian II., A.D. 392.

Euhemerus. See: Evemerus.

Euhydrum, a town of Thessaly. Livy, bk. 32, ch. 13.

Euhyus and Evius, a surname of Bacchus, given him in the war of the giants against Jupiter. Horace, bk. 2, Ode 11, li. 17.

Evippe, one of the Danaides who married and murdered Imbras.――Another. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 1.――The mother of the Pierides, who were changed into magpies. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 5, li. 303.

Evippus, a son of Thestius king of Pleuron, killed by his brother Iphiclus in the chase of the Calydonian boar. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 7.――A Trojan killed by Patroclus. Homer, Iliad, bk. 16, li. 417.

Eulimĕne, one of the Nereides.

Eumăchius, a Campanian who wrote a history of Annibal.

Eumæus, a herdsman and steward of Ulysses, who knew his master at his return home from the Trojan war, after 20 years’ absence, and assisted him in removing Penelope’s suitors. He was originally the son of the king of Scyros, and upon being carried away by pirates, he was sold as a slave to Laertes, who rewarded his fidelity and services. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 13, li. 403; bk. 14, li. 3; bk. 15, li. 288; bks. 16 & 17.

Eumēdes, a Trojan, son of Dolon, who came to Italy with Æneas, where he was killed by Turnus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 12, li. 346.—Ovid, Tristia, bk. 3, poem 4, li. 27.

Eumēlis, a famous augur. Statius, bk. 4, Sylvæ, poem 8, li. 49.

Eumēlus, a son of Admetus king of Pheræ in Thessaly. He went to the Trojan war, and had the fleetest horses in the Grecian army. He distinguished himself in the games made in honour of Patroclus. Homer. Iliad, bks. 2 & 23.――A man whose daughter was changed into a bird. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 7, li. 390.――A man contemporary with Triptolemus, of whom he learned the art of agriculture. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 18.――One of the followers of Æneas, who first informed his friend that his fleet had been set on fire by the Trojan women. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 5, li. 665.――One of the Bacchiadæ, who wrote, among other things, a poetical history of Corinth, B.C. 750, of which a small fragment is still extant. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 1.――A king of the Cimmerian Bosphorus, who died B.C. 304.

Eumĕnes, a Greek officer in the army of Alexander, son of a charioteer. He was the most worthy of all the officers of Alexander to succeed after the death of his master. He conquered Paphlagonia and Cappadocia, of which he obtained the government, till the power and jealousy of Antigonus obliged him to retire. He joined his forces to those of Perdiccas, and defeated Craterus and Neoptolemus. Neoptolemus perished by the hands of Eumenes. When Craterus had been killed during the war, his remains received an honourable funeral from the hand of the conqueror; and Eumenes, after weeping over the ashes of a man who once was his dearest friend, sent his remains to his relations in Macedonia. Eumenes fought against Antipater and conquered him, and after the death of Perdiccas his ally, his arms were directed against Antigonus, by whom he was conquered, chiefly by the treacherous conduct of his officers. This fatal battle obliged him to disband the greatest part of his army to secure himself a retreat, and he fled, with only 700 faithful attendants, to Nora, a fortified place on the confines of Cappadocia, where he was soon besieged by the conqueror. He supported the siege for a year with courage and resolution, but some disadvantageous skirmishes so reduced him, that his soldiers, grown desperate, and bribed by the offers of the enemy, had the infidelity to betray him into the hands of Antigonus. The conqueror, from shame or remorse, had not the courage to visit Eumenes; but when he was asked by his officers in what manner he wished him to be kept, he answered, “Keep him as carefully as you would keep a lion.” This severe command was obeyed; but the asperity of Antigonus vanished in a few days, and Eumenes, delivered from the weight of chains, was permitted to enjoy the company of his friends. Even Antigonus hesitated whether he should not restore to his liberty a man with whom he had lived in the greatest intimacy while both were subservient to the command of Alexander, and these secret emotions of pity and humanity were not a little increased by the petitions of his son Demetrius for the release of Eumenes. But the calls of ambition prevailed; and when Antigonus recollected what an active enemy he had in his power, he ordered Eumenes to be put to death in the prison; though some imagine he was murdered without the knowledge of his conqueror. His bloody commands were executed B.C. 315. Such was the end of a man who raised himself to power by merit alone. His skill in public exercises first recommended him to the notice of Philip, and under Alexander his attachment and fidelity to the royal person, and particularly his military accomplishments, promoted him to the rank of a general. Even his enemies revered him; and Antigonus, by whose orders he perished, honoured his remains with a splendid funeral, and conveyed his ashes to his wife and family in Cappadocia. It has been observed that Eumenes had such a universal influence over the successors of Alexander, that none during his lifetime dared to assume the title of king; and it does not a little reflect to his honour to consider that the wars he carried on were not from private or interested motives, but for the good and welfare of his deceased benefactor’s children. Plutarch & Cornelius Nepos, Lives.—Diodorus, bk. 19.—Justin, bk. 13.—Curtius, bk. 10.—Arrian.――A king of Pergamus, who succeeded his uncle Philetærus on the throne, B.C. 263. He made war against Antiochus the son of Seleucus, and enlarged his possessions by seizing upon many of the cities of the kings of Syria. He lived in alliance with the Romans, and made war against Prusias king of Bithynia. He was a great patron of learning, and given much to wine. He died of an excess in drinking, after a reign of 22 years. He was succeeded by Attalus. Strabo, bk. 15.――The second of that name succeeded his father Attalus on the throne of Asia and Pergamus. His kingdom was small and poor, but he rendered it powerful and opulent, and his alliance with the Romans did not a little contribute to the increase of his dominions after the victories obtained over Antiochus the Great. He carried his arms against Prusias and Antigonus, and died B.C. 159, after a reign of 38 years, leaving the kingdom to his son Attalus II. He has been admired for his benevolence and magnanimity, and his love of learning greatly enriched the famous library of Pergamus, which had been founded by his predecessors in imitation of the Alexandrian collection of the Ptolemies. His brothers were so attached to him and devoted to his interest, that they enlisted among his bodyguards to show their fraternal fidelity. Strabo, bk. 13.—Justin, bks. 31 & 34.—Polybius.――A celebrated orator of Athens about the beginning of the fourth century. Some of his harangues and orations are extant.――An historical writer in Alexander’s army.

Eumenia, a city of Phrygia, built by Attalus in honour of his brother Eumenes.――A city of Thrace,――of Caria. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 29.――Of Hyrcania.

Eumĕnĭdes and Eumenes, a man mentioned, Ovid, bk. 3, Tristia, poem 4, li. 27.

Eumēnĭdes, a name given to the Furies by the ancients. They sprang from the drops of blood which flowed from the wound which Cœlus received from his son Saturn. According to others they were daughters of the earth, and conceived from the blood of Saturn. Some make them daughters of Acheron and Night, or Pluto and Proserpine, or Chaos and Terra, according to Sophocles, or, as Epimenides reports, of Saturn and Evonyme. According to the most received opinions, they were three in number, Tisiphone, Megara, and Alecto, to which some add Nemesis. Plutarch mentions only one, called Adrasta, daughter of Jupiter and Necessity. They were supposed to be the ministers of the vengeance of the gods, and therefore appeared stern and inexorable; always employed in punishing the guilty upon earth, as well as in the infernal regions. They inflicted their vengeance upon earth by wars, pestilence, and dissensions, and by the secret stings of conscience; and in hell they punished the guilty by continual flagellation and torments. They were also called Furiæ, Erinnyes, and Diræ, and the appellation of Eumenides, which signifies benevolence and compassion, they received after they had ceased to persecute Orestes, who in gratitude offered them sacrifices, and erected a temple in honour of their divinity. Their worship was almost universal, and people presumed not to mention their names or fix their eyes upon their temples. They were honoured with sacrifices and libations, and in Achaia they had a temple, which, when entered by any one guilty of crimes, suddenly rendered him furious, and deprived him of the use of his reason. In their sacrifices, the votaries used branches of cedar and of alder, hawthorn, saffron, and juniper, and the victims were generally turtledoves and sheep, with libations of wine and honey. They were generally represented with a grim and frightful aspect, with a black and bloody garment, and serpents wreathing round their head instead of hair. They held a burning torch in one hand, and a whip of scorpions in the other, and were always attended by terror, rage, paleness, and death. In hell they were seated around Pluto’s throne, as the ministers of his vengeance. Aeschylus, Eumenides.—Sophocles, Œdipus at Colonus.

Eumĕnĭdia, festivals in honour of the Eumenides, called by the Athenians σεμναι θεαι, venerable goddesses. They were celebrated once every year with sacrifices of pregnant ewes, with offerings of cakes made by the most eminent youths, and libations of honey and wine. At Athens none but free-born citizens were admitted, such as had led a life the most virtuous and unsullied. Such only were accepted by the goddesses, who punished all sorts of wickedness in a severe manner.

Eumēnius, a Trojan killed by Camilla in Italy. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 11, li. 666.

Eumolpe, one of the Nereides. Apollodorus.

Eumolpĭdæ, the priests of Ceres at the celebration of her festivals of Eleusis. All causes relating to impiety or profanation were referred to their judgment, and their decisions, though occasionally severe, were considered as generally impartial. The Eumolpidæ were descended from Eumolpus, a king of Thrace, who was made priest of Ceres by Erechtheus king of Athens. He became so powerful after his appointment to the priesthood, that he maintained a war against Erechtheus. This war proved fatal to both; Erechtheus and Eumolpus were both killed, and peace was re-established among their descendants, on condition that the priesthood should ever remain in the family of Eumolpus, and the regal power in the house of Erechtheus. The priesthood continued in the family of Eumolpus for 1200 years; and this is still more remarkable, because he who was once appointed to the holy office, was obliged to remain in perpetual celibacy. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 14.

Eumolpus, a king of Thrace, son of Neptune and Chione. He was thrown into the sea by his mother, who wished to conceal her shame from her father. Neptune saved his life, and carried him into Æthiopia, where he was brought up by Amphitrite, and afterwards by a woman of the country, one of whose daughters he married. An act of violence to his sister-in-law obliged him to leave Æthiopia, and he fled to Thrace with his son Ismarus, where he married the daughter of Tegyrius the king of the country. This connection with the royal family rendered him ambitious; he conspired against his father-in-law, and fled, when the conspiracy was discovered, to Attica, where he was initiated in the mysteries of Ceres of Eleusis, and made Hierophantes or high priest. He was afterwards reconciled to Tegyrius, and inherited his kingdom. He made war against Erechtheus the king of Athens, who had appointed him to the office of high priest, and perished in battle. His descendants were also invested with the priesthood, which remained for about 1200 years in that family. See: Eumolpidæ. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 5, &c.—Hyginus, fable 73.—Diodorus, bk. 5.—Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 14.

Eumonides, a Theban, &c. Plutarch.

Eunæus, a son of Jason, by Hypsipyle daughter of Thoas. Homer, Iliad, bk. 7.

Eunapius, a physician, sophist, and historian, born at Sardis. He flourished in the reign of Valentinian and his successors, and wrote a history of the Cæsars, of which few fragments remain. His life of the philosophers of his age is still extant. It is composed with fidelity and elegance, precision and correctness.

Eunŏmia, a daughter of Juno, one of the Horæ. Apollodorus.

Eunŏmus, a son of Prytanes, who succeeded his father on the throne of Sparta. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 36.――A famous musician of Locris, rival to Ariston, over whom he obtained a musical prize at Delphi. Strabo, bk. 6.――A man killed by Hercules. Apollodorus.――A Thracian, who advised Demosthenes not to be discouraged by his ill success in his first attempts to speak in public. Plutarch, Demosthenes.――The father of Lycurgus, killed by a kitchen knife. Plutarch, Lycurgus.

Eunus, a Syrian slave, who inflamed the minds of the servile multitude by pretended inspiration and enthusiasm. He filled a nut with sulphur in his mouth, and by artfully conveying fire to it, he breathed out flames to the astonishment of the people, who believed him to be a god, or something more than human. Oppression and misery compelled 2000 slaves to join his cause, and he soon saw himself at the head of 50,000 men. With such a force he defeated the Roman armies, till Perpenna obliged him to surrender by famine, and exposed on a cross the greatest part of his followers, B.C. 132. Plutarch, Sertorius.

Euonymos, one of the Lipari isles.

Euoras, a grove of Laconia. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 10.

Eupagium, a town of Peloponnesus.

Eupalămon, one of the hunters of the Calydonian boar. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 8, li. 360.

Eupalămus, the father of Dædalus and of Metiadusa. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 15.

Eupător, a son of Antiochus. The surname of Eupator was given to many of the Asiatic princes, such as Mithridates, &c. Strabo, bk. 12.

Eupătoria, a town of Paphlagonia, built by Mithridates, and called afterwards Pompeiopolis by Pompey. Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 2.――Another called Magnopolis in Pontus, now Tehenikeh. Strabo, bk. 12.

Eupeithes, a prince of Ithaca, father to Antinous. In the former part of his life he had fled before the vengeance of the Thesprotians, whose territories he had laid waste in the pursuit of some pirates. During the absence of Ulysses he was one of the most importuning lovers of Penelope. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 16.

Euphaes, succeeded Androcles on the throne of Messenia, and in his reign the first Messenian war began. He died B.C. 730. Pausanias, bk. 4, chs. 5 & 6.

Euphantus, a poet and historian of Olynthus, son of Eubulides, and preceptor to Antigonus king of Macedonia. ♦Diogenes Laërtius, Euclides.

♦ ‘Diod.’ replaced with ‘Diogenes’

Euphēme, a woman who was nurse to the Muses, and mother of Crocus by Pan. Pausanias.

Euphēmus, a son of Neptune and Europa, who was among the Argonauts, and the hunters of the Calydonian boar. He was so swift and light that he could run over the sea without scarce wetting his feet. Pindar, Pythian, poem 4.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9.—Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 17.――One of the Greek captains before Troy. Homer, Iliad, bk. 2, li. 353.

Euphorbus, a famous Trojan, son of Panthous, the first who wounded Patroclus, whom Hector killed. He perished by the hand of Menelaus, who hung his shield in the temple of Juno at Argos. Pythagoras, the founder of the doctrine of the metempsychosis, or transmigration of souls, affirmed that he had been once Euphorbus, and that his soul recollected many exploits which had been done while it animated that Trojan’s body. As a further proof of his assertion, he showed at first sight the shield of Euphorbus in the temple of Juno. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 15, li. 160.—Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 17.—Homer, Iliad, bks. 16 & 17.――A physician of Juba king of Mauritania.

Euphorion, a Greek poet of Chalcis in Eubœa, in the age of Antiochus the Great. Tiberius took him for his model for correct writing, and was so fond of him that he hung his pictures in all the public libraries. His father’s name was Polymnetus. He died in his 56th year, B.C. 220. Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 2, ch. 64, calls him Obscurum.――The father of Æschylus bore the same name.

Euphrānor, a famous painter and sculptor of Corinth. Pliny, bk. 34, ch. 8.――This name was common to many Greeks.

Euphrātes, a disciple of Plato, who governed Macedonia with absolute authority in the reign of Perdiccas, and rendered himself odious by his cruelty and pedantry. After the death of Perdiccas, he was murdered by Parmenio.――A stoic philosopher in the age of Adrian, who destroyed himself with the emperor’s leave, to escape the miseries of old age, A.D. 118. Dio Cassius.――A large and celebrated river of Mesopotamia, rising from mount Taurus in Armenia, and discharging itself with the Tigris into the Persian gulf. It is very rapid in its course, and passes through the middle of the city of Babylon. It inundates the country of Mesopotamia at a certain season of the year, and, like the Nile in Egypt, happily fertilizes the adjacent fields. Cyrus dried up its ancient channel, and changed the course of the waters when he besieged Babylon. Strabo, bk. 11.—Mela, bk. 1, ch. 2; bk. 3, ch. 8.—Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 24.—Virgil, Georgics, bk. 1, li. 509; bk. 4, li. 560.

Euphron, an aspiring man of Sicyon, who enslaved his country by bribery. Diodorus, bk. 15.

Euphrŏsy̆na, one of the Graces, sister to Aglaia and Thalia. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 35.

Euplæa, an island of the Tyrrhene sea, near Neapolis. Statius, bk. 3, Sylvæ, poem 1, li. 149.

Eupŏlis, a comic poet of Athens, who flourished 435 years before the christian era, and severely lashed the vices and immoralities of his age. It is said that he had composed 17 dramatical pieces at the age of 17. He had a dog so attached to him, that at his death he refused all aliments, and starved himself on his tomb. Some suppose that Alcibiades put Eupolis to death, because he had ridiculed him in a comedy which he had written against the Baptæ, the priests of the goddess Cotytto, and the impure ceremonies of their worship; but Suidas maintains that he perished in a sea-fight between the Athenians and the Lacedæmonians in the Hellespont, and that on that account his countrymen, pitying his fate, decreed that no poet should ever after go to war. Horace, bk. 1, satire 4; bk. 2, satire 10.—Cicero, Letters to Atticus, bk. 6, ltr. 1.—Ælian.

Eupompus, a geometrician of Macedonia.――A painter. Pliny, bk. 34, ch. 8.

Eurianassa, a town near Chios. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 31.

Eurĭpĭdes, a celebrated tragic poet born at Salamis the day on which the army of Xerxes was defeated by the Greeks. He studied eloquence under Prodicus, ethics under Socrates, and philosophy under Anaxagoras. He applied himself to dramatical composition, and his writings became so much the admiration of his countrymen, that the unfortunate Greeks, who had accompanied Nicias in his expedition against Syracuse, were freed from slavery, only by repeating some verses from the pieces of Euripides. The poet often retired from the society of mankind, and confined himself in a solitary cave near Salamis, where he wrote and finished his most excellent tragedies. The talents of Sophocles were looked upon by Euripides with jealousy, and the great enmity which always reigned between the two poets gave an opportunity to the comic muse of Aristophanes to ridicule them both on the stage with success and humour. During the representation of one of the tragedies of Euripides, the audience, displeased with some lines in the composition, desired the writer to strike them off. Euripides heard the reproof with indignation; he advanced forward on the stage, and told the spectators that he came there to instruct them, and not to receive instruction. Another piece, in which he called riches the summum bonum and the admiration of gods and men, gave equal dissatisfaction, but the poet desired the audience to listen with silent attention, for the conclusion of the whole would show them the punishment which attended the lovers of opulence. The ridicule and envy to which he was continually exposed, obliged him at last to remove from Athens. He retired to the court of Archelaus king of Macedonia, where he received the most conspicuous marks of royal munificence and friendship. His end was as deplorable as it was uncommon. It is said that the dogs of Archelaus met him in his solitary walks, and tore his body to pieces 407 years before the christian era, in the 78th year of his age. Euripides wrote 75 tragedies, of which only 19 are extant; the most approved of which are his Phœnissæ, Orestes, Medea, Andromache, Electra, Hippolytus, Iphigenia in Aulis, Iphigenia in Tauris, Hercules, and the Troades. He is peculiarly happy in expressing the passions of love, especially the more tender and animated. To the pathos he has added sublimity, and the most common expressions have received a perfect polish from his pen. In his person, as it is reported, he was noble and majestic, and his deportment was always grave and serious. He was slow in composing, and laboured with difficulty, from which circumstance a foolish and malevolent poet once observed that he had written 100 verses in three days, while Euripides had written only three. “True,” says Euripides, “but there is this difference between your poetry and mine; yours will expire in three days, but mine shall live for ages to come.” Euripides was such an enemy to the fair sex that some have called him μισογυνης, woman-hater, and perhaps from this aversion arise the impure and diabolical machinations which appear in his female characters; an observation, however, which he refuted, by saying he had faithfully copied nature. In spite of all this antipathy he was married twice, but his connections were so injudicious, that he was compelled to divorce both his wives. The best editions of this great poet are that of Musgrave, 4 vols., 4to, Oxford, 1778; that of Canter apud Commelin, 12mo, 2 vols., 1597; and of Barnes, folio, Cambridge. 1694. There are also several valuable editions of detached plays. Diodorus, bk. 13.—Valerius Maximus, bk. 3, ch. 7.—Cicero, De Inventione, bk. 1, ch. 50; Orator, bk. 3, ch. 7; Academica bk. 1, ch. 4; De Officiis, bk. 3; Finibus Bonorum et Malorum, bk. 2; Tusculanæ Disputationes, bks. 1 & 4, &c.

Eurīpus, a narrow strait which separates the island of Eubœa from the coast of Bœotia. Its flux and reflux, which continued regular during 18 or 19 days, and were commonly unsettled the rest of the month, was a matter of deep inquiry among the ancients; and it is said that Aristotle threw himself into it because he was unable to find out the causes of that phenomenon. Livy, bk. 28, ch. 6.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.—Pliny, bk. 2, ch. 95.—Strabo, bk. 9.

Euristhenes. See: Eurysthenes.

Eurōmus, a city of Caria. Livy, bk. 32, ch. 33; bk. 33, ch. 30.

Eurōpa, one of the three grand divisions of the earth known among the ancients, extending, according to modern surveys, about 3000 miles from north to south, and 2500 from east to west. Though inferior in extent, yet it is superior to the others in the learning, power, and abilities of its inhabitants. It is bounded on the east by the Ægean sea, Hellespont, Euxine, Palus Mæotis, and the Tanais in a northern direction. The Mediterranean divides it from Africa on the south, and on the west and north it is washed by the Atlantic and northern oceans. It is supposed to receive its name from Europa, who was carried there by Jupiter. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 1.—Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 1, &c.—Lucan, bk. 3, li. 275.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 222.――A daughter of Agenor king of Phœnicia and Telephassa. She was so beautiful that Jupiter became enamoured of her, and the better to seduce her he assumed the shape of a bull and mingled with the herds of Agenor, while Europa, with her female attendants, were gathering flowers in the meadows. Europa caressed the beautiful animal, and at last had the courage to sit upon his back. The god took advantage of her situation, and with precipitate steps retired towards the shore, and crossed the sea with Europa on his back, and arrived safe in Crete. Here he assumed his original shape, and declared his love. The nymph consented, though she had once made vows of perpetual celibacy, and she became mother of Minos, Sarpedon, and Rhadamanthus. After this distinguished amour with Jupiter, she married Asterius king of Crete. This monarch, seeing himself without children by Europa, adopted the fruit of her amours with Jupiter, and always esteemed Minos, Sarpedon, and Rhadamanthus as his own children. Some suppose that Europa lived about 1552 years before the christian era. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 2, fable 13.—Moschus, Idylls.—Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 5; bk. 3, ch. 1.――One of the Oceanides. Hesiod, Theogony, li. 356.――A part of Thrace near mount Hæmus. Justin, bk. 7, ch. 1.

Eurŏpæus, a patronymic of Minos the son of Europa. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 8, li. 23.

Europs, a king of Sicyon, son of Ægialeus, who died B.C. 1993. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 5.

Eurōpus, a king of Macedonia, &c. Justin, bk. 7, ch. 1.――A town of Macedonia on the Axius. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 10.

Eurōtas, a son of Lelex, father to Sparta, who married Lacedæmon. He was one of the first kings of Laconia, and gave his name to the river which flows near Sparta. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 16.—Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 1.――A river of Laconia flowing by Sparta. It was called, by way of eminence, Basilipotamos, the king of rivers, and worshipped by the Spartans as a powerful god. Laurels, reeds, myrtles, and olives grew on its banks in great abundance. Strabo, bk. 8.—Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 1.—Livy, bk. 35, ch. 29.—Virgil, Eclogues, poem 6, li. 82.—Ptolemy, bk. 4.――A river in Thessaly near mount Olympus, called also Titaresus. It joined the Peneus, but was not supposed to incorporate with it. Strabo, bk. 6.—Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 8.

Etrōto, a daughter of Danaus by Polyxo. Apollodorus.

Eurus, a wind blowing from the eastern parts of the world. The Latins sometimes called it Vulturnus. Ovid, Tristia, bk. 1, poem 2; Metamorphoses, bk. 11, &c.

Euryăle, a queen of the Amazons, who assisted Æetes, &c. Flaccus, bk. 4.――A daughter of Minos, mother of Orion by Neptune.――A daughter of Prœtus king of Argos.――One of the Gorgons who was immortal. Hesiod, Theogony, li. 207.

Euryălus, one of the Peloponnesian chiefs who went to the Trojan war with 80 ships. Homer, Iliad, bk. 2.――An illegitimate son of Ulysses and Evippe. Sophocles.――A son of Melas, taken prisoner by Hercules, &c. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 8.――A Trojan who came with Æneas into Italy, and rendered himself famous for his immortal friendship with Nisus. See: Nisus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 179.――A pleasant place of Sicily near Syracuse. Livy, bk. 25, ch. 25.――A Lacedæmonian general in the second Messenian war.

Erybătes, a herald in the Trojan war, who took Briseis from Achilles by order of Agamemnon. Homer, Iliad, bk. 1, li. 32.—Ovid, Heroides, poem 3.――A warrior of Argos, often victorious at the Nemean games, &c. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 29.――One of the Argonauts.

Eurybia, the mother of Lucifer and all the stars. Hesiod.――A daughter of Pontus and Terra, mother of Astræus, Pallas, and Perses by Crius.――A daughter of Thespius. Apollodorus.

Eurybiădes, a Spartan general of the Grecian fleet, at the battles of Artemisium and Salamis against Xerxes. He has been charged with want of courage, and with ambition. He offered to strike Themistocles when he wished to speak about the manner of attacking the Persians, upon which the Athenian said, “Strike me, but hear me.” Herodotus, bk. 8, chs. 2, 74, &c.—Plutarch, Themistocles.—Cornelius Nepos, Themistocles.

Eurybius, a son of Eurytus king of Argos, killed in a war between his countrymen and the Athenians. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 8.――A son of Nereus and Chloris. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9.

Euryclēa, a beautiful daughter of Ops of Ithaca. Laertes bought her for 20 oxen, and gave her his son Ulysses to nurse, and treated her with much tenderness and attention. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 19.

Eurycles, an orator of Syracuse, who proposed to put Nicias and Demosthenes to death, and to confine to hard labour all the Athenian soldiers in the quarries. Plutarch.――A Lacedæmonian at the battle of Actium on the side of Augustus. Plutarch, Antonius.――A soothsayer of Athens.

Eurycrătes, a king of Sparta, descended from Hercules. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 204.

Eurycrătĭdas, a son of Anaxander, &c. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 204.

Eurydămas, a Trojan skilled in the interpretation of dreams. His two sons were killed by Diomedes during the Trojan war. Homer, Iliad, bk. 5, li. 148.――One of Penelope’s suitors. Odyssey, bk. 22, li. 283.――A wrestler of Cyrene, who, in a combat, had his teeth dashed to pieces by his antagonist, which he swallowed without showing any signs of pain, or discontinuing the fight. Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 10, ch. 19.――A son of Ægyptus. Apollodorus.

Eurydăme, the wife of Leotychides king of Sparta. Herodotus.

Eurydămĭdas, a king of Lacedæmon, of the family of the Proclidæ. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 10.

Eury̆dĭce, the wife of Amyntas king of Macedonia. She had by her husband, Alexander, Perdiccas, and Philip, and one daughter called Euryone. A criminal partiality for her daughter’s husband, to whom she offered her hand and the kingdom, made her conspire against Amyntas, who must have fallen a victim to her infidelity had not Euryone discovered it. Amyntas forgave her, Alexander ascended the throne after his father’s death, and perished by the ambition of his mother; Perdiccas, who succeeded him, shared his fate; but Philip, who was the next in succession, secured himself against all attempts from his mother, and ascended the throne with peace and universal satisfaction. Eurydice fled to Iphicrates the Athenian general for protection. The manner of her death is unknown. Cornelius Nepos, Iphicrates, ch. 3.――A daughter of Amyntas, who married her uncle Aridæus, the illegitimate son of Philip. After the death of Alexander the Great, Aridæus ascended the throne of Macedonia, but he was totally governed by the intrigues of his wife, who called back Cassander, and joined her forces with his to march against Polyperchon and Olympias. Eurydice was forsaken by her troops. Aridæus was pierced through with arrows by order of Olympias, who commanded Eurydice to destroy herself either by poison, the sword, or the halter. She chose the latter.――The wife of the poet Orpheus. As she fled before Aristæus, who wished to offer her violence, she was bit by a serpent in the grass, and died of the wound. Orpheus was so disconsolate that he ventured to go to hell, where, by the melody of his lyre, he obtained from Pluto the restoration of his wife to life, provided he did not look behind before he came upon earth. He violated the conditions, as his eagerness to see his wife rendered him forgetful. He looked behind, and Eurydice was for ever taken from him. See: Orpheus. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 4, li. 457, &c.—Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 30.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 10, li. 30, &c.――A daughter of Adrastus. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 12.――One of the Danaides, who married Dyas. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 1.――The wife of Lycurgus king of Nemæa in Peloponnesus. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9.――A daughter of Actor. Apollodorus.――A wife of Æneas. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 26.――A daughter of Amphiaraus. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 17.――A daughter of Antipater, who married one of the Ptolemies. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 7.――A daughter of king Philip. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 17.――A daughter of Lacedæmon. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 13.――A daughter of Clymenus, who married Nestor. Homer, Odyssey.――A wife of Demetrius, descended from Miltiades. Plutarch, Demetrius.

Eurygania, a wife of Œdipus. Apollodorus.

Euryleon, a king of the Latins, called also Ascanius.

Eury̆lŏchus, one of the companions of Ulysses, the only one who did not taste the potions of Circe. His prudence, however, forsook him in Sicily, where he carried away the flocks sacred to Apollo, for which sacrilegious crime he was shipwrecked. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 10, li. 205; bk. 12, li. 195.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 14, li. 287.――A man who broke a conduit which conveyed water into Cyrrhæ, &c. Polyænus, bk. 5.――A man who discovered the conspiracy which was made against Alexander by Hermolaus and others. Curtius, bk. 8, ch. 6.

Eury̆măchus, a powerful Theban, who seized Platæa by treachery, &c.――One of Penelope’s suitors.――A son of Antenor.――A lover of Hippodamia. Pausanias.

Eury̆mĕde, the wife of Glaucus king of Ephyra. Apollodorus.

Eurymĕdon, the father of Peribœa, by whom Neptune had Nausithous. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 7.――A river of Pamphylia, near which the Persians were defeated by the Athenians under Cimon, B.C. 470. Livy, bk. 33, ch. 41; bk. 37, ch. 23.――A man who accused Aristotle of propagating profane doctrines in the Lyceum.

Eurymĕnes, a son of Neleus and Chloris. Apollodorus.

Eurynŏme, one of the Oceanides, mother of the Graces. Hesiod.――A daughter of Apollo, mother of Adrastus and Eriphyle.――A woman of Lemnos, &c. Flaccus, bk. 2, li. 136.――The wife of Lycurgus son of Aleus. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 9.――The mother of Asopus by Jupiter. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 12.――One of Penelope’s female attendants. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 17, li. 515.――An Athenian sent with a reinforcement to Nicias in Sicily. Plutarch, Nicias.

Eurynŏmus, one of the deities of hell. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 28.

Euryŏne, a daughter of Amyntas king of Macedonia by Eurydice.

Eurypon, a king of Sparta, son of Sous. His reign was so glorious that his descendants were called Eurypontidæ. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 7.

Eurypy̆le, a daughter of Thespius.

Eury̆py̆lus, a son of Telephus and Astyoche, was killed in the Trojan war by Pyrrhus. He made his court to Cassandra. Homer, Iliad, bk. 11.――A Grecian at the Trojan war. Homer, Iliad, bk. 2.――A prince of Olenus, who went with Hercules against Laomedon. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 19.――A son of Mecisteus, who signalized himself in the war of the Epigoni against Thebes. Apollodorus, bk. 3.――A son of Temenus king of Messenia, who conspired against his father’s life. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 6.――A son of Neptune, killed by Hercules. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 7.――One of Penelope’s suitors. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 10.――A Thessalian who became delirious for looking into a box, which fell to his share after the plunder of Troy. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 19.――A soothsayer in the Grecian camp before Troy, sent to consult the oracle of Apollo, how his countrymen could return safe home. The result of his inquiries was the injunction to offer a human sacrifice. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 2, li. 114.—Ovid.

Eurysthĕnes, a son of Aristodemus, who lived in perpetual dissension with his twin brother Procles, while they both sat on the Spartan throne. It was unknown which of the two was born first; the mother, who wished to see both her sons raised on the throne, refused to declare it, and they were both appointed kings of Sparta, by order of the oracle of Delphi, B.C. 1102. After the death of the two brothers, the Lacedæmonians, who knew not to what family the right of seniority and succession belonged, permitted two kings to sit on the throne, one of each family. The descendants of Eurysthenes were called Eurysthenidæ; and those of Procles, Proclidæ. It was inconsistent with the laws of Sparta for two kings of the same family to ascend the throne together, yet that law was sometimes violated by oppression and tyranny. Eurysthenes had a son called Agis, who succeeded him. His descendants were called Agidæ. There sat on the throne of Sparta 31 kings of the family of Eurysthenes, and only 24 of the Proclidæ. The former were the more illustrious. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 147; bk. 6, ch. 52.—Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 1.—Cornelius Nepos, Agesilaus.

Eurysthenĭdæ. See: Eurysthenes.

Eurystheus, a king of Argos and Mycenæ, son of Sthenelus and Nicippe the daughter of Pelops. Juno hastened his birth by two months, that he might come into the world before Hercules the son of Alcmena, as the younger of the two was doomed by order of Jupiter to be subservient to the will of the other. See: Alcmena. This natural right was cruelly exercised by Eurystheus, who was jealous of the fame of Hercules, and who, to destroy so powerful a relation, imposed upon him the most dangerous and uncommon enterprises, well known by the name of the 12 labours of Hercules. The success of Hercules in achieving those perilous labours alarmed Eurystheus in a greater degree, and he furnished himself with a brazen vessel, where he might secure himself a safe retreat in case of danger. After the death of Hercules, Eurystheus renewed his cruelties against his children, and made war against Ceyx king of Trachinia, because he had given them support, and treated them with hospitality. He was killed in the prosecution of this war by Hyllus the son of Hercules. His head was sent to Alcmena the mother of Hercules, who, mindful of the cruelties which her son had suffered, insulted it and tore out the eyes with the most inveterate fury. Eurystheus was succeeded on the throne of Argos by Atreus his nephew. Hyginus, fables 30 & 32.—Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 4, &c.—Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 33; bk. 3, ch. 6.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 9, fable 6.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 8, li. 292.

Eury̆te, a daughter of Hippodamus, who married Parthaon. Apollodorus.――The mother of Hallirhotius by Neptune. Apollodorus.

Euryteæ, a town of Achaia. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 18.

Eury̆tĕle, a daughter of Thespius.――A daughter of Leucippus. Apollodorus.

Eurythĕmis, the wife of Thestius. Apollodorus.

Eury̆thion and Eurytion, a centaur whose insolence to Hippodamia was the cause of the quarrel between the Lapithæ and Centaurs, at the nuptials of Pirithous. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12.—Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 10.—Hesiod, Theogony.――A herdsman of Geryon, killed by Hercules. Apollodorus, bk. 2.――A king of Sparta, who seized upon Mantinea by stratagem. Polyænus, bk. 2.――One of the Argonauts. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 8, li. 311.――A son of Lycaon, who signalized himself during the funeral games exhibited in Sicily by Æneas. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 5, li. 495.――A silversmith. Æneid, bk. 10, li. 499.――A man of Heraclea convicted of adultery. His punishment was the cause of the abolition of the oligarchical power there. Aristotle, bk. 5, Politics.

Eury̆tis (idos), a patronymic of Iole daughter of Eurytus. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 9, fable 11.

Eury̆tus, a son of Mercury, among the Argonauts. Flaccus, bk. 1, li. 439.――A king of Œchalia, father to Iole. He offered his daughter to him who shot a bow better than himself. Hercules conquered him, and put him to death because he refused him his daughter as the prize of his victory. Apollodorus, bk. 2, chs. 4 & 7.――A son of Actor, concerned in the wars between Augias and Hercules, and killed by the hero.――A son of Augias, killed by Hercules as he was going to Corinth to celebrate the Isthmian games. Apollodorus.――A person killed in hunting the Calydonian boar.――A son of Hippocoon. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 10.――A giant killed by Hercules or Bacchus for making war against the gods.

Eusebia, an empress, wife to Constantius, &c. She died A.D. 360, highly and deservedly lamented.

Eusebius, a bishop of Cæsarea, in great favour with the emperor Constantine. He was concerned in the theological disputes of Arius and Athanasius, and distinguished himself by his writings, which consisted of an ecclesiastical history, the life of Constantine, Chronicon, Evangelical Preparations, and other numerous treatises, most of which are now lost. The best edition of his Præparatio and Demonstratio Evangelica, is by Vigerus, 2 vols., folio, Rothomagi, 1628; and of his ecclesiastical history by Reading, folio, Cambridge. 1720.

Eusebius, a surname of Bacchus.

Eusepus and Pedasus, the twin sons of Bucolion, killed in the Trojan war. Homer, Iliad, bk. 6.

Eustathius, a Greek commentator on the works of Homer. The best edition of this very valuable author is that published at Basil, 3 vols., folio, 1560. It is to be lamented that the design of Alexander Politus, begun at Florence in 1735, and published in the first five books of the Iliad, is not executed, as a Latin translation of these excellent commentaries is among the desiderata of the present day.――A man who wrote a very foolish romance in Greek, entitled De Ismeniæ et Ismenes amoribus, edited by Gaulminus, 8vo, Paris, 1617.

Eutæa, a town of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 27.

Eutelidas, a famous statuary of Argos. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 10.

Euterpe, one of the Muses, daughter to Jupiter and Mnemosyne. She presided over music, and was looked upon as the inventress of the flute and of all wind instruments. She is represented as crowned with flowers, and holding a flute in her hands. Some mythologists attributed to her the invention of tragedy, more commonly supposed to be the production of Melpomene. See: Musæ.――The name of the mother of Themistocles according to some.

Euthycrătes, a sculptor of Sicyon, son of Lysippus. He was particularly happy in the proportions of his statues. Those of Hercules and Alexander were in general esteem, and particularly that of Medea, which was carried on a chariot by four horses. Pliny, bk. 34, ch. 8.――A man who betrayed Olynthus to Philip.

Euthydēmus, an orator and rhetorician, who greatly distinguished himself by his eloquence, &c. Strabo, bk. 14.

Euthȳmus, a celebrated boxer of Locri in Italy, &c. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 6.

Eutrapĕlus, a man described as artful and fallacious by Horace, bk. 1, ltr. 18, li. 31.――A hair-dresser. Martial, bk. 7, ltr. 82.

Eutrăpĕlus Volumnius, a friend of Marcus Antony, &c. Cicero, Letters to his Friends, ltr. 32.

Eutropius, a Latin historian in the age of Julian, under whom he carried arms in the fatal expedition against the Persians. His origin as well as his dignity are unknown; yet some suppose, from the epithet of Clarissimus prefixed to his history, that he was a Roman senator. He wrote an epitome of the history of Rome, from the age of Romulus to the reign of the emperor Valens, to whom the work was dedicated. He wrote a treatise on medicine without being acquainted with the art. Of all his works the Roman history alone is extant. It is composed with conciseness and precision, but without elegance. The best edition of Eutropius is that of Haverkamp, Cum notis variorum, 8vo, Leiden, 1729 & 1762.――A famous eunuch at the court of Arcadius, the son of Theodosius the Great, &c.

Eutychĭde, a woman who was 30 times brought to bed, and carried to the grave by 20 of her children. Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 3.

Eutychĭdes, a learned servant of Atticus, &c. Cicero, bk. 15, Letters to Atticus.――A sculptor.

Euxanthius, a daughter of Minos and Dexithea. Apollodorus.

Euxenĭdas, a painter, &c. Pliny, bk. 35.

Euxĕnus, a man who wrote a poetical history of the fabulous ages of Italy. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 1.

Euxīnus Pontus, a sea between Asia and Europe, partly at the north of Asia Minor, and at the west of Colchis. It was anciently called ἀξεινος, inhospitable, on account of the savage manners of the inhabitants on its coast. Commerce with foreign nations, and the plantation of colonies in their neighbourhood, gradually softened their roughness, and the sea was no longer called Axenus, but Euxenus, hospitable. The Euxine is supposed by Herodotus to be 1387 miles long and 420 broad. Strabo calls it 1100 miles long and in circumference 3125. It abounds in all varieties of fish, and receives the tribute of above 40 rivers. It is not of great depth, except in the eastern parts, where some have imagined that it has a subterraneous communication with the Caspian. It is now called the Black sea, from the thick dark fogs which cover it. Ovid, Tristia, bk. 3, poem 13; bk. 4, poem 4, li. 54.—Strabo, bk. 1, &c.—Mela, bk. 1, ch. 1.—Pliny, bk. 3.—Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 85.

Euxippe, a woman who killed herself because the ambassadors of Sparta had offered violence to her virtue, &c.

Exadius, one of the Lapithæ at the nuptials of Pirithous. Homer, Iliad, bk. 1, li. 264.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12, li. 266.

Exæthes, a Parthian who cut off the head of Crassus, &c. Polyænus, bk. 7.

Exagŏnus, the ambassador of a nation in Cyprus, who came to Rome and talked so much of the power of herbs, serpents, &c., that the consuls ordered him to be thrown into a vessel full of serpents. These venomous creatures, far from hurting him, caressed him and harmlessly licked him with their tongues. Pliny, bk. 28, ch. 3.

Exomătræ, a people of Asiatic Sarmatia. Flaccus, bk. 6, li. 144.

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F

Fabaria, festivals at Rome in honour of Carna wife of Janus, when beans (fabæ) were presented as an oblation.

Fabăris, now Farfa, a river of Italy in the territories of the Sabines, called also Farfarus, Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 14, li. 330.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 715.

Fabia. See: Fabius Fabricianus.

Făbia lex, de ambitu, was to circumscribe the number of Sectatores or attendants which were allowed to candidates in canvassing for some high office. It was proposed, but did not pass.

Făbia, a tribe at Rome. Horace, bk. 1, ltr. 7, li. 52.――A vestal virgin, sister to Terentia, Cicero’s wife.

Făbiāni, some of the Luperci at Rome, instituted in honour of the Fabian family.

Făbii, a noble and powerful family at Rome, who derived their name from faba, a bean, because some of their ancestors cultivated this pulse. They were said to be descended from Fabius, a supposed son of Hercules by an Italian nymph; and they were once so numerous that they took upon themselves to wage war against the Veientes. They came to a general engagement near the Cremera, in which all the family, consisting of 306 men, were totally slain, B.C. 477. There only remained one, whose tender age had detained him at Rome, and from him arose the noble Fabii in the following ages. The family was divided into six different branches, the Ambusti, the Maximi, the Vibulani, the Buteones, the Dorsones, and the Pictores, the three first of which are frequently mentioned in the Roman history, but the others seldom. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 9, ch. 5.—Livy, bk. 2, ch. 46, &c.—Florus, bk. 1, ch. 2.—Ovid, Tristia, bk. 2, li. 235.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 845.

Făbius Maximus Rullianus, was the first of the Fabii who obtained the surname of Maximus, for lessening the power of the populace at elections. He was master of horse, and his victories over the Samnites in that capacity nearly cost him his life, because he engaged the enemy without the command of the dictator. He was five times consul, twice dictator, and once censor. He triumphed over seven different nations in the neighbourhood of Rome, and rendered himself illustrious by his patriotism.――Rusticus, an historian in the age of Claudius and Nero. He was intimate with Seneca, and the encomiums which Tacitus passes upon his style make us regret the loss of his compositions.――Marcellinus, an historian in the second century.――A Roman lawyer whom Horace, bk. 1, satire 2, li. 134, ridicules as having been caught in adultery.――Quintus Maximus, a celebrated Roman, first surnamed Verrucosus from a wart on his lip, and Agnicula from his inoffensive manners. From a dull and unpromising childhood he burst into deeds of valour and heroism, and was gradually raised by merit to the highest offices of the state. In his first consulship, he obtained a victory over Liguria, and the fatal battle of Thrasymenus occasioned his election to the dictatorship. In this important office he began to oppose Annibal, not by fighting him in the open field, like his predecessors, but he continually harrassed his army by countermarches and ambuscades, for which he received the surname of Cunctator, or delayer. Such operations for the commander of the Roman armies gave offence to some, and Fabius was even accused of cowardice. He, however, still pursued the measures which prudence and reflection seemed to dictate as most salutary to Rome, and he patiently bore to see his master of horse raised to share the dictatorial dignity with himself, by means of his enemies at home. When he had laid down his office of dictator, his successors for a while followed his plan; but the rashness of Varro, and his contempt for the operations of Fabius, occasioned the fatal battle of Cannæ. Tarentum was obliged to surrender to his arms after the battle of Cannæ, and on that occasion the Carthaginian enemy observed that Fabius was the Annibal of Rome. When he had made an agreement with Annibal for the ransom of the captives, which was totally disapproved by the Roman senate, he sold all his estates to pay the money, rather than forfeit his word to the enemy. The bold proposal of young Scipio to go and carry the war from Italy to Africa, was rejected by Fabius as chimerical and dangerous. He did not, however, live to see the success of the Roman arms under Scipio, and the conquest of Carthage, by measures which he treated with contempt and heard with indignation. He died in the 100th year of his age, after he had been five times consul, and twice honoured with a triumph. The Romans were so sensible of his great merit and services, that the expenses of his funeral were defrayed from the public treasury. Plutarch, Parallel Lives.—Florus, bk. 2, ch. 6.—Livy.—Polybius.――His son bore the same name, and showed himself worthy of his noble father’s virtues. During his consulship, he received a visit from his father on horseback in the camp; the son ordered the father to dismount, and the old man cheerfully obeyed, embracing his son, and saying, “I wished to know whether you knew what it is to be consul.” He died before his father, and the Cunctator, with the moderation of a philosopher, delivered a funeral oration over the dead body of his son. Plutarch, Fabius Maximus.――Pictor, the first Roman who wrote an historical account of his country, from the age of Romulus to the year of Rome, 536. He flourished B.C. 225. The work which is now extant, and which is attributed to him, is a spurious composition.――A loquacious person mentioned by Horace, bk. 1, satire 1, li. 14.――A Roman consul, surnamed Ambustus, because he was struck with lightning.――A lieutenant of Cæsar in Gaul.――Fabricianus, a Roman assassinated by his wife Fabia, that she might more freely enjoy the company of a favourite youth. His son was saved from his mother’s cruelties, and when he came of age he avenged his father’s death by murdering his mother and her adulterer. The senate took cognizance of the action, and patronized the parricide. Plutarch, Parallela minora.――A chief priest at Rome when Brennus took the city. Plutarch.――A Roman sent to consult the oracle of Delphi while Annibal was in Italy.――Another chosen dictator, merely to create new senators.――A lieutenant of Lucullus defeated by Mithridates.――A son of Paulus Æmilius, adopted into the family of the Fabii.――A Roman surnamed Allobrogicus from his victory over the Allobroges, &c. Florus, bk. 2, ch. 17.――Another chosen general against the Carthaginians in Italy. He lost all his forces in a battle, and fell wounded by the side of Annibal. Plutarch, Parallela minora.――A consul with Julius Cæsar, who conquered Pompey’s adherents in Spain.――A high priest who wrote some annals, and made war against Viriathus in Spain. Livy, bk. 30, ch. 26.—Florus, bk. 3, ch. 2.――Dorso. See: Dorso.

Fābrātĕria, a colony and town of the Volsci in Latium. Silius Italicus, bk. 8, li. 398.—Cicero, Letters to his Friends, bk. 9, ltr. 24.

Fabrĭcius, a Latin writer in the reign of Nero, who employed his pen in satirizing and defaming the senators. His works were burnt by order of Nero.――Caius Luscinus, a celebrated Roman who, in his first consulship, obtained several victories over the Samnites and Lucanians, and was honoured with a triumph. The riches which were acquired in those battles were immense, the soldiers were liberally rewarded by the consul, and the treasury was enriched with 400 talents. Two years after, Fabricus went as ambassador to Pyrrhus, and refused with contempt the presents, and heard with indignation the offers, which might have corrupted the ♦fidelity of a less virtuous citizen. Pyrrhus had occasion to admire the magnanimity of Fabricius; but his astonishment was more powerfully awakened when he opposed him in the field of battle, and when he saw him make a discovery of the perfidious offer of his physician, who pledged himself to the Roman general for a sum of money to poison his royal master. To this greatness of soul were added the most consummate knowledge of military affairs, and the greatest simplicity of manners. Fabricius never used rich plate at his table. A small salt-cellar, whose feet were of horn, was the only silver vessel which appeared in his house. This contempt of luxury and useless ornaments Fabricius wished to inspire among the people; and during his censorship he banished from the senate Cornelius Rufinus, who had been twice consul and dictator, because he kept in his house more than 10 pounds weight of silver plate. Such were the manners of the conqueror of Pyrrhus, who observed that he wished rather to command those that had money than possess it himself. He lived and died in the greatest poverty. His body was buried at the public charge, and the Roman people were obliged to give a dowry to his two daughters, when they had arrived to marriageable years. Valerius Maximus, bk. 2, ch. 9; bk. 4, ch. 4.—Florus, bk. 1, ch. 18.—Cicero, bk. 3, de Officiis.—Plutarch, Pyrrhus.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 844.――A bridge at Rome, built by the consul Fabricius, over the Tiber. Horace, bk. 2, satire 3, li. 36.

♦ ‘fidelty’ replaced with ‘fidelity’

Fabulla, a prostitute, &c. Juvenal, satire 2, li. 68.

Facelina, a small place on the north of Sicily, where Diana had a temple. Servius, Commentary on the Æneid of Vergil, bk. 9, li. 117.—Hyginus, fable 261.

Fadus, a Rutulian killed in the night by Euryalus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 344.

Fæsŭlæ, now Fiesole, a town of Etruria, famous for its augurs. Cicero, For Lucius Murena, ch. 24.—Silius Italicus, bk. 8, li. 478.—Sallust, Catilinae Coniuratio, ch. 27.

Falcīdia lex, was enacted by the tribune Falcidius, A.U.C. 713, concerning wills and the right of heirs.

Faleria, a town of Picenum, now Fallerona, of which the inhabitants were called Falerienses. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 13.

Falerii (or ium), now Palari, a town of Etruria, of which the inhabitants are called Falisci. The Romans borrowed some of their laws from Falerii. The place was famous for its pastures, and for a peculiar sort of sausage. See: Falisci. Martial, bk. 4, ltr. 46.—Livy, bk. 10, chs. 12 & 16.—Ovid, Fasti, bk. 1, li. 84; ex Ponto, bk. 4, poem 8, li. 41.—Cato, De Re Rustica, bks. 4 & 14.—Servius, Commentary on the Æneid of Vergil, bk. 7, li. 695.—Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 5.

Falerina, a tribe at Rome. Livy, bk. 9, ch. 23.

Falernus, a fertile mountain and plain of Campania, famous for its wine, which the Roman poets have greatly celebrated. Livy, bk. 22, ch. 14.—Martial, bk. 12, ltr. 57.—Virgil, Georgics, bk. 2, li. 96.—Horace, bk. 1, ode 20, li. 10; bk. 2, satire 4, li. 15.—Strabo, bk. 5.—Florus, bk. 1, ch. 15.

Fălisci, a people of Etruria, originally a Macedonian colony. When they were besieged by Camillus, a schoolmaster went out of the gates of the city with his pupils, and betrayed them into the hands of the Roman enemy, that by such a possession he might easily oblige the place to surrender. Camillus heard the proposal with indignation, and ordered the man to be stripped naked and whipped back to the town by those whom his perfidy wished to betray. This instance of generosity operated upon the people so powerfully that they surrendered to the Romans. Plutarch, Camillus.

Faliscus Gratius. See: Gratius.

Fama (fame), was worshipped by the ancients as a powerful goddess, and generally represented blowing a trumpet, &c. Statius, bk. 3, Thebiad, li. 427.

Fannia, a woman of Minturnæ, who hospitably entertained Marius in his flight, though he had formerly sat in judgment upon her, and divorced her from her husband.

Fannia lex, de sumptibus, by Fannius the consul, A.U.C. 593. It enacted that no person should spend more than 100 asses a day at the great festivals, and 30 asses on other days, and 10 at all other times.

Fannii, two orators of whom Cicero speaks in Brutus.

Fannius, an inferior poet ridiculed by Horace, because his poems and picture were consecrated in the library of Apollo, on mount Palatine at Rome, as it was then usual for such as possessed merit. Horace, bk. 1, satire 4, li. 21.――A person who killed himself when apprehended in a conspiracy against Augustus. Martial, bk. 12, ltr. 80.――Caius, an author in Trajan’s reign, whose history of the cruelties of Nero is greatly regretted.

Fanum Vacūnæ, a village in the country of the Sabines. Horace, bk. 1, ltr. 10, li. 49.

Farfărus, a river of the Sabines, falling into the Tiber above Capena. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 14, li. 330.

Fascelis, a surname of Diana, because her statue was brought from Taurica by Iphigenia in a bundle of sticks (fascis), and placed at Aricia.

Fascellina, a town of Sicily near Panormus. Silius Italicus, bk. 14, li. 261.

Faucŭla, a prostitute who privately conveyed food to the Roman prisoners at Capua. Livy, bk. 26, ch. 33.

Faventia, a town of Spain. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 1.――Of Italy. Silius Italicus, bk. 8, li. 597.—Pliny, bk. 14, ch. 15.—Martial, bk. 2, ltr. 74.

Faveria, a town of Istria. Livy, bk. 41, ch. 11.

Faula, a mistress of Hercules.

Fauna, a deity among the Romans, daughter of Picus, and originally called Marica. Her marriage with Faunus procured her the name of Fauna, and her knowledge of futurity that of Fatua and Fatidica. It is said that she never saw a man after her marriage with Faunus, and that her uncommon chastity occasioned her being ranked among the gods after death. She is the same, according to some, as Bona Mater. Some mythologists accuse her of drunkenness, and say that she expired under the blows of her husband, for an immoderate use of wine. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 47, &c.—Varro.—Justin, bk. 43, ch. 1.

Faunalia, festivals at Rome in honour of Faunus.

Fauni, certain deities of the country, represented as having the legs, feet, and ears of goats, and the rest of the body human. They were called satyrs by the Greeks. The peasants offered them a lamb or a kid with great solemnity. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 1, li. 10.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 6, li. 392.

Faunus, a son of Picus, who is said to have reigned in Italy about 1300 years B.C. His bravery as well as wisdom have given rise to the tradition that he was son of Mars. He raised a temple in honour of the god Pan, called by the Latins Lupercus, at the foot of the Palatine hill, and he exercised hospitality towards strangers with a liberal hand. His great popularity and his fondness for agriculture made his subjects revere him as one of their country deities after death. He was represented with all the equipage of the satyrs, and was consulted to give oracles. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 1, ch. 7.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 47; bk. 8, li. 314; bk. 10, li. 55.—Horace, bk. 1, ode 17.

Favo, a Roman mimic, who at the funeral of Vespasian imitated the manners and gestures of the deceased emperor. Suetonius, Vespasian, ch. 19.

Favorinus, a philosopher and eunuch under Adrian, &c.

Fausta, a daughter of Sylla, &c. Horace, bk. 1, satire 2, li. 64.――The wife of the emperor Constantine, disgraced for her cruelties and vices.

Faustīna, the wife of the emperor Antoninus, famous for her debaucheries. Her daughter of the same name, blessed with beauty, loveliness, and wit, became the most abandoned of her sex. She married Marcus Aurelius.――The third wife of the emperor Heliogabalus bore that name.

Faustĭtas, a goddess among the Romans supposed to preside over cattle. Horace, bk. 4, ode 5, li. 17.

Faustŭlus, a shepherd ordered to expose Romulus and Remus. He privately brought them up at home. Livy, bk. 1, ch. 4.—Justin, bk. 43, ch. 2.—Plutarch, Romulus.

Faustus, an obscure poet under the first Roman emperors, two of whose dramatic pieces, Thebæ and Tereus, Juvenal mentions, satire 7, li. 12.

Februus, a god at Rome, who presided over purifications.――The Feralia sacrifices which the Romans offered to the gods manes, were also called Februa, whence the name of the month of February, during which the oblations were made.

Feciāles, a number of priests at Rome, employed in declaring war and making peace. When the Romans thought themselves injured, one of this sacerdotal body was empowered to demand redress, and after the allowance of 33 days to consider the matter, war was declared if submissions were not made, and the Fecialis hurled a bloody spear into the territories of the enemy in proof of intended hostilities. Livy, bk. 1, ch. 3; bk. 4, ch. 30.

Felginas, a Roman knight killed by Pompey at Dyrracchium. Cæsar, bk. 3, Civil War.

Felix Marcus Antonius, a freedman of Claudius Cæsar, made governor of Judæa, Samaria, and Palestine. He is called by Suetonius the husband of three queens, as he married the two Drusillæ, one granddaughter of Antony and Cleopatra, and the other a Jewish princess, sister of Agrippa. The name of his third wife is unknown. Suetonius, Divus Claudius, ch. 18.—Tacitus, Annals, bk. 12, ch. 14.

Feltria, a town of Italy at the north of Venice.

Fenestella, a Roman historian in the age of Augustus. He died at Cumæ.――One of the gates at Rome. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 6, li. 578.

Fenni, or Finni, the inhabitants of Finningia, or Eningia, now considered as Finland. Tacitus, Germania, ch. 46.—Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 13.

Ferālia, a festival in honour of the dead, observed at Rome the 17th or 21st of February. It continued for 11 days, during which time presents were carried to the graves of the deceased, marriages were forbidden, and the temples of the gods were shut. It was universally believed that the manes of their departed friends came and hovered over their graves, and feasted upon the provisions that the hand of piety and affection had procured for them. Their punishments in the infernal regions were also suspended, and during that time they enjoyed rest and liberty.

Ferentīnum, a town of the Hernici at the east of Rome. The inhabitants were called Ferentinates, or Ferentini. Silius Italicus, bk. 8, li. 394.—Livy, bk. 1, ch. 50; bk. 9, chs. 43 & 44.

Ferentum, or Forentum, a town of Apulia, now Forenza. Horace, bk. 3, ode 4, li. 15.—Livy, bk. 9, chs. 16 & 20.

Fĕrētrius, a surname of Jupiter, a ferendo, because he had assisted the Romans, or a feriendo, because he had conquered their enemies under Romulus. He had a temple at Rome built by Romulus, where the spoils called opima were always carried. Only two generals obtained these celebrated spoils after the age of Romulus. Livy, bk. 1, ch. 10.—Plutarch, Romulus.—Cornelius Nepos, Atticus, ch. 20.

Feriæ Latīnæ, festivals at Rome instituted by Tarquin the Proud. The principal magistrates of 47 towns in Latium usually assembled on a mount near Rome, where they, together with the Roman magistrates, offered a bull to Jupiter Latialis, of which they carried home some part after the immolation, after they had sworn mutual friendship and alliance. It continued but one day originally, but in process of time four days were dedicated to its celebration. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 4, ch. 49.—Cicero, ltr. 6.—Livy, bk. 21, &c. The feriæ among the Romans were certain days set apart to celebrate festivals, and during that time it was unlawful for any person to work. They were either public or private. The public were of four different kinds. The feriæ stativæ were certain immovable days always marked in the calendar, and observed by the whole city with much festivity and public rejoicing. The feriæ conceptivæ were movable feasts, and the day appointed for the celebration was always previously fixed by the magistrates or priests. Among these were the feriæ Latinæ, which were first established by Tarquin, and observed by the consuls regularly before they set out for the provinces; the Compitalia, &c. The feriæ imperativæ were appointed only by the command of the consul, dictator, or pretor, as a public rejoicing for some important victory gained over the enemies of Rome. The feriæ Nundinæ were regular days in which the people of the country and neighbouring towns assembled together and exposed their respective commodities to sale. They were called Nundinæ, because kept every ninth day. The feriæ privatæ were observed only in families, in commemoration of birthdays, marriages, funerals, and the like. The days on which the feriæ were observed were called by the Romans festi dies, because dedicated to mirth, relaxation, and festivity.

Fērōnia, a goddess at Rome, who presided over the woods and groves. The name is derived a ferendo, because she gave assistance to her votaries, or perhaps from the town Feronia, near mount Soracte, where she had a temple. It was usual to make a yearly sacrifice to her, and to wash the face and hands in the waters of the sacred fountain, which flowed near her temple. It is said that those who were filled with the spirit of this goddess could walk barefooted over burning coals without receiving any injury from the flames. The goddess had a temple and a grove about three miles from Anxur, and also another in the district of Capena. Livy, bk. 33, ch. 26.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, lis. 697 & 800.—Varro, de Lingua Latina, bk. 4, ch. 10.—Silius Italicus, bk. 13.—Strabo, bk. 5.—Horace, bk. 1, satire 5, li. 24.

Fescennia (iorum, or ium), a town of Etruria, now Galese, where the Fescennine verses were first invented. These verses, the name of which conveys an idea of vulgar obscenity, were a sort of rustic dialogue spoken extempore, in which the actors exposed before their audience the failings and vices of their adversaries, and by satirical humour and merriment endeavoured to raise the laughter of the company. They were often repeated at nuptials, and many lascivious expressions were used for the general diversion, as also at harvest home, when gestures were made adapted to the sense of the unpolished verses that were used. They were proscribed by Augustus as of immoral tendency. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 5.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 695.—Horace, bk. 2, ltr. 1, li. 145.

Fesŭlæ, or Fæsulæ, a town of Etruria, where Sylla settled a colony. Cicero, Against Catiline, bk. 3, ch. 6.

Festus, a friend of Domitian, who killed himself in an illness. Martial, bk. 1, ltr. 79.――Porcius, a proconsul who succeeded Felix as governor of Judæa, under Claudius.

Fibrēnus, a river of Italy, falling into the Liris through Cicero’s farm at Arpinum. Silius Italicus, bk. 8, li. 400.—Cicero, De Legibus, bk. 2, ch. 1.

Ficana, a town of Latium, at the south of Rome, near the Tiber. Livy, bk. 1, ch. 33.

Ficaria, a small island on the east of Sardinia, now Serpentera. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 7.

Ficulea, or Ficulnea, a town of Latium beyond mount Sacer, at the north of Rome. Cicero had a villa there, and the road that led to the town was called Ficulnensis, afterwards Nomentana Via. Cicero, bk. 12, Letters to Atticus, ltr. 34.—Livy, bk. 1, ch. 38; bk. 3, ch. 52.

Fidēna, an inland town of Latium, whose inhabitants are called Fidenates. The place was conquered by the Romans B.C. 435. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 773.—Juvenal, satire 1, li. 44.—Livy, bk. 1, chs. 14, 15 & 27; bk. 2, ch. 19; bk. 4, chs. 17 & 21.

Fidentia, a town of Gaul on the south of the Po, between Placentia and Parma. Velleius Paterculus, bk. 2, ch. 28.—Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 15.—Cicero, De Inventione, bk. 2, ch. 54.

Fides, the goddess of faith, oaths, and honesty, worshipped by the Romans. Numa was the first who paid her divine honours.

Fĭdĭcŭlæ, a place of Italy. Valerius Maximus, bk. 7, ch. 6.

Fidius Dius, a divinity by whom the Romans generally swore. He was also called Sancus, or Sanctus, and Semipater, and he was solemnly addressed in prayers the 5th of June, which was yearly consecrated to his service. Some suppose him to be Hercules. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 6, li. 213.—Varro, de Lingua Latina, bk. 4, ch. 10.—Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bks. 2 & 9.

Fimbria, a Roman officer who besieged Mithridates in Pritaine, and failed in his attempts to take him prisoner. He was deserted by his troops for his cruelty, upon which he killed himself. Plutarch, Lucullus.

Firmum, now Fermo, a town of Picenum on the Adriatic, the port of which was called Castellum Firmanum. Cicero, bk. 8, Letters to Atticus, ltr. 12.—Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 8.—Velleius, bk. 1, ch. 14.

Marcus Firmius, a powerful native of Seleucia, who proclaimed himself emperor, and was at last conquered by Aurelian.

Fiscellus, a part of the Apennine mountains in Umbria, where the Nar rises. Silius Italicus, bk. 8, li. 518.—Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 12.

Flacilla Antonia, a Roman matron in Nero’s age, &c. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 14, ch. 7.

Flaccus, a consul who marched against Sylla, and was assassinated by Fimbria. Plutarch.――A poet. See: Valerius.――A governor of Egypt, who died A.D. 39.――Verrius, a grammarian, tutor to the two grandsons of Augustus, and supposed author of the Capitoline marbles.――A name of Horace. See: Horatius.

Ælia Flacilla, the mother of Arcadius and Honorius, was daughter of Antonius, a prefect of Gaul.

Flāmĭnia lex, agraria, by Caius Flaminius the tribune, A.U.C. 525. It required that the lands of Picenum, from which the Gauls Senones had been expelled, should be divided among the Roman people.

Flaminia via, a celebrated road which led from Rome to Ariminum and Aquileia. It received its name from Flaminius, who built it, and was killed at the battle of Thrasymenus against Annibal.――A gate of Rome opening to the same road, now del popolo.

Caius Flāmĭnius, a Roman consul of a turbulent disposition, who was drawn into a battle near the lake of Thrasymenus, by the artifice of Annibal. He was killed in the engagement, with an immense number of Romans, B.C. 217. The conqueror wished to give a burial to his body, but it was not found in the heaps of slain. While tribune of the people he proposed an agrarian law against the advice of his friends, of the senate, and of his own father. Cicero, de Inventione, bk. 2, ch. 17.—Livy, bk. 22, ch. 3, &c.—Polybius.—Florus, bk. 2, ch. 6.—Valerius Maximus, bk. 1, ch. 6.

Titus Quinctius Flāmĭnius, or Flaminīnus, a celebrated Roman raised to the consulship, A.U.C. 556. He was trained in the art of war against Annibal, and he showed himself capable in every respect to discharge with honour the great office with which he was entrusted. He was sent at the head of the Roman troops against Philip king of Macedonia, and in his expedition he met with uncommon success. The Greeks gradually declared themselves his firmest supporters, and he totally defeated Philip on the confines of Epirus, and made all Locris, Phocis, and Thessaly tributary to the Roman power. He granted peace to the conquered monarch, and proclaimed all Greece free and independent at the Isthmian games. This celebrated action procured the name of patrons of Greece to the Romans, and insensibly paved their way to universal dominion. Flaminius behaved among them with the greatest policy, and by his ready compliance with their national customs and prejudices he gained uncommon popularity, and received the name of father and deliverer of Greece. He was afterwards sent ambassador to king Prusias, who had given refuge to Annibal, and there his prudence and artifice hastened out of the world a man who had long been the terror of the Romans. Flaminius was found dead in his bed, after a life spent in the greatest glory, in which he had imitated with success the virtues of his model Scipio. Plutarch, Parallel Lives.—Florus.――Lucius, the brother of the preceding, signalized himself in the wars of Greece. He was expelled from the senate for killing a Gaul, by Cato, his brother’s colleague in the censorship, an action which was highly resented by Titus. Plutarch, Flaminius.――Calp. Flamma, a tribune, who at the head of 300 men saved the Roman army in Sicily, B.C. 258, by engaging the Carthaginians and cutting them to pieces.

Flanaticus sinus, a bay of the Flanates, in Liburnia on the Adriatic, now the gulf of Carnero. Pliny, bk. 3, chs. 19 & 21.

Flāvia lex, agraria, by Lucius Flavius, A.U.C. 693, for the distribution of a certain quantity of lands among Pompey’s soldiers and the commons.

Flāviānum, a town of Etruria, on the Tiber, called also Flavinium. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 696.—Silius Italicus, bk. 8, li. 492.

Flāvinia, a town of Latium, which assisted Turnus against Æneas. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 696.

Flavius, a senator who conspired with Piso against Nero, &c. Tacitus.――A tribune of the people deposed by Julius Cæsar.――A Roman who informed Gracchus of the violent measures of the senate against him.――A brother of Vespasian, &c.――A tribune who wounded one of Annibal’s elephants in an engagement.――A schoolmaster at Rome in the age of Horace. Bk. 1, satire 6, li. 72.――One of the names of the emperor Domitian. Juvenal, satire 4, li. 37.

Flevus, the right branch of the Rhine, which formed a large lake on its falling into the sea called Flevo, now Zuider-Zee. It was afterwards called Helium, now Ulie, when its breadth became more contracted, and a fort erected there obtained the name of Flevum Frisiorum. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 2, ch. 6; bk. 4, li. 72.—Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 15.—Mela, bk. 3, ch. 2.

Flōra, the goddess of flowers and gardens among the Romans, the same as the Chloris of the Greeks. Some suppose that she was originally a common courtesan, who left to the Romans the immense riches which she had acquired by prostitution and lasciviousness, in remembrance of which a yearly festival was instituted in her honour. She was worshipped even among the Sabines, long before the foundation of Rome, and likewise among the Phoceans, who built Marseilles long before the existence of the capital of Italy. Tatius was the first who raised her a temple in the city of Rome. It is said that she married Zephyrus, and that she received from him the privilege of presiding over flowers, and of enjoying perpetual youth. See: Floralia. She was represented as crowned with flowers, and holding in her hand the horn of plenty. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 5, li. 195, &c. Varro, de Re Rustica, bk. 1.—Lactantius, bk. 1, ch. 20.――A celebrated courtesan passionately loved by Pompey the Great. She was so beautiful, that when the temple of Castor and Pollux at Rome was adorned with paintings, her picture was drawn and placed amongst the rest.――Another courtesan, &c. Juvenal, satire 2, li. 49.

Florālia, games in honour of Flora at Rome. They were instituted about the age of Romulus, but they were not celebrated with regularity and proper attention till the year ♦A.U.C. 580. They were observed yearly, and exhibited a scene of the most unbounded licentiousness. It is reported that Cato wished once to be present at the celebration, and that when he saw that the deference for his presence interrupted the feast, he retired, not choosing to be the spectator of the prostitution of naked women in a public theatre. This behaviour so captivated the degenerate Romans, that the venerable senator was treated with the most uncommon applause as he retired. Valerius Maximus, bk. 2, ch. 10.—Varro, de Lingua Latina, bk. 1.—Paterculus, ch. 1.—Pliny, bk. 18, ch. 29.

♦ ‘U.C.’ replaced with ‘A.U.C.’

Flōrentia, a town of Italy on the Arnus, now Florence, the capital of Tuscany. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 1, ch. 79.—Florus, bk. 3, ch. 21.—Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 5.

Floriānus, a man who wore the imperial purple at Rome only for two months, A.D. 276.

Flōrus Lucius Annæus Julius, a Latin historian of the same family which produced Seneca and Lucan, A.D. 116. He wrote an abridgment of Roman annals in four books, composed in a florid and poetical style, and rather a panegyric on many of the great actions of the Romans than a faithful and correct recital of their history. He also wrote poetry, and entered the lists against the emperor Adrian, who satirically reproached him with frequenting taverns and places of dissipation. The best editions of Florus are Duker’s, 2 vols., 8vo, Leiden, 1722 & 1744; and that of J. Frid. Fischer, 8vo, Lipscomb, 1760.――Julius, a friend of Horace, who accompanied Claudius Nero in his military expeditions. The poet has addressed two epistles to him.

Fluōnia, a surname of Juno Lucina, who under that appellation was invoked by the Roman matrons to stop excessive discharges of blood. Festus, Lexicon of Festus.

Folia, a woman of Ariminum, famous for her knowledge of poisonous herbs and for her petulance. Horace, epode 5, li. 42.

Fons solis, a fountain in the province of Cyrene, cool at mid-day, and warm at the rising and setting of the sun. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 181.

Fontānus, a poet mentioned by Ovid, ex Ponto, bk. 4, poem 16.

Fontēia, a vestal virgin. Cicero.

Fontēius Capito, an intimate friend of Horace. Bk. 1, satire 5, li. 32.――A Roman who raised commotions in Germany after the death of Nero. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 1, ch. 7.――A man who conducted Cleopatra into Syria by order of Antony. Plutarch, Antonius.

Formiæ, a maritime town of Campania at the south-east of Caieta. It was anciently the abode of the Læstrygones, and it became known for its excellent wines, and was called Mamurrarum urbs, from a family of consequence and opulence who lived there. Livy, bk. 8, ch. 14; bk. 38, ch. 36.—Horace, bk. 1, ode 20, li. 11; bk. 3, ode 17; bk. 1, satire 5, li. 37.—Pliny, bk. 36, ch. 6.

Formiānum, a villa of Cicero near Formiæ, near which the orator was assassinated. Cicero, Letters to his Friends, bk. 11, ltr. 27; bk. 16, ltr. 10.—Tacitus, Annals, bk. 16, ch. 10.

Formio, now Risano, a river of Istria, the ancient boundary of Italy eastward, afterwards extended to the Arsia. Pliny, bk. 3, chs. 18 & 19.

Fornax, a goddess at Rome, who presided over the baking of bread. Her festivals, called Fornacalia, were first instituted by Numa. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 2, li. 525.

Foro Appii, a people of Italy, whose capital was called Forum Appii. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 5.

Fortūna, a powerful deity among the ancients, daughter of Oceanus according to Homer, or one of the Parcæ according to Pindar. She was the goddess of fortune, and from her hand were derived riches and poverty, pleasures and misfortunes, blessings and pains. She was worshipped in different parts of Greece, and in Achaia her statue held the horn of plenty in one hand, and had a winged Cupid at its feet. In Bœotia she had a statue which represented her as holding Plutus the god of riches in her arms, to intimate that fortune is the source whence wealth and honours flow. Bupalus was the first who made a statue of Fortune for the people of Smyrna, and he represented her with the polar star upon her head, and the horn of plenty in her hand. The Romans paid particular attention to the goddess of Fortune, and had no less than eight different temples erected to her honour in their city. Tullus Hostilius was the first who built her a temple, and from that circumstance it is easily known when her worship was first introduced among the Romans. Her most famous temple in Italy was at Antium, in Latium, where presents and offerings were regularly sent from every part of the country. Fortune has been called Pherepolis the protectress of cities, and Acrea from the temple of Corinth on an eminence, ἀκρος. She was called Prænestine at Præneste in Italy, where she had also a temple. Besides, she was worshipped among the Romans under different names, such as Female fortune, Virile fortune, Equestrian, Evil, Peaceful, Virgin, &c. On the 1st of April, which was consecrated to Venus among the Romans, the Italian widows and marriageable virgins assembled in the temple of Virile fortune, and after burning incense and stripping themselves of their garments, they entreated the goddess to hide from the eyes of their husbands whatever defects there might be on their bodies. The goddess of fortune is represented on ancient monuments with a horn of plenty, and sometimes two in her hands. She is blindfolded, and generally holds a wheel in her hands as an emblem of her inconstancy. Sometimes she appears with wings, and treads upon the prow of a ship, and holds a rudder in her hands. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 4.—Ovid, Fasti, bk. 6, li. 569.—Plutarch, de Fortuna Romanorum & Caius Marcius Coriolanus.—Cicero, de Divinatione, bk. 2.—Livy, bk. 10.—Augustine, City of God, bk. 4.—Florus, bk. 1.—Valerius Maximus, bk. 1, ch. 5.—Lucan, bk. 2, &c.

Fortūnātæ insulæ, islands at the west of Mauritania in the Atlantic sea. They are supposed to be the Canary isles of the moderns, thought to be only two in number, at a little distance one from the other, and 10,000 stadia from the shores of Libya. They were represented as the seats of the blessed, where the souls of the virtuous were placed after death. The air was wholesome and temperate, and the earth produced an immense number of various fruits without the labours of men. When they had been described to Sertorius in the most enchanting colours, that celebrated general expressed a wish to retire thither, and to remove himself from the noise of the world, and the dangers of war. Strabo, bk. 1.—Plutarch, Sertorius.—Horace, bk. 4, ode 8, li. 27; epode 16.—Pliny, bk. 6, chs. 31 & 32.

Fŏrŭli, a town of the Sabines, built on a stony place. Strabo, bk. 5.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 714.

Forum appii, a town of Latium on the Appia Via. Cicero, bk. 1, Letters to Atticus, ltr. 10.—Horace, bk. 1, satire 3, li. 3.――Augustum, a place at Rome. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 5, li. 552.――Allieni, a town of Italy, now Ferrara. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 3, ch. 6.――Aurelia, a town of Etruria, now Montalto. Cicero, Against Catiline, bk. 1, ch. 9.――Claudii, another in Etruria, now Oriolo.――Cornelii, another, now Imola, in the Pope’s dominions. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 16.—Cicero, Letters to his Friends, bk. 12, ltr. 5.――Domitii, a town of Gaul, now Frontignan, in Languedoc.――Voconii, a town of Gaul, now Gonsaron, between Antibes and Marseilles. Cicero, Letters to his Friends, bk. 10, ltr. 17.――Lepidi, a town of ancient Gaul, south of the Po.――Popilii, another at the south of Ravenna, on the Adriatic.――Flaminii, a town of Umbria, now San Giavane. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 14.――Gallorum, a town of Gaul Togata, now Castel Franco, in the Bolognese. Cicero, Letters to his Friends, bk. 10, ltr. 30.――Also a town of Venice called Forojuliensis urbs, now Friuli. Cicero, Letters to his Friends, bk. 12, ltr. 26.――Julium, a town of Gaul Narbonensis, now Frejus, in Provence. Cicero, Letters to his Friends, bk. 10, ltr. 17.—Strabo, bk. 4.――Lebnorum, a town of Insubria. Polybius.――Sempronii, a town of Umbria, &c. Many other places bore the name of Forum wherever there was a public market, or rather where the pretor held his court of justice (forum vel conventus), and thence they were called sometimes conventus as well as fora, into which provinces were generally divided under the administration of a separate governor. Cicero, Against Verres, bk. 2, ch. 20; bk. 4, ch. 48; bk. 5, ch. 11; Against Vatinius, ch. 5; Letters to his Friends, bk. 3, ltrs. 6 & 8; Letters to Atticus, bk. 5, ltr. 21.

Fosi, a people of Germany near the Elbe, considered as the Saxons of Ptolemy. Tacitus, Germania, ch. 36.

Fossa, the straits of Bonifacio between Corsica and Sardinia, called also Taphros. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 6.――Drusi, or Drusiana, a canal eight miles in length, opened by Drusus from the Rhine to the Issel, below the separation of the Waal. Suetonius, Claudius, ch. 1.—Tacitus, Histories, bk. 5, ch. 23.――Mariana, a canal cut by Marius from the Rhone to Marseilles during the Cimbrian war, and now called Galejon. Sometimes the word is used in the plural, Fossæ, as if more than one canal had been formed by Marius. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 4.—Strabo, bk. 4.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 5.

Fossæ Philistinæ, one of the mouths of the Po. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 3, ch. 9.

Franci, a people of Germany and Gaul, whose country was called Francia. Claudian.

Fraus, a divinity worshipped among the Romans, daughter of Orcus and Night. She presided over treachery, &c.

Frĕgella, a famous town of the Volsci, in Italy, on the Liris, destroyed for revolting from the Romans, Silius Italicus, bk. 5, li. 452.—Livy, bk. 8, ch. 22; bk. 27, ch. 10, &c.—Cicero, Letters to his Friends, bk. 13, ltr. 76.

Fregēnæ, a town of Etruria. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 5.

Frentāni, a people of Italy, near Apulia, who received their name from the river Frento, now Fortore, which runs through the eastern part of their country, and falls into the Adriatic opposite the islands of Diomede. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 11.—Livy, bk. 9, ch. 45.—Silius Italicus, bk. 8, li. 520.

Fretum (the sea), is sometimes applied by eminence to the Sicilian sea, or the straits of Messina. Cæsar, Civil War, bk. 1, ch. 29.—Florus, bk. 1, ch. 26.—Cicero, bk. 2, Letters to Atticus, ltr. 1.

Frigĭdus, a river of Tuscany.

Frisii, a people of Germany near the Rhine, now the Frisons of Friesland. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 1, ch. 60; Histories, bk. 4, chs. 15 & 72; Germania, ch. 36.

Sextus Julius Frontīnus, a celebrated geometrician, who made himself known by the books which he wrote on aqueducts and stratagems dedicated to Trajan. He ordered at his death that no monument should be raised to his memory, saying memoria nostri durabit, si vitam meruimus. The best edition of Frontinus is that of Oudendorp, 8vo, Leiden, 1779.

Fronto, a preceptor of Marcus Antoninus, by whom he was greatly esteemed.――Julius, a learned Roman, who was so partial to the company of poets, that he lent them his house and gardens, which continually re-echoed the compositions of his numerous visitors. Juvenal, satire 1, li. 12.

Frŭsĭno, a small town of the Volsci on one of the branches of the Liris. Juvenal, satire 3, li. 223.—Livy, bk. 10, ch. 1.—Silius Italicus, bk. 8, li. 399.—Cicero, Letters to Atticus, bk. 11, ltrs. 4 & 13.

Fūcĭnus, a lake of Italy in the country of the Marsi, at the north of the Liris, attempted to be drained by Julius Cæsar and afterwards by Claudius, by whom 30,000 men were employed for 11 years to perforate a mountain to convey the water into the Liris, but with no permanent success. The lake, surrounded by a ridge of high mountains, is now called Celano, and is supposed to be 47 miles in circumference, and not more than 12 feet deep on an average. Pliny, bk. 36, ch. 15.—Tacitus, Annals, bk. 12, ch. 56.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 759.

Fufĭdius, a wretched usurer, &c. Horace, bk. 1, satire 2.

Fufius Geminus, a man greatly promoted by the interest of Livia, &c. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 5, chs. 1 & 2.

Fugalia, festivals at Rome to celebrate the flight of the Tarquins.

Fulgĭnātes (singular, Fulginas), a people of Umbria, whose chief town was Fulginum, now Foligno. Silius Italicus, bk. 8, li. 462.—Pliny, bk. 1, ch. 4; bk. 3, ch. 14.

Q. Fulgīnus, a brave officer in Cæsar’s legions, &c. Cæsar, Civil War.

Fulgōra, a goddess at Rome who presided over lightning. She was addressed to save her votaries from the effects of violent storms of thunder. Augustine, City of God, bk. 6, ch. 10.

Fullinum and Fulginum, a small town of Umbria.

Fulvia lex, was proposed but rejected A.U.C. 628, by Flaccus Fulvius. It tended to make all the people of Italy citizens of Rome.

Fulvia, a bold and ambitious woman who married the tribune Clodius, and afterwards Curio, and at last Marcus Antony. She took a part in all the intrigues of her husband’s triumvirate, and showed herself cruel as well as revengeful. When Cicero’s head had been cut off by order of Antony, Fulvia ordered it to be brought to her, and with all the insolence of barbarity, she bored the orator’s tongue with her golden bodkin. Antony divorced her to marry Cleopatra, upon which she attempted to avenge her wrongs, by persuading Augustus to take up arms against her husband. When this scheme did not succeed, she raised a faction against Augustus, in which she engaged Lucius Antonius her brother-in-law, and when all her attempts proved fruitless, she retired into the east, where her husband received her with great coldness and indifference. This unkindness totally broke her heart, and she soon after died, about 40 years before the christian era. Plutarch, Cicero & Antonius.――A woman who discovered to Cicero the designs of Catiline upon his life. Plutarch, Cicero.

Fulvius, a Roman senator, intimate with Augustus. He disclosed the emperor’s secrets to his wife, who made it public to all the Roman matrons, for which he received so severe a reprimand from Augustus, that he and his wife hanged themselves in despair.――A friend of Caius Gracchus, who was killed in a sedition with his son. His body was thrown into the river, and his widow was forbidden to put on mourning for his death. Plutarch, Gracchus.――Flaccus Censor, a Roman who plundered a marble temple of Juno, to finish the building of one which he had erected to Fortune. He was always unhappy after this sacrilege. Livy, bk. 25, ch. 2.――Servius Nobilior, a Roman consul who went to Africa after the defeat of Regulus. After he had acquired much glory against the Carthaginians, he was shipwrecked at his return with 200 Roman ships. His grandson Marcus was sent to Spain, where he greatly signalized himself. He was afterwards rewarded with the consulship.

Fundānus, a lake near Fundi in Italy, which discharges itself into the Mediterranean. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 3, ch. 96.

Fundi, a town of Italy near Caieta, on the Appian road, at the bottom of a small deep bay called Lacus Fundanus. Horace, bk. 1, satire 5, li. 34.—Livy, bk. 8, chs. 14 & 19; bk. 38, ch. 36.—Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 5.—Cicero, De Lege Agraria contra Rullum, bk. 2, ch. 25.—Tacitus, Annals, bk. 4, ch. 59.—Strabo, bk. 5.

Fŭriæ, the three daughters of Nox and Acheron, or of Pluto and Proserpine, according to some. See: Eumenides.

Fŭrii, a family which migrated from Medullia in Latium, and came to settle at Rome under Romulus, and was admitted among the patricians. Camillus was of this family, and it was he who first raised it to distinction. Plutarch, Camillus.

Fŭria lex, de Testamentis, by C. Furius the tribune. It forbade any person to leave as a legacy more than 1000 asses, except to the relations of the master who manumitted, with a few more exceptions. Cicero, bk. 1, Against Verres, ch. 42.—Livy, bk. 35.

Furīna, the goddess of robbers, worshipped at Rome. Some say that she is the same as the Furies. Her festivals were called Furinalia. Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 3, ch. 8.—Varro, de Lingua Latina, bk. 5, ch. 3.

Furius, a military tribune with Camillus. He was sent against the Tuscans by his colleague.――A Roman slave who obtained his freedom, and applied himself with unremitted attention to cultivate a small portion of land which he had purchased. The uncommon fruits which he reaped from his labours rendered his neighbours jealous of his prosperity. He was accused before a Roman tribunal of witchcraft, but honourably acquitted.――Marcus Bibaculus, a Latin poet of Cremona, who wrote annals in Iambic verse, and was universally celebrated for the wit and humour of his expressions. It is said that Virgil imitated his poetry, and even borrowed some of his lines. Horace, however, has not failed to ridicule his verses. Quintilian, bk. 8, ch. 6, &c.—Horace, bk. 2, satire 5, li. 40.

Furnius, a man accused of adultery with Claudia Pulchra, and condemned, &c. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 4, li. 52.――A friend of Horace, who was consul, and distinguished himself by his elegant historical writings. Bk. 1, satire 10, li. 36.

Aristotle Fuscus, a friend of Horace, as conspicuous for the integrity and propriety of his manners, as for his learning and abilities. The poet addressed his 22nd Ode, bk. 1 & bk. 1, ltr. 10, to him.――Cornelius, a pretor sent by Domitian against the Daci, where he perished. Juvenal, satire 4, li. 112.

Fusia lex, de Comitiis, A.U.C. 527, forbade any business to be transacted at the public assemblies on certain days, though among the fasti.――Another, A.U.C. 690, which ordained that the votes in a public assembly should be given separately.――Caninia, another by Camillus and C. Caninius Galbus, A.U.C. 751, to check the manumission of slaves.

Fusius, a Roman orator. Cicero, bk. 2, On Oratory, ch. 22.――A Roman, killed in Gaul, while he presided there over one of the provinces. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 7, ch. 3.――A Roman actor, whom Horace ridicules, bk. 2, satire 3, li. 60. He intoxicated himself; and when on the stage he fell asleep whilst he personated Ilione, where he ought to have been roused and moved by the cries of a ghost; but in vain.

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G

Gabales, a people of Aquitain. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 19.

Gabaza, a country of Asia, near Sogdiana. Curtius, bk. 8, ch. 4.

Gabellus, now La Secchia, a river falling in a northern direction into the Po, opposite the Mincius. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 16.

Gabēne and Gabiēne, a country of Persia. Diodorus, bk. 19.

Gabia and Gabina. See: Gabina.

Găbiēnus, a friend of Augustus, beheaded by order of Sextus Pompey. It is maintained that he spoke after death.

Găbii, a city of the Volsci, built by the kings of Alba, but now no longer in existence. It was taken by the artifice of Sextus the son of Tarquin, who gained the confidence of the inhabitants by deserting to them, and pretending that his father had ill-treated him. Romulus and Remus were educated there, as it was the custom at that time to send there the young nobility, and Juno was the chief deity of the place. The inhabitants had a peculiar mode of tucking up their dress, whence Gabinus cinctus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 773; bk. 7, lis. 612 & 682.—Livy, bk. 5, ch. 46; bk. 6, ch. 29; bk. 8, ch. 9; bk. 10, ch. 7.—Ovid, Fasti, bk. 2, li. 709.—Plutarch, Romulus.

Găbīna, the name of Juno, worshipped at Gabii. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 682.

Găbīnia lex, de Comitiis, by Aulus Gabinius the tribune, A.U.C. 614. It required that in the public assemblies for electing magistrates, the votes should be given by tablets, and not vivâ voce.――Another, for convening daily the senate, from the calends of February to those of March.――Another, de Comitiis, which made it a capital punishment to convene any clandestine assembly, agreeable to the old law of the 12 tables.――Another, de Militiâ, by Aulus Gabinius the tribune, A.U.C. 685. It granted Pompey the power of carrying on the war against the pirates, during three years, and of obliging all kings, governors, and states to supply him with all the necessaries he wanted, over all the Mediterranean sea, and in the maritime provinces, as far as 400 stadia from the sea.――Another, de Usurâ, by Aulus Gabinius the tribune, A.U.C. 685. It ordained that no action should be granted for the recovery of any money borrowed upon small interest, to be lent upon larger. This was a usual practice at Rome, which obtained the name of versuram facere.――Another, against fornication.

Gabiniānus, a rhetorician in the reign of Vespasian.

Găbīnius, a Roman historian.――Aulus, a Roman consul, who made war in Judæa, and re-established tranquillity there. He suffered himself to be bribed, and replaced Ptolemy Auletes on the throne of Egypt. He was accused, at his return, of receiving bribes. Cicero, at the request of Pompey, ably defended him. He was banished, and died about 40 years before Christ, at Salona.――A lieutenant of Antony.――A consul, who behaved with uncommon rudeness to Cicero.

Gades (ium), Gadis (is), and Gadīra, a small island in the Atlantic, on the Spanish coast, 25 miles from the columns of Hercules. It was some time called Tartessus and Erythia, according to Pliny, and is now known by the name of Cadiz. Geryon, whom Hercules killed, fixed his residence there. Hercules, surnamed Gaditanus, had there a celebrated temple, in which all his labours were engraved with excellent workmanship. The inhabitants were called Gaditani, and their women were known for their agility of body, and their incontinency. Horace, bk. 2, ode 2, li. 11.—Statius, bk. 3, Sylvæ, poem 1, li. 183.—Livy, bk. 21, ch. 21; bk. 24, ch. 49; bk. 26, ch. 43.—Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 23.—Strabo, bk. 3.—Cicero, for Cornelius Balbus.—Justin, bk. 44, ch. 4.—Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 35.—Ptolemy, bk. 2, ch. 4.—Paterculus, bk. 1, ch. 2.

Gādītānus, a surname of Hercules, from Gades. See: Gades.

Gæsātæ, a people on the Rhone, who assisted the Senones in taking and plundering Rome under Brennus. Strabo, bk. 5.

Gætūlia, a country of Libya, near the Garamantes, which formed part of king Masinissa’s kingdom. The country was the favourite retreat of wild beasts, and is now called Bildulgerid. Sallust, Jugurthine War.—Silius Italicus, bk. 3, li. 287.—Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 4.

Gætūlĭcus, Cnæus Lentulus, an officer in the age of Tiberius, &c. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 4, ch. 42.――A poet who wrote some epigrams in which he displayed great genius, and more wit, though he often indulged in indelicate expressions.

Gala, father of Masinissa, was king of Numidia.

Galăbrii, a nation near Thrace.

Galactophăgi, a people of Asiatic Scythia. Homer, Iliad, bk. 3.

Galæsus. See: Galesus.

Galanthis, a servant-maid of Alcmena, whose sagacity eased the labours of her mistress. When Juno resolved to retard the birth of Hercules, and hasten the labours of the wife of Sthenelus, she solicited the aid of Lucina; who immediately repaired to the house of Alcmena, and in the form of an old woman, sat near the door with her legs crossed, and her fingers joined. In this posture she uttered some magical words, which served to prolong the labours of Alcmena, and render her state the more miserable. Alcmena had already passed some days in the most excruciating torments, when Galanthis began to suspect the jealousy of Juno; and concluded that the old woman, who continued at the door always in the same unchanged posture, was the instrument of the anger of the goddess. With such suspicions Galanthis ran out of the house, and with a countenance expressive of joy, she informed the old woman that her mistress had just brought forth. Lucina, at the words, rose from her posture, and that instant Alcmena was safely delivered. The uncommon laugh which Galanthis raised upon this, made Lucina suspect that she had been deceived. She seized Galanthis by the hair, and threw her on the ground; and while she attempted to resist, she was changed into a weasel, and condemned to bring forth her young, in the most agonizing pains, by the mouth, by which she had uttered falsehood. This transformation alludes to a vulgar notion among the ancients, who believed this of the weasel, because she carries her young in her mouth, and continually shifts from place to place. The Bœotians paid great veneration to the weasel, which, as they supposed, facilitated the labours of Alcmena. Ælian, De Natura Animalium, bk. 2.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 9, fable 6.

Galăta, a town of Syria.――An island near Sicily.――A town of Sicily.――A mountain of Phocis.

Gălătæ, the inhabitants of Galatia. See: Galatia.

Gălătæa and Galathæa, a sea-nymph, daughter of Nereus and Doris. She was passionately loved by the Cyclops Polyphemus, whom she treated with coolness and disdain; while Acis, a shepherd of Sicily, enjoyed her unbounded affection. The happiness of these two lovers was disturbed by the jealousy of the Cyclops, who crushed his rival to pieces with a piece of a broken rock, while he sat in the bosom of Galatæa. Galatæa was inconsolable for the loss of Acis, and as she could not restore him to life, she changed him into a fountain. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 13, li. 789.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 103.――The daughter of a Celtic king, from whom the Gauls were called Galatæ. Ammianus, bk. 15.――A country girl, &c. Virgil, Eclogues, poem 3.

Gălătia, or Gallogræcia, a country of Asia Minor, between Phrygia, the Euxine, Cappadocia, and Bithynia. It received its name from the Gauls, who migrated there under Brennus, some time after the sacking of Rome. Strabo, bk. 12.—Justin, bk. 37, ch. 4.—Livy, bk. 38, chs. 12, 40.—Lucan, bk. 7, li. 540.—Cicero, bk. 6, Letters to Atticus, ltr. 5.—Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 32.—Ptolemy, bk. 5, ch. 4.――The name of ancient Gaul among the Greeks.

Galaxia, a festival, in which they boiled a mixture of barley, pulse, and milk, called Γαλαξια by the Greeks.

Galba, a surname of the first of the Sulpicii, from the smallness of his stature. The word signifies a small worm, or according to some, it implies, in the language of Gaul, fatness, for which the founder of the Sulpician family was remarkable.――A king among the Gauls, who made war against Julius Cæsar. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 2, ch. 4.――A brother of the emperor Galba, who killed himself, &c.――A mean buffoon, in the age of Tiberius. Juvenal, satire 5, li. 4.――Servius, a lawyer at Rome, who defended the cause of adulterers with great warmth, as being one of the fraternity. Horace ridicules him, bk. 1, satire 2, li. 46.――Servius Sulpicius, a Roman who rose gradually to the greatest offices of the state, and exercised his power in the provinces with equity and unremitted diligence. He dedicated the greatest part of his time to solitary pursuits, chiefly to avoid the suspicions of Nero. His disapprobation of the emperor’s oppressive command in the provinces, was the cause of new disturbances. Nero ordered him to be put to death, but he escaped from the hands of the executioner, and was publicly saluted emperor. When he was seated on the throne, he suffered himself to be governed by favourites, who exposed to sale the goods of the citizens to gratify their avarice. Exemptions were sold at a high price, and the crime of murder was blotted out, and impunity purchased with a large sum of money. Such irregularities in the emperor’s ministers greatly displeased the people; and when Galba refused to pay the soldiers the money which he had promised them when he was raised to the throne, they assassinated him in the 73rd year of his age, and in the eighth of his reign, and proclaimed Otho emperor in his room, January 16th, A.D. 69. The virtues which had shone so bright in Galba, when a private man, totally disappeared when he ascended the throne; and he who showed himself the most impartial judge, forgot the duties of an emperor, and of a father of his people. Suetonius & Plutarch, Lives.—Tacitus.――A learned man, grandfather to the emperor of the same name. Suetonius, Galba, ch. 4.――Sergius, a celebrated orator before the age of Cicero. He showed his sons to the Roman people, and implored their protection by which means he saved himself from the punishment which either his guilt or the persuasive eloquence of his adversaries, Marcus Cato and Lucius Scribonius, urged as due to him. Cicero, On Oratory, bk. 1, ch. 53; Rhetorica ad Herennium, bk. 4, ch. 5.

Galēnus Claudius, a celebrated physician in the age of Marcus Antoninus and his successors, born at Pergamus, the son of an architect. He applied himself with unremitted labour to the study of philosophy, mathematics, and chiefly of physic. He visited the most learned seminaries of Greece and Egypt; and at last came to Rome, where he soon rendered himself famous by his profession. Many, astonished at his cures, attributed them to magic, and said that he had received all his knowledge from enchantments. He was very intimate with Marcus Aurelius the emperor, after whose death he returned to Pergamus, where he died, in his 90th year, A.D. 193. He wrote no less than 300 volumes, the greatest part of which were burnt in the temple of Peace at Rome, where they had been deposited. Galenus confessed himself greatly indebted to the writings of Hippocrates for his medical knowledge, and bestowed great encomiums upon him. To the diligence, application, and experiments of these two celebrated physicians, the moderns are indebted for many useful discoveries; yet often their opinions are ill-grounded, their conclusions hasty, and their reasoning false. What remains of the works of Galen has been published, without a Latin translation, in 5 vols., folio, Basil. 1538. Galen was likewise edited, together with Hippocrates, by Charterius, 13 vols., folio, Paris, 1679, but very incorrect.

Galeolæ, certain prophets in Sicily. Cicero.

Galeria, one of the Roman tribes.――The wife of Vitellius. Cæsar.—Tacitus, Histories, bk. 2, ch. 60.――Faustina, the wife of the emperor Antoninus Pius.

Gălērius, a native of Dacia, made emperor of Rome by Diocletian. See: Maximianus.

Gălēsus, now Galeso, a river of Calabria, flowing into the bay of Tarentum. The poets have celebrated it for the shady groves in its neighbourhood, and the fine sheep which feed on its fertile banks, and whose fleeces were said to be rendered soft when they bathed in the stream. Martial, bk. 2, ltr. 43; bk. 4, ltr. 28.—Virgil, Georgics, bk. 4, li. 126.—Horace, bk. 2, ode 6, li. 10.――A rich person of Latium, killed as he attempted to make a reconciliation between the Trojans and Rutulians, when Ascanius had killed the favourite stag of Tyrrheus; which was the prelude to all the enmities between the hostile nations. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 335.

Galilæa, a celebrated country of Syria, often mentioned in Scripture.

Galinthiadia, a festival at Thebes, in honour of Galinthias, a daughter of Prœtus. It was celebrated before the festival of Hercules, by whose orders it was first instituted.

Galli, a nation of Europe, naturally fierce, and inclined to war. They were very superstitious, and in their sacrifices they often immolated human victims. In some places they had large statues made with twigs, which they filled with men, and reduced to ashes. They believed themselves descended from Pluto; and from that circumstance they always reckoned their time not by the days, as other nations, but by the nights. Their obsequies were splendid, and not only the most precious things, but even slaves and oxen, were burnt on the funeral pile. Children, among them, never appeared in the presence of their fathers, before they were able to bear arms in the defence of their country. Cæsar, Gallic War.—Strabo, bk. 4.—Tacitus. See: Gallia.――The priests of Cybele, who received that name from the river Gallus, in Phrygia, where they celebrated the festivals. They mutilated themselves, before they were admitted to the priesthood, in imitation of Atys the favourite of Cybele. See: Atys. The chief among them was called Archigallus, who in his dress resembled a woman, and carried suspended to his neck a large collar, with two representations of the head of Atys. See: Corybantes, Dactyli, &c. Diodorus, bk. 4.—Ovid, Fasti, bk. 4, li. 36.—Lucan, bk. 1, li. 466.—Lucian, de Deâ Syriâ.

Gallia, a large country of Europe, called Galatia by the Greeks. The inhabitants were called Galli, Celtiberi, and Celtoscythæ, by themselves Celtæ, by the Greeks Galatæ. Ancient Gaul was divided into four different parts by the Romans, called Gallia Belgica, Narbonensis, Aquitania, and Celtica. Gallia Belgia was the largest province, bounded by Germany, Gallia Narbonensis, and the German ocean; and contained the modern country of Alsace, Lorraine, Picardy with part of the Low Countries, and of Champagne, and of the isle of France. Gallia Narbonensis, which contained the provinces now called Languedoc, Provence, Dauphinè, Savoy, was bounded by the Alps and Pyrenean mountains, by Aquitania, Belgium, and the Mediterranean. Aquitania Gallia, now called the provinces of Poitou, Santonge, Guienne, Berry, Perigord, Quercy, Limosin, Gascony, Auvergne, &c., was situate between the Garumna, the Pyrenean mountains, and the ocean. Gallia Celtica, or Lugdunensis, was bounded by Belgium, Gallia Narbonensis, the Alps, and the ocean. It contained the country at present known by the name of Lyonnais, Touraine, Franche Comté, Senenois, Switzerland, and part of Normandy. Besides these great divisions, there is often mention made of Gallia Cisalpina, or Citerior; Transalpina, or Ulterior, which refers to that part of Italy which was conquered by some of the Gauls who crossed the Alps. By Gallia Cisalpina, the Romans understood that part of Gaul which lies in Italy; and by Transalpina, that which lies beyond the Alps, in regard only to the inhabitants of Rome. Gallia Cispadana, and Transpadana, is applied to a part of Italy, conquered by some of the Gauls, and then it means the country on this side of the Po, or beyond the Po, with respect to Rome. By Gallia Togata, the Romans understood Cisalpine Gaul, where the Roman gowns, togæ, were usually worn, as the inhabitants had been admitted to the rank of citizenship at Rome. Gallia Narbonensis was called Braccata, on account of the peculiar covering of the inhabitants for their thighs. The epithet of Comata is applied to Gallia Celtica, because the people suffered their hair to grow to an uncommon length. The inhabitants were great warriors; and their valour overcame the Roman armies, took the city of Rome, and invaded Greece, in different ages. They spread themselves over the greatest part of the world. They were very superstitious in their religious ceremonies, and revered the sacerdotal order as if they had been gods. See: Druidæ. They long maintained a bloody war against the Romans; and Cæsar resided 10 years in their country before he could totally subdue them. Cæsar, Gallic War.—Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 6.—Strabo, bk. 5, &c.

Gallicānus mons, a mountain of Campania.

Gallĭcus ager, was applied to the country between Picenum and Ariminum, whence the Galli Senones were banished, and which was divided among the Roman citizens. Livy, bk. 23, ch. 14; bk. 39, ch. 44.—Cicero, Against Catiline, bk. 2.—Cæsar, Civil War, bk. 1, ch. 29.――Sinus, a part of the Mediterranean on the coast of Gaul, now called the gulf of Lyons.

Galliēnus Publius Lucinius, a son of the emperor Valerian. He reigned conjointly with his father for seven years, and ascended the throne as sole emperor, A.D. 260. In his youth he showed his activity and military character, in an expedition against the Germans and Sarmatæ; but when he came to the purple, he delivered himself up to pleasure and indolence. His time was spent in the greatest debauchery; and he indulged himself in the grossest and most lascivious manner, and his palace displayed a scene, at once of effeminacy and shame, voluptuousness and immorality. He often appeared with his hair powdered with golden dust; and enjoyed tranquillity at home, while his provinces abroad were torn by civil quarrels and seditions. He heard of the loss of a rich province, and of the execution of a malefactor, with the same indifference; and when he was apprised that Egypt had revolted, he only observed, that he could live without the produce of Egypt. He was of a disposition naturally inclined to raillery and the ridicule of others. When his wife had been deceived by a jeweller, Gallienus ordered the malefactor to be placed in the circus, in expectation of being exposed to the ferocity of a lion. While the wretch trembled at the expectation of instant death, the executioner, by order of the emperor, let loose a capon upon him. An uncommon laugh was raised upon this, and the emperor observed, that he who had deceived others should expect to be deceived himself. In the midst of these ridiculous diversions, Gallienus was alarmed by the revolt of two of his officers, who had assumed the imperial purple. This intelligence roused him from his lethargy; he marched against his antagonists, and put all the rebels to the sword, without showing the least favour either to rank, sex, or age. These cruelties irritated the people and the army; emperors were elected, and no less than 30 tyrants aspired to the imperial purple. Gallienus resolved boldly to oppose his adversaries; but in the midst of his preparations he was assassinated at Milan by some of his officers, in the 50th year of his age, A.D. 268.

Gallinaria sylva, a wood near Cumæ in Italy, famous as being the retreat of robbers. Juvenal, satire 3, li. 307.

Gallipŏlis, a fortified town of the Salentines, on the Ionian sea.

Gallogræcia, a country of Asia Minor, near Bithynia and Cappadocia. It was inhabited by a colony of Gauls, who assumed the name of Gallogræci, because a number of Greeks had accompanied them in their emigration. Strabo, bk. 2.

Caius Gallōnius, a Roman knight appointed over Gades, &c.

P. Gallōnius, a luxurious Roman, who, as was observed, never dined well, because he was never hungry. Cicero, de Finibus Bonorum et Malorum, bk. 2, chs. 8 & 28.

Gallus. See: Alectryon.――A general of Otho, &c. Plutarch.――A lieutenant of Sylla.――An officer of Marcus Antony, &c.――Caius, a friend of the great Africanus, famous for his knowledge of astronomy, and his exact calculation of eclipses. Cicero, de Senectute.――Ælius, the third governor of Egypt in the age of Augustus.――Cornelius, a Roman knight, who rendered himself famous by his poetical, as well as military talents. He was passionately fond of the slave Lycoris, or Cytheris, and celebrated her beauty in his poetry. She proved ungrateful, and forsook him to follow Marcus Antony, which gave occasion to Virgil to write his tenth eclogue. Gallus, as well as the other poets of his age, was in the favour of Augustus, by whom he was appointed over Egypt. He became forgetful of the favours he received; he pillaged the province, and even conspired against his benefactor, according to some accounts, for which he was banished by the emperor. This disgrace operated so powerfully upon him, that he killed himself in despair, A.D. 26. Some few fragments remain of his poetry, and it seems that he particularly excelled in elegiac compositions. It is said that Virgil wrote a eulogium on his poetical friend, and inserted it at the end of his Georgics; but that he totally suppressed it, for fear of offending his imperial patron, of whose favours Gallus had shown himself so undeserving, and instead of that he substituted the beautiful episode about Aristæus and Eurydice. This eulogium, according to some, was suppressed at the particular desire of Augustus. Quintilian, bk. 10, ch. 8.—Virgil, Eclogues, poems 6 & 10.—Ovid, Ars Amatoria, bk. 3, poem 15, li. 29.――Vibius Gallus, a celebrated orator of Gaul in the age of Augustus, of whose orations Seneca has preserved some fragments.――A Roman who assassinated Decius the emperor, and raised himself to the throne. He showed himself indolent and cruel, and beheld with the greatest indifference the revolt of his provinces, and the invasion of his empire, by the barbarians. He was at last assassinated by his soldiers, A.D. 253.――Flavius Claudius Constantinus, a brother of the emperor Julian, raised to the imperial throne under the title of Cæsar, by Constantius his relation. He conspired against his benefactor, and was publicly condemned to be beheaded, A.D. 354.――A small river of Phrygia, whose waters were said to be very efficacious, if drunk in moderation, in curing madness. Pliny, bk. 32, ch. 2.—Ovid, Fasti, bk. 4, li. 361.

Gamaxus, an Indian prince, brought in chains before Alexander for revolting.

Gamelia, a surname of Juno, as Gamelius was of Jupiter, on account of their presiding over marriages.――A festival privately observed at three different times. The first was the celebration of a marriage, the second was in commemoration of a birthday, and the third was an anniversary of the death of a person. As it was observed generally on the 1st of January, marriages on that day were considered as of a good omen, and the month was called Gemelion among the Athenians. Cicero, de Finibus Bonorum et Malorum, bk. 2, ch. 31.

Gandarītæ, an Indian nation.

Gangama, a place near the Palus Mæotis.

Gangrărĭdæ, a people near the mouths of the Ganges. They were so powerful that Alexander did not dare to attack them. Some attributed this to the weariness and indolence of his troops. They were placed by Valer. Flaccus among the deserts of Scythia. Justin, bk. 12, ch. 8.—Curtius, bk. 9, ch. 2.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 27.—Flaccus, bk. 6, li. 67.

Ganges, a large river of India, falling into the Indian ocean, said by Lucan to be the boundary of Alexander’s victories in the east. It inundates the adjacent country in the summer. Like other rivers, it was held in the greatest veneration by the inhabitants, and this superstition is said to exist still in some particular instances. The Ganges is now discovered to rise in the mountains of Thibet, and to run upwards of 2000 miles before it reaches the sea, receiving in its course the tribute of several rivers, 11 of which are superior to the Thames, and often equal to the great body of the waters of the Rhine. Lucan, bk. 3, li. 230.—Strabo, bk. 5.—Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 87.—Curtius, bk. 8, ch. 9.—Mela, bk. 3, ch. 7.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 31.

Gannascus, an ally of Rome, put to death by Corbulo the Roman general, &c. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 11, ch. 18.

Găny̆mēde, a goddess, better known by the name of Hebe. She was worshipped under this name in a temple at Phlius in Peloponnesus. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 13.

Găny̆mēdes, a beautiful youth of Phrygia, son of Tros, and brother to Ilus and Assaracus. According to Lucan, he was son of Dardanus. He was taken up to heaven by Jupiter as he was hunting, or rather tending his father’s flocks on mount Ida, and he became the cup-bearer of the gods in the place of Hebe. Some say that he was carried away by an eagle, to satisfy the shameful and unnatural desires of Jupiter. He is generally represented sitting on the back of a flying eagle in the air. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 24.—Homer, Iliad, bk. 28, li. 231.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 5, li. 252.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 10, li. 155.—Horace, bk. 4, ode 4.

Garætĭcum, a town of Africa.

Gărămantes (singular, Garamas), a people in the interior parts of Africa, now called the deserts of Zara. They lived in common, and acknowledged as their own only such children as resembled them, and scarce clothed themselves, on account of the warmth of their climate. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 4, li. 198; bk. 6, li. 795.—Lucan, bk. 4, li. 334.—Strabo, bk. 2.—Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 8.—Silius Italicus, bk. 1, li. 142; bk. 11, li. 181.

Gărămantis, a nymph who became mother of Iarbas, Phileus, and Pilumnus by Jupiter. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 4, li. 198.

Gărămas, a king of Libya, whose daughter was mother of Ammon by Jupiter.

Gărătas, a river of Arcadia, near Tegea, on the banks of which Pan had a temple. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 44.

Gareătæ, a people of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 45.

Gareathyra, a town of Cappadocia. Strabo, bk. 12.

Gargānus, now St. Angelo, a lofty mountain of Apulia, which advances in the form of a promontory into the Adriatic sea. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 11, li. 257.—Lucan, bk. 5, li. 880.

Gargăphia, a valley near Platæa, with a fountain of the same name, where Actæon was torn to pieces by his dogs. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 3, li. 156.

Gargăris, a king of the Curetes, who first found the manner of collecting honey. He had a son by his daughter, whom he attempted in vain to destroy. He made him his successor. Justin, bk. 44, ch. 44.

Gargărus (plural, a, orum), a town and mountain of Troas, near mount Ida, famous for its fertility. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 1, li. 103.—Macrobius, bk. 5, ch. 20.—Strabo, bk. 13.—Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 30.

Gargettus, a village of Attica, the birthplace of Epicurus. Cicero, Letters to his Friends, bk. 15, ltr. 16.

Gargĭlius Martialis, an historian.――A celebrated hunter. Horace, bk. 1, ltr. 6, li. 57.

Gargittius, a dog which kept Geryon’s flocks. He was killed by Hercules.

Garĭtes, a people of Aquitain, in Gaul.

Garumna, a river of Gaul, now called Garonne, rising in the Pyrenean mountains, and separating Gallia Celtica from Aquitania. It falls into the bay of Biscay, and has, by the persevering labours of ♦Louis XIV., a communication with the Mediterranean by the canal of Languedoc, carried upwards of 100 miles through hills, and over valleys. Mela, bk. 3, ch. 2.

♦ ‘Lewis’ replaced with ‘Louis’

Gastron, a general of Lacedæmon, &c. Polybius, bk. 2.

Gatheæ, a town of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 34.

Gatheatas, a river of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 34.

Gaugramēla, a village near Arbela, beyond the Tigris, where Alexander obtained his third victory over Darius. Curtius, bk. 4, ch. 9.—Strabo, bks. 2 & 16.

Gaulus and Gauleon, an island in the Mediterranean sea, opposite Libya. It produces no venomous creatures. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 8.

Gaurus, a mountain of Campania, famous for its wines. Lucan, bk. 2, li. 667.—Silius Italicus, bk. 12, li. 160.—Statius, bk. 3, Sylvæ, poem 5, li. 99.

Gaus and Gaos, a man who followed the interest of Artaxerxes, from whom he revolted, and by whom he was put to death. Diodorus, bk. 15.

Gaza, a famous town of Palestine, once well fortified, as being the frontier place on the confines of Egypt. Alexander took it after a siege of two months. Diodorus, bk. 17.

Gebenna, a town and mountain of Gaul. Lucan, bk. 1, li. 435.

Gēdrōsia, a barren province of Persia near India. Strabo, bk. 2.

Gegănii, a family of Alba, part of which migrated to Rome, under Romulus. One of the daughters, called Gegania, was the first of the vestals created by Numa. Plutarch, Numa.

Gĕla, a town on the southern parts of Sicily, about 10 miles from the sea, according to Ptolemy, which received its name from a small river in the neighbourhood, called Gelas. It was built by a Rhodian and Cretan colony, 713 years before the christian era. After it had continued in existence 404 years, Phintias tyrant of Agrigentum carried the inhabitants to Phintias, a town in the neighbourhood, which he had founded, and he employed the stones of Gela to beautify his own city. Phintias was also called Gela. The inhabitants were called Gelenses, Geloi, and Gelani. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 702.—Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 46.

Gelānor, a king of Argos, who succeeded his father, and was deprived of his kingdom by Danaus the Egyptian. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 16. See: Danaus.

Gellia Cornelia lex, de Civitate, by Lucius Gellius and Cnæus Cornelius Lentulus, A.U.C. 682. It enacted that all those who had been presented with the privilege of citizens of Rome by Pompey should remain in the possession of that liberty.

Gellias, a native of Agrigentum, famous for his munificence and his hospitality. Diodorus, bk. 13.—Valerius Maximus, bk. 4, ch. 8.

Gellius, a censor, &c. Plutarch, Pompey.――A consul who defeated a party of Germans, in the interest of Spartacus. Plutarch.

Aulus Gellius, a Roman grammarian in the age of Marcus Antonius, about 130 A.D. He published a work which he called Noctes Atticæ, because he composed it at Athens during the long nights of the winter. It is a collection of incongruous matter, which contains many fragments from the ancient writers, and often serves to explain antique monuments. It was originally composed for the improvement of his children, and abounds with many grammatical remarks. The best editions of Aulus Gellius are that of Gronovius, 4to, Leiden, 1706, and that of Conrad, 2 vols., 8vo, Lipscomb, 1762.

Gelo and Gelon, a son of Dinomenes, who made himself absolute at Syracuse, 491 years before the christian era. He conquered the Carthaginians at Himera, and made his oppression popular by his great equity and moderation. He reigned seven years, and his death was universally lamented at Syracuse. He was called the father of his people, and the patron of liberty, and honoured as a demigod. His brother Hiero succeeded him. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 42.—Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 153, &c.—Diodorus, bk. 11.――A man who attempted to poison Pyrrhus.――A governor of Bœotia.――A son of Hiero the younger. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 9.――A general of Phocis, destroyed with his troops by the Thessalians. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 1.

Geloi, the inhabitants of Gela. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 701.

Gĕlōnes and Gĕlōni, a people of Scythia, inured from their youth to labour and fatigue. They painted themselves to appear more terrible in battle. They were descended from Gelonus, a son of Hercules. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 2, li. 15; Æneid, bk. 8, li. 725,—Mela, bk. 1, ch. 1.—Claudian, Against Rufinus, bk. 1, li. 315.

Gelos, a port of Caira. Mela, bk. 1, ch. 16.

Gemĭni, a sign of the zodiac which represents Castor and Pollux, the twin sons of Leda.

Gemĭnius, a Roman, who acquainted Marcus Antony with the situation of his affairs at Rome, &c.――An inveterate enemy of Marius. He seized the person of Marius, and carried him to Minturnæ. Plutarch, Caius Marius.――A friend of Pompey, from whom he received a favourite mistress called Flora. Plutarch.

Gemĭnus, an astronomer and mathematician of Rhodes, B.C. 77.

Gemoniæ, a place at Rome where the carcases of criminals were thrown. Suetonius, Tiberius, chs. 53 & 61.—Tacitus, Histories, bk. 3, ch. 74.

Genābum, a town of Gaul, now Orleans, on the Loire. Cæsar, Civil War, bk. 7, ch. 3.—Lucan, bk. 1, li. 440.

Genauni, a people of Vindelicia. Horace, bk. 4, ode 14, li. 10.

Gēnēva, an ancient, populous, and well-fortified city in the country of the Allobroges on the lake Lemanus, now of Geneva.

Genīsus, a man of Cyzicus, killed by the Argonauts, &c. Flaccus, bk. 3, li. 45.

Genius, a spirit or dæmon, which, according to the ancients, presided over the birth and life of every man. See: Dæmon.

Gensĕric, a famous Vandal prince, who passed from Spain to Africa, where he took Carthage. He laid the foundation of the Vandal kingdom in Africa, and in the course of his military expeditions invaded Italy, and sacked Rome in July, 455.

Gentius, a king of Illyricum, who imprisoned the Roman ambassadors at the request of Perseus king of Macedonia. This offence was highly resented by the Romans, and Gentius was conquered by Anicius, and led in triumph with his family, B.C. 169. Livy, bk. 43, ch. 19, &c.

Genua, now Genoa, a celebrated town of Liguria, which Annibal destroyed. It was rebuilt by the Romans. Livy, bk. 21, ch. 32; bk. 28, ch. 46; bk. 30, ch. 1.

Genūcius, a tribune of the people.――A consul.

Genŭsus, now Semno, a river of Macedonia, falling into the Adriatic above Apollonia. Lucan, bk. 5, li. 462.

Genutia lex, de magistratibus, by Lucius Genutius the tribune, A.U.C. 411. It ordained that no person should exercise the same magistracy within 10 years, or be invested with two offices in one year.

Georgĭca, a poem of Virgil in four books. The first treats of ploughing the ground; the second of sowing it; the third speaks of the management of cattle, &c.; and in the fourth, the poet gives an account of bees, and of the manner of keeping them among the Romans. The word is derived from γεα terra, and ἐργον opus, because it particularly treats or husbandry. The work is dedicated to Mæcenas, the great patron of poetry in the age of Virgil. The author was seven years in writing and polishing it, and in that composition he showed how much he excelled all other writers. He imitated Hesiod, who wrote a poem nearly on the same subject, called Works and Days.

Georgius Pisida. See: Pisida.

Gephȳra, one of the cities of the Seleucidæ in Syria. Strabo, bk. 9.

Gephȳræi, a people of Phœnicia, who passed with Cadmus into Bœotia, and from thence into Attica. Herodotus, bk. 5, ch. 57.

Geræstus, a port of Eubœa. Livy, bk. 31, ch. 45.

Gerānia, a mountain between Megara and Corinth.

Geranthræ, a town of Laconia. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 2.

Geresticus, a harbour of Teios in Ionia. Livy, bk. 37, ch. 27.

Gergithum, a town near Cumæ in Æolia Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 30.

Gergōvia, a town of Gaul. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 7, ch. 9.

Gerion, an ancient augur.

Germānia, an extensive country of Europe, at the east of Gaul. Its inhabitants were warlike, fierce, and uncivilized, and always proved a watchful enemy against the Romans. Cæsar first entered their country, but he rather checked their fury than conquered them. His example was followed by his imperial successors or their generals, who sometimes entered the country to chastise the insolence of the inhabitants. The ancient Germans were very superstitious, and, in many instances, their religion was the same as that of their neighbours the Gauls; whence some have concluded that these two nations were of the same origin. They paid uncommon respect to their women, who, as they believed, were endowed with something more than human. They built no temples to their gods, and paid great attention to the heroes and warriors whom the country had produced. Their rude institutions gradually gave rise to the laws and manners which still prevail in the countries of Europe, which their arms invaded or conquered. Tacitus, in whose age even letters were unknown among them, observed their customs with nicety, and has delineated them with the genius of an historian and the reflection of a philosopher. Tacitus, Germania.—Mela, bk. 1, ch. 3; bk. 3, ch. 3.—Cæsar, Gallic War.—Strabo, bk. 4.

Germānĭcus Cæsar, a son of Drusus and Antonia the niece of Augustus. He was adopted by his uncle Tiberius, and raised to the most important offices of the state. When his grandfather Augustus died, he was employed in a war in Germany, and the affection of the soldiers unanimously saluted him emperor. He refused the unseasonable honour, and appeased the tumult which his indifference occasioned. He continued his wars in Germany, and defeated the celebrated Arminius, and was rewarded with a triumph at his return to Rome. Tiberius declared him emperor of the east, and sent him to appease the seditions of the Armenians. But the success of Germanicus in the east was soon looked upon with an envious eye by Tiberius, and his death was meditated. He was secretly poisoned at Daphne near Antioch by Piso, A.D. 19, in the 34th year of his age. The news of his death was received with the greatest grief and the most bitter lamentations, and Tiberius seemed to be the only one who rejoiced in the fall of Germanicus. He had married Agrippina, by whom he had nine children, one of whom, Caligula, disgraced the name of his illustrious father. Germanicus has been commended not only for his military accomplishments, but also for his learning, humanity, and extensive benevolence. In the midst of war, he devoted some moments to study, and he favoured the world with two Greek comedies, some epigrams, and a translation of Aratus in Latin verse. Suetonius.――This name was common in the age of the emperors, not only to those who had obtained victories over the Germans, but even to those who had entered the borders of their country at the head of an army. Domitian applied the name of Germanicus, which he himself had vainly assumed, to the month of September, in honour of himself. Suetonius, Domitian, ch. 13.—Martial, bk. 9, ltr. 2, li. 4.

Germanii, a people of Persia. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 125.

Geronthræ, a town of Laconia, where a yearly festival, called Geronthræa, was observed in honour of Mars. The god had there a temple with a grove, into which no woman was permitted to enter during the time of the solemnity. Pausanias, Laconia.

♦Gerrhæ, a people of Scythia, in whose country the Borysthenes rises. The kings of Scythia were generally buried in their territories. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 71.

♦ ‘Gerhæ’ replaced with ‘Gerrhæ’

Gersus and Gerrhus, a river of Scythia. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 56.

Gēryon and Gēryŏnes, a celebrated monster, born from the union of Chrysaor with Callirhoe, and represented by the poets as having three bodies and three heads. He lived in the island of Gades, where he kept numerous flocks, which were guarded by a two-headed dog, called Orthos, and by Eurythion. Hercules, by order of Eurystheus, went to Gades and destroyed Geryon, Orthos, and Eurythion, and carried away all his flocks and herds to Tirynthus. Hesiod, Theogony, li. 187.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 661; bk. 8, li. 202.—Silius Italicus, bk. 1, li. 277.—Apollodorus, bk. 2.—Lucretius, bk. 5, li. 28.

Gessătæ, a people of Gallia Togata. Plutarch, Marcellus.

Gessoriăcum, a town of Gaul, now Boulogne, in Picardy.

Gessos, a river of Ionia.

Geta, a man who raised seditions at Rome in Nero’s reign, &c. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 2, ch. 72.――Septimius, a son of the emperor Severus, brother to Caracalla. In the eighth year of his age he was moved with compassion at the fate of some of the partisans of Niger and Albinus, who had been ordered to be executed; and his father, struck with his humanity, retracted his sentence. After his father’s death he reigned at Rome, conjointly with his brother; but Caracalla, who envied his virtues, and was jealous of his popularity, ordered him to be poisoned; and when this could not be effected, he murdered him in the arms of his mother Julia, who, in the attempt of defending the fatal blows from his body, received a wound in her arm from the hand of her son, the 28th of March, A.D. 212. Geta had not reached the 23rd year of his age, and the Romans had reason to lament the death of so virtuous a prince, whilst they groaned under the cruelties and oppression of Caracalla.

Getæ (singular, Getes), a people of European Scythia, near the Daci. Ovid, who was banished in their country, describes them as a savage and warlike nation. The word Geticus is frequently used for Thracian. Ovid, ex Ponto; Tristia, poem 5, li. 111.—Strabo, bk. 7.—Statius, bk. 2, Sylvæ, poem 2, li. 61; bk. 3, poem 1, li. 17.—Lucan, bk. 2, li. 54; bk. 3, li. 95.

Getulia. See: Gætulia.

Gĭgantes, the sons of Cœlus and Terra, who, according to Hesiod, sprang from the blood of the wound which Cœlus received from his son Saturn; whilst Hyginus calls them sons of Tartarus and Terra. They are represented as men of uncommon stature, and with strength proportioned to their gigantic size. Some of them, as Cottus, Briareus, and Gyges, had 50 heads and 100 arms, and serpents instead of legs. They were of a terrible aspect; their hair hung loose about their shoulders, and their beards were suffered to grow untouched. Pallene and its neighbourhood was the place of their residence. The defeat of the Titans, with whom they are often ignorantly confounded, and to whom they were nearly related, incensed them against Jupiter, and they all conspired to dethrone him. The god was alarmed, and called all the deities to assist him against a powerful enemy who made use of rocks, oaks, and burning woods for their weapons, and who had already heaped mount Ossa upon Pelion, to scale with more facility the walls of heaven. At the sight of such dreadful adversaries, the gods fled with the greatest consternation into Egypt, where they assumed the shape of different animals to screen themselves from their pursuers. Jupiter, however, remembered that they were not invincible, provided he called a mortal to his assistance; and by the advice of Pallas, he armed his son Hercules in his cause. With the aid of this celebrated hero, the giants were soon put to flight and defeated. Some were crushed to pieces under mountains, or buried in the sea, and others were flayed alive, or beaten to death with clubs. See: Enceladus, Aloides, Porphyrion, Typhon, Otus, Titanes, &c. The existence of giants has been supported by all the writers of antiquity, and received as an undeniable truth. Homer tells us that Tityus, when extended on the ground, covered nine acres; and that Polyphemus ate two of the companions of Ulysses at once, and walked along the shores of Sicily, leaning on a staff which might have served for the mast of a ship. The Grecian heroes, during the Trojan war, and Turnus in Italy, attacked their enemies by throwing stones, which four men of the succeeding ages would have been unable to move. Plutarch also mentions, in support of the gigantic stature, that Sertorius opened the grave of Antæus in Africa, and found a skeleton which measured six cubits in length. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 6.—Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 2, &c.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 1, li. 151.—Plutarch, Sertorius.—Hyginus, fable 28, &c.—Homer, Odyssey, bks. 7 & 10.—Virgil, Georgics, bk. 1, li. 280; Æneid, bk. 6, li. 580.

Gigartum, a town of Phœnicia.

Gigis, one of the female attendants of Parysatis, who was privy to the poisoning of Statira. Plutarch, Artaxerxes.

Gildo, a governor of Africa in the reign of Arcadius. He died A.D. 398.

Gillo, an infamous adulterer in Juvenal’s age. Juvenal, satire 1, li. 40.

Gindanes, a people of Libya, who fed on the leaves of the lotus. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 176.

Gindes, a river of Albania, flowing into the Cyrus.――Another of Mesopotamia. Tibullus, bk. 4, poem 1, li. 141.

Ginge. See: Gigis.

Gingūnum, a mountain of Umbria.

Gippius, a Roman who pretended to sleep, that his wife might indulge her adulterous propensities, &c.

Gisco, son of Himilcon the Carthaginian general, was banished from his country by the influence of his enemies. He was afterwards recalled, and empowered by the Carthaginians to punish in what manner he pleased those who had occasioned his banishment. He was satisfied to see them prostrate on the ground and to place his foot on their neck, showing that independence and forgiveness are two of the most brilliant virtues of a great mind. He was made a general soon after, in Sicily, against the Corinthians, about 309 years before the christian era; and by his success and intrepidity he obliged the enemies of his country to sue for peace.

Glădiătōrii ludi, combats originally exhibited on the grave of deceased persons at Rome. They were first introduced at Rome by the Bruti, upon the death of their father, A.U.C. 488. It was supposed that the ghosts of the dead were rendered propitious by human blood; therefore at funerals, it was usual to murder slaves in cool blood. In succeeding ages, it was reckoned less cruel to oblige them to kill one another like men, than to slaughter them like brutes, therefore the barbarity was covered by the specious show of pleasure and voluntary combat. Originally captives, criminals, or disobedient slaves were trained up for combat; but when the diversion became more frequent, and was exhibited on the smallest occasion, to procure esteem and popularity, many of the Roman citizens enlisted themselves among the gladiators, and Nero, at one show, exhibited no less than 400 senators and 600 knights. The people were treated with these combats not only by the great and opulent, but the very priests had their Ludi pontificales, and Ludi sacerdotales. It is supposed that there were no more than three pair of gladiators exhibited by the Bruti. Their numbers, however, increased with the luxury and power of the city; and the gladiators became so formidable, that Spartacus, one of their body, had courage to take up arms, and the success to defeat the Roman armies, only with a train of his fellow-sufferers. The more prudent of the Romans were sensible of the dangers which threatened the state by keeping such a number of desperate men in arms, and therefore many salutary laws were proposed to limit their number, as well as to settle the time in which the show could be exhibited with safety and convenience. Under the emperors, not only senators and knights, but even women engaged among the gladiators, and seemed to forget the inferiority of their sex. When there were to be any shows, hand-bills were circulated to give notice to the people, and to mention the place, number, time, and every circumstance requisite to be known. When they were first brought upon the arena, they walked round the place with great pomp and solemnity, and after that they were matched in equal pairs with great nicety. They first had a skirmish with wooden files, called rudes or arma lusoria. After this the effective weapons, such as swords, daggers, &c., called arma decretoria, were given them, and the signal for the engagement was given by the sound of a trumpet. As they had all previously sworn to fight till death, or suffer death in the most excruciating torments, the fight was bloody and obstinate, and when one signified his submission by surrendering his arms, the victor was not permitted to grant him his life without the leave and approbation of the multitude. This was done by clenching the fingers of both hands between each other, and holding the thumbs upright close together, or by bending back their thumbs. The first of these was called pollicem premere, and signified the wish of the people to spare the life of the conquered. The other sign, called pollicem vertere, signified their disapprobation, and ordered the victor to put his antagonist to death. The victor was generally rewarded with a palm, and other expressive marks of the people’s favour. He was most commonly presented with a pileus and rudis. When one of the combatants received a remarkable wound, the people exclaimed habet, and expressed their exultation by shouts. The combats of gladiators were sometimes different either in weapons or dress, whence they were generally distinguished into the following orders: The secutores were armed with a sword and buckler, to keep off the net of their antagonists, the retiarii. These last endeavoured to throw their net over the head of their antagonist, and in that manner to entangle him, and prevent him from striking. If this did not succeed, they betook themselves to flight. Their dress was a short coat, with a hat tied under the chin with a broad ribbon. They wore a trident in their left hand. The Thraces, originally Thracians, were armed with a falchion, and small round shield. The myrmillones, called also Galli, from their Gallic dress, ♦were much the same as the secutores. They were, like them, armed with a sword, and on the top of the head-piece they wore the figure of a fish embossed, called μορμυρος, whence their name. The Hoplomachi were completely armed from head to foot, as their name implies. The Samnites, armed after the manner of the Samnites, wore a large shield broad at the top, and growing more narrow at the bottom, more conveniently to defend the upper parts of the body. The Essedarii generally fought from the essedum, or chariot used by the ancient Gauls and Britons. The andabatæ, ἀναβαται, fought on horseback, with a helmet that covered and defended their faces and eyes. Hence andabatarum more pugnare, is to fight blindfolded. The meridiani engaged in the afternoon. The postulatitii were men of great skill and experience, and such as were generally produced by the emperors. The fiscales were maintained out of the emperor’s treasury, fiscus. The dimachæri fought with two swords in their hands, whence their name. After these cruel exhibitions had been continued for the amusement of the Roman populace, they were abolished by Constantine the Great, near 600 years after their first institution. They were, however, revived under the reign of Constantius and his two successors, but Honorius for ever put an end to these cruel barbarities.

♦ ‘where’ replaced with ‘were’

Glanis, a river of Cumæ,――of Iberia,――of Italy. Silius Italicus, bk. 8, li. 454.

Glanum, a town of Gaul, now St. Remi, in Provence.

Glaphy̆re and Glaphy̆ra, a daughter of Archelaus the high priest of Bellona in Cappadocia, celebrated for her beauty and intrigues. She obtained the kingdom of Cappadocia for her two sons from Marcus Antony, whom she corrupted by defiling the bed of her husband. This amour of Antony with Glaphyra highly displeased his wife Fulvia, who wished Augustus to avenge his infidelity by receiving from her the same favours which Glaphyra received from Antony.――Her granddaughter bore the same name. She was a daughter of Archelaus king of Cappadocia, and married Alexander, a son of Herod, by whom she had two sons. After the death of Alexander, she married her brother-in-law Archelaus.

Glaphy̆rus, an infamous adulterer. Juvenal, satire 6, li. 77.

Glauce, the wife of Actæus, daughter of Cychræus. Apollodorus.――A daughter of Cretheus, mother of Telamon.――One of the Nereides.――A daughter of Creon, who married Jason. See: Creusa.――One of the Danaides. Apollodorus.

Glaucia, a surname of the Servilian family. Cicero, Orator, ch. 3.

Glaucippe, one of the Danaides. Apollodorus.

Glaucippus, a Greek who wrote a treatise concerning the sacred rites observed at Athens.

Glaucon, a writer of dialogues at Athens. Diogenes Laërtius, Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers.

Glauconŏme, one of the Nereides.

Glaucōpis, a surname of Minerva, from the blueness of her eyes. Homer.—Hesiod.

Glaucus, a son of Hippolchus the son of Bellerophon. He assisted Priam in the Trojan war, and had the simplicity to exchange his golden suit of armour with Diomedes for an iron one, whence came the proverb of Glauci et Diomedis permutatio, to express a foolish purchase. He behaved with much courage, and was killed by Ajax. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 483.—Martial, bk. 9, ltr. 96.—Homer, Iliad, bk. 6.――A fisherman of Anthedon in Bœotia, son of Neptune and Nais, or, according to others, of Polybius the son of Mercury. As he was fishing, he observed that all the fishes which he laid on the grass received fresh vigour as they touched the ground, and immediately escaped from him by leaping into the sea. He attributed the cause of it to the grass, and by tasting it, he found himself suddenly moved with a desire of living in the sea. Upon this he leaped into the water, and was made a sea deity by Oceanus and Tethys, at the request of the gods. After this transformation he became enamoured of the Nereid Scylla, whose ingratitude was severely punished by Circe. See: Scylla. He is represented like the other sea deities, with a long beard, dishevelled hair, and shaggy eyebrows, and with the tail of a fish. He received the gift of prophecy from Apollo, and according to some accounts he was the interpreter of Nereus. He assisted the Argonauts in their expedition, and foretold them that Hercules and the two sons of Leda would one day receive immortal honours. The fable of his metamorphosis has been explained by some authors, who observe that he was an excellent diver, who was devoured by fishes as he was swimming in the sea. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 13, li. 905, &c.—Hyginus, fable 199.—Athenæus, bk. 7.—Apollonius, bk. 1.—Diodorus, bk. 4.—Aristotle, Constitution of Delos.—Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 22.――A son of Sisyphus king of Corinth, by Merope the daughter of Atlas, born at Potnia, a village of Bœotia. He prevented his mares from having any commerce with the stallions, in the expectation that they would become swifter in running, upon which Venus inspired the mares with such fury, that they tore his body to pieces as he returned from the games which Adrastus had celebrated in honour of his father. He was buried at Potnia. Hyginus, fable 250.—Virgil, Georgics, bk. 3, li. 367.—Apollodorus, bks. 1 & 2.――A son of Minos II. and Pasiphae, who was smothered in a cask of honey. His father, ignorant of his fate, consulted the oracle to know where he was, and received for answer, that the soothsayer who best described him an ox, which was of three different colours among his flocks, would best give him intelligence of his son’s situation. Polyidus was found superior to all the other soothsayers, and was commanded by the king to find the young prince. When he had found him, Minos confined him with the dead body, and told him that he never would restore him his liberty if he did not restore his son to life. Polyidus was struck with the king’s severity, but while he stood in astonishment, a serpent suddenly came towards the body and touched it. Polyidus killed the serpent, and immediately a second came, who seeing the other without motion or signs of life, disappeared, and soon after returned with a certain herb in his mouth. This herb he laid on the body of the dead serpent, which was immediately restored to life. Polyidus, who had attentively considered what passed, seized the herb, and with it he rubbed the body of the dead prince, who was instantly raised to life. Minos received Glaucus with gratitude, but he refused to restore Polyidus to liberty, before he taught his son the art of divination and prophecy. He consented with great reluctance, and when he was at last permitted to return to Argolis his native country, he desired his pupil to spit in his mouth. Glaucus willingly consented, and from that moment he forgot all the knowledge of divination and healing which he had received from the instructions of Polyidus. Hyginus ascribes the recovery of Glaucus to Æsculapius. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 3.—Hyginus, fables 136 & 251, &c.――A son of Epytus, who succeeded his father on the throne of Messenia, about 10 centuries before the Augustan age. He introduced the worship of Jupiter among the Dorians, and was the first who offered sacrifices to Machaon the son of Æsculapius. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 3.――A son of Antenor, killed by Agamemnon. Dictys Cretensis, bk. 4.――An Argonaut, the only one of the crew who was not wounded in a battle against the Tyrrhenians. Athenæus, bk. 7, ch. 12.――A son of Imbrasus, killed by Turnus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 12, li. 343.――A son of Hippolytus, whose descendants reigned in Ionia.――An athlete of Eubœa. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 9.――A son of Priam. Apollodorus, bk. 3.――A physician of Cleopatra. Plutarch, Antonius.――A warrior in the age of Phocion. Plutarch, Phocion.――A physician exposed on a cross, because Hephæstion died while under his care. Plutarch, Alexander.――An artist of Chios. Pausanias.――A Spartan. Pausanias.――A grove of Bœotia. Pausanias.――A bay of Caria, now the gulf of Macri. Pausanias.――An historian of Rhegium in Italy.――A bay and river of Libya,――of Peloponnesus,――of Colchis, falling into the Phasis.

Glautias, a king of Illyricum, who educated Pyrrhus.

Glicon, a physician of Pansa, accused of having poisoned the wound of his patron, &c. Suetonius, Augustus, ch. 11.

Glissas, a town of Bœotia, with a small river in the neighbourhood. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 19.

Glycĕra, a beautiful woman, celebrated by Horace, bk. 1, odes 19, 30.――A courtesan of Sicyon, so skilful in making garlands, that some attributed to her the invention of them.――A famous courtesan, whom Harpalus brought from Athens to Babylon.

Gly̆cĕrium, a harlot of Thespis, who presented her countrymen with the painting of Cupid, which Praxiteles had given her.――The mistress of Pamphilus in Terence’s Andria.

Gly̆con, a man remarkable for his strength. Horace, bk. 1, ltr. 1, li. 30.――A physician who attended Pansa, and was accused of poisoning his patron’s wound. Suetonius, Augustus, ch. 11.

Glympes, a town on the borders of the Lacedæmonians and Messenians. Polybius, bk. 4.

Gnatia, a town of Apulia, about 30 miles from Brundusium, badly supplied with water. Horace, bk. 1, satire 5.

Gnidus. See: Cnidus.

Gnossis and Gnossia, an epithet given to Ariadne, because she lived, or was born, at Gnossus. The crown which she received from Bacchus, and which was made a constellation, is called Gnossia Stella. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 1, li. 222.

Gnossus, a famous city of Crete, the residence of king Minos. The name of Gnossia tellus is often applied to the whole island. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 23.—Strabo, bk. 10.—Homer, Odyssey.

Gobanitio, a chief of the Averni, uncle to Vercingetorix. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 7, ch. 4.

Gobar, a governor of Mesopotamia, who checked the course of the Euphrates, that it might not run rapidly through Babylon. Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 26.

Gobares, a Persian governor, who surrendered to Alexander, &c. Curtius, bk. 5, ch. 31.

Gobryas, a Persian, one of the seven noblemen who conspired against the usurper Smerdis. See: Darius. Herodotus, bk. 3, ch. 70.

Golgi (ōrum), a place of Cyprus, sacred to Venus Golgia and to Cupid. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 5.

Gomphi, a town of Thessaly, near the springs of the Peneus, at the foot of mount Pindus.

Gonātas, one of the Antigoni.

Goniădes, nymphs in the neighbourhood of the river Cytherus. Strabo, bk. 8.

Gonippus and Panormus, two youths of Andania, who disturbed the Lacedæmonians when celebrating the festivals of Pollux. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 27.

Gonni and Gonocondylos, a town of Thessaly at the entrance into Tempe. Livy, bk. 36, ch. 10; bk. 42, ch. 54.—Strabo, bk. 4.

Gonoessa, a town of Troas. Seneca, Troades.

Gonussa, a town of Sicyon. Pausanias.

Gordiæi, mountains in Armenia, where the Tigris rises, supposed to be the Ararat of scripture.

Gordiānus Marcus Antonius Africanus, a son of Metius Marcellus, descended from Trajan by his mother’s side. In the greatest affluence, he cultivated learning, and was an example of piety and virtue. He applied himself to the study of poetry, and composed a poem in 30 books upon the virtues of Titus, Antoninus, and Marcus Aurelius. He was such an advocate for good breeding and politeness, that he never sat down in the presence of his father-in-law Annius Severus, who paid him daily visits, before he was promoted to the pretorship. He was some time after elected consul, and went to take the government of Africa in the capacity of proconsul. After he had attained his 80th year in the greatest splendour and domestic tranquillity, he was roused from his peaceful occupations by the tyrannical reign of the Maximini, and he was proclaimed emperor by the rebellious troops of his province. He long declined to accept the imperial purple, but the threats of immediate death gained his compliance. Maximinus marched against him with the greatest indignation; and Gordian sent his son, with whom he shared the imperial dignity, to oppose the enemy. Young Gordian was killed; and the father, worn out with age, and grown desperate on account of his misfortunes, strangled himself at Carthage, before he had been six weeks at the head of the empire, A.D. 236. He was universally lamented by the army and people.――Marcus Antoninus Africanus, son of Gordianus, was instructed by Serenus Sammoticus, who left him his library, which consisted of 62,000 volumes. His enlightened understanding, and his peaceful disposition, recommended him to the favour of the emperor Heliogabalus. He was made prefect of Rome, and afterwards consul, by the emperor Alexander Severus. He passed into Africa, in the character of lieutenant to his father, who had obtained that province; and seven years after he was elected emperor, in conjunction with him. He marched against the partisans of Maximinus, his antagonist in Mauritania, and was killed in a bloody battle on the 25th of June, A.D. 236, after a reign of about six weeks. He was of an amiable disposition, but he has been justly blamed by his biographers on account of his lascivious propensities, which reduced him to the weakness and infirmities of old age, though he was but in his 46th year at the time of his death.――Marcus Antoninus Pius, grandson to the first Gordian, was but 12 years old when he was honoured with the title of Cæsar. He was proclaimed emperor in the 16th year of his age, and his election was attended with universal marks of approbation. In the 18th year of his age, he married Furia Sabina Tranquilina daughter of Misitheus, a man celebrated for his ♦eloquence and public virtues. Misitheus was entrusted with the most important offices of the state by his son-in-law, and his administration proved how deserving he was of the confidence and affection of his imperial master. He corrected the various abuses which prevailed in the state, and restored the ancient discipline among the soldiers. By his prudence and political sagacity, all the chief towns in the empire were stored with provisions, which could maintain the emperor and a large army during 15 days upon any emergency. Gordian was not less active than his father-in-law; and when Sapor the king of Persia had invaded the Roman provinces in the east, he boldly marched to meet him, and in his way defeated a large body of Goths, in Mœsia. He conquered Sapor, and took many flourishing cities in the east from his adversary. In this success the senate decreed him a triumph, and saluted Misitheus as the guardian of the republic. Gordian was assassinated in the east, A.D. 244, by the means of Philip, who had succeeded to the virtuous Misitheus, and who usurped the sovereign power by murdering a warlike and amiable prince. The senate, sensible of his merit, honoured him with a most splendid funeral on the confines of Persia, and ordered that the descendants of the Gordians should ever be free, at Rome, from all the heavy taxes and burdens of the state. During the reign of Gordianus, there was an uncommon eclipse of the sun, in which the stars appeared in the middle of the day.

♦ ‘eloqence’ replaced with ‘eloquence’

Gordium, a town of Phrygia. Justin, bk. 11, ch. 7.—Livy, bk. 38, ch. 18.—Curtius, bk. 3, ch. 1.

Gordius, a Phrygian, who, though originally a peasant, was raised to the throne. During a sedition, the Phrygians consulted the oracle, and were told that all their troubles would cease as soon as they chose for their king the first man they met going to the temple of Jupiter, mounted on a chariot. Gordius was the object of their choice, and he immediately consecrated his chariot in the temple of Jupiter. The knot which tied the yoke to the draught tree, was made in such an artful manner that the ends of the cord could not be perceived. From this circumstance a report was soon spread, that the empire of Asia was promised by the oracle to him that could untie the Gordian knot. Alexander, in his conquest of Asia, passed by Gordium; and as he wished to leave nothing undone which might inspire his soldiers with courage, and make his enemies believe that he was born to conquer Asia, he cut the knot with his sword; and from that circumstance asserted that the oracle was really fulfilled, and that his claims to universal empire were fully justified. Justin, bk. 11, ch. 7.—Curtius, bk. 3, ch. 1.—Arrian, bk. 1.――A tyrant of Corinth. Aristotle.

Gorgāsus, a man who received divine honours at Pheræ in Messenia. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 30.

Gorge, a daughter of Œneus king of Calydon, by Althæa daughter of Thestius. She married Andremon, by whom she had Oxilus, who headed the Heraclidæ when they made an attempt upon Peloponnesus. Her tomb was seen at Amphissa in Locris. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 38.—Apollodorus, bks. 1 & 2.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 8, li. 542.――One of the Danaides. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 1.

Gorgias, a celebrated sophist and orator, son of Carmantides surnamed Leontinus, because born at Leontium in Sicily. He was sent by his countrymen to solicit the assistance of the Athenians against the Syracusans, and was successful in his embassy. He lived to his 108th year, and died B.C. 400. Only two fragments of his compositions are extant. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 17.—Cicero, Orator, ch. 22, &c.; De Senectute, ch. 15; Brutus, ch. 15.—Quintilian, bks. 3 & 12.――An officer of Antiochus Epiphanes.――An Athenian, who wrote an account of all the prostitutes of Athens. Athenæus.――A Macedonian, forced to war with Amyntas, &c. Curtius, bk. 7, ch. 1.

Gorgo, the wife of Leonidas king of Sparta, &c.――The name of the ship which carried Perseus, after he had conquered Medusa.

Gorgŏnes, three celebrated sisters, daughters of Phorcys and Ceto, whose names were Stheno, Euryale, and Medusa, all immortal except Medusa. According to the mythologists, their hairs were entwined with serpents, their hands were of brass, their wings of the colour of gold, their body was covered with impenetrable scales, and their teeth were as long as the tusks of a wild boar, and they turned to stones all those on whom they fixed their eyes. Medusa alone had serpents in her hair, according to Ovid, and this proceeded from the resentment of Minerva, in whose temple Medusa had gratified the passion of Neptune, who was enamoured of the beautiful colour of her locks, which the goddess changed into serpents. Æschylus says that they had only one tooth and one eye between them, of which they had the use each in her turn; and accordingly it was at the time that they were exchanging the eye, that Perseus attacked them, and cut off Medusa’s head. According to some authors, Perseus, when he went to the conquest of the Gorgons, was armed with an instrument like a scythe by Mercury, and provided with a looking-glass by Minerva, besides winged shoes, and a helmet of Pluto, which rendered all objects clearly visible and open to the view, while the person who wore it remained totally invisible. With weapons like these, Perseus obtained an easy victory; and after his conquest, returned his arms to the different deities whose favours and assistance he had so recently experienced. The head of Medusa remained in his hands; and after he had finished all his laborious expeditions, he gave it to Minerva, who placed it on her ægis, with which she turned into stones all such as fixed their eyes upon it. It is said, that after the conquest of the Gorgons, Perseus took his flight in the air towards Æthiopia; and that the drops of blood which fell to the ground from Medusa’s head were changed into serpents, which have ever since infested the sandy deserts of Libya. The horse Pegasus also arose from the blood of Medusa, as well as Chrysaor with his golden sword. The residence of the Gorgons was beyond the ocean towards the west, according to Hesiod. Æschylus makes them inhabit the eastern parts of Scythia; and Ovid, as the most received opinion, supports that they lived in the inland parts of Libya, near the lake of Triton, or the gardens of the Hesperides. Diodorus and others explain the fable of the Gorgons, by supposing that they were a warlike race of women near the Amazons, whom Perseus, with the help of a large army, totally destroyed. Hesiod, Theogony & Shield of Heracles.—Apollonius, bk. 4.—Apollodorus, bk. 2, chs. 1 & 4, &c.—Homer, Iliad, bks. 5 & 11.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, &c.—Diodorus, bks. 1 & 4.—Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 20, &c.—Aeschylus, Prometheus Bound, act 4.—Pindar, Pythian, odes 7 & 12; Olympian, poem 3.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 4, li. 618, &c.—Palæphatus, on the Daughters of Phorcys.

Gorgŏnia, a surname of Pallas, because Perseus, armed with her shield, had conquered the Gorgon, who had polluted her temple with Neptune.

Gorgŏnius, a man ridiculed by Horace for his ill smell. Horace, bk. 1, satire 2, li. 27.

Gorgŏphŏne, a daughter of Perseus and Andromeda, who married Perieres king of Messenia, by whom she had Aphareus and Leucippus. After the death of Perieres, she married Œbalus, who made her mother of Icarus and Tyndarus. She is the first whom the mythologists mention as having had a second husband. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 2.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, chs. 2 & 3.――One of the Danaides. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 1.

Gorgŏphŏnus, a son of Electryon and Anaxo. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 4.

Gorgŏphŏra, a surname of Minerva, from her ægis, on which was the head of the Gorgon Medusa. Cicero.

Gorgus, the son of Aristomenes the Messenian. He was married, when young, to a virgin, by his father, who had experienced the greatest kindnesses from her humanity, and had been enabled to conquer seven Cretans who had attempted his life, &c. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 19.――A son of Theron tyrant of Agrigentum.――A man whose knowledge of metals proved very serviceable to Alexander, &c.

Gorgythion, a son of Priam, killed by Teucer. Homer, Iliad, bk. 8.

Gortuæ, a people of Eubœa, who fought with the Medes at the battle of Arbela. Curtius, bk. 4, ch. 12.

Gortyn, Gortys, and Gortȳna, an inland town of Crete. It was on the inhabitants of this place that Annibal, to save his money, practised an artifice recorded in Cornelius Nepos, Hannibal, ch. 9.—Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12.—Lucan, bk. 6, li. 214; bk. 7, li. 214.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 11, li. 773.

Gortȳnia, a town of Arcadia in Peloponnesus. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 28.

Gotthi, a celebrated nation of Germany, called also Gothones, Gutones, Gythones, and Guttones. They were warriors by profession, as well as all their savage neighbours. They extended their power over all parts of the world, and chiefly directed their arms against the Roman empire. Their first attempt against Rome was on the provinces of Greece, whence they were driven by Constantine. They plundered Rome, under Alaric, one of their most celebrated kings, A.D. 410. From becoming the enemies of the Romans, the Goths gradually became their mercenaries; and as they were powerful and united, they soon dictated to their imperial masters, and introduced disorder, anarchy, and revolutions in the west of Europe. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 2, ch. 2, &c.

Gracchus Tiberius Sempronius, father of Tiberius and Caius Gracchus, twice consul, and once censor, was distinguished by his integrity as well as his prudence and superior ability, both in the senate and at the head of the armies. He made war in Gaul, and met with much success in Spain. He married Sempronia, of the family of the Scipios, a woman of great virtue, piety, and learning. Cicero, On Oratory, bk. 1, ch. 48. Their children, Tiberius and Caius, who had been educated under the watchful eye of their mother, rendered themselves famous for their eloquence, seditions, and an obstinate attachment to the interests of the populace, which at last proved fatal to them. With a winning eloquence, affected moderation, and uncommon popularity, Tiberius began to renew the Agrarian law, which had already caused such dissensions at Rome. See: Agraria. By the means of violence, his proposition passed into a law, and he was appointed commissioner, with his father-in-law Appius Claudius and his brother Caius, to make an equal division of the lands among the people. The riches of Attalus, which were left to the Roman people by will, were distributed without opposition; and Tiberius enjoyed the triumph of his successful enterprise, when he was assassinated in the midst of his adherents by Publius Nasica, while the populace were all unanimous to re-elect him to serve the office of tribune the following year. The death of Tiberius checked for a while the friends of the people; but Caius, spurred by ambition and furious zeal, attempted to remove every obstacle which stood in his way by force and violence. He supported the cause of the people with more vehemence, but less moderation than Tiberius; and his success served only to awaken his ambition, and animate his resentment against the nobles. With the privileges of a tribune, he soon became the arbiter of the republic, and treated the patricians with contempt. This behaviour hastened the ruin of Caius, and in the tumult he fled to the temple of Diana, where his friends prevented him from committing suicide. This increased the sedition, and he was murdered by order of the consul Opimius, B.C. 121, about 13 years after the unfortunate end of Tiberius. His body was thrown into the Tiber, and his wife was forbidden to put on mourning for his death. Caius has been accused of having stained his hands in the blood of Scipio Africanus the younger, who was found murdered in his bed. Plutarch, Parallel Lives.—Cicero, Catiline, ch. 1.—Lucan, bk. 6, li. 796.—Florus, bk. 2, ch. 17; bk. 3, ch. 14, &c.――Sempronius, a Roman, banished to the coast of Africa for his adulteries with Julia the daughter of Augustus. He was assassinated by order of Tiberius, after he had been banished 14 years. Julia also shared his fate. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 1, ch. 53.――A general of the Sabines, taken by Quinctius Cincinnatus.――A Roman consul, defeated by Annibal, &c. Cornelius Nepos, Hannibal.

Grādīvus, a surname of Mars among the Romans, perhaps from κραδαινειν, brandishing a spear. Though he had a temple without the walls of Rome, and though Numa had established the Salii, yet his favourite residence was supposed to be among the fierce and savage Thracians and Getæ, over whom he particularly presided. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 35.—Homer, Iliad.—Livy, bk. 1, ch. 20; bk. 2, ch. 45.

Græci, the inhabitants of Greece. See: Græcia.

Græcia, a celebrated country of Europe, bounded on the west by the Ionian sea, south by the Mediterranean sea, east by the Ægean, and north by Thrace and Dalmatia. It is generally divided into four large provinces: Macedonia, Epirus, Achaia or Hellas, and Peloponnesus. This country has been reckoned superior to every other part of the earth, on account of the salubrity of the air, the temperature of the climate, the fertility of the soil, and above all, the fame, learning, and arts of its inhabitants. The Greeks have severally been called Achæans, Argians, Danai, Dolopes, Hellenians, Ionians, Myrmidons, and Pelasgians. The most celebrated of their cities were Athens, Sparta, Argos, Corinth, Thebes, Sicyon, Mycenæ, Delphi, Trœzene, Salamis, Megara, Pylos, &c. The inhabitants, whose history is darkened in its primitive ages with fabulous accounts and traditions, supported that they were the original inhabitants of the country, and born from the earth where they dwelt; and they heard with contempt the probable conjectures which traced their origin among the first inhabitants of Asia, and the colonies of Egypt. In the first periods of their history, the Greeks were governed by monarchs; and there were as many kings as there were cities. The monarchical power gradually decreased; the love of liberty established the republican government; and no part of Greece, except Macedonia, remained in the hands of an absolute sovereign. The expedition of the Argonauts first rendered the Greeks respectable among their neighbours; and in the succeeding age, the wars of Thebes and Troy gave opportunity to their heroes and demi-gods to display their valour in the field of battle. The simplicity of the ancient Greeks rendered them virtuous; and the establishment of the Olympic games, in particular, where the noble reward of the conqueror was a laurel crown, contributed to their aggrandizement, and made them ambitious of fame, and not the slaves of riches. The austerity of their laws, and the education of their youth, particularly at Lacedæmon, rendered them brave and active, insensible to bodily pain, fearless and intrepid in the time of danger. The celebrated battles of Marathon, Thermopylæ, Salamis, Platæa, and Mycale sufficiently show what superiority the courage of a little army can obtain over millions of undisciplined barbarians. After many signal victories over the Persians, they became elated with their success; and when they found no one able to dispute their power abroad, they turned their arms one against the other, and leagued with foreign states to destroy the most flourishing of their cities. The Messenian and Peloponnesian wars are examples of the dreadful calamities which arise from civil discord and long prosperity, and the success with which the gold and the sword of Philip and of his son corrupted and enslaved Greece, fatally proved that when a nation becomes indolent and dissipated at home, it ceases to be respectable in the eyes of the neighbouring states. The annals of Greece, however, abound with singular proofs of heroism and resolution. The bold retreat of the 10,000, who had assisted Cyrus against his brother Artaxerxes, reminded their countrymen of their superiority over all other nations; and taught Alexander that the conquest of the east might be effected with a handful of Grecian soldiers. While the Greeks rendered themselves so illustrious by their military exploits, the arts and sciences were assisted by conquest, and received fresh lustre from the application and industry of their professors. The labours of the learned were received with admiration, and the merit of a composition was determined by the applause or disapprobation of a multitude. Their generals were orators; and eloquence seemed to be so nearly connected with the military profession, that he was despised by his soldiers who could not address them upon any emergency with a spirited and well-delivered oration. The learning as well as the virtues of Socrates procured him a name; and the writings of Aristotle have, perhaps, gained him a more lasting fame than all the conquests and trophies of his royal pupil. Such were the occupations and accomplishments of the Greeks. Their language became almost universal, and their country was the receptacle of the youths of the neighbouring states, where they imbibed the principles of liberty and moral virtue. The Greeks planted several colonies, and totally peopled the western coasts of Asia Minor. In the eastern parts of Italy there were also many settlements made; and the country received from its Greek inhabitants the name of Magna Græcia. For some time Greece submitted to the yoke of Alexander and his successors; and at last, after a spirited though ineffectual struggle in the Achæan league, it fell under the power of Rome, and became one of its ♦dependent provinces, governed by a proconsul.

♦ ‘dependant’ replaced with ‘dependent’

Græcia magna, a part of Italy where the Greeks planted colonies, whence the name. Its boundaries are very uncertain; some say that it extended on the southern parts of Italy, and others suppose that Magna Græcia comprehended only Campania and Lucania. To these some add Sicily, which was likewise peopled by Greek colonies. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 4, li. 64.—Strabo, &c.

Græcīnus, a senator put to death by Caligula, because he refused to accuse Sejanus, &c. Seneca, de Beneficiis, bk. 2.

Græcus, a man from whom some suppose that Greece received its name. Aristotle.

Graius, an inhabitant of Greece.

Grampius mons, the Grampian mountains in Scotland. Tacitus, Agricola, ch. 29.

Granīcus, a river of Bithynia, famous for the battle fought there between the armies of Alexander and Darius, 22nd of May, B.C. 334, when 600,000 Persians were defeated by 30,000 Macedonians. Diodorus, bk. 17.—Plutarch, Alexander.—Justin.—Curtius, bk. 4, ch. 1.

Granius Petronius, an officer who, being taken by Pompey’s generals, refused the life which was tendered to him; observing that Cæsar’s soldiers received not, but granted, life. He killed himself. Plutarch, Cæsar.――A questor whom Sylla had ordered to be strangled, only one day before he died a natural death. Plutarch.――A son of the wife of Marius, by a former husband.――Quintus, a man intimate with Crassus and other illustrious men of Rome, whose vices he lashed with an unsparing hand. Cicero, Brutus, chs. 43 & 46; On Oratory, bk. 2, ch. 60.

Gratiæ, three goddesses. See: Charites.

Grātiānus, a native of Pannonia, father to the emperor Valentinian I. He was raised to the throne, though only eight years old; and after he had reigned for some time conjointly with his father, he became sole emperor in the 16th year of his age. He soon after took, as his imperial colleague, Theodosius, whom he appointed over the eastern parts of the empire. His courage in the field was as remarkable as his love of learning, and fondness of philosophy. He slaughtered 30,000 Germans in a battle, and supported the tottering state by his prudence and intrepidity. His enmity to the Pagan superstition of his subjects proved his ruin; and Maximinus, who undertook the defence of the worship of Jupiter and of all the gods, was joined by an infinite number of discontented Romans, and met Gratian near Paris in Gaul. Gratian was forsaken by his troops in the field of battle, and was murdered by the rebels, A.D. 383, in the 24th year of his age.――A Roman soldier, invested with the imperial purple by the rebellious army in Britain, in opposition to Honorius. He was assassinated four months after by those very troops to whom he owed his elevation, A.D. 407.

Gratidia, a woman at Neapolis, called Canidia by Horace, epode 3.

Gration, a giant killed by Diana.

Gratius Faliscus, a Latin poet contemporary with Ovid, and mentioned only by him among the more ancient authors. He wrote a poem on coursing, called Cynegeticon, much commended for its elegance and perspicuity. It may be compared to the Georgics of Virgil, to which it is nearly equal in the number of verses. The latest edition is of Amsterdam, 4to, 1728. Ovid, ex Ponto, bk. 4, poem 16, li. 34.

Gravii, a people of Spain. Silius Italicus, bk. 3, li. 366.

Grăviscæ, now Eremo de St. Augustino, a maritime town of Etruria, which assisted Æneas against Turnus. The air was unwholesome, on account of the marshes and stagnant waters in its neighbourhood. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 184.—Livy, bk. 40, ch. 29; bk. 41, ch. 16.

Gravius, a Roman knight of Puteoli, killed at Dyrrachium, &c. Cæsar, Civil War.

Gregorius Theodore Thaumaturgus, a disciple of Origen, afterwards bishop of Neocæsarea, the place of his birth. He died A.D. 266, and it is said he left only 17 idolaters in his diocese, where he had found only 17 christians. Of his works, are extant his congratulatory oration to Origen, a canonical epistle, and other treatises in Greek, the best edition of which is that of Paris, folio, 1622.――Nazianzen, surnamed the Divine, was bishop of Constantinople, which he resigned on its being disputed. His writings rival those of the most celebrated orators of Greece in eloquence, sublimity, and variety. His sermons are more for philosophers than common hearers, but replete with seriousness and devotion. Erasmus said that he was afraid to translate his works, from the apprehension of not transfusing into another language the smartness and acumen of his style, and the stateliness and happy diction of the whole. He died A.D. 389. The best edition is that of the Benedictines, the first volume of which, in folio, was published at Paris, 1778.――A bishop of Nyssa, author of the Nicene creed. His style is represented as allegorical and affected; and he has been accused of mixing philosophy too much with theology. His writings consist of commentaries on scripture, moral discourses, sermons on mysteries, dogmatical treatises, panegyrics on saints; the best edition of which is that of Morell, 2 vols., folio, Paris, 1615. The bishop died, A.D. 396.――Another christian writer, whose works were edited by the Benedictines, in 4 vols., folio, Paris, 1705.

Grinnes, a people among the Batavians. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 5, ch. 10.

Grosphus, a man distinguished as much for his probity as his riches, to whom Horace addressed bk. 2, ode 16.

Grudii, a people tributary to the Nervii, supposed to have inhabited the country near Tournay or Bruges in Flanders. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 5, ch. 38.

Grumentum, now Armento, an inland town of Lucania on the river Aciris. Livy, bk. 23, ch. 37; bk. 27, ch. 41.

Gryllus, a son of Xenophon, who killed Epaminondas, and was himself slain, at the battle of Mantinea, B.C. 363. His father was offering a sacrifice when he received the news of his death, and he threw down the garland which was on his head; but he replaced it when he heard that the enemy’s general had fallen by his hands; and he observed, that his death ought to be celebrated with every demonstration of joy, rather than of lamentation. Aristotle.—Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 11, &c.――One of the companions of Ulysses, changed into a swine by Circe. It it said that he refused to be restored to his human shape, and preferred the indolence and inactivity of this squalid animal.

Grynēum and Grynīum, a town near Clazomenæ, where Apollo had a temple with an oracle, on account of which he is called Grynæus. Strabo, bk. 13.—Virgil, Eclogues, bk. 6, li. 72; Æneid, bk. 4, li. 345.

Grynēus, one of the Centaurs, who fought against the Lapithæ, &c. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12, li. 260.

Gyărus and Gyăros, an island in the Ægean sea, near Delos. The Romans were wont to send their culprits there. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 7, li. 407.

Gyas, one of the companions of Æneas, who distinguished himself at the games exhibited after the death of Anchises in Sicily. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 5, li. 118, &c.――A part of the territories of Syracuse, in the possession of Dionysius.――A Rutulian, son of Melampus, killed by Æneas in Italy. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 318.

Gȳgæus, a lake of Lydia, 40 stadia from Sardis. Propertius, bk. 3, poem 11, li. 18.

Gȳge, a maid of Parysatis.

Gyges, or Gyes, a son of Cœlus and Terra, represented as having 50 heads and 100 hands. He, with his brothers, made war against the gods, and was afterwards punished in Tartarus. Ovid, Tristia, bk. 4, poem 7, li. 18.――A Lydian, to whom Candaules king of the country showed his wife naked. The queen was so incensed at this instance of imprudence and infirmity in her husband, that she ordered Gyges, either to prepare for death himself, or to murder Candaules. He chose the latter, and married the queen, and ascended the vacant throne, about 718 years before the christian era. He was the first of the Mermnadæ who reigned in Lydia. He reigned 38 years, and distinguished himself by the immense presents which he made to the oracle of Delphi. According to Plato, Gyges descended into a chasm of the earth, where he found a brazen horse, whose sides he opened, and saw within the body the carcase of a man of uncommon size, from whose finger he took a famous brazen ring. This ring, when put on his finger, rendered him invisible; and by means of its virtue, he introduced himself to the queen, murdered her husband, and married her, and usurped the crown of Lydia. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 8.—♦Plato, Dialogues, bk. 10, The Republic.—Valerius Maximus, bk. 7, ch. 1.—Cicero, De Officiis, bk. 3, ch. 9.――A man killed by Turnus in his wars with Æneas. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 762.――A beautiful boy of Cnidos in the age of Horace. Horace, bk. 2, ode 5, li. 30.

♦ ‘Plutarch’ replaced with ‘Plato’

Gylippus, a Lacedæmonian sent, B.C. 414, by his countrymen to assist Syracuse against the Athenians. He obtained a celebrated victory over Nicias and Demosthenes, the enemy’s generals, and obliged them to surrender. He accompanied Lysander in his expedition against Athens, and was present at the taking of that celebrated town. After the fall of Athens, he was entrusted by the conqueror with the money which had been taken in the plunder, which amounted to 1500 talents. As he conveyed it to Sparta, he had the meanness to unsew the bottom of the bags which contained it, and secreted about 300 talents. His theft was discovered; and to avoid the punishment which he deserved, he fled from his country, and by this act of meanness tarnished the glory of his victorious actions. Tibullus, bk. 4, poem 1, li. 199.—Plutarch, Nicias.――An Arcadian in the Rutulian war. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 12, li. 272.

Gymnăsia, a large city near Colchis. Diodorus, bk. 14.

Gymnăsium, a place among the Greeks, where all the public exercises were performed, and where not only wrestlers and dancers exhibited, but also philosophers, poets, and rhetoricians repeated their compositions. The room was high and spacious, and could contain many thousands of spectators. The laborious exercises of the Gymnasium were running, leaping, throwing the quoit, wrestling, and boxing, which was called by the Greeks πενταθλον, and by the Romans quinquertia. In riding, the athlete led a horse, on which he sometimes was mounted, conducting another by the bridle, and jumping from the one upon the other. Whoever came first to the goal and jumped with the greatest agility, obtained the prize. In running afoot the athletes were sometimes armed, and he who came first was declared victorious. Leaping was a useful exercise; its primary object was to teach the soldiers to jump over ditches, and to pass over eminences during a siege, or in the field of battle. In throwing the quoit, the prize was adjudged to him who threw it furthest. The quoits were made either with wood, stone, or metal. The wrestlers employed all their dexterity to bring their adversary to the ground, and the boxers had their hands armed with gauntlets, called also cestus. Their blows were dangerous, and often ended in the death of one of the combatants. In wrestling and boxing, the athletes were often naked, whence the word Gymnasium, γυμνος, nudus. They anointed themselves with oil to brace their limbs, and to render their bodies slippery and more difficult to be grasped. Pliny, bk. 2, ltr. 17.—Cornelius Nepos, bk. 20, ch. 5.

Gymnēsiæ, two islands near the Iberus in the Mediterranean, called Beleares by the Greeks. Plutarch, bk. 5, ch. 8.—Strabo, bk. 2.

Gymnetes, a people of Æthiopia, who lived almost naked. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 8.

Gymniæ, a town of Colchis. Xenophon, Anabasis, bk. 4.

Gymnosophistæ, a certain sect of philosophers in India, who, according to some, placed their summum bonum in pleasure, and their summum malum in pain. They lived naked, as their name implies, and for 37 years they exposed themselves in the open air, to the heat of the sun, the inclemency of the seasons, and the coldness of the night. They were often seen in the fields fixing their eyes full upon the disc of the sun from the time of its rising till the hour of its setting. Sometimes they stood whole days upon one foot in burning sand without moving, or showing any concern for what surrounded them. Alexander was astonished at the sight of a sect of men who seemed to despise bodily pain, and who inured themselves to suffer the greatest tortures without uttering a groan, or expressing any marks of fear. The conqueror condescended to visit them, and his astonishment was increased when he saw one of them ascend a burning pile with firmness and unconcern, to avoid the infirmities of old age, and stand upright on one leg and unmoved, whilst the flames surrounded him on every side. See: Calanus. The Brachmans were a branch of the sect of the Gymnosophistæ. See: Brachmanes. Strabo, bk. 15, &c.—Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 2.—Cicero, Tusculanæ Disputationes, bk. 5.—Lucan, bk. 3, li. 240.—Curtius, bk. 8, ch. 9.—Dionysius.

Gynæceas, a woman said to have been the wife of Faunus, and the mother of Bacchus and of Midas.

Gynæcothœnas, a name of Mars at Tegea, on account of a sacrifice offered by the women without the assistance of the men, who were not permitted to appear at this religious ceremony. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 48.

Gyndes, now Zeindeh, a river of Assyria, falling into the Tigris. When Cyrus marched against Babylon, his army was stopped by this river, in which one of his favourite horses was drowned. This so irritated the monarch that he ordered the river to be conveyed into 360 different channels by his army, so that after this division it hardly reached the knee. Herodotus, bk. 1, chs. 189 & 202.

Gythēum, a seaport town of Laconia, at the mouth of the Eurotas in Peloponnesus, built by Hercules and Apollo, who had there desisted from their quarrels. The inhabitants were called Gytheatæ. Cicero, De Officiis, bk. 3, ch. 11.

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H

Habis, a king of Spain, who first taught his subjects agriculture, &c. Justin, bk. 44, ch. 4.

Hadrianopŏlis, a town of Thrace, on the Hebrus.

Hadriānus, a Roman emperor. See: Adrianus.――Caeso Fabius, a pretor in Africa, who was burnt by the people of Utica for conspiring with the slaves. Cicero, Against Verres, bk. 1, ch. 27; bk. 5, ch. 26.

Hadriatĭcum mare. See: Adriaticum.

Hædui. See: Ædui.

Hæmon, a Theban youth, son of Creon, who was so captivated with the beauty of Antigone, that he killed himself on her tomb, when he heard that she had been put to death by his father’s orders. Propertius, bk. 2, poem 8, li. 21.――A Rutulian engaged in the wars of Turnus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 685.――A friend of Æneas against Turnus. He was a native of Lycia. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 126.

Hæmŏnia. See: Æmonia.

Hæmus, a mountain which separates Thrace from Thessaly, so high that from its top are visible the Euxine and Adriatic seas, though this, however, is denied by Strabo. It receives its name from Hæmus son of Boreas and Orithyia, who married Rhodope, and was changed into this mountain for aspiring to divine honours. Strabo, bk. 7, p. 313.—Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 11.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 6, li. 87.――A stage-player. Juvenal, satire 3, li. 99.

Hages, a brother of king Porus, who opposed Alexander, &c. Curtius, bk. 8, chs. 5 & 14.――One of Alexander’s flatterers.――A man of Cyzicus, killed by Pollux. Flaccus, bk. 3, li. 191.

Hagno, a nymph.――A fountain of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 38.

Hagnagora, a sister of Aristomenes. Pausanias.

Halæsus and Halēsus, a son of Agamemnon by Briseis or Clytemnestra. When he was driven from home, he came to Italy, and settled on mount Massicus in Campania, where he built Falisci, and afterwards assisted Turnus against Æneas. He was killed by Pallas. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 724; bk. 10, li. 352.――A river near Colophon in Asia Minor. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 29.

Halala, a village at the foot of mount Taurus.

Halcyŏne. See: Alcyone.

Halentum, a town at the north of Sicily. Cicero, Against Verres, bk. 3, ch. 43; bk. 4, ch. 23.

Halesa, a town of Sicily. Cicero, Against Verres, bk. 2, ch. 7; Letters to his Friends, bk. 13, ltr. 32.

Halesius, a mountain and river near Ætna, where Proserpine was gathering flowers when she was carried away by Pluto. Columella.

Halia, one of the Nereides. Apollodorus.――A festival at Rhodes in honour of the sun.

Haliacmon, a river which separates Thessaly from Macedonia, and falls into the Sinus Thermaicus. Cæsar, Civil War, bk. 3, ch. 36.—Pliny, bk. 31, ch. 2.—Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 127.

Haliartus, a town of Bœotia, founded by Haliartus the son of Thersander. The monuments of Pandion king of Athens, and of Lysander the Lacedæmonian general, were seen in that town. Livy, bk. 42, chs. 44 & 63.—Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 32.――A town of Peloponnesus.

Halicarnassus, now Bodroun, a maritime city of Caria, in Asia Minor, where the mausoleum, one of the seven wonders of the world, was erected. It was the residence of the sovereigns of Caria, and was celebrated for having given birth to Herodotus, Dionysius, Heraclitus, &c. Maximus Tyrius, bk. 35.—Vitruvius, On Architecture.—Diodorus, bk. 17.—Herodotus, bk. 2, ch. 178.—Strabo, bk. 14.—Livy, bk. 27, chs. 10 & 16; bk. 33, ch. 20.

Halicyæ, a town of Sicily, near Lilybæum, now Saleme. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 8.—Cicero, Against Verres, bk. 2, ch. 33.—Diodorus, bk. 14.

Halieis, a town of Argolis.

Halimede, a Nereid.

Halirrhotius, a son of Neptune and Euryte, who ravished Alcippe daughter of Mars, because she slighted his addresses. This violence offended Mars, and he killed the ravisher. Neptune cited Mars to appear before the tribunal of justice to answer for the murder of his son. The cause was tried at Athens, in a place which has been called from thence Areopagus (ἀρης Mars, and παγος village), and the murderer was acquitted. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 14.—Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 21.

Halithersus, an old man, who foretold Penelope’s suitors the return of Ulysses, and their own destruction. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 1.

Halius, a son of Alcinous, famous for his skill in dancing. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 8, lis. 120 & 360.――A Trojan, who came with Æneas into Italy, where he was killed by Turnus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 767.

Halizōnes, a people of Paphlagonia. Strabo, bk. 14.

Halmus, a son of Sisyphus, father to Chrysogone. He ♦reigned in Orchomenos. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 35.

♦ ‘regined’ replaced with ‘reigned’

Halmydessus, a town of Thrace. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 2.

Halocrătes, a son of Hercules and Olympusa. Apollodorus.

Halōne, an island of Propontis, opposite Cyzicus. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 31.

Halonnēsus, an island on the coast of Macedonia, at the bottom of the Sinus Thermiacus. It was inhabited only by women, who had slaughtered all the males, and they defended themselves against an invasion. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.

Halōtia, a festival in Tegea. Pausanias.

Halōtus, a eunuch, who used to taste the meat of Claudius. He poisoned the emperor’s food by order of Agrippina. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 2, ch. 66.

Halus, a city of Achaia,――of Thessaly,――of Parthia.

Hălyæetus, a man changed into a bird of the same name. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 3, li. 176.

Halyattes. See: Alyattes.

Halycus, now Platani, a river at the south of Sicily.

Halys, now Kizil-ermark, a river of Asia Minor, rising in Cappadocia, and falling into the Euxine sea. It received its name ἀπο του ἁλος from salt, because its waters are of a salt and bitter taste, from the nature of the soil over which they flow. It is famous for the defeat of Crœsus king of Lydia, who was mistaken by the ambiguous words of this oracle:

Χροισος Ἁλυν διαβας μεγαλην ἀρχην διαλυσει.

If Crœsus passes over the Halys, he shall destroy a great empire.

That empire was his own. Cicero, de Divinatione, bk. 2, ch. 56.—Curtius, bk. 4, ch. 11.—Strabo, bk. 12.—Lucan, bk. 3, li. 272.—Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 28.――A man of Cyzicus, killed by Pollux. Valerius Flaccus, bk. 3, li. 157.

Halyzia, a town of Epirus near the Achelous, where the Athenians obtained a naval victory over the Lacedæmonians.

Hamadryădes, nymphs who lived in the country, and presided over trees, with which they were said to live and die. The word is derived from ἁμα simul, and δρυς quercus. Virgil, Eclogues, poem 10.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 1, li. 647.

Hamæ, a town of Campania near Cumæ. Livy, bk. 23, ch. 25.

Hamaxia, a city of Cilicia.

Hamilcar, the name of some celebrated generals of Carthage. See: Amilcar.

Hammon, the Jupiter of the Africans. See: Ammon.

Hannibal. See: Annibal.

Hanno. See: Anno.

Harcălo, a man famous for his knowledge of poisonous herbs, &c. He touched the most venomous serpents and reptiles without receiving the smallest injury. Silius Italicus, bk. 1, li. 406.

Harmatelia, a town of the Brachmanes in India, taken by Alexander. Diodorus, bk. 17.

Harmatris, a town of Æolia.

Hămillus, an infamous debauchee. Juvenal, satire 10, li. 224.

Harmodius, a friend of Aristogiton, who delivered his country from the tyranny of the Pisistratidæ, B.C. 510. See: Aristogiton. The Athenians, to reward the patriotism of these illustrious citizens, made a law that no one should ever bear the name of Aristogiton and Harmodius. Herodotus, bk. 5, ch. 35.—Pliny, bk. 34, ch. 8.—Seneca, de Ira, bk. 2.

Harmŏnia, or Hermionea [See: Hermione], a daughter of Mars ♦and Venus, who married Cadmus. It is said that Vulcan, to avenge the infidelity of her mother, made her a present of a vestment dyed in all sorts of crimes, which, in some measure, inspired all the children of Cadmus with wickedness and impiety. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 16, &c.

♦ ‘aad’ replaced with ‘and’

Harmŏnĭdes, a Trojan beloved by Minerva. He built the ships in which Paris carried away Helen. Homer, Iliad, bk. 5.

Harpăgus, a general of Cyrus. He conquered Asia Minor after he had revolted from Astyages, who had cruelly forced him to eat the flesh of his son, because he had disobeyed his orders in not putting to death the infant Cyrus. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 108.—Justin, bk. 1, chs. 5 & 6.――A river near Colchis. Diodorus, bk. 14.

Harpălice. See: Harpalyce.

Harpălion, a son of Pylæmenes king of Paphlagonia, who assisted Priam during the Trojan war, and was killed by Merion. Homer, Iliad, bk. 13, li. 643.

Harpălus, a man entrusted with the treasures of Babylon by Alexander. His hopes that Alexander would perish in his expedition rendered him dissipate, negligent, and vicious. When he heard that the conqueror was returning with great resentment, he fled to Athens, where, with his money, he corrupted the orators, among whom was Demosthenes. When brought to justice, he escaped with impunity to Crete, where he was at last assassinated by Thimbron, B.C. 325. Plutarch, Phocion.—Diodorus, bk. 17.――A robber who scorned the gods. Cicero, bk. 3, de Natura Deorum.――A celebrated astronomer of Greece, 480 years B.C.

Harpăly̆ce, the daughter of Harpalycus king of Thrace. Her mother died when she was but a child, and her father fed her with the milk of cows and mares, and inured her early to sustain the fatigues of hunting. When her father’s kingdom was invaded by Neoptolemus the son of Achilles, she repelled and defeated the enemy with manly courage. The death of her father, which happened soon after in a sedition, rendered her disconsolate; she fled the society of mankind, and lived in the forests upon plunder and rapine. Every attempt to secure her proved fruitless, till her great swiftness was overcome by intercepting her with a net. After her death the people of the country disputed their respective right to the possessions which she acquired by rapine, and they soon after appeased her manes, by proper oblations on her tomb. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 321.—Hyginus, fables 193 & 252.――A beautiful virgin, daughter of Clymenus and Epicaste of Argos. Her father became enamoured of her, and gained her confidence, and enjoyed her company by means of her nurse, who introduced him as a stranger. Some time after she married Alastor; but the father’s passion became more violent and uncontrollable in his daughter’s absence, and he murdered her husband to bring her back to Argos. Harpalyce, inconsolable for the death of her husband, and ashamed of her father’s passion, which was then made public, resolved to revenge her wrongs. She killed her younger brother, or, according to some, the fruit of her incest, and served it before her father. She begged the gods to remove her from the world, and she was changed into an owl, and Clymenus killed himself. Hyginus, fable 253, &c.—Parthenius, Narrationes Amatoriæ.――A mistress of Iphiclus son of Thestius. She died through despair on seeing herself despised by her lover. This mournful story was composed in poetry, in the form of a dialogue called Harpalyce. Athenæus, bk. 14.

Harpăly̆cus, one of the companions of Æneas, killed by Camilla. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 11, li. 675.――The father of Harpalyce, king of part of Thrace.

Harpăsa, a town of Caria.

Harpăsus, a river of Caria. Livy, bk. 38, ch. 13.

Harpŏcrătes, a divinity, supposed to be the same as Orus the son of Isis among the Egyptians. He is represented as holding one of his fingers on his mouth, and from thence he is called the god of silence, and intimates that the mysteries of religion and philosophy ought never to be revealed to the people. The Romans placed his statues at the entrance of their temples. Catullus, poem 75.—Varro, de Lingua Latina, bk. 4, ch. 10.

Harpocration, a Platonic philosopher of Argos, from whom Stobæus compiled his eclogues.――A sophist, called also Ælius.――Valerius, a rhetorician of Alexandria, author of a Lexicon on 10 orators.――Another, surnamed Caius.

Harpylæ, winged monsters, who had the face of a woman, with the body of a vulture, and had their feet and fingers armed with sharp claws. They were three in number, Aello, Ocypete, and Celeno, daughters of Neptune and Terra. They were sent by Juno to plunder the tables of Phineus, whence they were driven to the islands called Strophades by Zethes and Calais. They emitted an infectious smell, and spoiled whatever they touched by their filth and excrements. They plundered Æneas during his voyage towards Italy, and predicted many of the calamities which attended him. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 212; bk. 6, li. 289.—Hesiod, Theogony, li. 265.

Harudes, a people of Germany. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 1, ch. 31.

Haruspex, a soothsayer at Rome, who drew omens by consulting the entrails of beasts that were sacrificed. He received the name of Aruspex, ab aris aspiciendis, and that of Extispex, ab extis inspiciendis. The order of Aruspices was first established at Rome by Romulus, and the first Haruspices were Tuscans by origin, as they were particularly famous in that branch of divination. They had received all their knowledge from a boy named Tages, who, as was commonly reported, sprung from a clod of earth. See: Tages. They were originally three, but the Roman senate yearly sent six noble youths, or, according to others, 12, to Etruria, to be instructed in all the mysteries of the art. The office of the Haruspices consisted in observing these four particulars: the beast before it was sacrificed; its entrails; the flames which consumed the sacrifice; and the flour, frankincense, &c., which was used. If the beast was led up to the altar with difficulty, if it escaped from the conductor’s hands, roared when it received the blow, or died in agonies, the omen was unfortunate. But, on the contrary, if it followed without compulsion, received the blow without resistance, and died without groaning, and after much effusion of blood, the Haruspex foretold prosperity. When the body of the victim was opened, each part was scrupulously examined. If anything was wanting, if it had a double liver, or a lean heart, the omen was unfortunate. If the entrails fell from the hands of the Haruspex, or seemed besmeared with too much blood, or if no heart appeared, as for instance it happened in the two victims which Julius Cæsar offered a little before his death, the omen was equally unlucky. When the flame was quickly kindled, and when it violently consumed the sacrifice, and arose pure and bright, and like a pyramid, without any paleness, smoke, sparkling, or crackling, the omen was favourable. But the contrary augury was drawn when the fire was kindled with difficulty, and was extinguished before the sacrifice was totally consumed, or when it rolled in circles round the victim with intermediate spaces between the flames. In regard to the frankincense, meal, water, and wine, if there was any deficiency in the quantity, if the colour was different, or the quality was changed, or if anything was done with irregularity, it was deemed inauspicious. This custom of consulting the entrails of victims did not originate in Tuscany, but it was in use among the Chaldeans, Greeks, Egyptians, &c., and the more enlightened part of mankind well knew how to render it subservient to their wishes or tyranny. Agesilaus, when in Egypt, raised the drooping spirits of his soldiers by a superstitious artifice. He secretly wrote in his hand the word νεκη, victory, in large characters, and holding the entrails of a victim in his hand till the impression was communicated to the flesh, he showed it to the soldiers, and animated them by observing that the gods signified their approaching victories even by marking it in the body of the sacrificed animals. Cicero, de Divinatione.

Hasdrubal. See: Asdrubal.

Quintus Haterius, a patrician and orator at Rome under the first emperors. He died in the 90th year of his age. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 4, ch. 61.――Agrippa, a senator in the age of Tiberius, hated by the tyrant for his independence. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 6, ch. 4.――Antoninus, a dissipated senator, whose extravagance was supported by Nero. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 13, ch. 34.

Haustanes, a man who conspired with Bessus against Darius, &c. Curtius, bk. 8, ch. 5.

Hebdŏle. See: Ebdome.

Hebe, a daughter of Jupiter and Juno. According to some she was the daughter of Juno only, who conceived her after eating lettuces. As she was fair, and always in the bloom of youth, she was called the goddess of youth, and made by her mother cup-bearer to all the gods. She was dismissed from her office by Jupiter, because she fell down in an indecent posture as she was pouring nectar to the gods at a grand festival, and Ganymedes the favourite of Jupiter succeeded her as cup-bearer. She was employed by her mother to prepare her chariot, and to harness her peacocks whenever requisite. When Hercules was raised to the rank of a god he was reconciled to Juno by marrying her daughter Hebe, by whom he had two sons, Alexiares and Anicetus. As Hebe had the power of restoring gods and men to the vigour of youth, she, at the instance of her husband, performed that kind office to Iolas his friend. Hebe was worshipped at Sicyon, under the name of Dia, and at Rome under the name of Juventas. She is represented as a young virgin crowned with flowers, and arrayed in a variegated garment. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 19; bk. 2, ch. 12.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 9, li. 400; Fasti, bk. 9, li. 76.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 3; bk. 2, ch. 7.

Hēbēsus, a Rutulian, killed in the night by Euryalus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 344.

Hebrus, now Marissa, a river of Thrace, which was supposed to roll its waters upon golden sands. It falls into the Ægean sea. The head of Orpheus was thrown into it, after it had been cut off by the Ciconian women. It received its name from Hebrus son of Cassandra, a king of Thrace, who was said to have drowned himself there. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 2.—Strabo, bk. 7.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 4, li. 463.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 11, li. 50.――A youth of Lipara, beloved by Neobule. Horace, bk. 3, ode 12.――A man of Cyzicus, killed by Pollux. Flaccus, bk. 3, li. 149.――A friend of Æneas son of Dolichaon, killed by Mezentius in the Rutulian war. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 696.

Hecăle, a poor old woman who kindly received Theseus as he was going against the bull of Marathon, &c. Plutarch, Theseus.――A town of Attica.

Hecalēsia, a festival in honour of Jupiter of Hecale, instituted by Theseus, or in commemoration of the kindness of Hecale, which Theseus had experienced when he went against the bull of Marathon, &c.

Hecamēde, a daughter of Arsinous, who fell to the lot of Nestor after the plunder of Tenedos by the Greeks. Homer, Iliad, bk. 11, li. 623.

Hecătæ fanum, a celebrated temple sacred to Hecate at Stratonice in Caria. Strabo, bk. 14.

Hecatæus, an historian of Miletus, born 549 years before Christ, in the reign of Darius Hystaspes. Herodotus, bk. 2, ch. 143.――A Macedonian intimate with Alexander. Diodorus, bk. 17.――A Macedonian brought to the army against his will by Amyntas, &c. Curtius, bk. 7, ch. 1.

Hecăte, a daughter of Perses and Asteria, the same as Proserpine or Diana. She was called Luna in heaven, Diana on earth, and Hecate or Proserpine in hell, whence her name of Diva triformis, tergemina, triceps. She was supposed to preside over magic and enchantments, and was generally represented like a woman with three heads, that of a horse, a dog, or a boar; and sometimes she appeared with three different bodies, and three different faces only with one neck. Dogs, lambs, and honey were generally offered to her, especially in highways and cross-roads, whence she obtained the name of Trivia. Her power was extended over heaven, the earth, sea, and hell; and to her kings and nations supposed themselves indebted for their prosperity. Ovid, bk. 7, Metamorphoses, li. 94.—Hesiod, Theogony.—Horace, bk. 3, ode 22.—Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 22.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 4, li. 511.

Hecatēsia, a yearly festival observed by the Stratonicensians in honour of Hecate. The Athenians paid also particular worship to this goddess, who was deemed the patroness of families and of children. From this circumstance, the statues of the goddess were erected before the doors of the houses, and upon every new moon a public supper was always provided at the expense of the richest people, and set in the streets, where the poorest of the citizens were permitted to retire and feast upon it, while they reported that Hecate had devoured it. There were also expiatory offerings to supplicate the goddess to remove whatever evils might impend on the head of the public, &c.

Hecăto, a native of Rhodes, pupil to Pænætius. He wrote on the duties of man, &c. Cicero, bk. 3, De Officiis, ch. 15.

Hecatomboia, a festival celebrated in honour of Juno by the Argians and people of Ægina. It receives its name from ἑκατον, and βους, a sacrifice of 100 bulls, which were always offered to the goddess, and the flesh distributed amongst the poorest citizens. There were also public games, first instituted by Archinus, a king of Argos, in which the prize was a shield of brass with a crown of myrtle.

Hecatomphŏnia, a solemn sacrifice offered by the Messenians to Jupiter, when any of them had killed 100 enemies. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 19.

Hecatompŏlis, an epithet applied to Crete, from the 100 cities which it once contained.

Hecatompy̆los, an epithet applied to Thebes in Egypt on account of its 100 gates. Ammianus, bk. 22, ch. 16.――Also the capital of Parthia, in the reign of the Arsacidæ. Ptolemy, bk. 6, ch. 5.—Strabo, bk. 11.—Pliny, bk. 6, chs. 15 & 25.

Hecatonnēsi, small islands between Lesbos and Asia. Strabo, bk. 13.

Hector, son of king Priam and Hecuba, was the most valiant of all the Trojan chiefs that fought against the Greeks. He married Andromache the daughter of Eetion, by whom he had Astyanax. He was appointed captain of all the Trojan forces, when Troy was besieged by the Greeks; and the valour with which he behaved, showed how well qualified he was to discharge that important office. He engaged with the bravest of the Greeks, and according to Hyginus, no less than 31 of the most valiant of the enemy perished by his hand. When Achilles had driven back the Trojans towards the city, Hector, too great to fly, waited the approach of his enemy near the Scean gates, though his father and mother, with tears in their eyes, blamed his rashness, and entreated him to retire. The sight of Achilles terrified him, and he fled before him in the plain. The Greek pursued, and Hector was killed, and his body was dragged in cruel triumph by the conqueror round the tomb of Patroclus, whom Hector had killed. The body, after it had received the grossest of insults, was ransomed by old Priam, and the Trojans obtained from the Greeks a truce of some days to pay the last offices to the greatest of their leaders. The Thebans boasted in the age of the geographer Pausanias, that they had the ashes of Hector preserved in an urn, by order of an oracle; which promised them undisturbed felicity if they were in possession of that hero’s remains. The epithet of Hectoreus is applied by the poets to the Trojans, as best expressive of valour and intrepidity. Homer, Iliad, bk. 1, &c.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, &c.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bks. 12 & 13.—Dictys Cretensis.—Dares Phrygius.—Hyginus, fables 90 & 112.—Pausanias, bk. 3 & bk. 9, ch. 18.—Quintus Smyrnæus, bks. 1 & 3.――A son of Parmenio drowned in the Nile. Alexander honoured his remains with a magnificent funeral. Curtius, bk. 4, ch. 8; bk. 6, ch. 9.

Hecŭba, daughter of Dymas, a Phrygian prince, or, according to others, of Cisseus, a Thracian king, was the second wife of Priam king of Troy, and proved the chastest of women, and the most tender and unfortunate of mothers. When she was pregnant of Paris, she dreamed that she had brought into the world a burning torch which had reduced her husband’s palace and all Troy to ashes. So alarming a dream was explained by the soothsayers, who declared that the son she should bring into the world would prove the ruin of his country. When Paris was born she exposed him on mount Ida to avert the calamities which threatened her family; but her attempts to destroy him were fruitless, and the prediction of the soothsayers was fulfilled. See: Paris. During the Trojan war she saw the greatest part of her children perish by the hands of the enemy, and like a mother she confessed her grief by her tears and lamentations, particularly at the death of Hector her eldest son. When Troy was taken, Hecuba, as one of the captives, fell to the lot of Ulysses, a man whom she hated for his perfidy and avarice, and she embarked with the conquerors for Greece. The Greeks landed in the Thracian Chersonesus, to load with fresh honours the grave of Achilles. During their stay the hero’s ghost appeared to them, and demanded, to ensure the safety of their return, the sacrifice of Polyxena, Hecuba’s daughter. They complied, and Polyxena was torn from her mother to be sacrificed. Hecuba was inconsolable, and her grief was still more increased at the sight of the body of her son Polydorus washed on the shore, who had been recommended by his father to the care and humanity of Polymnestor king of the country. See: Polydorus. She determined to revenge the death of her son, and with the greatest indignation went to the house of his murderer and tore his eyes, and attempted to deprive him of his life. She was hindered from executing her bloody purpose by the arrival of some Thracians, and she fled with the female companions of her captivity. She was pursued, and when she ran after the stones that were thrown at her, she found herself suddenly changed into a bitch, and when she attempted to speak, found that she could only bark. After this metamorphosis she threw herself into the sea, according to Hyginus, and that place was, from that circumstance, called Cyneum. Hecuba had a great number of children by Priam, among whom were Hector, Paris, Deiphobus, Pammon, Helenus, Polytes, Antiphon, Hipponous, Polydorus, Troilus, and among the daughters, Creusa, Ilione, Laodice, Polyxena, and Cassandra. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 11, li. 761; bk. 13, li. 515.—Hyginus, fable 111.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 44.—Juvenal, satire 10, li. 271.—Strabo, bk. 13.—Dictys Cretensis, bks. 4 & 5.—Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 12.

Hecŭbæ Sepulchrum, a promontory of Thrace.

Hedĭla, a poetess of Samos.

Hedonæum, a village of Bœotia. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 31.

Hedui. See: Ædui.

Hedymēles, an admired musician in Domitian’s age. The word signifies sweet music. Juvenal, satire 6, li. 381.

Hegelŏchus, a general of 6000 Athenians sent to Mantinea to stop the progress of Epaminondas. Diodorus, bk. 15.――An Egyptian general who flourished B.C. 128.

Hegēmon, a Thrasian poet in the age of Alcibiades. He wrote a poem called Gigantomachia, besides other works. Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 4, ch. 11.――Another poet, who wrote a poem on the battle of Leuctra, &c. Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 8, ch. 11.

Hegesiănax, an historian of Alexandria, who wrote an account of the Trojan war.

Hegesias, a tyrant of Ephesus under the patronage of Alexander. Polyænus, bk. 6.――A philosopher who so eloquently convinced his auditors of their failings and follies, and persuaded them that there were no dangers after death, that many were guilty of suicide. Ptolemy forbade him to continue his doctrines. Cicero, Tusculanæ Disputationes, bk. 1, ch. 34.――An historian.――A famous orator of Magnesia, who corrupted the elegant diction of Attica by the introduction of Asiatic idioms. Cicero, Orator, chs. 67, 69; Brutus, ch. 83.—Strabo, bk. 9.—Plutarch, Alexander.

Hegesilŏchus, one of the chief magistrates of Rhodes in the reign of Alexander and his father Philip.――Another native of Rhodes, 171 years before the christian era. He engaged his countrymen to prepare a fleet of 40 ships to assist the Romans against Perseus king of Macedonia.

Hegesinous, a man who wrote a poem on Attica. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 29.

Hegesinus, a philosopher of Pergamus, of the second academy. He flourished B.C. 193.

Hegesippus, an historian who wrote some things upon Pallene, &c.

Hegesipy̆le, a daughter of Olorus king of Thrace, who married Miltiades and became mother of Cimon. Plutarch.

Hegesistrătus, an Ephesian who consulted the oracle to know in what particular place he should fix his residence. He was directed to settle where he found peasants dancing with crowns of olives. This was in Asia, where he founded Elea, &c.

Hegetorĭdes, a Thasian, who, upon seeing his country besieged by the Athenians, and a law forbidding any one on pain of death to speak of peace, went to the market-place with a rope about his neck, and boldly told his countrymen to treat him as they pleased, provided they saved the city from the calamities which the continuation of the war seemed to threaten. The Thasians were awakened, the law was abrogated, and Hegetorides pardoned, &c. Polyænus.

Helĕna, the most beautiful woman of her age, sprung from one of the eggs which Leda the wife of king Tyndarus brought forth after her amour with Jupiter metamorphosed into a swan. See: Leda. According to some authors, Helen was daughter of Nemesis by Jupiter, and Leda was only her nurse; and to reconcile this variety of opinions, some imagine that Nemesis and Leda are the same persons. Her beauty was so universally admired, even in her infancy, that Theseus, with his friend Pirithous, carried her away before she had attained her 10th year, and concealed her at Aphidnæ, under the care of his mother Æthra. Her brothers Castor and Pollux recovered her by force of arms, and she returned safe and unpolluted to Sparta, her native country. There existed, however, a tradition recorded by Pausanius, that Helen was of nubile years when carried away by Theseus, and that she had a daughter by her ravisher, who was entrusted to the care of Clytemnestra. This violence offered to her virtue did not in the least diminish, but it rather augmented, her fame, and her hand was eagerly solicited by the young princes of Greece. The most celebrated of her suitors were Ulysses son of Laertes, Antilochus son of Nestor, Sthenelus son of Capaneus, Diomedes son of Tydeus, Amphilochus son of Cteatus, Meges son of Phileus, Agapenor son of Ancæus, Thalpius son of Eurytus, Mnestheus son of Peteus, Schedius son of Epistrophus, Polyxenus son of Agasthenes, Amphilochus son of Amphiaraus, Ascalaphus and Ialmus sons of the god Mars, Ajax son of Oileus, Eumelus son of Admetus, Polypœtes son of Pirithous, Elphenor son of Chalcodon, Podalirius and Machaon sons of Æsculapius, Leonteus son of Coronus, Philoctetes son of Pœan, Protesilaus son of Iphiclus, Eurypilus son of Evemon, Ajax and Teucer sons of Telamon, Patroclus son of Menœtius, Menelaus son of Atreus, Thoas, Idomeneus, and Merion. Tyndarus was rather alarmed than pleased at the sight of such a number of illustrious princes who eagerly solicited each to become his son-in-law. He knew that he could not prefer one without displeasing all the rest, and from this perplexity he was at last drawn by the artifice of Ulysses, who began to be already known in Greece by his prudence and sagacity. This prince, who clearly saw that his pretensions to Helen would not probably meet with success in opposition to so many rivals, proposed to extricate Tyndarus from all his difficulties if he would promise him his niece Penelope in marriage. Tyndarus consented, and Ulysses advised the king to bind, by a solemn oath, all the suitors, that they would approve of the uninfluenced choice which Helen should make of one among them; and engage to unite together to defend her person and character, if ever any attempts were made to ravish her from the arms of her husband. The advice of Ulysses was followed, the princes consented, and Helen fixed her choice upon Menelaus and married him. Hermione was the early fruit of this union, which continued for three years with mutual happiness. After this, Paris, son of Priam king of Troy, came to Lacedæmon on pretence of sacrificing to Apollo. He was kindly received by Menelaus, but shamefully abused his favours, and in his absence in Crete he corrupted the fidelity of his wife Helen, and persuaded her to follow him to Troy, B.C. 1198. At his return Menelaus, highly sensible of the injury which he had received, assembled the Grecian princes, and reminded them of their solemn promises. They resolved to make war against the Trojans, but they previously sent ambassadors to Priam to demand the restitution of Helen. The influence of Paris at his father’s court prevented the restoration, and the Greeks returned home without receiving the satisfaction they required. Soon after their return their combined forces assembled and sailed for the coast of Asia. The behaviour of Helen during the Trojan war is not clearly known. Some assert that she had willingly followed Paris, and that she warmly supported the cause of the Trojans; while others believe that she always sighed after her husband, and cursed the day in which she had proved faithless to his bed. Homer represents her as in the last instance, and some have added that she often betrayed the schemes and resolutions of the Trojans, and secretly favoured the cause of Greece. When Paris was killed in the ninth year of the war, she voluntarily married Deiphobus, one of Priam’s sons, and when Troy was taken she made no scruple to betray him, and to introduce the Greeks into his chamber, to ingratiate herself with Menelaus. She returned to Sparta, and the love of Menelaus forgave the errors which she had committed. Some, however, say that she obtained her life even with difficulty from her husband, whose resentment she had kindled by her infidelity. After she had lived for some years in Sparta, Menelaus died, and she was driven from Peloponnesus by Megapenthes and Nicostratus, the illegitimate sons of her husband, and she retired to Rhodes, where at that time Polyxo, a native of Argos, reigned over the country. Polyxo remembered that her widowhood originated in Helen, and that her husband Tlepolemus had been killed in the Trojan war, which had been caused by the debaucheries of Helen, therefore she meditated revenge. While Helen retired one day to bathe in the river, Polyxo disguised her attendants in the habits of furies, and sent them with orders to murder her enemy. Helen was tied to a tree and strangled, and her misfortunes were afterwards remembered, and the crimes of Polyxo expiated by the temple which the Rhodians raised to Helen Dendritis, or tied to a tree. There is a tradition mentioned by Herodotus, which says that Paris was driven, as he returned from Sparta, upon the coast of Egypt, where Proteus king of the country expelled him from his dominions for his ingratitude to Menelaus, and confined Helen. From that circumstance, therefore, Priam informed the Grecian ambassadors that neither Helen nor her possessions were in Troy, but in the hands of the king of Egypt. In spite of this assertion the Greeks besieged the town and took it after 10 years’ siege, and Menelaus by visiting Egypt, as he returned home, recovered Helen at the court of Proteus, and was convinced that the Trojan war had been undertaken on very unjust and unpardonable grounds. Helen was honoured after death as a goddess, and the Spartans built her a temple at Therapne, which had the power of giving beauty to all the deformed women that entered it. Helen, according to some, was carried into the island of Leuce after death, where she married Achilles, who had been one of her warmest admirers. The age of Helen has been a matter of deep inquiry among the chronologists. If she was born of the same eggs as Castor and Pollux, who accompanied the Argonauts in their expedition against Colchis about 35 years before the Trojan war, according to some, she was no less than 60 years old when Troy was reduced to ashes, supposing that her brothers were only 15 when they embarked with the Argonauts. But she is represented by Homer so incomparably beautiful during the siege of Troy, that though seen at a ♦distance she influenced the counsellors of Priam by the brightness of her charms; therefore we must suppose, with others, that her beauty remained long undiminished, and was extinguished only at her death. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 19, &c.—Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 10, &c.—Hyginus, fable 77.—Herodotus, bk. 2, ch. 112.—Plutarch, Theseus, &c.—Cicero, de Officiis, bk. 3.—Horace, bk. 3, ode 3.—Dictys Cretensis, bk. 1, &c.—Quintus Smyrnæus, chs. 10, 13, &c.—Homer, Iliad, bk. 2, & Odyssey, bks. 4 & 15.――A young woman of Sparta, often confounded with the daughter of Leda. As she was going to be sacrificed, because the lot had fallen upon her, an eagle came and carried away the knife of the priest, upon which she was released, and the barbarous custom of offering human victims was abolished.――An island on the coast of Attica, where Helen came after the siege of Troy. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12.――A daughter of the emperor Constantine, who married Julian.――The mother of Constantine. She died in her 80th year, A.D. 328.

♦ ‘distane’ replaced with ‘distance’

Helĕnia, a festival in Laconia, in honour of Helen, who received there divine honours. It was celebrated by virgins riding upon mules, and in chariots made of reeds and bulrushes.

Hĕlēnor, a Lydian prince who accompanied Æneas to Italy, and was killed by the Rutulians. His mother’s name was Licymnia. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 444, &c.

Hĕlĕnus, a celebrated soothsayer, son of Priam and Hecuba, greatly respected by all the Trojans. When Deiphobus was given in marriage to Helen in preference to himself, he resolved to leave his country, and he retired to mount Ida, where Ulysses took him prisoner by the advice of Calchas. As he was well acquainted with futurity, the Greeks made use of prayers, threats, and promises, to induce him to reveal the secrets of the Trojans, and either the fear of death or gratification of resentment seduced him to disclose to the enemies of his country, that Troy could not be taken whilst it was in possession of the Palladium, nor before Philoctetes came from his retreat at Lemnos and assisted to support the siege. After the ruin of his country, he fell to the share of Pyrrhus the son of Achilles, and saved his life by warning him to avoid the dangerous tempest which in reality proved fatal to all those who set sail. This endeared him to Pyrrhus, and he received from his hand Andromache the widow of his brother Hector, by whom he had a son called Cestrinus. This marriage, according to some, was consummated after the death of Pyrrhus, who lived with Andromache as his wife. Helenus was the only one of Priam’s sons who survived the ruin of his country. After the death of Pyrrhus, he reigned over part of the Epirus, which he called Chaonia, in memory of his brother Chaon, whom he had inadvertently killed. Helenus received Æneas as he voyaged towards Italy, and foretold him some of the calamities which attended his fleet. The manner in which he received the gift of prophecy is doubtful. See: Cassandra. Homer, Iliad, bk. 6, li. 76; bk. 7, li. 47.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 295, &c.—Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 11; bk. 2, ch. 33.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 13, lis. 99 & 723; bk. 15, li. 437.――A Rutulian killed by Pallas. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 388.

Helerni Lucus, a place near Rome. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 6, li. 105.

Heles, or Hales, a river of Lucania near Velia. Cicero, Letters to Atticus, bk. 16, ltr. 7; Letters to his Friends, bk. 7, ltr. 20.

Hēliădes, the daughters of the sun and Clymene. They were three in number, Lampetie, Phaetusa, and Lampethusa, or seven, according to Hyginus: Merope, Helie, Ægle, Lampetie, Phœbe, Ætheria, and Dioxippe. They were so afflicted at the death of their brother Phaeton [See: Phaeton], that they were changed by the gods into poplars, and their tears into precious amber, on the banks of the river Po. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 2, li. 340.—Hyginus, fable 154.――The first inhabitants of Rhodes. This island being covered with mud when the world was first created, was warmed by the cherishing beams of the sun, and from thence sprang seven men, which were called Heliades, ἀπο του ἡλιου, from the sun. The eldest of these, called Ochimus, married Hegetoria, one of the nymphs of the island, and his brothers fled from the country for having put to death, through jealousy, one of their number. Diodorus, bk. 5.

Heliastæ, a name given to the judges of the most numerous tribunal at Athens. They consisted of 1000, and sometimes of 1500, they were seldom assembled, and only upon matters of the greatest importance. Demosthenes, Against Timocrates.—Diogenes Laërtius, Solon.

Helicāon, a Trojan prince, son of Antenor. He married Laodice the daughter of Priam, whose form Iris assumed to inform Helen of the state of the rival armies before Troy. Helicaon was wounded in a night engagement, but his life was spared by Ulysses, who remembered the hospitality which he had received from his father Antenor. Homer, Iliad, bk. 2, li. 123.

Hĕlĭce, a star near the north pole, generally called Ursa Major. It is supposed to receive its name from the town of Helice, of which Calisto, who was changed into the Great Bear, was an inhabitant. Lucan, bk. 2, li. 237.――A town of Achaia, on the bay of Corinth, overwhelmed by the inundation of the sea. Pliny, bk. 2, ch. 92.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 15, li. 293.――A daughter of Silenus king of Ægiale. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 24.――A daughter of Lycaon king of Arcadia.

Hĕlīcon, now Zagaro-Vouni, a mountain of Bœotia, on the borders of Phocis. It was sacred to the muses, who had there a temple. The fountain Hippocrene flowed from this mountain. Strabo, bk. 8.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 2, li. 219.—Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 28, &c.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 641.――A river of Macedonia near Dium. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 30.

Hĕlīcŏniădes, a name given to the Muses because they lived upon mount Helicon, which was sacred to them.

Helĭcōnis, a daughter of Thespius. Apollodorus.

Heliodōrus, one of the favourites of Seleucus Philopator king of Syria. He attempted to plunder the temple of the Jews, about 176 years before Christ, by order of his master, &c.――A Greek mathematician of Larissa.――A famous sophist, the best editions of whose entertaining romance, called Æthiopica, are by Commelin, 8vo, 1596, and Bourdelot, 8vo, Paris, 1619.――A learned Greek rhetorician in the age of Horace.――A man who wrote a treatise on tombs.――A poet.――A geographer.――A surgeon at Rome in Juvenal’s age. Juvenal, satire 6, li. 372.

Heliogabālus, a deity among the Phœnicians.――Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, a Roman emperor, son of Varius Marcellus, called Heliogabalus, because he had been priest of that divinity in Phœnicia. After the death of Macrinus he was invested with the imperial purple, and the senate, however unwilling to submit to a youth only 14 years of age, approved of his election, and bestowed upon him the title of Augustus. Heliogabalus made his grandmother Mœsa and his mother Sœmias his colleagues on the throne; and to bestow more dignity upon the sex, he chose a senate of women, over which his mother presided, and prescribed all the modes and fashions which prevailed in the empire. Rome, however, soon displayed a scene of cruelty and debauchery; the imperial palace was full of prostitution, and the most infamous of the populace became the favourites of the prince. He raised his horse to the honours of the consulship, and obliged his subjects to pay adoration to the god Heliogabalus, which was no other than a large black stone, whose figure resembled that of a cone. To this ridiculous deity temples were raised at Rome, and the altars of the gods plundered to deck those of the new divinity. In the midst of his extravagances Heliogabalus married four wives, and not satisfied with following the plain laws of nature, he professed himself to be a woman, and gave himself up to one of his officers, called Hierocles. In this ridiculous farce he suffered the greatest indignities from his pretended husband without dissatisfaction, and Hierocles, by stooping to infamy, became the most powerful of the favourites, and enriched himself by selling favours and offices to the people. Such licentiousness soon displeased the populace, and Heliogabalus, unable to appease the seditions of his soldiers, whom his rapacity and debaucheries had irritated, hid himself in the filth and excrements of the camp, where he was found in the arms of his mother. His head was severed from his body the 10th of March, A.D. 222, in the 18th year of his age, after a reign of three years, nine months, and four days. He was succeeded by Alexander Severus. His cruelties were as conspicuous as his licentiousness. He burdened his subjects with the most oppressive taxes; his halls were covered with carpets of gold and silver tissue, and his mats were made with the down of hares, and with the soft feathers which were found under the wings of partridges. He was fond of covering his shoes with precious stones, to draw the admiration of the people as he walked along the streets, and he was the first Roman who ever wore a dress of silk. He often invited the most common of the people to share his banquets, and made them sit down on large bellows full of wind, which, by suddenly emptying themselves, threw the guests on the ground, and left them a prey to wild beasts. He often tied some of his favourites on a large wheel, and was particularly delighted to see them whirled round like Ixions, and sometimes suspended in the air, or sunk beneath the water.

Heliŏpŏlis, now Matarea, a famous city of Lower Egypt, in which was a temple sacred to the sun. The inhabitants worshipped a bull called Mnevis, with the same ceremonies as the Apis of Memphis. Apollo had an oracle there. Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 3, ch. 21.—Pliny, bk. 36, ch. 26.—Strabo, bk. 17.—Diodorus, bk. 1.――There was a small village of the same name without the Delta, near Babylon.――A town of Syria, now Balbeck. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 22.

Helisson, a town and river of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 29.

Helium, a name given to the mouth of the Maese in Germany. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 15.

Helius, a celebrated favourite of the emperor Nero, put to death by order of Galba, for his cruelties.――The Greek name of the sun, or Apollo.

Helixus, a river of Cos.

Hellanĭce, a sister of Clitus, who was nurse to Alexander. Curtius, bk. 8, ch. 1.

Hellanĭcus, a celebrated Greek historian, born at Mitylene. He wrote a history of the ancient kings of the earth, with an account of the founders of the most famous towns in every kingdom, and died B.C. 411, in the 85th year of his age. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 3.—Cicero, On Oratory, bk. 2, ch. 53.—Aulus Gellius, bk. 15, ch. 23.――A brave officer rewarded by Alexander. Curtius, bk. 5, ch. 2.――An historian of Miletus, who wrote a description of the earth.

Hellanocrătes, a man of Larissa, &c. Aristotle, Politics, bk. 5, ch. 10.

Hellas, an ancient name of Thessaly, more generally applied to the territories of Acarnania, Attica, Ætolia, Doris, Locris, Bœotia, and Phocis, and also to all Greece. It received this name from Deucalion, and now forms a part of Livadia. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 7.—Strabo, bk. 8.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 3.—Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 20.――A beautiful woman, mentioned by Horace as beloved by Marius: the lover killed her in a fit of passion, and afterwards destroyed himself. Horace, bk. 2, satire 3, li. 277.

Helle, a daughter of Athamas and Nephele, sister of Phryxus. She fled from her father’s house, with her brother, to avoid the cruel oppression of her mother-in-law Ino. According to some accounts she was carried through the air on a golden ram, which her mother had received from Neptune, and in her passage she became giddy, and fell from her seat into that part of the sea which from her received the name of Hellespont. Others say that she was carried on a cloud, or rather upon a ship, from which she fell into the sea and was drowned. Phryxus, after he had given his sister a burial on the neighbouring coasts, pursued his journey and arrived safe in Colchus. See: Phryxus. Ovid, Heroides, poem 13, &c. Metamorphoses, bk. 4, fable 14.—Pindar, bk. 4, Pythian.—Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 34.

Hellen, son of Deucalion and Pyrrha, reigned in Phthiotis about 1495 years before the christian era, and gave the name of Hellenians to his subjects. He had by his wife Orseis three sons, Æolus, Dorus, and Xuthus, who gave their names to the three different nations known under the name of Æolians, Dorians, and Ionians. These last derive their name from Ion son of Xuthus, and from the difference either of expression or pronunciation in their respective languages, arose the different dialects well known in the Greek language. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 20; bk. 7, ch. 1.—Diodorus, bk. 5.

Hellēnes, the inhabitants of Greece. See: Hellen.

Hellespontias, a wind blowing from the north-east. Pliny, bk. 2, ch. 47.

Hellespontus, now the Dardanelles, a narrow strait between Asia and Europe, near the Propontis, which received its name from Helle, who was drowned there in her voyage to Colchis. See: Helle. It is about 60 miles long, and in the broadest parts, the Asiatic coast is about three miles distant from the European, and only half a mile in the narrowest, according to modern investigation; so that people can converse one with the other from the opposite shores. It was celebrated for the love and death of Leander [See: Hero], and for the bridge of boats which Xerxes built over it when he invaded Greece. The folly of this great prince is well known in beating and fettering the waves of the sea, whose impetuosity destroyed his ships, and rendered all his labours ineffectual. Strabo, bk. 13.—Pliny, bk. 8, ch. 32.—Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 34.—Polybius.—Mela, bk. 1, ch. 1.—Ptolemy, bk. 5, ch. 2.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 13, li. 407.—Livy, bk. 31, ch. 15; bk. 33, ch. 33.――The country along the Hellespont on the Asiatic coast bears the same name. Cicero, Against Verres, bk. 1, ch. 24; Letters to his Friends, bk. 13, ltr. 53.—Strabo, bk. 12.—Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 30.

Hellopia, a small country of Eubœa. The people were called Hellopes. The whole island bore the same name, according to Strabo, bk. 10.—Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12.

Hellōtia, two festivals, one of which was observed in Crete, in honour of Europa, whose bones were then carried in solemn procession, with a myrtle garland no less than 20 cubits in circumference, called ἑλλωτις. The other festival was celebrated at Corinth with games and races, where young men entered the lists and generally ran with burning torches in their hands. It was instituted in honour of Minerva, surnamed Hellotis, ἀπο του ἑλους, from a certain pond of Marathon, where one of her statues was erected, or ἀπο του ἑλειν τον ἱππον τον Πεγασον, because by her assistance Bellerophon took and managed the horse Pegasus, which was the original cause of the institution of the festival. Others derive the name from Hellotis, a Corinthian woman, from the following circumstance: When the Dorians and the Heraclidæ invaded Peloponnesus, they took and burnt Corinth; the inhabitants, and particularly the women, escaped by flight, except Hellotis and her sister Eurytione, who took shelter in Minerva’s temple, relying for safety upon the sanctity of the place. When this was known, the Dorians set fire to the temple, and the two sisters perished in the flames. This wanton cruelty was followed by a dreadful plague; and the Dorians, to alleviate the misfortunes which they suffered, were directed by the oracle to appease the manes of the two sisters, and therefore they raised a new temple to the goddess Minerva, and established the festivals which bore the name of one of the unfortunate women.

Helnes, an ancient king of Arcadia, &c. Polyænus, bk. 1.

Helōris, a general of the people of Rhegium, sent to besiege Messana, which Dionysius the tyrant defended. He fell in battle, and his troops were defeated. Diodorus, bk. 14.

Helōrum and Helōrus, now Muri Ucci, a town and river of Sicily, whose swollen waters generally inundate the neighbouring country. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 698.—Silius Italicus, bk. 11, li. 270.――A river of Magna Græcia.

Helos, a place of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 36.――A town of Laconia, taken and destroyed by the Lacedæmonians under Agis III., of the race of the Heraclidæ, because they refused to pay the tribute which was imposed upon them. The Lacedæmonians carried their resentment so far, that, not satisfied with the ruin of the city, they reduced the inhabitants to the lowest and most miserable slavery, and made a law which forbade their masters either to give them their liberty, or to sell them in any other country. To complete their infamy, all the slaves of the state and the prisoners of war were called by the mean appellation of Helotæ. Not only the servile offices in which they were employed denoted their misery and slavery, but they were obliged to wear peculiar garments, which exposed them to greater contempt and ridicule. They never were instructed in the liberal arts, and their cruel masters often obliged them to drink to excess, to show the free-born citizens of Sparta the beastliness and disgrace of intoxication. They once every year received a number of stripes, that by this wanton flagellation they might recollect that they were born and died slaves. The Spartans even declared war against them; but Plutarch, who, from interested motives, endeavours to palliate the guilt and cruelty of the people of Lacedæmon, declares that it was because they had assisted the Messenians in their war against Sparta, after it had been overthrown by a violent earthquake. This earthquake was supposed by all the Greeks to be a punishment from heaven for the cruelties which the Lacedæmonians had exercised against the Helots. In the Peloponnesian war, these miserable slaves behaved with uncommon bravery, and were rewarded with their liberty by the Lacedæmonians, and appeared in the temples and at public shows crowned with garlands, and with every mark of festivity and triumph. This exultation did not continue long, and the sudden disappearance of these 2000 manumitted slaves was attributed to the inhumanity of the Lacedæmonians. Thucydides, bk. 4.—Pollux, bk. 3, ch. 8.—Strabo, bk. 8.—Plutarch, Lycurgus, &c.—Aristotle, Politics, bk. 2.—Pausanias, Laconia, &c.

Helōtæ and Helōtes, the public slaves of Sparta, &c. See: Helos.

Helvetia, a vestal virgin struck dead with lightning in Trajan’s reign.

Helvetii, an ancient nation of Gaul, conquered by Julius Cæsar. Their country is the modern Switzerland. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 1, &c.—Tacitus, Histories, bk. 1, chs. 67 & 69.

Helvia, the mother of Cicero.――Ricina, a town of Picenum.

Helvidia, the name of a Roman family.

Helvii, now Viviers, a people of Gaul, along the Rhone. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 4.

Helvillum, a town of Umbria, supposed to be the same as Sullium, now Sigillo. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 14.

Helvīna, a fountain of Aquinum where Ceres had a temple. Juvenal, satire 3, li. 320.

Helvius Cinna, proposed a law, which, however, was not passed, to permit Cæsar to marry whatever woman he chose. Suetonius, Cæsar, bk. 52.――A poet. See: Cinna.

Helum, a river of Scythia.

Helymus and Panopes, two hunters at the court of Acestes in Sicily. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 5, li. 73, &c.

Hemathion, a son of Aurora and Cephalus, or Tithonus. Apollodorus, bk. 3.

Hemĭthea, a daughter of Cycnus and Proclea. She was so attached to her brother Tenes, that she refused to abandon him when his father Cycnus exposed him on the sea. They were carried by the wind to Tenedos, where Hemithea long enjoyed tranquillity, till Achilles, captivated by her charms, offered her violence. She was rescued from his embrace by her brother Tenes, who was instantly slaughtered by the offended hero. Hemithea could not have been rescued from the attempts of Achilles, had not the earth opened and swallowed her, after she had fervently entreated the assistance of the gods. See: Tenes. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 14.—Diodorus, bk. 4.

Hemon. See: Hæmon.

Hemus. See: Hæmus.――A Roman. Juvenal, satire 6, li. 197.

Henĕti, a people of Paphlagonia, who are said to have settled in Italy near the Adriatic, where they gave the name of Venetia to their habitation. Livy, bk. 1, ch. 1.—Euripides.

Heniŏchi, a people of Asiatic Sarmatia, near Colchis, descended from Amphytus and Telechius, the charioteers (μνιοχοι) of Castor and Pollux, and thence called Lacedæmonii. Mela, bk. 1, ch. 21.—Paterculus, bk. 2, ch. 40.—Flaccus, bk. 3, li. 270; bk. 6, li. 42.

Henna. See: Enna.

Hephæstia, the capital town of Lemnos.――A festival in honour of Vulcan (Ἡφαιστος) at Athens. There was then a race with torches between three young men. Each in his turn ran a race with a lighted torch in his hand, and whoever could carry it to the end of the course before it was extinguished, obtained the prize. They delivered it one to the other after they finished their course, and from that circumstance we see many allusions in ancient authors who compare the vicissitudes of human affairs to this delivering of the torch, particularly in these lines of Lucretius bk. 2:

Inque brevi spatio mutantur sæcla animantum,

Et quasi cursores vitai lampada tradunt.

Hephæstiădes, a name applied to the Lipari isles as sacred to Vulcan.

Hephæstii, mountains in Lycia which are set on fire by the lightest touch of a burning torch. Their very stones burnt in the middle of water, according to Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 106.

Hephæstio, a Greek grammarian of Alexandria in the age of the emperor Verus. There remains of his compositions a treatise entitled Enchiridion de metris & poemate, the best edition of which is that of Pauw, 4to, Utrecht, 1726.

Hephæstion, a Macedonian famous for his intimacy with Alexander. He accompanied the conqueror in his Asiatic conquests, and was so faithful and attached to him, that Alexander often observed that Craterus was the friend of the king, but Hephæstion the friend of Alexander. He died at Ecbatana 325 years before the christian era, according to some from excess of drinking, or eating. Alexander was so inconsolable at the death of this faithful subject, that he shed tears at the intelligence, and ordered the sacred fire to be extinguished, which was never done but at the death of a Persian monarch. The physician who attended Hephæstion in his illness was accused of negligence, and by the king’s order inhumanly put to death, and the games were interrupted. His body was entrusted to the care of Perdiccas, and honoured with the most magnificent funeral at Babylon. He was so like the king in features and stature, that he was often saluted by the name of Alexander. Curtius.—Arrian, bk. 7, &c.—Plutarch, Alexander.—Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 7, ch. 8.

Heptaphōnos, a portico, which received this name, because the voice was re-echoed seven times in it. Pliny, bk. 36, ch. 15.

Heptapŏlis, a country of Egypt, which contained seven cities.

Heptapy̆los, a surname of Thebes in Bœotia, from its seven gates.

Hera, the name of Juno among the Greeks.――A daughter of Neptune and Ceres when transformed into a mare. Apollodorus, bk. 3.――A town of Æolia and of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 7.――A town of Sicily, called also Hybla. Cicero, Letters to Atticus, bk. 2, ltr. 1.

Herăclēa, an ancient town of Sicily, near Agrigentum. Minos planted a colony there when he pursued Dædalus; and the town, anciently known by the name of Macara, was called from him Minoa. It was called Heraclea after Hercules, when he obtained a victory over Eryx.――A town of Macedonia.――Another in Pontus, celebrated for its naval power and its consequence among the Asiatic states. The inhabitants conveyed home in their ships the 10,000 at their return.――Another in Crete.――Another in Parthia.――Another in Bithynia.――Another in Phthiotis, near Thermopylæ, called also Trachinea, to distinguish it from others.――Another in Lucania. Cicero, For Archias, ch. 4.――Another in Syria.――Another in Chersonesus Taurica.――Another in Thrace, and three in Egypt, &c.――There were no less than 40 cities of that name in different parts of the world, all built in honour of Hercules, whence the name is derived.――A daughter of Hiero tyrant of Sicily, &c.

Heraclēia, a festival at Athens celebrated every fifth year, in honour of Hercules. The ♦Thespians and Thebans in Bœotia observed a festival of the same name, in which they offered apples to the god. This custom of offering apples arose from this: It was always usual to offer sheep, but the overflowing of the river Asopus prevented the votaries of the god from observing it with the ancient ceremony; and as the word μηλον signifies both an apple and a sheep, some youths, acquainted with the ambiguity of the word, offered apples to the god, with much sport and festivity. To represent the sheep, they raised an apple upon four sticks as the legs, and two more were placed at the top to represent the horns of the victim. Hercules was delighted at the ingenuity of the youths, and the festivals were ever continued with the offering of apples. Pollux, bk. 8, ch. 9. There was also a festival at Sicyon in honour of Hercules. It continued two days; the first was called ὀνοματας, the second ἡρακλεια.――At a festival of the same name at Cos, the priest officiated with a mitre on his head, and in woman’s apparel.――At Lindus, a solemnity of the same name was also observed, and at the celebration nothing was heard but execrations and profane words, and whosoever accidentally dropped any other words, was accused of having profaned the sacred rites.

♦ ‘Thisbians’ replaced with ‘Thespians’

Heracleum, a promontory of Cappadocia.――A town of Egypt near Canopus, on the western mouth of the Nile, to which it gave its name. Diodorus, bk. 1.—Tacitus, Annals, bk. 2, ch. 60.—Strabo, bks. 2 & 17.――The port town of Gnossus in Crete.

Heracleōtes, a surname of Dionysius the philosopher.――A philosopher of Heraclea, who, like his master Zeno, and all the Stoics, firmly believed that pain was not an evil. A severe illness, attended with the most acute pains, obliged him to renounce his principles, and at the same time the philosophy of the Stoics, about 264 years before the christian era. He became afterwards one of the Cyrenaic sect, which placed the summum bonum in pleasure. He wrote some poetry, and chiefly treatises of philosophy. Diogenes Laërtius, Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers.

Heraclīdæ, the descendants of Hercules, greatly celebrated in ancient history. Hercules at his death left to his son Hyllus all the rights and claims which he had upon the Peloponnesus, and permitted him to marry Iole, as soon as he came of age. The posterity of Hercules were not more kindly treated by Eurystheus than their father had been, and they were obliged to retire for protection to the court of Ceyx king of Trachinia. Eurystheus pursued them thither; and Ceyx, afraid of his resentment, begged the Heraclidæ to depart from his dominions. From Trachinia they came to Athens, where Theseus the king of the country, who had accompanied their father in some of his expeditions, received them with great humanity, and assisted them against their common enemy Eurystheus. Eurystheus was killed by the hand of Hyllus himself, and his children perished with him, and all the cities of the Peloponnesus became the undisputed property of the Heraclidæ. Their triumph, however, was short; their numbers were lessened by a pestilence, and the oracle informed them that they had taken possession of the Peloponnesus, before the gods permitted their return. Upon this they abandoned Peloponnesus, and came to settle in the territories of the Athenians, where Hyllus, obedient to his father’s commands, married Iole the daughter of Eurytus. Soon after he consulted the oracle, anxious to recover the Peloponnesus, and the ambiguity of the answer determined him to make a second attempt. He challenged to single combat Atreus the successor of Eurystheus on the throne of Mycenæ, and it was mutually agreed that the undisturbed possession of the Peloponnesus should be ceded to whosoever defeated his adversary. Echemus accepted the challenge for Atreus, and Hyllus was killed, and the Heraclidæ a second time departed from Peloponnesus. Cleodæus the son of Hyllus made a third attempt, and was equally unsuccessful, and his son Aristomachus some time after met with the same unfavourable reception, and perished in the field of battle. Aristodemus, Temenus, and Chresphontes, the three sons of Aristomachus, encouraged by the more expressive and less ambiguous word of an oracle, and desirous to revenge the death of their progenitors, assembled a numerous force, and with a fleet invaded all Peloponnesus. Their expedition was attended with success, and after some ♦decisive battles they became masters of all the peninsula, which they divided among themselves two years after. The recovery of the Peloponnesus by the descendants of Hercules forms an interesting epoch in ancient history, which is universally believed to have happened 80 years after the Trojan war, or 1104 years before the christian era. This conquest was totally achieved about 120 years after the first attempt of Hyllus. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 7, &c.—Herodotus, bk. 9, ch. 26.—Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 17.—Paterculus, bk. 1, ch. 2.—Clement of Alexandria, Stromateis, bk. 1.—Thucydides, bk. 1, ch. 12, &c.—Diodorus, bk. 1, &c.—Aristotle, Politics, bk. 7, ch. 26.

♦ ‘deicsive’ replaced with ‘decisive’

Herăclīdes, a philosopher of Heraclea in Pontus, for some time disciple of Seusippus and Aristotle. He wished it to be believed that he was carried into heaven the very day of his death, and the more firmly to render it credible, he begged one of his friends to put a serpent in his bed. The serpent disappointed him, and the noise which the number of visitors occasioned, frightened him from the bed before the philosopher had expired. He lived about 335 years before the christian era. Cicero, Tusculanæ Disputationes, bk. 5; Letters to his brother Quintus, bk. 3.—Diogenes Laërtius, Pythagoras.――An historian of Pontus surnamed Lembus, who flourished B.C. 177.――A man who, after the retreat of Dionysius the younger from Sicily, raised cabals against Dion, in whose hands the sovereign power was lodged. He was put to death by Dion’s order. Cornelius Nepos, Dion.――A youth of Syracuse, in the battle in which Nicias was defeated.――A son of Agathocles.――A man placed over a garrison at Athens by Demetrius.――A sophist of Lycia, who opened a school at Smyrna in the age of the emperor Severus.――A painter of Macedonia in the reign of king Perseus.――An architect of Tarentum, intimate with Philip king of Macedonia. He fled to Rhodes on pretence of a quarrel with Philip, and set fire to the Rhodian fleet. Polyænus.――A man of Alexandria.

Heraclītus, a celebrated Greek philosopher of Ephesus, who flourished about 500 years before the christian era. His father’s name was Hyson, or Heracion. Naturally of a melancholy disposition, he passed his time in a solitary and unsocial manner, and received the appellation of the obscure philosopher, and the mourner, from his unconquerable custom of weeping at the follies, frailty, and vicissitudes of human affairs. He employed his time in writing different treatises, and one particularly, in which he supported that there was a fatal necessity, and that the world was created from fire, which he deemed a god omnipotent and omniscient. His opinions about the origin of things were adopted by the Stoics, and Hippocrates entertained the same notions of a supreme power. Heraclitus deserves the appellation of man-hater, for the rusticity with which he answered the polite invitations of Darius king of Persia. To remove himself totally from the society of mankind, he retired to the mountains, where for some time he fed on grass in common with the wild inhabitants of the place. Such a diet was soon productive of a dropsical complaint, and the philosopher condescended to revisit the town. The enigmatical manner in which he consulted the physicians made his applications unintelligible, and he was left to depend for cure only upon himself. He fixed his residence on a dunghill, in hopes that the continual warmth which proceeded from it might dissipate the watery accumulation and restore him to the enjoyment of his former health. Such a remedy proved ineffectual, and the philosopher, despairing of a cure by the application of ox-dung, suffered himself to die in the 60th year of his age. Some say that he was torn to pieces by dogs. Diogenes Laërtius, Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers.—Clement of Alexandria, Stromateis, bk. 5.――A lyric poet.――A writer of Halicarnassus, intimate with Callimachus. He was remarkable for the elegance of his style.――A native of Lesbos, who wrote a history of Macedonia.――A writer of Sicyon, &c. Plutarch.

Heraclius, a river of Greece. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 37.――A brother of Constantine, &c.――A Roman emperor, &c.

Heræa, a town of Arcadia.――Festivals at Argos in honour of Juno, who was the patroness of that city. They were also observed by the colonies of the Argives which had been planted at Samos and Ægina. There were always two processions to the temple of the goddess without the city walls. The first was of the men in armour, the second of the women, among whom the priestess, a woman of the first quality, was drawn in a chariot by white oxen. The Argives always reckoned their years from her priesthood, as the Athenians from their archons, and the Romans from their consuls. When they came to the temple of the goddess they offered a hecatomb of oxen. Hence the sacrifice is often called ἑκατομβια, and sometimes λεχερνα, from λεχος, a bed, because Juno presided over marriages, births, &c. There was a festival of the same name in Elis, celebrated every fifth year, in which 16 matrons wove a garment for the goddess.――There were also others instituted by Hippodamia, who had received assistance from Juno when she married Pelops. Sixteen matrons, each attended by a maid, presided at the celebration. The contenders were young virgins, who being divided in classes, according to their age, ran races each in their order, beginning with the youngest. The habit of all was exactly the same; their hair was dishevelled, and their right shoulder bare to the breast, with coats reaching no lower than the knee. She who obtained the victory was rewarded with crowns of olives, and obtained a part of the ox that was offered in sacrifice, and was permitted to dedicate her picture to the goddess.――There was also a solemn day of mourning at Corinth which bore the same name, in commemoration of Medea’s children, who were buried in Juno’s temple. They had been slain by the Corinthians; who, as it is reported, to avert the scandal which accompanied so barbarous a murder, presented Euripides with a large sum of money to write a play, in which Medea is represented as the murderer of her children.――Another festival of the same name at Pallene, with games in which the victor was rewarded with a garment.

Heræi montes, a chain of mountains at the north of Sicily. Diodorus, bk. 14.

Heræum, a temple and grove of Juno, situate between Argos and Mycenæ.――A town of Thrace.

Herbessus, a town of Sicily at the north of ♦Agrigentum, built by a Phœnician or Carthaginian colony. Silius Italicus, bk. 14, li. 265.

♦ ‘Arigentum’ replaced with ‘Agrigentum’

Herbita, an inland town of Sicily. Cicero, Against Verres, bk. 2, ch. 64; bk. 3, ch. 32.

Herceius, an epithet given to Jupiter. Ovid, Ibis, li. 286.—Lucan, bk. 9, li. 979.

Herculanea via, a mound raised between the Lucrine lake and the sea, called also Herculeum iter. Silius Italicus, bk. 12, li. 118.

Herculāneum, a town of Campania, swallowed up, with Pompeii, by an earthquake, produced from an eruption of mount Vesuvius, August 24th, A.D. 79, in the reign of Titus. After being buried under the lava for more than 1600 years, these famous cities were discovered in the beginning of the 18th century; Herculaneum in 1713, about 24 feet underground, by labourers digging for a well, and Pompeii 40 years after, about 12 feet below the surface, and from the houses and the streets, which in a great measure remain still perfect, have been drawn busts, statues, manuscripts, paintings, and utensils, which do not a little contribute to enlarge our notions concerning the ancients, and develop many classical obscurities. The valuable antiquities, so miraculously recovered, are preserved in the museum of Portici, a small town in the neighbourhood, and the engravings, &c., ably taken from them have been munificently presented to the different learned bodies of Europe. Seneca, Quæstiones naturales, bk. 6, chs. 1 & 26.—Cicero, Letters to Atticus, bk. 7, ltr. 3.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 4.—Paterculus, bk. 2, ch. 16.

Hercŭles, a celebrated hero, who, after death, was ranked among the gods, and received divine honours. According to the ancients there were many persons of the same name. Diodorus mentions three, Cicero six, and some authors extend the number to no less than 43. Of all these the son of Jupiter and Alcmena, generally called the Theban, is the most celebrated, and to him, as may easily be imagined, the actions of the others have been ♦attributed. The birth of Hercules was attended with many miraculous and supernatural events; and it is reported that Jupiter, who introduced himself to the bed of Alcmena, was employed for three nights in forming a child whom he intended to be the greatest hero the world ever beheld. See: Alcmena. Hercules was brought up at Tirynthus, or, according to Diodorus, at Thebes, and before he had completed his eighth month, the jealousy of Juno, intent upon his destruction, sent two snakes to devour him. The child, not terrified at the sight of the serpents, boldly seized them in both his hands and squeezed them to death, while his brother Iphiclus alarmed the house with his frightful shrieks. See: Iphiclus. He was early instructed in the liberal arts, and Castor the son of Tyndarus taught him how to fight, Eurytus how to shoot with a bow and arrows, Autolycus to drive a chariot, Linus to play on the lyre, and Eumolpus to sing. He, like the rest of his illustrious contemporaries, soon after became the pupil of the centaur Chiron, and under him he perfected and rendered himself the most valiant and accomplished of the age. In the 18th year of his age he resolved to deliver the neighbourhood of mount Cithæron from a huge lion which preyed on the flocks of Amphitryon his supposed father, and which laid waste the adjacent country. He went to the court of Thespius king of Thespis, who shared the general calamity, and he received there a tender treatment, and was entertained during 50 days. The 50 daughters of the king became all mothers by Hercules, during his stay at Thespis, and some say that it was effected in one night. After he had destroyed the lion of mount Cithæron, he delivered his country from the annual tribute of 100 oxen which it paid to Erginus. See: Erginus. Such public services became universally known, and Creon, who then sat on the throne of Thebes, rewarded the patriotic deeds of Hercules by giving him his daughter in marriage, and entrusting him with the government of his kingdom. As Hercules by the will of Jupiter was subject to the power of Eurystheus [See: Eurystheus], and obliged to obey him in every respect, Eurystheus, acquainted with his successes and rising power, ordered him to appear at Mycenæ and perform the labours which by priority of birth he was empowered to impose upon him. Hercules refused, and Juno, to punish his disobedience, rendered him so delirious that he killed his own children by Megara, supposing them to be the offspring of Eurystheus. See: Megara. When he recovered the use of his senses, he was so struck with the misfortunes which had proceeded from his insanity, that he concealed himself and retired from the society of men for some time. He afterwards consulted the oracle of Apollo, and was told that he must be subservient for 12 years to the will of Eurystheus, in compliance with the commands of Jupiter; and that after he had achieved the most celebrated labours, he should be reckoned in the number of the gods. So plain and expressive an answer determined him to go to Mycenæ, and to bear with fortitude whatever gods or men imposed upon him. Eurystheus, seeing so great a man totally subjected to him, and apprehensive of so powerful an enemy, commanded him to achieve a number of enterprises the most difficult and arduous ever known, generally called the 12 labours of Hercules. The favours of the gods had completely armed him when he undertook his labours. He had received a coat of arms and helmet from Minerva, a sword from Mercury, a horse from Neptune, a shield from Jupiter, a bow and arrows from Apollo, and from Vulcan a golden cuirass and brazen buskins, with a celebrated club of brass according to the opinion of some writers, but more generally supposed to be of wood, and cut by the hero himself in the forest of Nemæa. The first labour imposed upon Hercules by Eurystheus, was to kill the lion of Nemæa, which ravaged the country near Mycenæ. The hero, unable to destroy him with his arrows, boldly attacked him with his club, pursued him to his den, and after a close and sharp engagement he choked him to death. He carried the dead beast on his shoulders to Mycenæ, and ever after clothed himself with the skin. Eurystheus was so astonished at the sight of the beast, and at the courage of Hercules, that he ordered him never to enter the gates of the city when he returned from his expeditions, but to wait for his orders without the walls. He even made himself a brazen vessel, into which he retired whenever Hercules returned. The second labour of Hercules was to destroy the Lernæan hydra, which had seven heads according to Apollodorus, 50 according to Simonides, 100 according to Diodorus. This celebrated monster he attacked with his arrows, and soon after he came to a close engagement, and by means of his heavy club he destroyed the heads of his enemy. But this was productive of no advantage, for as soon as one head was beaten to pieces by the club, immediately two sprang up, and the labour of Hercules would have remained unfinished had he not commanded his friend Iolus to burn, with a hot iron, the root of the head which he had crushed to pieces. This succeeded [See: Hydra], and Hercules became victorious, opened the belly of the monster, and dipped his arrows in the gall to render the wounds which he gave fatal and incurable. He was ordered in his third labour to bring alive and unhurt into the presence of Eurystheus a stag, famous for its incredible swiftness, its golden horns, and brazen feet. This celebrated animal frequented the neighbourhood of Œnoe, and Hercules was employed for a whole year in continually pursuing it, and at last he caught it in a trap, or when tired, or according to others, by slightly wounding it and lessening its swiftness. As he returned victorious, Diana snatched the goat from him, and severely reprimanded him for molesting an animal which was sacred to her. Hercules pleaded necessity, and by representing the commands of Eurystheus, he appeased the goddess and obtained the beast. The fourth labour was to bring alive to Eurystheus a wild boar which ravaged the neighbourhood of Erymanthus. In this expedition he destroyed the centaurs [See: ♣Centauri], and caught the boar by closely pursuing him through the deep snow. Eurystheus was so frightened at the sight of the boar, that, according to Diodorus, he hid himself in his brazen vessel for some days. In his fifth labour Hercules was ordered to clean the stables of Augias, where 3000 oxen had been confined for many years. See: Augias. For his sixth labour he was ordered to kill the carnivorous birds which ravaged the country near the lake Stymphalis in Arcadia. See: Stymphalis. In his seventh labour he brought alive into Peloponnesus a prodigious wild bull which laid waste the island of Crete. In his eighth labour he was employed in obtaining the mares of Diomedes, which fed upon human flesh. He killed Diomedes, and gave him to be eaten by his mares, which he brought to Eurystheus. They were sent to mount Olympus by the king of Mycenæ, where they were devoured by the wild beasts; or, according to others, they were consecrated to Jupiter, and their breed still existed in the age of Alexander the Great. For his ninth labour, he was commanded to obtain the girdle of the queen of the Amazons. See: Hippolyte. In his tenth labour he killed the monster Geryon king of Gades, and brought to Argos his numerous flocks, which fed upon human flesh. See: Geryon. The eleventh labour was to obtain apples from the garden of the Hesperides. See: Hesperides. The twelfth and last, and most dangerous of his labours, was to bring upon earth the three-headed dog Cerberus. This was cheerfully undertaken by Hercules, and he descended into hell by a cave on mount Tænarus. He was permitted by Pluto to carry away his friends Theseus and Pirithous, who were condemned to punishment in hell: and Cerberus also was granted to his prayers, provided he made use of no arms, but only force, to drag him away. Hercules, as some report, carried him back to hell, after he had brought him before Eurystheus. Besides these arduous labours, which the jealousy of ♥Eurystheus imposed upon him, he also achieved others of his own accord, equally great and celebrated. See: Cacus, Antæus, Busiris, Eryx, &c. He accompanied the Argonauts to Colchis before he delivered himself up to the king of Mycenæ. He assisted the gods in their wars against the giants, and it was through him alone that Jupiter obtained a victory. See: Gigantes. He conquered Laomedon, and pillaged Troy. See: Laomedon. When Iole, the daughter of Eurytus king of Œchalia, of whom he was deeply enamoured, was refused to his entreaties, he became the prey of a second fit of insanity, and he murdered Iphitus, the only one of the sons of Eurytus who favoured his addresses to Iole. See: Iphitus. He was some time after purified of the murder, and his insanity ceased; but the gods persecuted him more, and he was visited by a disorder which obliged him to apply to the oracle of Delphi for relief. The boldness with which the Pythia received him irritated him, and he resolved to plunder Apollo’s temple, and carry away the sacred tripod. Apollo opposed him, and a severe conflict was begun, which nothing but the interference of Jupiter with his thunderbolts could have prevented. He was upon this told by the oracle that he must be sold as a slave, and remain three years in the most abject servitude to recover from his disorder. He complied; and Mercury, by order of Jupiter, conducted him to Omphale queen of Lydia, to whom he was sold as a slave. Here he cleared all the country from robbers; and Omphale, who was astonished at the greatness of his exploits, restored him to liberty, and married him. Hercules had Agelaus, and Lamon according to others, by Omphale, from whom Crœsus king of Lydia was descended. He became also enamoured of one of Omphale’s female servants, by whom he had Alceus. After he had completed the years of his slavery, he returned to Peloponnesus, where he re-established on the throne of Sparta Tyndarus, who had been expelled by Hippocoon. He became one of Dejanira’s suitors, and married her, after he had overcome all his rivals. See: Achelous. He was obliged to leave Calydon, his father-in-law’s kingdom, because he had inadvertently killed a man with a blow of his fist, and it was on account of this expulsion that he was not present at the hunting of the Calydonian boar. From Calydon he retired to the court of Ceyx king of Trachinia. In his way he was stopped by the swollen streams of the Evenus, where the centaur Nessus attempted to offer violence to Dejanira, under the perfidious pretence of conveying her over the river. Hercules perceived the distress of Dejanira, and killed the centaur, who, as he expired, gave her a tunic, which, as he observed, had the power of recalling a husband from unlawful love. See: Dejanira. Ceyx king of Trachinia received him and his wife with great marks of friendship, and purified him of the murder which he had committed at Calydon. Hercules was still mindful that he had once been refused the hand of Iole, he therefore made war against her father Eurytus, and killed him with three of his sons. Iole fell into the hands of her father’s murderer, and found that she was loved by Hercules as much as before. She accompanied him to mount Œta, where he was going to raise an altar and offer a solemn sacrifice to Jupiter. As he had not then the tunic in which he arrayed himself to offer a sacrifice, he sent Lichas to Dejanira in order to provide himself a proper dress. Dejanira, informed of her husband’s tender attachment to Iole, sent him a philter, or more probably the tunic which she had received from Nessus, and Hercules, as soon as he had put it on, fell into a desperate distemper, and found the poison of the Lernæan hydra penetrate through his bones. He attempted to pull off the fatal dress, but it was too late, and in the midst of his pains and tortures he inveighed in the most bitter imprecations against the credulous Dejanira, the cruelty of Eurystheus, and the jealousy and hatred of Juno. As the distemper was incurable, he implored the protection of Jupiter, and gave his bow and arrows to Philoctetes, and erected a large burning pile on the top of mount Œta. He spread on the pile the skin of the Nemæan lion, and laid himself down upon it as on a bed, leaning his head on his club. Philoctetes, or according to others, Pæan or Hyllus, was ordered to set fire to the pile, and the hero saw himself on a sudden surrounded with the flames, without betraying any marks of fear or astonishment. Jupiter saw him from heaven, and told to the surrounding gods that he would raise to the skies the immortal parts of a hero who had cleared the earth from so many monsters and tyrants. The gods applauded Jupiter’s resolution; the burning pile was suddenly surrounded with a dark smoke, and after the mortal parts of Hercules were consumed, he was carried up to heaven in a chariot drawn by four horses. Some loud claps of thunder accompanied his elevation, and his friends, unable to find either his bones or ashes, showed their gratitude to his memory by raising an altar where the burning pile had stood. Menœtius the son of Actor offered him the sacrifice of a bull, a wild boar, and a goat, and enjoined the people of Opus yearly to observe the same religious ceremonies. His worship soon became as universal as his fame, and Juno, who had once persecuted him with such inveterate fury, forgot her resentment, and gave him her daughter Hebe in marriage. Hercules has received many surnames and epithets, either from the place where his worship was established, or from the labours which he achieved. His temples were numerous and magnificent, and his divinity revered. No dogs or flies ever entered his temple at Rome, and that of Gades, according to Strabo, was always forbidden to women and pigs. The Phœnicians offered quails on his altars, and as it was supposed that he presided over dreams, the sick and infirm were sent to sleep in his temples, that they might receive in their dreams the agreeable presages of their approaching recovery. The white poplar was particularly dedicated to his service. Hercules is generally represented naked, with strong and well-proportioned limbs; he is sometimes covered with the skin of the Nemæan lion, and holds a knotted club in his hand, on which he often leans. Sometimes he appears crowned with the leaves of the poplar, and holding the horn of plenty under his arm. At other times he is represented standing with Cupid, who instantly breaks to pieces his arrows and his club, to intimate the passion of love in the hero, who suffered himself to be beaten and ridiculed by Omphale, who dressed herself in his armour while he was sitting to spin with her female servants. The children of Hercules are as numerous as the labours and difficulties which he underwent, and indeed they became so powerful soon after his death, that they alone had the courage to invade all Peloponnesus. See: Heraclidæ. He was father of Deicoon and Therimachus by Megara, of Ctesippus by Astydamia, of Palemon by Autonoe, of Everes by Parthenope, of Glycisonetes, Gyneus, and Odites by Dejanira, of Thessalus by Chalciope, of Thestalus by Epicaste, of Tlepolemus by Astyoche, of Agathyrsus, Gelon, and Scytha by Echidna, &c. Such are the most striking characteristics of the life of Hercules, who is said to have supported for a while the weight of the heavens upon his shoulders [See: Atlas], and to have separated by the force of his arm the celebrated mountains which were afterwards called the boundaries of his labours. See: Abyla. He is held out by the ancients as a true pattern of virtue and piety, and as his whole life had been employed for the common benefit of mankind, he was deservedly rewarded with immortality. His judicious choice of virtue in preference to pleasure, as described by Xenophon, is well known. Diodorus, bks. 1 & 4.—Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 1, &c.—Apollodorus, bks. 1 & 2.—Pausanias, bks. 3, 5, 9, & 10.—Hesiod, Shield of Heracles, &c.—Hyginus, fables 29, 32, &c.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 9, li. 236, &c.; Heroides, poem 9; Amores; Tristia, &c.—Homer, Iliad, bk. 8, &c.—Theocritus, poem 24.—Euripides, Hercules furens.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 8, li. 294.—Lucan, bks. 3 & 6.—Apollonius, bk. 2.—Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 1.—Sophocles, Trachiniæ.—♠Plautus, Amphitryon.—Seneca, Hercules Furens & Hercules Œtaeus.—Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 6; bk. 11, &c.—Philostratus, Imagines, bk. 2, ch. 5.—Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 7; bk. 2, ch. 42, &c.—Quintus Smyrnæus, bk. 6, li. 207, &c.—Callimachus, Hymn to Artemis.—Pindar, Olympian, ode 3.—Silius Italicus, bk. 1, li. 438.—Statius, bk. 2, Thebiad, li. 564.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 1.—Lucian, Dialogi Deorum.—Lactantius, De Falsa Religione.—Strabo, bk. 3, &c.—Horace, Odes, Satires, &c.――A son of Alexander the Great.――A surname of the emperor Commodus, &c.

♦ ‘atrributed’ replaced with ‘attributed’

♣ ‘Centaur’ replaced with ‘Centauri’

♥ ‘Eurytheus’ replaced with ‘Eurystheus’

♠ ‘Plutarch’ replaced with ‘Plautus’

Hercŭleum, a promontory in the country of the Brutii.――Fretum, a name given to the strait which forms a communication between the Atlantic and Mediterranean.

Hercŭleus, one of Agrippina’s murderers. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 14, ch. 8.

Hercŭleus Lacis, a lake of Sicily.

Hercŭlis Columnæ, two lofty mountains, situate one on the most southern extremities of Spain, and the other on the opposite part of Africa. They were called by the ancients Abyla and Calpe. They are reckoned the boundaries of the labours of Hercules, and according to ancient tradition they were joined together till they were severed by the arm of the hero, and a communication opened between the Mediterranean and Atlantic seas. Dionysius Periegetes.—Silius Italicus, bk. 1, li. 142.—Mela, bk. 1, ch. 5; bk. 2, ch. 6.—Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 1.――Monœci Portus, now Monaco, a port town of Genoa. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 3, ch. 52.—Lucan, bk. 1, li. 405.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 830.――Labronis vel Liburni Portus, a seaport town, now Leghorn.――Promontorium, a cape at the bottom of Italy, on the Ionian sea, now Spartivento.――Insulæ, two islands near Sardinia. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 7.――Portus, a seaport of the Brutii, on the western coast.――Lucus, a wood in Germany sacred to Hercules. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 2, ch. 12.――A small island on the coast of Spain, called also Scombraria, from the tunny fish (Scombres) caught there. Strabo, bk. 3.

Hercy̆na, a nymph who accompanied Ceres as she travelled over the world. A river of Bœotia bore her name. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 39.

Hercy̆nia, a celebrated forest of Germany, which, according to Cæsar, required nine days’ journey to cross it; and which on some parts was found without any boundaries, though travelled over for 60 days successively. It contained the modern countries of Switzerland, Basil, Spires, Transylvania, and a great part of Russia. In length of time the trees were rooted up, and when population increased the greatest part of it was made inhabitable. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 6, ch. 24.—Mela.—Livy, bk. 5, ch. 54.—Tacitus, Germania, ch. 30.

Herdonia, a small town of Apulia between the rivers Aufidus and Cerbalus. Silius Italicus, bk. 1, li. 568.

Herdonius, a man put to death by Tarquin, because he had boldly spoken against him in an assembly, &c.

Herea, a town of Arcadia on an eminence, the bottom of which was watered by the Alpheus. It was built by Hereus the son of Lycaon, and was said to produce a wine possessed of such unusual properties, as to give fecundity to women, and cause madness in men. Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 13, ch. 6.—Pliny, bk. 14, ch. 18.—Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 24.—Ptolemy, bk. 3, ch. 16.

Herennius Senecio, a Roman historian under Domitian. Tacitus, Agricola, ch. 2, &c.――An officer of Sertorius defeated by Pompey, &c. Plutarch.――A centurion sent in pursuit of Cicero by Antony. He cut off the orator’s head. Plutarch, Cicero.――Caius, a man to whom Cicero dedicates his book de Rhetoricâ, a work attributed by some to Cornificius.――A Samnite general, &c.――Philo, a Phœnician who wrote a book on Adrian’s reign. He also composed a treatise divided into 12 parts, concerning the choice of books, &c.

Hereus, a son of Lyacon, who founded a city in Arcadia, called Herea. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 24.

Herillus, a philosopher of Chalcedon, disciple to Zeno. Diogenes Laërtius.

Herĭlus, a king of Præneste, son of the nymph Feronia. As he had three lives, he was killed three times by Evander. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 8, li. 563.

Hermăchus, a native of Mitylene, successor and disciple of Epicurus, B.C. 267.

Hermæ, statues of Mercury in the city of Athens. Cicero, Letters to Atticus, bk. 1, ltrs. 4 & 8.—Cornelius Nepos, Alcibiades.――Two youths who attended those who consulted the oracle of Trophonius. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 39.

Hermæa, a festival in Crete, when the masters waited upon the servants. It was also observed at Athens and Babylon. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 14.

Hermæum, a town of Arcadia.――A promontory at the east of Carthage, the most northern point of all Africa, now cape Bon. Livy, bk. 29, ch. 27.—Strabo, bk. 17.

Hermagŏras Æolĭdes, a famous rhetorician, who came to Rome in the age of Augustus.――A philosopher of Amphipolis.――A famous orator and philosopher.

Hermandica, a town of the Vaccæi in Spain. Livy, bk. 21, ch. 5.—Polybius, bk. 3.

Hermandūri, a people of Germany, called also Hermunduri.

Hermanni, a people of Germany.

Hermaphrŏdītus, a son of Venus and Mercury, educated on mount Ida by the Naiades. At the age of 15 he began to travel to gratify his curiosity. When he came to Caria, he bathed himself in a fountain, and Salmacis, the nymph who presided over it, became enamoured of him and attempted to seduce him. Hermaphroditus continued deaf to all entreaties and offers; and Salmacis, endeavouring to obtain by force what was denied by prayers, closely embraced him, and entreated the gods to make them two, but one body. Her prayers were heard, and Salmacis and Hermaphroditus, now two in one body, still preserved the characteristics of both their sexes. Hermaphroditus begged the gods that all who bathed in that fountain might become effeminate. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 4, li. 347.—Hyginus, fable 271.

Hermas, an ancient father of the church, in or near the age of the apostles.

Hermathēna, a statue which represented Mercury and Minerva in the same body. This statue was generally placed in schools where eloquence and philosophy were taught, because these two deities presided over the arts and sciences.

Hermēas, a tyrant of Mysia who revolted from Artaxerxes Ochus, B.C. 350.――A general of Antiochus, &c.

Hermeias, a native of Methymna who wrote a history of Sicily.

Hermes, the name of Mercury among the Greeks. See: Mercurius.――A famous gladiator. Martial, bk. 5, ltr. 25.――An Egyptian philosopher. See: Mercurius Trismegistus.

Hermesiănax, an elegiac poet of Colophon, son of Agoneus. He was publicly honoured with a statue. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 17.――A native of Cyprus, who wrote a history of Phrygia. Plutarch.

Hermias, a Galatian philosopher in the second century. His irrisio philosophorum gentilium was printed with Justin Martyr’s works, folio, Paris, 1615 & 1636, and with the Oxford edition of Tatian, 8vo, 1700.

Hermĭnius, a general of the Hermanni, &c.――A Roman who defended a bridge with Cocles against the army of Porsenna. Livy, bk. 2, ch. 10.――A Trojan killed by Catillus in the Rutulian war. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 11, li. 642.

Hermiŏne, a daughter of Mars and Venus, who married Cadmus. The gods, except Juno, honoured her nuptials with their presence, and she received, as a present, a rich veil and a splendid necklace which had been made by Vulcan. She was changed into a serpent with her husband Cadmus, and placed in the Elysian fields. See: Harmonia. Apollodorus, bk. 3.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 4, fable 13.――A daughter of Menelaus and Helen. She was privately promised in marriage to Orestes the son of Agamemnon; but her father, ignorant of this pre-engagement, gave her hand to Pyrrhus the son of Achilles, whose services he had experienced in the Trojan war. Pyrrhus, at his return from Troy, carried home Hermione and married her. Hermione, tenderly attached to her cousin Orestes, looked upon Pyrrhus with horror and indignation. According to others, however, Hermione received the addresses of Pyrrhus with pleasure, and even reproached Andromache his concubine with stealing his affections from her. Her jealousy for Andromache, according to some, induced her to unite herself to Orestes, and to destroy Pyrrhus. She gave herself to Orestes after this murder, and received the kingdom of Sparta as a dowry. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 4.—Euripides, Andromache & Orestes.—Ovid, Heroides, poem 8.—Propertius, bk. 1.――A town of Argolis, where Ceres had a famous temple. The inhabitants lived by fishing. The descent to hell from their country was considered so short that no money, according to the usual right of burial, was put into the mouth of the dead to be paid to Charon for their passage. The sea on the neighbouring coast was called Hermionicus sinus. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 5.—Virgil, Ciris, li. 472.—Strabo, bk. 8.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 3.—Ptolemy, bk. 3, ch. 16.—Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 34.

Hermiŏniæ, a city near the Riphæan mountains. Orpheus, Argonauts.

Hermiŏnĭcus sinus, a bay on the coast of Argolis near Hermione. Strabo, bks. 1 & 8.

Hermippus, a freedman, disciple of Philo, in the reign of Adrian, by whom he was greatly esteemed. He wrote five books upon dreams.――A man who accused Aspasia the mistress of Pericles of impiety and prostitution. He was son of Lysis, and distinguished himself as a poet by 40 theatrical pieces and other compositions, some of which are quoted by Athenæus. Plutarch.――A peripatetic philosopher of Smyrna, who flourished B.C. 210.

Hermŏcrătes, a general of Syracuse, against Nicias the Athenian. His lenity towards the Athenian prisoners was looked upon as treacherous. He was banished from Sicily without even a trial, and he was murdered as he attempted to return back to his country, B.C. 408.――Plutarch, Nicias, &c.――A sophist celebrated for his rising talents. He died in the 28th year of his age, in the reign of the emperor Severus.――The father-in-law of Dionysius tyrant of Sicily.――A Rhodian employed by Artaxerxes to corrupt the Grecian states, &c.――A sophist, preceptor to Pausanias the murderer of Philip. Diodorus, bk. 16.

Hermodōrus, a Sicilian, pupil to Plato.――A philosopher of Ephesus, who is said to have assisted, as interpreter, the Roman decemvirs in the composition of the 10 tables of laws, which had been collected in Greece. Cicero, Tusculanæ Disputationes, bk. 5, ch. 36.—Pliny, bk. 34, ch. 5.――A native of Salamis, contemporary with Philo the Athenian architect. Cicero, Orator, bk. 1, ch. 14.――A poet who wrote a book called Νομιμα on the laws of different nations.

Hermŏgĕnes, an architect of Alabanda in Caria, employed in building the temple of Diana at Magnesia. He wrote a book upon his profession.――A rhetorician in the second century, the best editions of whose rhetorica are that of Sturmius, 3 vols., 12mo, Strasbourg, 1571, and of Laurentius, Geneva, 1614. He died A.D. 161, and it is said that his body was opened, and his heart found hairy and of an extraordinary size. At the age of 25, as is reported, he totally lost his memory.――A lawyer in the age of Diocletian.――A musician. Horace, bk. 1, satire 3, li. 129.――A sophist of Tarsus, of such brilliant talents, that at the age of 15 he excited the attention and gained the patronage of the emperor Marcus Antoninus.

Hermolāus, a young Macedonian among the attendants of Alexander. As he was one day hunting with the king he killed a wild boar which was coming towards him. Alexander, who followed close behind him, was so disappointed because the beast had been killed before he could dart at it, that he ordered Hermolaus to be severely whipped. This treatment irritated Hermolaus, and he conspired to take away the king’s life, with others who were displeased with the cruel treatment he had received. The plot was discovered by one of the conspirators, and Alexander seized them, and asked what had compelled them to conspire to take his life. Hermolaus answered for the rest, and observed that it was unworthy of Alexander to treat his most faithful and attached friends like slaves, and to shed their blood without the least mercy. Alexander ordered him to be put to death. Curtius, bk. 8, ch. 6.

Hermopŏlis, two towns of Egypt, now Ashmunein and Demenhur. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 9.

Hermotīmus, a famous prophet of Clazomenæ. It is said that his soul separated itself from his body and wandered in every part of the earth to explain futurity, after which it returned again and animated his frame. His wife, who was acquainted with the frequent absence of his soul, took advantage of it and burnt his body, as if totally dead, and deprived the soul of its natural receptacle. Hermotimus received divine honours in a temple at Clazomenæ, into which it was unlawful for women to enter. Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 51, &c.—Lucian.

Hermundūri, a people of Germany, subdued by Aurelius. They were at the north of the Danube, and were considered by Tacitus as a tribe of the Suevi, but called, together with the Suevi, Hermiones by Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 14.—Tacitus, Annals, bk. 13, extra.—Velleius Paterculus, bk. 2, ch. 106.

Hermus, a river of Asia Minor, whose sands, according to the poets, were covered with gold. It flows near Sardes, and receives the waters of the Pactolus and Hyllus, after which it falls into the Ægean sea. It is now called Kedous or Sarabat. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 2, li. 137.—Lucan, bk. 3, li. 210.—Martial, bk. 8, ltr. 78.—Silius Italicus, bk. 1, li. 159.—Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 29.

Hernĭci, a people of Campania celebrated for their inveterate enmity to the rising power of Rome. Livy, bk. 9, chs. 43 & 44.—Silius Italicus, bk. 4, li. 226.—Juvenal, satire 14, li. 183.—Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 8, ch. 10.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 684.

Hero, a beautiful priestess of Venus at Sestus, greatly enamoured of Leander, a youth of Abydos. These two lovers were so faithful to one another, that Leander in the night escaped from the vigilance of his family, and swam across the Hellespont, while Hero in Sestos directed his course by holding a burning torch on the top of a high tower. After many interviews of mutual affection and tenderness, Leander was drowned in a tempestuous night as he attempted his usual course, and Hero in despair threw herself down from her tower and perished in the sea.—Musæus Grammaticus, Leander & Hero.—Ovid, Heroides, poems 17 & 18.—Virgil, Georgics, bk. 3, li. 258.

Herōdes, surnamed the Great and Ascalonita, followed the interest of Brutus and Cassius, and afterwards that of Antony. He was made king of Judæa by means of Antony, and after the battle of Actium he was continued in his power by his flattery and submission to Augustus. He rendered himself odious by his cruelty, and as he knew that the day of his death would become a day of mirth and festivity, he ordered the most illustrious of his subjects to be confined and murdered the very moment that he expired, that every eye in the kingdom might seem to shed tears at the death of Herod. He died in the 70th year of his age, after a reign of 40 years. Josephus.――Antipas, a son of Herod the Great, governor of Galileæ, &c.――Agrippa, a Jew intimate with the emperor Caligula, &c.――This name was common to many of the Jews. Josephus.――Atticus. See: Atticus.

Herodiānus, a Greek historian, who flourished A.D. 247. He was born at Alexander, and he was employed among the officers of the Roman emperors. He wrote a Roman history in eight books, from the death of Marcus Aurelius to Maximinus. His style is peculiarly elegant, but it wants precision, and the work too plainly betrays that the author was not a perfect master of geography. He is accused of being too partial to Maximinus, and too severe upon Alexander Severus. His book comprehends the history of 68 or 70 years, and he asserts that he has been an eye-witness of whatever he has written. The best editions of his history are that of Politian, 4to, Dovan, 1525, who afterwards published a very valuable Latin translation, and that of Oxford, 8vo, 1708.

Herodicus, a physician surnamed Gymnastic, who flourished B.C. 443.――A grammarian surnamed Crateleus, B.C. 123.

Hērŏdŏtus, a celebrated historian of Halicarnassus, whose father’s name was Lyxes, and that of his mother Dryo. He fled to Samos when his country laboured under the oppressive tyranny of Lygdamis, and travelled over Egypt, Italy, and all Greece. He afterwards returned to Halicarnassus, and expelled the tyrant; which patriotic deed, far from gaining the esteem and admiration of the populace, displeased and irritated them, so that Herodotus was obliged to fly to Greece from the public resentment. To procure a lasting fame he publicly repeated at the Olympic games the history which he had composed, in his 39th year, B.C. 445. It was received with such universal applause, that the names of the nine Muses were unanimously given to the nine books into which it is divided. This celebrated composition, which has procured its author the title of father of history, is written in the Ionic dialect. Herodotus is among the historians what Homer is among the poets, and Demosthenes among the orators. His style abounds with elegance, ease, and sweetness; and if there is any of the fabulous or incredible, the author candidly informs the reader that it is introduced upon the narration of others. The work is a history of the wars of the Persians against the Greeks, from the age of Cyrus to the battle of Mycale in the reign of Xerxes, and besides this, it gives an account of the most celebrated nations in the world. Herodotus had written another history of Assyria and Arabia, which is not extant. The life of Homer, generally attributed to him, is supposed by some not to be the production of his pen. Plutarch has accused him of malevolence towards the Greeks, an imputation which can easily be refuted. The two best editions of this great historian are that of Wesseling, folio, Amsterdam, 1763; and that of Glasgow, 9 vols., 12mo, 1761. Cicero, de Legibus, ch. 1; On Oratory, ch. 2.—Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 1.—Quintilian, bk. 10, ch. 1.—Plutarch, de Herodoti Malignitate.――A man who wrote a treatise concerning Epicurus. Diogenes Laërtius.――A Theban wrestler of Megara, in the age of Demetrius son of Antigonus. He was six feet and a half in height, and he ate generally 20 pounds of flesh, with bread in proportion, at each of his meals. Athenæus, bk. 16.――Another, whose victories are celebrated by Pindar.

Heroes, a name which was given by the ancients to such as were born from a god, or to such as had signalized themselves by their actions, and seemed to deserve immortality by the services which they had rendered their country. The heroes which Homer describes, such as Ajax, Achilles, &c., were of such prodigious strength, that they could lift up and throw stones which the united force of four or five men of his age could not have moved. The heroes were supposed to be interested in the affairs of mankind after death, and they were invoked with much solemnity. As the altars of the gods were crowded with sacrifices and libations, so the heroes were often honoured with a funeral solemnity, in which their great exploits were enumerated. The origin of heroism might proceed from the opinions of some philosophers, who taught that the souls of great men were often raised to the stars, and introduced among the immortal gods. According to the notions of the stoics, the ancient heroes inhabited a pure and serene climate, situate above the moon.

Herōis, a festival, celebrated every ninth year by the Delphians, in honour of a heroine. There were in the celebration a great number of mysterious rites, with a representation of something like Semele’s resurrection.

Heron, two mathematicians, one of whom is called the ancient and the other the younger. The former, who lived about 100 years before Christ, was disciple to Ctesibius, and wrote a curious book translated into Latin, under the title of Spiritualium Liber; the only edition of which is that of Baldus, Aug. Vind. 1616.

Heroopŏlis, a town of Egypt on the Arabic gulf.

Herŏphĭla, a Sibyl, who, as some suppose, came to Rome in the reign of Tarquin. See: Sibyllæ. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 12.

Herophĭlus, an impostor in the reign of Julius Cæsar, who pretended to be the grandson of Marius. He was banished from Rome by Cæsar for his seditions, and was afterwards strangled in prison.――A Greek physician, about 570 years before the christian era. He was one of the first who dissected bodies. Pliny, Cicero, and Plutarch have greatly commended him.

Herostrătus. See: Erostratus.

Herpa, a town of Cappadocia.

Herse, a daughter of Cecrops king of Athens, beloved by Mercury. The god disclosed his love to Aglauros, Herse’s sister, in hopes of procuring an easy admission to Herse; but Aglauros, through jealousy, discovered the amour. Mercury was so offended at her behaviour, that he struck her with his caduceus and changed her into a stone. Herse became mother of Cephalus by Mercury, and after death she received divine honours at Athens. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 2, li. 559, &c.――A wife of Danaus. Apollodorus.

Hersephoria, festivals of Athens in honour of Minerva, or more probably of Herse.

Hersĭlia, one of the Sabines, carried away by the Romans at the celebration of the Consualia. She was given and married to Romulus, though, according to some, she married Hostus, a youth of Latium, by whom she had Hostus Hostilius. After death she was presented with immortality by Juno, and received divine honours under the name of Ora. Livy, bk. 1, ch. 11.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 14, li. 832.

Hertha and Herta, a goddess among the Germans, supposed to be the same as the earth. She had a temple and a chariot dedicated to her service in a remote island, and was supposed to visit the earth at stated times, when her coming was celebrated with the greatest rejoicings and festivity. Tacitus, Germania.

Herŭli, a savage nation in the northern parts of Europe, who attacked the Roman power in its decline.

Hesænus, a mountain near Pæonia.

Hēsiŏdus, a celebrated poet, born at Ascra in Bœotia. His father’s name was Dius, and his mother’s Pycimede. He lived in the age of Homer, and even obtained a poetical prize in competition with him, according to Varro and Plutarch. Quintilian, Philostratus, and others maintain that Hesiod lived before the age of Homer; but Velleius Paterculus and others support that he flourished about 100 years after him. Hesiod is the first who wrote a poem on agriculture. This composition is called The Works and the Days; and besides the instructions which are given to the cultivator of the field, the reader is pleased to find many moral reflections worthy of a refined Socrates or a Plato. His Theogony is a miscellaneous narration executed without art, precision, choice, judgment, or connection, yet it is the more valuable for the faithful account it gives of the gods of antiquity. His Shield of Hercules is but a fragment of a larger poem, in which it is supposed he gave an account of the most celebrated heroines among the ancients. Hesiod, without being master of the fire and sublimity of Homer, is admired for the elegance of his diction, and the sweetness of his poetry. Besides these poems he wrote others, now lost. Pausanias says that, in his age, Hesiod’s verses were still written on tablets in the temple of the Muses, of which the poet was a priest. If we believe Clement of Alexandria, bk. 6, Stromateis, the poet borrowed much from Musæus. One of Lucian’s dialogues bears the name of Hesiod, and in it the poet is introduced as speaking of himself. Virgil, in his Georgics, has imitated the compositions of Hesiod, and taken his opera and dies for model, as he acknowledges. Cicero strongly commends him, and the Greeks were so partial to his poetry and moral instructions, that they ordered their children to learn all by heart. Hesiod was murdered by the sons of Ganyctor of Naupactum, and his body was thrown into the sea. Some dolphins brought back the body to the shore, which was immediately known, and the murderers were discovered by the poet’s dogs, and thrown into the sea. If Hesiod flourished in the age of Homer, he lived 907 B.C. The best editions of this poet are that of Robinson, 4to, Oxford, 1737; that of Loesner, 8vo, Lipscomb, 1778; and that of Parma, 4to, 1785. Cicero, Letters to his Friends, bk. 6, ltr. 18.—Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 3, &c.—Quintilian, bk. 10, ch. 1.—Paterculus.—Varro.—Plutarch, Septem Sapientium Convivium, & De Sollertia Animalium.

Hēsiŏne, a daughter of Laomedon king of Troy, by Strymo the daughter of Scamander. It fell to her lot to be exposed to a sea monster, to whom the Trojans yearly presented a marriageable virgin, to appease the resentment of Apollo and Neptune, whom ♦Laomedon had offended; but Hercules promised to deliver her, provided he received as a reward six beautiful horses. Laomedon consented, and Hercules attacked the monster just as he was going to devour Hesione, and he killed him with his club. Laomedon, however, refused to reward the hero’s services; and Hercules, incensed at his treachery, besieged Troy, and put the king and all his family to the sword, except Podarces, or Priam, who had advised his father to give the promised horses to his sister’s deliverer. The conqueror gave Hesione in marriage to his friend Telamon, who had assisted him during the war, and he established Priam upon his father’s throne. The removal of Hesione to Greece proved at last fatal to the Trojans; and Priam, remembering with indignation that his sister had been forcibly given to a foreigner, sent his son Paris to Greece to reclaim the possessions of Hesione, or more probably to revenge his injuries upon the Greeks by carrying away Helen, which gave rise, soon after, to the Trojan war. Lycophron mentions that Hercules threw himself, armed from head to foot, into the mouth of the monster to which Hesione was exposed, and that he tore his belly to pieces, and came out safe only with the loss of his hair, after a confinement of three days. Homer, Iliad, bk. 5, li. 638.—Diodorus, bk. 4.—Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 5, &c.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 11, li. 212.――The wife of Nauplius.

♦ ‘Lamedon’ replaced with ‘Laomedon’

Hespĕria, a large island of Africa, once the residence of the Amazons. Diodorus, bk. 3.――A name common to both Italy and Spain. It is derived from Hesper or Vesper, the setting sun, or the evening, whence the Greeks called Italy Hesperia, because it was situate at the setting sun, or in the west. The same name, for similar reasons, was applied to Spain by the Latins. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 634, &c.—Horace, bk. 1, ode 34, li. 4; bk. 1, ode 27, li. 28.—Silius Italicus, bk. 7, li. 15.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 11, li. 258.――A daughter of the Cebrenus. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 11, li. 759.

Hespĕrĭdes, three celebrated nymphs, daughters of Hesperus. Apollodorus mentions four, Ægle, Erythia, Vesta, and Arethusa; and Diodorus confounds them with the Atlantides, and supposes that they were the same number. They were appointed to guard the golden apples which Juno gave to Jupiter on the day of their nuptials; and the place of their residence, placed beyond the ocean by Hesiod, is more universally believed to be near mount Atlas in Africa, according to Apollodorus. This celebrated place or garden abounded with fruits of the most delicious kind, and was carefully guarded by a dreadful dragon, which never slept. It was one of the labours of Hercules to procure some of the golden apples of the Hesperides. The hero, ignorant of the situation of this celebrated garden, applied to the nymphs in the neighbourhood of the Po for information, and was told that Nereus the god of the sea, if properly managed [See: Nereus], would direct him in his pursuits. Hercules seized Nereus as he was asleep, and the sea god, unable to escape from his grasp, answered all the questions which he proposed. Some say that Nereus sent Hercules to Prometheus, and that from him he received all his information. When Hercules came into Africa, he repaired to Atlas, and demanded of him three of the golden apples. Atlas unloaded himself and placed the burden of the heavens on the shoulders of Hercules, while he went in quest of the apples. At his return Hercules expressed his wish to ease the burden by putting something on his head, and when Atlas assisted him to remove his inconvenience, Hercules artfully left the burden, and seized the apples, which Atlas had thrown on the ground. According to other accounts, Hercules gathered the apples himself, without the assistance of Atlas, and he previously killed the watchful dragon which kept the tree. These apples were brought to Eurystheus, and afterwards carried back by Minerva into the garden of the Hesperides, as they could be preserved in no other place. Hercules is sometimes represented gathering the apples, and the dragon which guarded the tree appears bowing down his head, as having received a mortal wound. This monster, as it is supposed, was the offspring of Typhon, and it had 100 heads and as many voices. This number, however, is reduced by some to only one head. Those that attempt to explain mythology, observe that the Hesperides were certain persons who had an immense number of flocks, and that the ambiguous word μηλον, which signifies an apple and a sheep, gave rise to the fable of the golden apples of the Hesperides. Diodorus, bk. 4.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 4, li. 637, &c.; bk. 9, li. 90.—Hyginus, fable 30.—Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 5.—Hesiod, Theogony, li. 215, &c.

Hespĕris. See: Hesperus.――A town of Cyrenaica, now Bernic or Bengazi, where most authors have placed the garden of the Hesperides.

Hesperītis, a country of Africa. Diodorus, bk. 4.

Hespĕrus, a son of Japetus, brother to Atlas. He came to Italy, and the country received the name of Hesperia from him, according to some accounts. He had a daughter called Hesperis, who married Atlas, and became mother of seven daughters, called Atlantides or Hesperides. Diodorus, bk. 4.――The name of Hesperus was also applied to the planet Venus, when it appeared after the setting of the sun. It was called Phosphorus or Lucifer when it preceded the sun. Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 2, ch. 2.—Seneca, de Hippolytus, li. 749; Medea, li. 71.

Hestia, one of the Hesperides. Apollodorus.

Hestiæa, a town of Eubœa.

Hesus, a deity among the Gauls, the same as the Mars of the Romans. Lucan, bk. 1, li. 445.

Hesychia, a daughter of Thespius. Apollodorus.

Hesychius, the author of a Greek lexicon in the beginning of the third century, a valuable work which has been learnedly edited by Albert, 2 vols., folio, Leiden, 1746.

Hetricŭlum, now Latarico, a town in the country of the Brutii. Livy, bk. 30, ch. 19.

Hetrūria and Etruria, a celebrated country of Italy, at the west of the Tiber. It originally contained 12 different nations, which had each their respective monarch, called Lucumon. Their names were Veientes, Clusini, Perusini, Cortonenses, Arretini, Vetuloni, Volaterrani, Rusellani, Volscinii, Tarquinii, Falisci, and Cæretani. The inhabitants were particularly famous for their superstition, and great confidence in omens, dreams, auguries, &c. They all proved powerful and resolute enemies to the rising empire of the Romans, and were conquered only after much effusion of blood. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 5.—Strabo, bk. 5.—Plutarch, Romulus.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 4.

Heurippa, a surname of Diana.

Hexapy̆lum, a gate at Syracuse. The adjoining place of the city, or the wall, bore the same name. Diodorus, bks. 11 & 14.—Livy, bk. 24, ch. 21; bk. 25, ch. 24; bk. 32, ch. 39.

Hiarbas, or Iarbas, a king of Gætulia. See: Iarbas.

Hiber, a name applied to a Spaniard, as living near the river Hiberus or Iberus. See: Iberus.

Hibernia and Hybernia, a large island at the west of Britain, now called Ireland. Some of the ancients have called it Ibernia, Juverna, Iris, Hierna, Ogygia, Ivernia. Juvenal, satire 2, li. 160.—Strabo, bk. 4.—Orpheus.—Aristotle.

Hibrildes, an Athenian general. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 7.

Hicetāon, a son of Laomedon, brother to Priam and father of Menalippus. Homer, Iliad, bk. 3.――The father of Thymœtes, who came to Italy with Æneas. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 133.

Hicētas, a philosopher of Syracuse, who believed that the earth moved, and that all the heavenly bodies were stationary. Diogenes Laërtius, Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers.――A tyrant of Syracuse. See: Icetas.

Hiempsal, a king of Numidia, &c. See: Hyempsal. Plutarch.

Hiera, a woman who married Telephus king of Mysia, and who was said to surpass Helen in beauty.――The mother of Pandarus and Bitias by Alcanor. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 673.――One of the Lipari islands, called also Theresia, now Vulcano. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 11.

Hierapŏlis, a town of Syria, near the Euphrates.――Another of Phrygia, famous for hot baths, now Bambukkalasi.――Another of Crete.

Hiĕrax, a youth who awoke Argus, to inform him that Mercury was stealing Io. Mercury killed him, and changed him into a bird of prey. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 2.――Antiochus, king of Syria and brother to Seleucus, received the surname of Hierax. Justin, bk. 37, ch. 3.――An Egyptian philosopher in the third century.

Hierĭchus (untis), the name of Jericho in the Holy Land, called the city of palm trees, from its abounding in dates. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 14.—Tacitus, Histories, bk. 5, ch. 6.

Hiĕro I., a king of Syracuse, after his brother Gelon, who rendered himself odious in the beginning of his reign by his cruelty and avarice. He made war against Theron the tyrant of Agrigentum, and took Himera. He obtained three different crowns at the Olympic games, two in horse-races, and one at a chariot-race. Pindar has celebrated him as being victorious at Olympia. In the latter part of his reign the conversation of Simonides, Epicharmus, Pindar, &c., softened in some measure the roughness of his morals and the severity of his government, and rendered him the patron of learning, genius, and merit. He died, after a reign of 18 years, B.C. 467, leaving the crown to his brother Thrasybulus, who disgraced himself by his vices and tyranny. Diodorus, bk. 11.――The second of that name, king of Syracuse, was descended from Gelon. He was unanimously elected king by all the states of the island of Sicily, and appointed to carry on the war against the Carthaginians. He joined his enemies in besieging Messana, which had surrendered to the Romans, but he was beaten by Appius Claudius the Roman consul, and obliged to retire to Syracuse, where he was soon blocked up. Seeing all hopes of victory lost, he made peace with the Romans, and proved so faithful to his engagements during the 59 years of his reign, that the Romans never had a more firm or more attached ally. He died in the 94th year of his age, about 225 years B.C. He was universally regretted, and all the Sicilians showed by their lamentations that they had lost a common father and a friend. He liberally patronized the learned, and employed the talents of Archimedes for the good of his country. He wrote a book on agriculture, now lost. He was succeeded by Hieronymus. Ælian, Varia Historia, bks. 4, 8.—Justin, bk. 23, ch. 4.—Florus, bk. 2, ch. 2.—Livy, bk. 16.――An Athenian, intimate with Nicias the general. Plutarch, Nicias.――A Parthian, &c. Tacitus.

Hierocæsarea, a town of Lydia. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 2, ch. 47; bk. 3, ch. 62.

Hierocepia, an island near Paphos in Cyprus.

Hierŏcles, a persecutor of the christians under Diocletian, who pretended to find inconsistencies in Scripture, and preferred the miracles of Thyaneus to those of Christ. His writings were refuted by Lactantius and Eusebius.――A Platonic philosopher, who taught at Alexandria, and wrote a book on providence and fate, fragments of which are preserved by Photius; a commentary on the golden verses of Pythagoras; and facetious moral verses. He flourished A.D. 485. The best edition is that of Asheton and Warren, 8vo, London, 1742.――A general in the interest of Demetrius. Polyænus, bk. 5.――A governor of Bithynia and Alexandria, under Diocletian.――An officer. See: Heliogabalus.

Hierodūlum, a town of Libya.

Hieronĭca lex, by Hiero tyrant of Sicily, to settle the quantity of corn, the price and time of receiving it, between the farmers of Sicily and the collector of the corn tax at Rome. This law, on account of its justice and candour, was continued by the Romans when they became masters of Sicily.

Hierony̆mus, a tyrant of Sicily, who succeeded his father or grandfather Hiero, when only 15 years old. He rendered himself odious by his cruelty, oppression, and debauchery. He abjured the alliance of Rome, which Hiero had observed with so much honour and advantage. He was assassinated, and all his family was overwhelmed in his fall, and totally extirpated, B.C. 214.――An historian of Rhodes, who wrote an account of the actions of Demetrius Poliorcetes, by whom he was appointed over Bœotia, B.C. 254. Plutarch, Demetrius.――An Athenian set over the fleet, while Conon went to the king of Persia.――A christian writer commonly called St. Jerome, born in Pannonia, and distinguished for his zeal against heretics. He wrote commentaries on the prophets, St. Matthew’s gospel, &c., a Latin version known by the name of Vulgate, polemical treatises, and an account of ecclesiastical writers before him. Of his works, which are replete with lively animation, sublimity, and erudition, the best edition is that of Vallersius, folio, Veronæ, 1734 to 1740, 10 vols. Jerome died A.D. 420, in his 91st year.

Hierophĭlus, a Greek physician. He instructed his daughter Agnodice in the art of midwifery, &c. See: Agnodice.

Hierosoly̆ma, a celebrated city of Palestine, the capital of Judæa, taken by Pompey, who, on that account, is surnamed Hierosolymarius. Titus also took it and destroyed it, the 8th of September, A.D. 70, according to Josephus, 2177 years after its foundation. In the siege by Titus, 110,000 persons are said to have perished, and 97,000 to have been made prisoners, and afterwards either sold for slaves, or wantonly exposed, for the sport of their insolent victors, to the fury of wild beasts. Josephus, War of the Jews, bk. 7, ch. 16, &c.—Cicero, Letters to Atticus, bk. 2, ltr. 2.—Flaccus, bk. 28.

Hignatia via, a large road, which led from the Ionian sea to the Hellespont, across Macedonia, about 530 miles. Strabo, bk. 7.

Hilaria, a daughter of Leucippus and Philodice. As she and her sister Phœbe were going to marry their cousins Lynceus and Idas, they were carried away by Castor and Pollux, who married them. Hilaria had Anagon by Castor, and she, as well as her sister, obtained after death the honours which were generally paid to heroes. Apollodorus, bk. 3.—Propertius, bk. 1, poem 2, li. 16.—Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 22; bk. 3, ch. 19.――Festivals at Rome in honour of the mother of the gods.

Hilarius, a bishop of Poictiers in France, who wrote several treatises, the most famous of which is on the Trinity, in 12 books. The only edition is that of the Benedictine monks, folio, Paris, 1693. Hilary died A.D. 372, in his 80th year.

Hilleviōnes, a people of Scandinavia. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 13.

Himella, now Aia, a small river in the country of the Sabines. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 714.

Himĕra, a city of Sicily built by the people of Zancle, and destroyed by the Carthaginians 240 years after. Strabo, bk. 6.――There were two rivers of Sicily of the same name, the one, now Fiumi de Termini, falling at the east of Panormus into the Tuscan sea, with a town of the same name at its mouth, and also celebrated baths. Cicero, Against Verres, bk. 4, ch. 33. The other, now Fiume Salso, running in a southern direction, and dividing the island in almost two parts. Livy, bk. 24, ch. 6; bk. 25, ch. 49.――The ancient name of the Eurotas. Strabo, bk. 6.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.—Polybius.

Himilco, a Carthaginian sent to explore the western parts of Europe. Festus Avienius.――A son of Amilcar, who succeeded his father in the command of the Carthaginian armies in Sicily. He died with his army by a plague, B.C. 398. Justin, bk. 19, ch. 2.

Hippagŏras, a man who wrote an account of the republic of Carthage. Athenæus, bk. 14.

Hippalcimus, a son of Pelops and Hippodamia, who was among the Argonauts.

Hippalus, the first who sailed in open sea from Arabia to India. Arrian, Periplus Ponti Euxini.

Hipparchia, a woman in Alexander’s age, who became enamoured of Crates the Cynic philosopher, because she heard him discourse. She married him, though he at first disdained her addresses, and represented his poverty and meanness. She was so attached to him that she was his constant companion, and was not ashamed publicly to gratify his impurest desires. She wrote some things, now lost. See: Crates. Diogenes Laërtius, bk. 6.—Suidas.

Hipparchus, a son of Pisistratus, who succeeded his father as tyrant of Athens, with his brother Hippias. He patronized some of the learned men of the age, and distinguished himself by his fondness for literature. The seduction of a sister of Harmodius raised him many enemies, and he was at last assassinated by a desperate band of conspirators, with Harmodius and Aristogiton at their head, 513 years before Christ. Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 8, ch. 2.――One of Antony’s freedmen.――The first person who was banished by ostracism at Athens.――The father of Asclepiades.――A mathematician and astronomer of Nicæa. He first discovered that the interval between the vernal and the autumnal equinox is 186 days, seven days longer than between the autumnal and vernal, occasioned by the eccentricity of the earth’s orbit. He divided the heavens into 49 constellations, 12 in the ecliptic, 21 in the northern, and 16 in the southern hemisphere, and gave names to all the stars. He makes no mention of comets. From viewing a tree on a plain from different situations, which changed its apparent position, he was led to the discovery of the parallax of the planets, or the distance between their real or apparent position, viewed from the centre and from the surface of the earth. He determined the longitude and latitude, and fixed the first degree of longitude at the Canaries. He likewise laid the first foundations of trigonometry, so essential to facilitate astronomical studies. He was the first who, after Thales and Sulpicius Gallus, found out the exact time of eclipses, of which he made a calculation for 600 years. After a life of labour in the service of science and astronomy, and after publishing several treatises and valuable observations on the appearance of the heavens, he died 125 years before the christian era. Pliny, bk. 2, ch. 26, &c.――An Athenian who conspired against Heraclides, who kept Athens for Demetrius, &c. Polyænus, bk. 5.

Hipparīnus, a son of Dionysius, who ejected Calippus from Syracuse, and seized the sovereign power for 27 years. Polyænus, bk. 5.――The father of Dion.

Hippărion, one of Dion’s sons.

Hippăsus, a son of Ceyx, who assisted Hercules against Eurytus. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 7.――A pupil of Pythagoras, born at Metapontum. He supposed that everything was produced from fire. Diogenes Laërtius.――A centaur killed at the nuptials of Pirithous. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12, li. 352.――An illegitimate son of Priam. Hyginus, fable 90.

Hippeus, a son of Hercules by Procis, eldest of the 50 daughters of Thestius. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 7.

Hippi, four small islands near Erythræ.

Hippia, a lascivious woman, &c. Juvenal, satire 6, li. 82.――A surname of Minerva, and also of Juno. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 15.

Hippias, a philosopher of Elis, who maintained that virtue consisted in not being in want of the assistance of men. At the Olympic games, he boasted that he was master of all the liberal and mechanical arts; and he said that the ring upon his finger, the tunic, cloak, and shoes, which he then wore, were all the work of his own hands. Cicero, On Oratory, bk. 3, ch. 32.――A son of Pisistratus, who became tyrant of Athens after the death of his father, with his brother Hipparchus. He was willing to revenge the death of his brother, who had been assassinated, and for this violent measure he was driven from his country. He fled to king Darius in Persia, and was killed at the battle of Marathon, fighting against the Athenians, B.C. 490. He had five children by Myrrhine the daughter of Callias. Herodotus, bk. 6.—Thucydides, bk. 7.

Hippis, an historian and poet of Rhegium, in the reign of Xerxes. Ælian, De Natura Animalium, bk. 8, ch. 33.

Hippius, a surname of Neptune, from his having raised a horse (ἱππος) from the earth in his contest with Minerva concerning the giving a name to Athens.

Hippo, a daughter of Scedasus, who, upon being ravished by the ambassadors of Sparta, killed herself, cursing the city that gave birth to such men. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 13.――A celebrated town of Africa, on the Mediterranean. Silius Italicus, bk. 3, li. 252.――Strabo, bk. 17, says that there are two of the same name in Africa, one of which, by way of distinction, is called Regius. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 3; bk. 9, ch. 8.—Mela, bk. 1, ch. 7.—Livy, bk. 29, chs. 3 & 32.――Also a town of Spain. Livy, bk. 39, ch. 30.――Of the Brutii.

Hippobotes, a large meadow near the Caspian sea, where 50,000 horses could graze.

Hippobotus, a Greek historian, who composed a treatise on philosophers. Diogenes Laërtius, Pythagoras.

Hippocentauri, a race of monsters who dwelt in Thessaly. See: Centauri.

Hippocoon, a son of Œbalus, brother to Tyndarus. He was put to death by Hercules, because he had driven his brother from the kingdom of Lacedæmon. He was at the chase of the Calydonian boar. Diodorus, bk. 4.—Apollodorus, bk. 2, &c.; bk. 3, ch. 10.—Pausanias, Laconia.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 8, li. 314.――A friend of Æneas, son of Hyrtacus, who distinguished himself in the funeral games of Sicily. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 492, &c.

Hippocorystes, a son of Ægyptus,――of Hippocoon. Apollodorus.

Hippocrăte, a daughter of Thespius. Apollodorus.

Hippŏcrătes, a celebrated physician of Cos, one of the Cyclades. He studied physic, in which his grandfather Nebrus was so eminently distinguished; and he improved himself by reading the tablets in the temples of the gods, where each individual had written down the diseases under which he had laboured, and the means by which he had recovered. He delivered Athens from a dreadful pestilence in the beginning of the Peloponnesian war, and he was publicly rewarded with a golden crown, the privileges of a citizen of Athens, and the initiation at the grand festivals. Skilful and diligent in his profession, he openly declared the measures which he had taken to cure a disease, and candidly confesses, that of 42 patients which were entrusted to his care, only 17 had recovered, and the rest had fallen a prey to the distemper in spite of his medical applications. He devoted all his time for the service of his country; and when Artaxerxes invited him, even by force of arms, to come to his court, Hippocrates firmly and modestly answered, that he was born to serve his countrymen, and not a foreigner. He enjoyed the rewards which his well-directed labours claimed, and while he lived in the greatest popularity, he was carefully employed in observing the symptoms and the growth of every disorder, and from his judicious remarks, succeeding physicians have received the most valuable advantages. The experiments which he had tried upon the human frame increased his knowledge, and from his consummate observations, he knew how to moderate his own life as well as to prescribe to others. He died in the 99th year of his age, B.C. 361, free from all disorders of the mind and body; and after death he received, with the name of Great, the same honours which were paid to Hercules. His writings, few of which remain, have procured him the epithet of divine, and show that he was the Homer of his profession. According to Galen, his opinion is as respectable as the voice of an oracle. He wrote in the Ionic dialect, at the advice of Democritus, though he was a Dorian. His memory is still venerated at Cos, and the present inhabitants of the island show a small house, which Hippocrates, as they mention, once inhabited. The best editions of his works are that of Fæsius, Geneva, folio, 1657; of Linden, 2 vols., 8vo, Amsterdam, 1665; and that of Mackius, 2 vols., folio, Viennæ, 1743. His treatises, especially the Aphorisms, have been published separately. Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 37.—Cicero, On Oratory, bk. 3.――An Athenian general in the Peloponnesian war. Plutarch.――A mathematician.――An officer of Chalcedon, killed by Alcibiades. Plutarch, Alcibiades.――A Syracusan defeated by Marcellus.――The father of Pisistratus.――A tyrant of Gela.

Hippocratia, a festival in honour of Neptune, in Arcadia.

Hippocrēne, a fountain of Bœotia, near mount Helicon, sacred to the muses. It first rose from the ground, when struck by the feet of the horse Pegasus, whence the name ἱππου κρηνη, the horse’s fountain. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 5, li. 256.

Hippŏdămas, a son of the Achelous,――of Priam. Apollodorus.

Hippŏdăme and Hippodamīa, a daughter of Œnomaus king of Pisa, in Elis, who married Pelops son of Tantalus. Her father, who was either enamoured of her himself, or afraid lest he should perish by one of his daughter’s children, according to an oracle, refused to marry her, except to him who could overcome him in a chariot-race. As the beauty of Hippodamia was greatly celebrated, many courted her, and accepted her father’s conditions, though death attended a defeat. Thirteen had already been conquered, and forfeited their lives, when Pelops came from Lydia and entered the lists. Pelops previously bribed Myrtilus the charioteer of Œnomaus, and ensured himself the victory. In the race, Œnomaus mounted on a broken chariot, which the corrupted Myrtilus had purposely provided for him, was easily overcome, and was killed in the course; and Pelops married Hippodamia, and avenged the death of Œnomaus, by throwing into the sea the perfidious Myrtilus, who claimed for the reward of his treachery the favour which Hippodamia could grant only to her husband. Hippodamia became mother of Atreus and Thyestes, and it is said that she died of grief for the death of her father, which her guilty correspondence with Pelops and Myrtilus had occasioned. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 3, li. 7.—Hyginus, fables 84 & 253.—Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 14, &c.—Diodorus, bk. 4.—Ovid, Heroides, poems 8 & 17.――A daughter of Adrastus king of Argos, who married Pirithous king of the Lapithæ. The festivity which prevailed on the day of her marriage was interrupted by the attempts of Eurytus to offer her violence. See: Pirithous. She is called Ischomache by some, and Deidamia by others. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12.—Plutarch, Theseus.――A daughter of Danaus. Apollodorus.――A mistress of Achilles, daughter of Brises.――A daughter of Anchises, who married Alcathous. Homer, Iliad, bk. 13, li. 429.

Hippŏdămus, a man of Miletus, who settled a republic without any previous knowledge of government. Aristotle, bk. 2, Politics.――A Pythagorean philosopher.――An Athenian who gave his house to his country, when he knew such a concession would improve the port of the Piræus.――An Athenian archon.――A man famous for his voracious appetite.

Hippŏdĭce, one of the Danaides. Apollodorus.

Hippodrŏmus, a son of Hercules. Apollodorus.――A Thessalian, who succeeded in a school at Athens, in the age of Marcus Antony. Philostratus.――A place where horse-races were exhibited. Martial, bk. 12, ltr. 50.

Hippŏla, a town of Peloponnesus. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 25.

Hippŏlŏchus, a son of Bellerophon, father to Glaucus, who commanded the Lycians during the Trojan war.――A son of Glaucus also bore the same name. Homer, Iliad, bk. 6, li. 119.――A son of Antimachus, slain in the Trojan war. Homer, Iliad, bk. 11, li. 122.

Hippŏly̆te, a queen of the Amazons, given in marriage to Theseus by Hercules, who had conquered her, and taken away her girdle by order of Eurystheus. See: Hercules. She had a son by Theseus, called Hippolytus. Plutarch, Theseus.—Propertius, bk. 4, poem 3.――The wife of Acastus, who fell in love with Peleus, who was in exile at her husband’s court. She accused him of incontinence, and of attempts upon her virtue, before Acastus, only because he refused to gratify her desires. She is also called Astyochia. See: Acastus.――A daughter of Cretheus. Apollodorus.

Hippŏly̆tus, a son of Theseus and Hippolyte, famous for his virtues and his misfortunes. His stepmother Phædra fell in love with him, and when he refused to pollute his father’s bed, she accused him of offering violence to her person before Theseus. Her accusation was readily believed, and Theseus entreated Neptune severely to punish the incontinence of his son. Hippolytus fled from the resentment of his father, and as he pursued his way along the sea-shore, his horses were so frightened at the noise of sea-calves, which Neptune had purposely sent there, that they ran among the rocks till his chariot was broken and his body torn to pieces. Temples were raised to his memory, particularly at Trœzene, where he received divine honours. According to some accounts, Diana restored him to life. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 3, li. 268; Metamorphoses, bk. 15, li. 469.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 761, &c.――A son of Ropalus king of Sicyon, greatly beloved by Apollo. Plutarch, Numa.――A giant killed by Mercury.――A son of Ægyptus. Apollodorus, bks. 1 & 2.――A christian writer in the third century, whose works have been edited by Fabricius, Hamburg, folio, 1716.

Hippŏmăchus, a musician, who severely rebuked one of his pupils because he was praised by the multitude, and observed that it was the greatest proof of his ignorance. Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 2, ch. 6.

Hippŏmĕdon, a son of Nisimachus and Mythidice, who was one of the seven chiefs who went against Thebes. He was killed by Ismarus son of Acastus. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 6.—Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 36.

Hippomedūsa, a daughter of Danaus. Apollodorus.

Hippŏmĕnes, an Athenian archon, who exposed his daughter Limone to be devoured by horses, because guilty of adultery. Ovid, Ibis, li. 459.――A son of Macareus and Merope, who married Atalanta [See: Atalanta], with the assistance of Venus. These two fond lovers were changed into lions by Cybele, whose temple they had profaned in their impatience to consummate their nuptials. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 10, li. 585, &c.――The father of Megareus.

Hippomolgi, a people of Scythia, who, as the name implies, lived upon the milk of horses. Hippocrates has given an account of their manner of living, De Aere Aquis et Locis, ♦ch. 18.—Dionysius Periegetes.

♦ ‘44’ replaced with ‘18’

Hĭppon and Hippo, a town of Africa.

Hippōna, a goddess who presided over horses. Her statues were placed in horses’ stables. Juvenal, satire 8, li. 157.

Hippōnax, a Greek poet born at Ephesus, 540 years before the christian era. He cultivated the same satirical poetry as Archilochus, and was not inferior to him in the beauty or vigour of his lines. His satirical raillery obliged him to fly from Ephesus. As he was naturally deformed, two brothers, Buphalus and Anthermus, made a statue of him, which, by the deformity of its features, exposed the poet to universal ridicule. Hipponax resolved to avenge the injury, and he wrote such bitter invectives and satirical lampoons against them, that they hanged themselves in despair. Cicero, Letters to his Friends, bk. 7, ltr. 24.

Hipponiates, a bay in the country of the Brutii.

Hipponīum, a city in the country of the Brutii, where Agathocles built a dock. Strabo.

Hipponous, the father of Peribœa and Capaneus. He was killed by the thunderbolts of Jupiter before the walls of Thebes. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 8; bk. 3, ch. 1.――The first name of Bellerophon.――A son of Priam.

Hippopŏdes, a people of Scythia, who have horses’ feet. Dionysius Periegetes.

Hippostrătus, a favourite of Lais.

Hippŏtădes, the patronymic of Æolus, grandson to Hippotas by Segesta, as also of Amastrus his son, who was killed in the Rutulian war. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 11, li. 674.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 11, li. 431.

Hippŏtas, or Hippŏtes, a Trojan prince, changed into a river. See: Crinisus.――The father of Æolus, who from thence is called Hippotades. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 10, li. 2.—Ovid, Heroides, poem 18, li. 46; Metamorphoses, bk. 14, li. 224.

Hippothoe, a daughter of Mestor and Lysidice, carried away to the islands called Echinades by Neptune, by whom she had a son named Taphius. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 4.――One of the Nereides. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 2.――A daughter of Pelias. Apollodorus.

Hippŏthoon, a son of Neptune and Alope daughter of Cercyon, exposed in the woods by his mother, that her amours with the god might be concealed from her father. Her shame was discovered, and her father ordered her to be put to death. Neptune changed her into a fountain, and the child was preserved by mares, whence his name, and when grown up, placed on his grandfather’s throne by the friendship of Theseus. Hyginus, fable 187.—Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 38.

Hippothoontis, one of the 12 Athenian tribes, which received its name from Hippothoon.

Hippŏthous, a son of Lethus, killed by Ajax in the Trojan war. Homer, Iliad, bks. 2 & 17.――A son of Priam. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 12.――A son of Ægyptus. Apollodorus.――One of the hunters of the Calydonian boar. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 1, li. 307.

Hippŏtion, a prince who assisted the Trojans, and was killed by Merion. Homer, Iliad, bks. 13 & 14.

Hippūris, one of the Cyclades. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.

Hippus, a river falling into the Phasis.

Hipsides, a Macedonian, &c. Curtius, bk. 7, ch. 7.

Hira, a maritime town of Peloponnesus. Homer, Iliad, bk. 12.

Hirpīni, a people of the Samnites. Silius Italicus, bk. 8, li. 560.

Quinctius Hirpīnus, a Roman, to whom Horace dedicated his bk. 2, ode 11, and also bk. 1, ltr. 16.

Hirtus, a debauched fellow, &c. Juvenal, satire 10, li. 222.

Hirtia lex, de magistratibus, by Aulus Hirtius. It required that none of Pompey’s adherents should be raised to any office or dignity in the state.

Hirtius Aulus, a consul with Pansa, who assisted Brutus when besieged at Mutina by Antony. They defeated Antony, but were both killed in battle B.C. 43. Suetonius, Augustus, ch. 10.――An historian to whom the eighth book of Cæsar’s history of the Gallic wars, as also that of the Alexandrian and Spanish wars, is attributed. The style is inferior to that of Cæsar’s Commentaries. The author, who was Cæsar’s friend, and Cicero’s pupil, is supposed to be no other than the consul of that name.

Hisbon, a Rutulian, killed by Pallas. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 384.

Hispălis, an ancient town of Spain, now called Seville. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 3.—Cicero, Letters to his Friends, bk. 10, ltr. 32.

Hispānia, or Hispāniæ, called by the poets Iberia, Hesperia, and Hesperia Ultima, a large country of Europe, separated from Gaul by the Pyrenean mountains, and bounded on every other side by the sea. Spain was first known to the merchants of Phœnicia, and from them passed to the Carthaginians, to whose power it long continued in subjection. The Romans became sole masters of it at the end of the second Punic war, and divided it at first into citerior and ulterior, which last was afterwards separated into Bætica and Lusitania by Augustus. The Hispania citerior was also called Tarraconensis. The inhabitants were naturally warlike, and they often destroyed a life which was become useless, and even burdensome, by its infirmities. Spain was famous for its rich mines of silver, which employed 40,000 workmen, and daily yielded to the Romans no less than 20,000 drachms. These have long since failed, though, in the flourishing times of Rome, Spain was said to contain more gold, silver, brass, and iron than the rest of the world. It gave birth to Quintilian, Lucan, Martial, Mela, Silius, Seneca, &c. Justin, bk. 44.—Strabo, bk. 3.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 6.—Pliny, bk. 3, chs. 1 & 20.

Hispānus, a native of Spain. The word Hispaniensis was also used, but generally applied to a person living in Spain and not born there. Martial, bk. 12, preface.

Hispellum, a town of Umbria.

Hispo, a noted debauchee, &c. Juvenal, satire 2, li. 50.

Hispulla, a lascivious woman. Juvenal, satire 6, li. 74.

Histaspes, a relation of Darius III., killed in a battle, &c. Curtius, bk. 4, ch. 4.

Hister, a river. See: Ister.

Hister Pacuvius, a man distinguished as much by his vices as his immense riches. Juvenal, satire 2, li. 58.

Histiæa, a city of Eubœa, anciently called Talantia. It was near the promontory called Ceneum. Homer, Iliad, bk. 2.

Histiæōtis, a country of Thessaly, situate below mount Olympus and mount Ossa, anciently called Doris, from Dorus the son of Deucalion, and inhabited by the Pelasgi. The Pelasgi were driven from the country by the Cadmeans, and these last were also dispossessed by the Perrhæbeans, who gave to their newly acquired possessions the name of Histiæotis, or Estiæotis, from Estiæa, or Histiæa, a town of Eubœa, which they had then lately destroyed, and whose inhabitants they had carried to Thessaly with them. Strabo.—Herodotus, bk. 4.――A small country of Eubœa, of which Histiæa, or Estiæa, was the capital.

Histiæus, a tyrant of Miletus, who excited the Greeks to take up arms against Persia. Herodotus, bk. 5, &c.――An historian of Miletus.

Histria. See: Istria.

Hodius, a herald in the Trojan war.

Holŏcron, a mountain of Macedon.

Homeromastix, a surname given to Zoilus the critic.

Hŏmērus, a celebrated Greek poet, the most ancient of all the profane writers. The age in which he lived is not known, though some suppose it to be about 168 years after the Trojan war, or, according to others, 160 years before the foundation of Rome. According to Paterculus, he flourished 968 years before the christian era, or 884, according to Herodotus, who supposes him to be contemporary with Hesiod. The Arundelian Marbles fix his era 907 years before Christ, and make him also contemporary with Hesiod. This diversity of opinions proves the antiquity of Homer; and the uncertainty prevails also concerning the place of his nativity. No less than seven illustrious cities disputed the right of having given birth to the greatest of poets, as it is well expressed in these lines:

Smyrna, Chios, Colophon, Salamis, Rhodos, Argos, Athenæ,

Orbis de patriâ certat, Homere, tuâ.

He was called Melesigenes, because supposed to be born on the borders of the river Meles. There prevailed a report that he had established a school at Chios in the latter part of his life; and, indeed, this opinion is favoured by the present inhabitants of the island, who still glory in showing to travellers the seats where the venerable master and his pupils sat in the hollow of a rock, at the distance of about four miles from the modern capital of the island. These difficulties and doubts have not been removed, though Aristotle, Herodotus, Plutarch, and others have employed their pen in writing his life. In his two celebrated poems, called the Iliad and Odyssey, Homer has displayed the most consummate knowledge of human nature, and rendered himself immortal by the sublimity, the fire, sweetness, and elegance of his poetry. He deserves a greater share of admiration when we consider that he wrote without a model, and that none of his poetical imitators have been able to surpass, or, perhaps, to equal their great master. If there are any faults found in his poetry, they are to be attributed to the age in which he lived, and not to him; and we must observe that the world is indebted to Homer for his happy successor Virgil. In his Iliad, Homer has described the resentment of Achilles, and its fatal consequences in the Grecian army, before the walls of Troy. In the Odyssey, the poet has chosen for his subject the return of Ulysses into his country, with the many misfortunes which attended his voyage after the fall of Troy. These two poems are each divided into 24 books, the same number as the letters of the Greek alphabet, and though the Iliad claims an uncontested superiority over the Odyssey, yet the same force, the same sublimity and elegance, prevail, though divested of its most powerful fire; and Longinus, the most refined of critics, beautifully compares the Iliad to the mid-day, and the Odyssey to the setting sun, and observes, that the latter still preserves its original splendour and majesty, though deprived of its meridian heat. The poetry of Homer was so universally admired, that, in ancient times, every man of learning could repeat with facility any passage in the Iliad or Odyssey; and, indeed, it was a sufficient authority to settle disputed boundaries, or to support any argument. The poems of Homer are the compositions of a man who travelled and examined with the most critical accuracy whatever deserved notice and claimed attention. Modern travellers are astonished to see the different scenes which the pen of Homer described about 3000 years ago still existing in the same unvaried form, and the sailor who steers his course along the Ægean, sees all the promontories and rocks which appeared to Nestor and Menelaus, when they returned victorious from the Trojan war. The ancients had such veneration for Homer, that they not only raised temples and altars to him, but offered sacrifices, and worshipped him as a god. The inhabitants of Chios celebrated festivals every fifth year in his honour, and medals were struck, which represented him sitting on a throne, holding his Iliad and Odyssey. In Egypt his memory was consecrated by Ptolemy Philopator, who erected a magnificent temple, within which was placed a statue of the poet, beautifully surrounded with a representation of the seven cities which contended for the honour of his birth. The inhabitants of Cos, one of the Sporades, boasted that Homer was buried in their island; and the Cyprians claimed the same honour, and said that he was born of Themisto, a female native of Cyprus. Alexander was so fond of Homer, that he generally placed his compositions under his pillow, with his sword; and he carefully deposited the Iliad in one of the richest and most valuable caskets of Darius, observing that the most perfect work of human genius ought to be preserved in a box the most valuable and precious in the world. It is said that Pisistratus tyrant of Athens was the first who collected and arranged the Iliad and Odyssey in the manner in which they now appear to us; and that it is to the well-directed pursuits of Lycurgus that we are indebted for their preservation. Many of the ancients have written the life of Homer, yet their inquiries and labours have not much contributed to prove the native place, the patronage and connections, of a man whom some have represented as deprived of sight. Besides the Iliad and Odyssey, Homer wrote, according to the opinion of some authors, a poem upon Amphiaraus’s expedition against Thebes, besides the Phoceis, the Cercopes, the small Iliad, the Epicichlides, and the Batrachomyomachia, and many hymns to some of the gods. The merit of originality is taken, very improperly perhaps, from Homer, by those who suppose, with Clement of Alexandria, bk. 6 Stromateis, that he borrowed from Orpheus, or that, according to Suidas [voce Corinnus], he took his plan of the Iliad from Corinnus, an epic poet, who wrote on the Trojan war, at the very time the Greeks besieged that famed city. Agathon, an ancient painter, according to Ælian, represented the merit of the poet in a manner as bold as it was indelicate. Homer was represented as vomiting, and all other poets as swallowing what he ejected. Of the numerous commentaries published on Homer, that of Eustathius bishop of Thessalonica is by far the most extensive and erudite. The best editions of Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey may, perhaps, be found to be by Barnes, 2 vols., 4to, Cambridge, 1711; that of Glasgow, 2 vols., folio, 1758; that of Berglerus, 2 vols., 12mo, Amsterdam, 1707; that of Dr. Clarke of the Iliad, 2 vols., 4to, 1729, and that of the Odyssey, 1740; and that of Oxford, 5 vols., 8vo, 1780, containing the scholia, hymns, and an index. Herodotus, bk. 2, ch. 53.—Theocritus, poem 16.—Aristotle, Poetics.—Strabo.— Dio Chrysostom, bk. 33, Orationes.—Pausanias, bks. 2, 9, 10.—Heliodorus, bk. 3.—Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 13.—Valerius Maximus, bk. 8, ch. 8.—Quintilian, bks. 1, 8, 10, 12.—Paterculus, bk. 1, ch. 5.—Dionysius of Halicarnassus.—Plutarch, Alexander, &c.――One of the Greek poets called Pleiades, born at Hierapolis, B.C. 263. He wrote 45 tragedies, all lost.――There were seven other poets, of inferior note, who bore the name of Homer.

Homŏle, a lofty mountain of Thessaly, once the residence of the Centaurs. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 675.

Homŏlea, a mountain of Magnesia.

Homolippus, a son of Hercules and Xanthis. Apollodorus.

Homoloides, one of the seven gates of Thebes. Statius, Thebiad, bk. 7, li. 252.

Homonadenses, a people of Cilicia.

Honōrius, an emperor of the western empire of Rome, who succeeded his father Theodosius the Great, with his brother Arcadius. He was neither bold nor vicious, but he was of a modest and timid disposition, unfit for enterprise, and fearful of danger. He conquered his enemies by means of his generals, and suffered himself and his people to be governed by ministers who took advantage of their imperial master’s indolence and inactivity. He died of a dropsy in the 39th year of his age, 15th of August, A.D. 423. He left no issue, though he married two wives. Under him and his brother the Roman power was divided into two different empires. The successors of Honorius, who fixed their residence at Rome, were called the emperors of the west, and the successors of Arcadius, who sat on the throne of Constantinople, were distinguished by the name of emperors of the eastern Roman empire. This division of power proved fatal to both empires, and they soon looked upon one another with indifference, contempt, and jealousy.

Honour, a virtue worshipped at Rome. Her first temple was erected by Scipio Africanus, and another was afterwards built by Claudius Marcellus. Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 2, ch. 23.

Hora, a goddess at Rome, supposed to be Hersilia, who married Romulus. She was said to preside over beauty. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 14, li. 851.

Horacitæ, a people near Illyricum.

Horapollo, a Greek writer, whose age is unknown. His Hieroglyphica, a curious and entertaining book, has been edited by Cornelius de Pauw, 4to, Utrecht, 1727.

Horæ, three sisters, daughters of Jupiter and Themis, according to Hesiod called Eunomia, Dice, and Irene. They were the same as the seasons who presided over the spring, summer, and winter, and were represented by the poets as opening the gates of heaven and of Olympus. Homer, Iliad, bk. 5, li. 749.—Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 11.—Hesiod, Theogony, li. 902.

Horātia, the sister of Horatii, killed by her brother for mourning the death of the Curiatii. Cicero, de Inventione, bk. 2, ch. 20.

Hŏrātius Cocles. See: Cocles.――Quintus Flaccus, a celebrated poet, born at Venusia. His father was a freedman, and though poor in his circumstances, he liberally educated his son, and sent him to learn philosophy at Athens, after he had received the lessons of the best masters at Rome. Horace followed Brutus from Athens, and the timidity which he betrayed at the battle of Philippi so effectually discouraged him, that he for ever abandoned the profession of arms, and at his return to Rome he applied himself to cultivate poetry. His rising talents claimed the attention of Virgil and Varius, who recommended him to the care of Mecænas and Augustus, the most celebrated patrons of literature. Under the fostering patronage of the emperor and of his minister, Horace gave himself up to indolence and refined pleasure. He was a follower of Epicurus, and while he liberally indulged his appetites, he neglected the calls of ambition, and never suffered himself to be carried away by the tide of popularity or public employments. He even refused to become the secretary of Augustus, and the emperor was not offended at his refusal. He lived at the table of his illustrious patrons as if he were in his own house; and Augustus, while sitting at his meals with Virgil at his right hand, and Horace at his left, often ridiculed the short breath of the former, and the watery eyes of the latter, by observing that he sat between tears and sighs, Ego sum inter suspiria et lacrymas. Horace was warm in his friendship, and if ever any ill-judged reflection had caused offence, the poet immediately made every concession which could effect a reconciliation, and not destroy the good purposes of friendly society. Horace died in the 57th year of his age, B.C. 8. His gaiety was suitable to the liveliness and dissipation of a court; and his familiar intimacy with Mecænas has induced some to believe that the death of Horace was violent, and that he hastened himself out of the world to accompany his friend. The 17th ode of his second book, which was written during the last illness of Mecænas, is too serious to be considered as a poetical rhapsody or unmeaning effusion, and indeed, the poet survived the patron only three weeks, and ordered his bones to be buried near those of his friend. He left all his possessions to Augustus. The poetry of Horace, so much commended for its elegance and sweetness, is deservedly censured for the licentious expressions and indelicate thoughts which he too frequently introduces. In his odes he has imitated Pindar and Anacreon; and if he has confessed himself to be inferior to the former, he has shown that he bears the palm over the latter by his more ingenious and refined sentiments, by the ease and melody of his expressions, and by the pleasing variety of his numbers. In his satires and epistles, Horace displays much wit, and much satirical humour, without much poetry, and his style, simple and unadorned, differs little from prosaical composition. In his art of poetry he has shown much taste and judgment, and has rendered in Latin hexameters what Aristotle had, some ages before delivered to his pupils in Greek prose. The poet gives judicious rules and useful precepts to the most powerful and opulent citizens of Rome, who, in the midst of peace and enjoyment, wished to cultivate poetry and court the muses. The best editions of Horace will be found to be that of Basil, folio, 1580, illustrated by 80 commentators; that of Baxter’s, edited by Gesner, 8vo, Lipscomb, 1752; and that of Glasgow, 12mo, 1744. Suetonius, Augustus.—Ovid, Tristia, bk. 4, poem 10, li. 49.――Three brave Romans, born at the same birth, who fought against the three Curiatii, about 667 years before Christ. This celebrated fight was fought between the hostile camps of the people of Alba and Rome, and on their success depended the victory. In the first attack two of the Horatii were killed, and the only surviving brother, by joining artifice to valour, obtained an honourable trophy. By ♦pretending to fly from the field of battle, he easily separated his antagonists, and, in attacking them one by one, he was enabled to conquer them all. As he returned victorious to Rome, his sister reproached him with the murder of one of the Curiatii, to whom she was promised in marriage. He was incensed at the rebuke, and killed his sister. This violence raised the indignation of the people; he was tried and capitally condemned. His eminent services, however, pleaded in his favour; the sentence of death was exchanged for a more moderate, but more ignominious punishment, and he was only compelled to pass under the yoke. A trophy was raised in the Roman forum, on which he suspended the spoils of the conquered Curiatii. Cicero, de Inventione, bk. 2, ch. 26.—Livy, bk. 1, ch. 24, &c.—Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 3, ch. 3.――A Roman consul, who defeated the Sabines.――A consul, who dedicated the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus. During the ceremony he was informed of the death of his son, but he did not forget the sacred character he then bore for the feelings of a parent, and continued the dedication after ordering the body to be buried. Livy, bk. 2.

♦ ‘pretenting’ replaced with ‘pretending’

Horcias, the general of 3000 Macedonians, who revolted from Antigonus in Cappadocia. Polyænus, bk. 4.

Hormisdas, a name which some of the Persian kings bore in the reign of the Roman emperors.

Horesti, a people of Britain, supposed to be the inhabitants of Eskdale, now in Scotland. Tacitus, Agricola, ch. 38.

Horratus, a Macedonian soldier, who fought with another private soldier in the sight of the whole army of Alexander. Curtius, bk. 9, ch. 7.

Hortensia, a celebrated Roman lady, daughter of the orator Hortensius, whose eloquence she had inherited in the most eminent degree. When the triumvirs had obliged 14,000 women to give upon oath an account of their possessions, to defray the expenses of the state, ♦Hortensia undertook to plead their cause, and was so successful in her attempt, that 1000 of her female fellow-sufferers escaped from the avarice of the triumvirate. Valerius Maximus, bk. 8, ch. 3.

♦ ‘Hortensa’ replaced with ‘Hortensia’

Hortensia lex, by Quintus Hortensius the dictator, A.U.C. 697. It ordered the whole body of the Roman people to pay implicit obedience to whatever was enacted by the commons. The nobility, before this law was enacted, had claimed an absolute exemption.

Horta, a divinity among the Romans, who presided over youth, and patronized all exhortations to virtue and honourable deeds. She is the same as Hersilia.

Horta, or Hortinum, a town of the Sabines, on the confluence of the Nar and the Tiber. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 716.

Quintus Hortensius, a celebrated orator, who began to distinguish himself by his eloquence, in the Roman forum, at the age of 19. His friend and successor Cicero speaks with great eulogium of his oratorical powers, and mentions the uncommon extent of his memory. The affected actions of Hortensius at the bar procured him the ridiculous surname of Dionysia, a celebrated stage-dancer at the time. He was pretor and consul, and died 50 years before Christ, in his 63rd year. His orations are not extant. Quintilian mentions them as undeserving the great commendations which Cicero had so liberally bestowed upon them. Hortensius was very rich, and not less than 10,000 casks of Arvisian wine were found in his cellar after his death. He had written pieces of amorous poetry, and annals, all lost. Cicero, Brutus; Letters to Atticus; On Oratory, &c.—Varro, de Re Rustica, bk. 3, ch. 5.――Corbio, a grandson of the orator of the same name, famous for his lasciviousness.――A rich Roman, who asked the elder Cato his wife, to procreate children. Cato gave his wife to his friend, and took her again after his death. This behaviour of Cato was highly censured at Rome, and it was observed, that Cato’s wife had entered the house of Hortensius very poor, but that she returned to the bed of Cato in the greatest opulence. Plutarch, Cato.――A Roman, slain by Antony on his brother’s tomb. Plutarch.――A pretor, who gave up Macedonia to Brutus. Plutarch.――One of Sylla’s lieutenants. Plutarch.――A Roman, the first who introduced the eating of peacocks at Rome. This was at the feast which he gave when he was created augur.

Hortōna, a town of Italy, on the confines of the Æqui. Livy, bk. 3, ch. 30.

Horus, a son of Isis, one of the deities of the Egyptians.――A king of Assyria.

Hospitālis, a surname of Jupiter among the Romans as the god of hospitality.

Hostilia lex, was enacted A.U.C. 583. By it such as were among the enemies of the republic, or absent when the state required their assistance, were guilty of rapine.

Hostilia, a large town on the Po. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 2, ch. 40.—Pliny, bk. 21, ch. 12.

Hostius Hostilius, a warlike Roman, presented with a crown of boughs by Romulus, for his intrepid behaviour in a battle. Dionysius of Halicarnassus.――A consul.――A Latin poet in the age of Julius Cæsar, who composed a poem on the wars of Istria. Macrobius, satire 6, chs. 3 & 5.

Hunni, a people of Sarmatia, who invaded the empire of Rome in the fifth century, and settled in Pannonia, to which they gave the name of Hungary.

Hyacinthia, an annual solemnity at Amyclæ, in Laconia, in honour of Hyacinthus and Apollo. It continued for three days, during which time the grief of the people was so great for the death of Hyacinthus, that they did not adorn their hair with garlands during their festivals, nor eat bread, but fed only upon sweetmeats. They did not even sing pæans in honour of Apollo, or observe any of the solemnities which were usual at other sacrifices. On the second day of the festival there were a number of different exhibitions. Youths, with their garments girt about them, entertained the spectators, by playing sometimes upon the flute, or upon the harp, and by singing anapestic songs, in loud, echoing voices, in honour of Apollo. Others passed across the theatre mounted upon horses richly adorned, and, at the same time, choirs of young men came upon the stage singing their uncouth rustic songs, and accompanied by persons who danced at the sound of vocal and instrumental music, according to the ancient custom. Some virgins were also introduced in chariots of wood, covered at the top and magnificently adorned. Others appeared in race chariots. The city began then to be filled with joy, and immense numbers of victims were offered on the altars of Apollo, and the votaries liberally entertained their friends and slaves. During this latter part of the festivity, all were eager to be present at the games, and the city was almost left without inhabitants. Athenæus, bk. 4.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 10, li. 219.—Pausanias, bk. 3, chs. 1 & 19.

Hyacinthus, a son of Amyclas and Diomede, greatly beloved by Apollo and Zephyrus. He returned the former’s love, and Zephyrus, incensed at his coldness and indifference, resolved to punish his rival. As Apollo, who was entrusted with the education of Hyacinthus, once played at quoit with his pupil, Zephyrus blew the quoit, as soon as it was thrown by Apollo, upon the head of Hyacinthus, and he was killed with the blow. Apollo was so disconsolate at the death of Hyacinthus, that he changed his blood into a flower, which bore his name, and placed his body among the constellations. The Spartans also established yearly festivals in honour of the nephew of their king. See: Hyacinthia. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 19.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 10, li. 185, &c.—Apollodorus, bk. 3, &c.

Hyădes, five daughters of Atlas king of Mauritania, who were so disconsolate at the death of their brother Hyas, who had been killed by a wild boar, that they pined away and died. They became stars after death, and were placed near Taurus, one of the 12 signs of the Zodiac. They received the name of Hyades from their brother Hyas. Their names are Phaola, Ambrosia, Eudora, Coronis, and Polyxo. To these some have added Thione and Prodice, and they maintained that they were daughters of Hyas and Æthra, one of the Oceanides. Euripides calls them daughters of Erechtheus. The ancients supposed that the rising and setting of the Hyades were always attended with much rain, whence the name (ὑω pluo). Ovid, Fasti, bk. 5, li. 165.—Hyginus, fable 182.—Euripides, Ion.

Hyăgnis, a Phrygian, father of Marsyas. He invented the flute. Plutarch, de Musica.

Hyăla, a city at the mouth of the Indus, where the government is the same as at Sparta.――One of Diana’s attendant nymphs. Ovid.

Hyampŏlis, a city of Phocis, on the Cephisus, founded by the Hyanthes. Herodotus, bk. 8.

Hyanthes, the ancient name of the inhabitants of Bœotia, from king Hyas. Cadmus is sometimes called Hyanthius, because he was king of Bœotia. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 3, li. 147.

Hyantis, an ancient name of Bœotia.

Hyarbita, a man who endeavoured to imitate Timogenes, &c. Horace, bk. 1, ltr. 19, li. 15.

Hyas, a son of Atlas of Mauritania by Æthra. His extreme fondness for shooting proved fatal to him, and in his attempts to rob a lioness of her whelps, he was killed by the enraged animal. Some say that he died by the bite of a serpent, and others that he was killed by a wild boar. His sisters mourned his death with such constant lamentations, that Jupiter, in compassion for their sorrow, changed them into stars. See: Hyades. Hyginus, fable 192.—Ovid, Fasti, bk. 5, li. 170.

Hybla, a mountain in Sicily, called afterwards Megara, where thyme and odoriferous flowers of all sorts grew in abundance. It is famous for its honey. There is at the foot of the mountain a town of the same name. There is also another near mount Ætna, close to Catana. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 23.—Strabo, bk. 6.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.—Cicero, Against Verres, bk. 3, ch. 43; bk. 5, ch. 25.—Silius Italicus, bk. 14, li. 26.—Statius, bk. 14, li. 201.――A city of Attica bears also the name of Hybla.

Hybrēas, an orator of Caria, &c. Strabo, bk. 13.

Hybrianes, a people near Thrace.

Hyccaron (plural, a), a town of Sicily, the native place of Lais.

Hyda and Hyde, a town of Lydia, under mount Tmolus, which some suppose to be the same as Sardes.

Hydara, a town of Armenia. Strabo, bk. 12.

Hydarnes, one of the seven noble Persians who conspired to destroy the usurper Smerdis, &c. Herodotus, bks. 3 & 6.—Strabo, bk. 11.

Hydaspes, a river of Asia, flowing by Susa. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 4, li. 211.――Another in India, now Behut or Chelum, the boundaries of Alexander’s conquests in the east. It falls into the Indus. Curtius, bk. 5, ch. 2.—Lucan, bk. 8, li. 227.—Horace, bk. 1, ode 22, li. 7.—Strabo, bk. 15.――A friend of Æneas, killed in the Rutulian war. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 747.

Hydra, a celebrated monster, which infested the neighbourhood of the lake Lerna in Peloponnesus. It was the fruit of Echidna’s union with Typhon. It had 100 heads, according to Diodorus; 50, according to Simonides; and nine, according to the more received opinion of Apollodorus, Hyginus, &c. As soon as one of these heads was cut off, two immediately grew up if the wound was not stopped by fire. It was one of the labours of Hercules to destroy this dreadful monster, and this he easily effected with the assistance of Iolas, who applied a burning iron to the wounds as soon as one head was cut off. While Hercules was destroying the hydra, Juno, jealous of his glory, sent a sea-crab to bite his foot. This new enemy was soon despatched; and Juno, unable to succeed in her attempts to lessen the fame of Hercules, placed the crab among the constellations, where it is now called the Cancer. The conqueror dipped his arrows in the gall of the hydra, and, from that circumstance, all the wounds which he gave proved incurable and mortal. Hesiod, Theogony.—Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 5.—Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 17.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 9, li. 69.—Horace, bk. 4, ode 4, li. 61.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 276; bk. 7, li. 658.

Hydraotes, a river of India, crossed by Alexander.

Hydrophŏria, a festival observed at Athens, called ἀπο του φορειν ὑδωρ, from carrying water. It was celebrated in commemoration of those who perished in the deluge of Deucalion and Ogyges.

Hydruntum and Hydrus, a city of Calabria, 50 miles south of Brundusium. As the distance from thence to Greece was only 60 miles, Pyrrhus, and afterwards Varro, Pompey’s lieutenant, meditated the building here a bridge across the Adriatic. Though so favourably situated, Hydrus, now called Otranto, is but an insignificant town, scarce containing 3000 inhabitants. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 11.—Cicero, bk. 15, Letters to Atticus, ltr. 21; bk. 16, ltr. 5.—Lucan, bk. 5, li. 375.

Hydrūsa, a town of Attica. Strabo, bk. 9.

Hyĕla, a town of Lucania. Strabo, bk. 6.

Hyempsal, a son of Micipsa, brother to Adherbal, murdered by Jugurtha, after the death of his father. Sallust, Jugurthine War.

Hyettus, a town of Bœotia. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 24.

Hygeia, or Hygiea, the goddess of health, daughter of Æsculapius, held in great veneration among the ancients. Her statues represented her with a veil, and the matrons usually consecrated their locks to her. She was also represented on monuments as a young woman holding a serpent in one hand, and in the other a cup, out of which the serpent sometimes drank. According to some authors, Hygeia is the same as Minerva, who received that name from Pericles, who erected her a statue, because in a dream she had told him the means of curing an architect, whose assistance he wanted to build a temple. Plutarch, Pericles.—Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 23.

Hygiana, a town of Peloponnesus.

Caius Julius Hygīnus, a grammarian, one of the freedmen of Augustus. He was a native of Alexandria; or, according to some, he was a Spaniard, very intimate with Ovid. He was appointed librarian to the library of mount Palatine, and he was able to maintain himself by the liberality of Caius Licinius. He wrote a mythological history, which he called fables, and Poeticon Astronomicon, besides treatises on the cities of Italy, on such Roman families as were descended from the Trojans, a book on agriculture, commentaries on Virgil, the lives of great men, &c., now lost. The best edition of Hyginus is that of Munkerus, 2 vols., 8vo, Amsterdam, 1681. These compositions have been greatly mutilated, and their incorrectness and their bad Latinity have induced some to suppose that they are spurious. Suetonius, Lives of the Grammarians.

Hyla and Hylas, a river of Mysia, where Hylas was drowned. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 3, li. 6.――A colony of Phocis.

Hylactor, one of Actæon’s dogs, from his barking (ὐλακτω, latro). Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 3.

Hylæ, a small town of Bœotia. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 7.

Hylæus, a name given to some centaurs, one of whom was killed by Hercules on mount Pholoe. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 8, li. 294.――Another, by Theseus, at the nuptials of Pirithous. Statius, Thebiad, bk. 7, li. 267.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12, li. 378.――Another, killed by Bacchus. Statius, Thebiad, bk. 6, li. 530.—Virgil, Georgics, bk. 2, li. 457.――A fourth, killed by Atalanta. Apollodorus, bk. 3.――One of Actæon’s dogs.

Hylas, a son of Thiodamas king of Mysia and Menedice, stolen away by Hercules, and carried on board the ship Argo to Colchis. On the Asiatic coast the Argonauts landed to take a supply of fresh water, and Hylas, following the example of his companions, went to the fountain with a pitcher, and fell into the water and was drowned. The poets have embellished this tragical story, by saying that the nymphs of the river, enamoured of the beautiful Hylas, carried him away; and that Hercules, disconsolate at the loss of his favourite youth, filled the woods and mountains with his complaints, and at last abandoned the Argonautic expedition to go and seek him. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9.—Hyginus, fables 14, 271.—Virgil, Eclogues, poem 6.—Propertius, bk. 1, poem 20.――A river of Bithynia. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 32.

Hylax, a dog mentioned in Virgil, Eclogues, poem 8.

Hylias, a river of Magna Græcia.

Hyllaicus, a part of Peloponnesus, near Messenia.

Hyllus, a son of Hercules and Dejanira, who, soon after his father’s death, married Iole. He, as well as his father, was persecuted by the envy of Eurystheus, and obliged to fly from the Peloponnesus. The Athenians gave a kind reception to Hyllus and the rest of the Heraclidæ, and marched against Eurystheus. Hyllus obtained a victory over his enemies, and killed with his own hand Eurystheus, and sent his head to Alcmena his grandmother. Some time after he attempted to recover the Peloponnesus with the Heraclidæ, and was killed in single combat by Echemus king of Arcadia. See: Heraclidæ, Hercules. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 204, &c.—Strabo, bk. 9.—Diodorus, bk. 4.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 9, li. 279.――A river of Lydia, flowing into the Hernus. It is called also Phryx. Livy, bk. 37, ch. 38.—Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 180.

Hylonŏme, the wife of Cyllarus, who killed herself the moment her husband was murdered by the Lapithæ. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12, li. 405.

Hylophăgi, a people of Æthiopia. Diodorus, bk. 3.

Hymĕnæus and Hymen, the god of marriage among the Greeks, was son of Bacchus and Venus, or, according to others, of Apollo and one of the muses. Hymenæus, according to the more received opinions, was a young Athenian of extraordinary beauty, but ignoble origin. He became enamoured of the daughter of one of the richest and noblest of his countrymen, and, as the rank and elevation of his mistress removed him from her presence and conversation, he contented himself to follow her wherever she went. In a certain procession, in which all the matrons of Athens went to Eleusis, Hymenæus, to accompany his mistress, disguised himself in woman’s clothes, and joined the religious troop. His youth, and the fairness of his features, favoured his disguise. A great part of the procession was seized by the sudden arrival of some pirates, and Hymenæus, who shared the captivity of his mistress, encouraged his female companions, and assassinated their ravishers while they were asleep. Immediately after this, Hymenæus repaired to Athens, and promised to restore to liberty the matrons who had been enslaved, provided he was allowed to marry one among them who was the object of his passion. The Athenians consented, and Hymenæus experienced so much felicity in his marriage state, that the people of Athens instituted festivals in his honour, and solemnly invoked him at their nuptials, as the Latins did their Thalassius. Hymen was generally represented as crowned with flowers, chiefly with marjoram or roses, and holding a burning torch in one hand, and in the other a vest of a purple colour. It was supposed that he always attended at nuptials; for, if not, matrimonial connections were fatal, and ended in the most dreadful calamities; and hence people ran about calling aloud, “Hymen! Hymen!” &c. Ovid, Medeâ; Metamorphoses, bk. 12, li. 215.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, &c.—Catullus, poem 62.

Hymettus, a mountain of Attica, about 22 miles in circumference, and about two miles from Athens, still famous for its bees and excellent honey. There was also a quarry of marble there. Jupiter had there a temple; whence he is called Hymettius. Strabo, bk. 9.—Silius Italicus, bk. 2, li. 228; bk. 14, li. 200.—Pliny, bk. 36, ch. 3.—Horace, bk. 2, ode 18, li. 3; bk. 2, satire 2, li. 15.—Cicero, bk. 2, de Finibus Bonorum et Malorum, ch. 34.

Hypæpa, or Ipepæ, now Berki, a town of Lydia, sacred to Venus, between mount Tmolus and the Caystrus. Strabo, bk. 13.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 11, li. 152.

Hypæsia, a country of Peloponnesus.

Hypănis, a river of European Scythia, now called Bog, which falls into the Borysthenes, and with it into the Euxine. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 52, &c.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 15, li. 285.――A river of India.――Another of Pontus. Cicero, Tusculanæ Disputationes, bk. 2, ch. 39.――A Trojan who joined himself to Æneas, and was killed by his own people, who took him for one of the enemy in the night that Troy was burned by the Greeks. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 2, li. 428.

Hyparīnus, a son of Dion, who reigned at Syracuse for two years after his father.――The father of Dion.

Hypătes, a river of Sicily, near Camarina. Silius Italicus, bk. 14, li. 231.

Hypătha, a town of Thessaly. Livy, bk. 41, ch. 25.

Hypatia, a native of Alexandria celebrated for her beauty, her virtues, and her great erudition. She was assassinated 415 A.D.

Hypēnor, a Trojan killed by Diomedes at Troy. Homer, Iliad, bk. 5, li. 144.

Hyperbatus, a pretor of the Achæans, B.C. 224.

Hyperbius, a son of Ægyptus. Apollodorus.

Hy̆perbŏrei, a nation in the northern parts of Europe and Asia, who were said to live to an incredible age, even to 1000 years, and in the enjoyment of all possible felicity. The sun was said to rise and set to them but once a year, and therefore, perhaps, they are placed by Virgil under the north pole. The word signifies people who inhabit beyond the wind Boreas. Thrace was the residence of Boreas, according to the ancients. Whenever the Hyperboreans made offerings they always sent them towards the south, and the people of Dodona were the first of the Greeks who received them. The word Hyperboreans is applied, in general, to all those who inhabit any cold climate. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12; bk. 6, ch. 17.—Mela, bk. 3, ch. 5.—Virgil, Georgics, bk. 1, li. 240; bk. 3, lis. 169 & 381.—Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 13, &c.—Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 3, ch. 23; bk. 4, ch. 12.

Hyperea and Hyperīa, a fountain of Thessaly, with a town of the same name. Strabo, bk. 9.――Another in Messenia, in Peloponnesus. Flaccus, bk. 1, li. 375.

Hyperesia, a town of Achaia. Strabo, bk. 8.

Hypĕrĭdes, an Athenian orator, disciple to Plato and Socrates, and long the rival of Demosthenes. His father’s name was Glaucippus. He distinguished himself by his eloquence and the active part which he took in the management of the Athenian republic. After the unfortunate battle of Cranon, he was taken alive, and, that he might not be compelled to betray the secrets of his country, he cut off his tongue. He was put to death by order of Antipater, B.C. 322. Only one of his numerous orations remains, admired for the sweetness and elegance of his style. It is said that Hyperides once defended the courtesan Phryne who was accused of impiety, and that when he saw his eloquence ineffectual, he unveiled the bosom of his client, upon which the judges, influenced by the sight of her beauty, acquitted her. Plutarch, Demosthenes.—Cicero, Orator, ch. 1, &c.—Quintilian, bk. 10, &c.

Hypĕrīon, a son of Cœlus and Terra, who married Thea, by whom he had Aurora, the sun, and moon. Hyperion is often taken by the poets for the sun itself. Hesiod, Theogony.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, chs. 1 & 2.—Homer, Hymn 3 to Apollo.――A son of Priam. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 2.

Hypermnestra, one of the 50 daughters of Danaus, who married Lynceus son of Ægyptus. She disobeyed her father’s bloody commands, who had ordered her to murder her husband the first night of her nuptials, and suffered Lynceus to escape unhurt from the bridal bed. Her father summoned her to appear before a tribunal for her disobedience, but the people acquitted her, and Danaus was reconciled to her and her husband, to whom he left his kingdom at his death. Some say that Lynceus returned to Argos with an army, and that he conquered and put to death his father-in-law, and usurped his crown. See: Danaides. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 19.—Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 1.—Ovid, Heroides, poem 14.――A daughter of Thestius. Apollodorus.

Hyperŏchus, a man who wrote a poetical history of Cuma. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 12.

Hyphæus, a mountain of Campania. Plutarch, Sulla.

Hypsa, now Belici, a river of Sicily, falling into the Crinisus, and then into the Mediterranean near Selinus. Silius Italicus, bk. 14, li. 228.

Hypsea, a Roman matron, of the family of the Plautii. She was blind, according to Horace; or, perhaps, was partial to some lover, who was recommended neither by personal nor mental excellence. Horace, bk. 1, satire 2, li. 91.

Hypsēnor, a priest of the Scamander, killed during the Trojan war. Homer, Iliad, bk. 5.

Hypseus, a son of the river Peneus.――A pleader at the Roman bar before the age of Cicero. Cicero, On Oratory, bk. 1, ch. 36.

Hypsicrătēa, the wife of Mithridates, who accompanied her husband in man’s clothes, when he fled before Pompey. Plutarch, Pompey.

Hypsicrătes, a Phœnician who wrote a history of his country, in the Phœnician language. This history was saved from the flames of Carthage, when that city was taken by Scipio, and translated into Greek.

Hypsipĭdes, a Macedonian in Alexander’s army, famous for his friendship for Menedemus, &c. Curtius, bk. 7, ch. 7.

Hypsĭpy̆le, a queen of Lemnos, daughter of Thoas and Myrine. During her reign, Venus, whose altars had been universally slighted, punished the Lemnian women, and rendered their mouths and breath so extremely offensive to the smell, that their husbands abandoned them, and gave themselves up to some female slaves, whom they had taken in a war against Thrace. This contempt was highly resented by all the women of Lemnos, and they resolved on revenge, and all unanimously put to death their male relations, Hypsipyle alone excepted, who spared the life of her father Thoas. Soon after this cruel murder, the Argonauts landed at Lemnos, in their expedition to Colchis, and remained for some time in the island. During their stay the Argonauts rendered the Lemnian women mothers, and Jason, the chief of the Argonautic expedition, left Hypsipyle pregnant at his departure, and promised her eternal fidelity. Hypsipyle brought twins, Euneus and Nebrophonus, whom some have called Deiphilus or Thoas. Jason forgot his vows and promises to Hypsipyle, and the unfortunate queen was soon after forced to leave her kingdom by the Lemnian women, who conspired against her life, still mindful that Thoas had been preserved by means of his daughter. Hypsipyle, in her flight, was seized by pirates, and sold to Lycurgus king of Nemæa. She was entrusted with the care of Archemorus the son of Lycurgus; and, when the Argives marched against Thebes, they met Hypsipyle, and obliged her to show them a fountain, where they might quench their thirst. To do this more expeditiously, she laid down the child on the grass, and in her absence he was killed by a serpent. Lycurgus attempted to revenge the death of his son, but Hypsipyle was screened from his resentment by Adrastus the leader of the Argives. Ovid, Heroides, poem 6.—Apollonius, bk. 1.—Statius, bk. 5, Thebiad.—Flaccus, bk. 2.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 3, ch. 6.—Hyginus, fables 15, 74, &c. See: Archemorus.

Hyrcānia, a large country of Asia, at the north of Parthia, and at the west of Media, abounding in serpents, wild beasts, &c. It is very mountainous, and unfit for drawing a cavalry in order of battle. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 4, li. 367.—Cicero, Tusculanæ Disputationes, bk. 1, ch. 45.—Strabo, bks. 2 & 11.――A town of Lydia, destroyed by a violent earthquake in the age of Tiberius. Livy, bk. 37, ch. 38.

Hyrcănum mare, a large sea, called also Caspian. See: Caspium mare.

Hyrcānus, a name common to some of the high priests of Judea. Josephus.

Hyria, a country of Bœotia, near Aulis, with a lake, river, and town of the same name. It is more probably situate near Tempe. It received its name from Hyrie, a woman who wept so much for the loss of her son, that she was changed into a fountain. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 7, li. 372.—Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 170.――A town of Isauria, on the Calycadnus.

Hyrieus, or Hyreus, a peasant, or, as some say, a prince of Tanagra, son of Neptune and Alcyone, who kindly entertained Jupiter, Neptune, and Mercury, when travelling over Bœotia. Being childless, he asked of the gods to give him a son without his marrying, as he promised his wife, who was lately dead, and whom he tenderly loved, that he never would marry again. The gods, to reward the hospitality of Hyreus, made water in the hide of a bull, which had been sacrificed the day before to their divinity, and they ordered him to wrap it up and bury it in the ground for nine months. At the expiration of the nine mouths, Hyreus opened the earth, and found a beautiful child in the bull’s hide, whom he called Orion. See: Orion.

Hyrmina, a town of Elis in Peloponnesus. Strabo, bk. 8.

Hyrneto and Hyrnetho, a daughter of Temenus king of Argos, who married Deyphon son of Celeus. She was the favourite of her father, who greatly enriched her husband. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 6.—Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 19.

Hyrnĭthium, a plain of Argos, near Epidaurus, fertile in olives. Strabo, bk. 6.

Hyrtăcus, a Trojan of mount Ida, father to Nisus, one of the companions of Æneas. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, lis. 177 & 406. Hence the patronymic of Hyrtacides is applied to Nisus. It is also applied to Hippocoon. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 5, li. 492.

Hysia, a town of Bœotia, built by Nycteus, Antiope’s father.――A village of Argos.――A city of Arcadia.――The royal residence of the king of Parthia.

Hyspa, a river of Sicily. Silius Italicus, ♦bk. 14, li. 228.

♦ ‘24’ replaced with ‘14’

Hyssus and Hyssi, a port and river of Cappadocia on the Euxine sea.

Hystaspes, a noble Persian, of the family of the Achæmenides. His father’s name was Arsames. His son Darius reigned in Persia after the murder of the usurper Smerdis. It is said by Ctesias that he wished to be carried to see the royal monument which his son had built between two mountains. The priests who carried him, as reported, slipped the cord with which he was suspended in ascending the mountain, and he died of the fall. Hystaspes was the first who introduced the learning and mysteries of the Indian Brachmans into Persia, and to his researches in India the sciences were greatly indebted, particularly in Persia. Darius is called Hystaspes, or son of Hystaspes, to distinguish him from his royal successors of the same name. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 209; bk. 5, ch. 83.—Ctesias, Fragments.

Hystieus. See: Histiæus.

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I [& J]

Ia, the daughter of Midas, who married Atys, &c.

Iacchus, a surname of Bacchus, ab ἰαχειν, from the noise and shouts which the bacchanals raised at the festivals of this deity. Virgil, Eclogues, poem 6; Georgics, bk. 1, li. 166.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 4, ch. 15.――Some suppose him to be a son of Ceres; because in the celebration of the Eleusinian mysteries, the word Iacchus was frequently repeated. Herodotus, bk. 8, ch. 65.—Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 2.

Iader, a river of Dalmatia.

Ialēmus, a wretched singer, son of the muse Calliope. Athenæus, bk. 14.

Ialmĕnus, a son of Mars and Astyoche, who went to the Trojan war with his brother Ascalaphus, with 30 ships, at the head of the inhabitants of Orchomenes and Aspledon, in Bœotia. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 37.—Homer, Iliad, bk. 2, li. 19.

Iāly̆sus, a town of Rhodes, built by Ialysus, of whom Protogenes was making a beautiful painting when Demetrius Poliorcetes took Rhodes. The Telchines were born there. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 7, fable 9.—Pliny, bk. 35, ch. 6.—Cicero, bk. 2, Letters to Atticus, ltr. 21.—Plutarch, Demetrius.—Ælian, bk. 12, ch. 5.

Iambe, a servant-maid of Metanira, wife of Celeus king of Eleusis, who tried to exhilarate Ceres, when she travelled over Attica in quest of her daughter Proserpine. From the jokes and stories which she made use of, free and satirical verses have been called Iambics. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 5.

Iamblĭcus, a Greek author who wrote the life of Pythagoras, and the history of his followers, an exhortation to philosophy, a treatise against Porphyry’s letter on the mysteries of the Egyptians, &c. He was a great favourite with the emperor Julian, and died A.D. 363.

Iamenus, a Trojan killed by Leonteus. Homer, Iliad, bk. 12, lis. 139 & 193.

Iamĭdæ, certain prophets among the Greeks, descended from Iamus, a son of Apollo, who received the gift of prophecy from his father, which remained among his posterity. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 2.

Janĭcŭlum and Janicularius mons, one of the seven hills at Rome joined to the city by Ancus Martius, and made a kind of citadel, to protect the place against an invasion. This hill [See: Janus], which was on the opposite shore of the Tiber, was joined to the city by the bridge Sublicius, the first ever built across the river, and perhaps in Italy. It was less inhabited than the other parts of the city, on account of the grossness of the air, though from its top the eye could have a commanding view of the whole city. It is famous for the burial of king Numa and of the poet Italicus. Porsenna king of Etruria pitched his camp on mount Janiculum, and the senators took refuge there in the civil wars, to avoid the resentment of Octavius. Livy, bk. 1, ch. 33, &c.—Dio Cassius, bk. 47.—Ovid, bk. 1, Fasti, li. 246.—Virgil, [Aeneid], bk. 8, li. 358.—Martial, bk. 4, ltr. 64; bk. 7, ltr. 16.

Ianīra, one of the Nereides.

Ianthe, a girl of Crete, who married Iphis. See: Iphis. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 9, li. 714, &c.

Ianthea, one of the Oceanides.――One of the Nereides. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 30.—Homer, Iliad, bk. 8, li. 47.

Jānus, the most ancient king who reigned in Italy. He was a native of Thessaly, and son of Apollo, according to some. He came to Italy, where he planted a colony and built a small town on the river Tiber, which he called Janiculum. Some authors make him son of Cœlus and Hecate; and others make him a native of Athens. During his reign, Saturn, driven from heaven by his son Jupiter, came to Italy, where Janus received him with much hospitality, and made him his colleague on the throne. Janus is represented with two faces, because he was acquainted with the past and the future; or, according to others, because he was taken for the sun, who opens the day at his rising, and shuts it at his setting. Some statues represented Janus with four heads. He sometimes appeared with a beard, and sometimes without. In religious ceremonies, his name was always invoked the first, because he presides over all gates and avenues, and it is through him only that prayers can reach the immortal gods. From that circumstance he often appears with a key in his right hand, and a rod in his left. Sometimes he holds the number of 300 in one hand, and in the other 65, to show that he presides over the year, of which the first month bears his name. Some suppose that he is the same as the world, or Cœlus; and from that circumstance they call him Eanus, ab eundo, because of the revolution of the heavens. He was called by different names, such as Consivius, a conserendo, because he presided over generation; Quirinus or Martialis, because he presided over war. He is also called Patuleius and Clausius, because the gates of his temples were open during the time of war, and shut in time of peace. He was chiefly worshipped among the Romans, where he had many temples, some erected to Janus Bifrons, others to Janus Quadrifrons. The temples of Quadrifrons were built with four equal sides, with a door and three windows on each side. The four doors were the emblems of the four seasons of the year, and the three windows in each of the sides the three months in each season, and, all together, the 12 months of the year. Janus was generally represented in statues as a young man. After death Janus was ranked among the gods, for his popularity and the civilization which he had introduced among the wild inhabitants of Italy. His temple, which was always open in times of war, was shut only three times during above 700 years, under Numa, 234 B.C., and under Augustus; and during that long period of time, the Romans were continually employed in war. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 1, li. 65, &c.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 607.—Varro, de Lingua Latina, bk. 1.—Macrobius, Saturnalia, bk. 1.――A street at Rome near the temple of Janus. It was generally frequented by usurers and money-brokers, and booksellers also kept their shops there. Horace, bk. 1, ltr. 1.

Japetĭdes, a musician at the nuptials of Perseus and Andromeda. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 5, li. 111.

Japĕtus, a son of Cœlus or Titan by Terra, who married Asia, or, according to others, Clymene, by whom he had Atlas, Menœtius, Prometheus, and Epimetheus. The Greeks looked upon him as the father of all mankind, and therefore from his antiquity old men were frequently called Japeti. His sons received the patronymic of Iapetionides. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 4, li. 631.—Hesiod, Theogony, lis. 136 & 508.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 1.

Iāpis, an Ætolian, who founded a city upon the banks of the Timavus. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 3, li. 475.――A Trojan, favourite of Apollo, from whom he received the knowledge of the power of medicinal herbs. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 12, li. 391.

Iapy̆dia, a district of Illyricum, now Carniola. Livy, bk. 43, ch. 5.—Tibullus, bk. 4, li. 109.—Cicero, Cornelius Balbus, ch. 14.

Iāpy̆gia, a country on the confines of Italy, situated in the peninsula, between Tarentum and Brundusium. It is called by some Messapia, Peucetia, and Salentinum. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 11.—Strabo, bk. 6.

Iapyx, a son of Dædalus, who conquered a part of Italy, which he called Iapygia. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 14, li. 458.――A wind which blows from Apulia, and is favourable to such as sail from Italy towards Greece. It was nearly the same as the Caurus of the Greeks. Horace, bk. 1, ode 3, li. 4; bk. 3, ode 7, li. 20.

Iarbas, a son of Jupiter and Garamantis, king of Gætulia, from whom Dido bought land to build Carthage. He courted Dido, but the arrival of Æneas prevented his success, and the queen, rather than marry Iarbas, destroyed herself. See: Dido. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 4, li. 36, &c.—Justin, bk. 18, ch. 6.—Ovid, Fasti, bk. 3, li. 552.

Iarchas and Jarchas, a celebrated Indian philosopher. His seven rings are famous for their power of restoring old men to the bloom and vigour of youth, according to the tradition of Philostratus, Life of Apollonius of Tyana.

Iardānus, a Lydian, father of Omphale the mistress of Hercules. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 7.――A river of Arcadia.――Another in Crete. Homer, Iliad, bk. 7.

Iasĭdes, a patronymic given to Palinurus, as descended from a person of the name of Jasius. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 5, li. 843.――Also of Jasus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 12, li. 392.

Iăsion and Iăsius, a son of Jupiter and Electra, one of the Atlantides, who reigned over part of Arcadia, where he diligently applied himself to agriculture. He married the goddess Cybele or Ceres, and all the gods were present at the celebration of his nuptials. He had by Ceres two sons, Philomelus and Plutus, to whom some have added a third, Corybas, who introduced the worship and mysteries of his mother in Phrygia. He had also a daughter, whom he exposed as soon as born, saying that he would raise only male children. The child, who was suckled by a she-bear and preserved, rendered herself famous afterwards under the name of Atalanta. Jasion was killed with a thunderbolt of Jupiter, and ranked among the gods after death by the inhabitants of Arcadia. Hesiod, Theogony, li. 973.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 168.—Hyginus, Poeticon Astronomicon, bk. 2, ch. 4.

Iăsis, a name given to Atalanta daughter of Jasius.

Iasius, a son of Abas king of Argos.――A son of Jupiter. See: Iasion.

Jāson, a celebrated hero, son of Alcimede daughter of Phylacus, by Æson the son of Cretheus and Tyro, the daughter of Salmoneus. Tyro, before her connection with Cretheus the son of Æolus, had two sons, Pelias and Neleus, by Neptune. Æson was king of Iolchis, and at his death the throne was usurped by Pelias, and Æson the lawful successor was driven to retirement and obscurity. The education of young Jason was entrusted to the care of the centaur Chiron, and he was removed from the presence of the usurper, who had been informed by an oracle that one of the descendants of Æolus would dethrone him. After he had made the most rapid progress in every branch of science, Jason left the centaur, and by his advice went to consult the oracle. He was ordered to go to Iolchos his native country, covered with the spoils of a leopard, and dressed in the garments of a Magnesian. In his journey he was stopped by the inundation of the river Evenus or Enipeus, over which he was carried by Juno, who had changed herself into an old woman. In crossing the stream he lost one of his sandals, and at his arrival at Iolchos, the singularity of his dress and the fairness of his complexion attracted the notice of the people, and drew a crowd around him in the market-place. Pelias came to see him with the rest, and as he had been warned by the oracle to beware of a man who should appear at Iolchos with one foot bare and the other shod, the appearance of Jason, who had lost one of his sandals, alarmed him. His terrors were soon after augmented. Jason, accompanied by his friends, repaired to the palace of Pelias, and boldly demanded the kingdom which he had unjustly usurped. The boldness and popularity of Jason intimidated Pelias; he was unwilling to abdicate the crown, and yet he feared the resentment of his adversary. As Jason was young and ambitious of glory, Pelias, at once to remove his immediate claims to the crown, reminded him that Ætes king of Colchis had severely treated and inhumanly murdered their common relation Phryxus. He observed that such a treatment called aloud for punishment, and that the undertaking would be accompanied with much glory and fame. He further added, that his old age had prevented him from avenging the death of Phryxus, and that if Jason would undertake the expedition, he would resign to him the crown of Iolchos, when he returned victorious from Colchis. Jason readily accepted a proposal which seemed to promise such military fame. His intended expedition was made known in every part of Greece, and the youngest and the bravest of the Greeks assembled to accompany him, and share his toils and glory. They embarked on board a ship called Argo, and after a series of adventures they arrived at Colchis. See: Argonautæ. Ætes promised to restore the golden fleece, which was the cause of the death of Phryxus, and of the voyage of the Argonauts, provided they submitted to his conditions. Jason was to tame bulls which breathed flames, and which had feet and horns of brass, and to plough with them a field sacred to Mars. After this he was to sow in the ground the teeth of a serpent, from which armed men would arise, whose fury would be converted against him who ploughed the field. He was also to kill a monstrous dragon which watched night and day at the foot of the tree on which the golden fleece was suspended. All were concerned for the fate of the Argonauts; but Juno, who watched with an anxious eye over the safety of Jason, extricated them from all these difficulties. Medea, the king’s daughter, fell in love with Jason, and as her knowledge of herbs, enchantments, and incantations was uncommon, she pledged herself to deliver her lover from all his dangers if he promised her eternal fidelity. Jason, not insensible to her charms and to her promise, vowed eternal fidelity in the temple of Hecate, and received from Medea whatever instruments and herbs could protect him against the approaching dangers. He appeared in the field of Mars, he tamed the fury of the oxen, ploughed the plain, and sowed the dragon’s teeth. Immediately an army of men sprang from the field, and ran towards Jason. He threw a stone among them, and they fell one upon the other till all were totally destroyed. The vigilance of the dragon was lulled to sleep by the power of herbs, and Jason took from the tree the celebrated golden fleece, which was the sole object of his voyage. These actions were all performed in the presence of Æetes and his people, who were all equally astonished at the boldness and success of Jason. After this celebrated conquest, Jason immediately set sail for Europe with Medea, who had been so instrumental in his preservation. Upon this Æetes, desirous to revenge the perfidy of his daughter Medea, sent his son Absyrtus to pursue the fugitives. Medea killed her brother, and strewed his limbs in her father’s way, that she might more easily escape, while he was employed in collecting the mangled body of his son. See: Absyrtus. The return of the Argonauts in Thessaly was celebrated with universal festivity; but Æson, Jason’s father, was unable to attend on account of the infirmities of old age. This obstruction was removed, and Medea, at the request of her husband, restored Æson to the vigour and sprightliness of youth. See: Æson. Pelias the usurper of the crown of Iolchos wished also to see himself restored to the flower of youth, and his daughters, persuaded by Medea, who wished to avenge her husband’s wrongs, cut his body to pieces, and placed his limbs in a cauldron of boiling water. Their credulity was severely punished. Medea suffered the flesh to be consumed to the bones, and Pelias was never restored to life. This inhuman action drew the resentment of the populace upon Medea, and she fled to Corinth with her husband Jason, where they lived in perfect union and love during 10 successive years. Jason’s partiality for Glauce the daughter of the king of the country afterwards disturbed their matrimonial happiness, and Medea was divorced, that Jason might more freely indulge his amorous propensities. This infidelity was severely revenged by Medea [See: Glauce], who destroyed her children in the presence of their father. See: Medea. After this separation from Medea, Jason lived an unsettled and melancholy life. As he was one day reposing himself by the side of the ship which had carried him to Colchis, a beam fell upon his head, and he was crushed to death. This tragical event had been predicted to him before by Medea, according to the relation of some authors. Some say that he afterwards returned to Colchis, where he seized the kingdom, and reigned in great security. Euripides, Medea.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 7, fables 2, 3, &c.—Diodorus, bk. 4.—Pausanias, bks. 2 & 3.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9.—Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 3.—Ovid, Tristia, bk. 3, poem 9.—Strabo, bk. 7.—Apollonius.—Flaccus.—Hyginus, fable 5, &c.—Pindar, bk. 3, Nemean.—Justin, bk. 42, ch. 2, &c.—Seneca, Medea.—Tzetzes, On Lycophron, li. 195, &c.—Athenæus, bk. 13.――A native of Argos, who wrote a history of Greece in four books, which ended at the death of Alexander. He lived in the age of Adrian.――A tyrant of Thessaly, who made an alliance with the Spartans, and cultivated the friendship of Timotheus.――Trallianus, a man who wrote tragedies, and gained the esteem of the kings of Parthia. Polyænus, bk. 7.

Jasonĭdæ, a patronymic of Thoas and Euneus, sons of Jason and Hypsipyle.

Iasus, a king of Argos, who succeeded his father Triopas. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 16.――A son of Argus, father of Agenor.――A son of Argus and Ismena.――A son of Lycurgus of Arcadia.――An island, with a town of the same name, on the coast of Caria. The bay adjoining was called Iasius sinus. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 28.—Livy, bk. 32, ch. 33; bk. 37, ch. 17.

Iaxartes, now Sir or Sihon, a river of Sogdiana, mistaken by Alexander for the Tanais. It falls into the east of the Caspian sea. Curtius, bks. 6 & 7.—Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 16.—Arrian, bk. 4, ch. 15.

Iazĭges, a people on the borders of the Palus Mæotis. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 12, ch. 29.—Ovid, Tristia, bk. 2, li. 191; ex Ponto, bk. 4, poem 7, li. 9.

Ibēria, a country of Asia, between Colchis on the west, and Albania on the east, governed by kings. Pompey invaded it, and made great slaughter of the inhabitants, and obliged them to surrender by setting fire to the woods where they had fled for safety. It is now called Georgia. Plutarch, Lycurgus, Antonius, &c.—Dio Cassius, bk. 36.—Florus, bk. 3.—Flaccus, bk. 5, li. 166.—Appian, Wars in Spain.――An ancient name of Spain, derived from the river Iberus. Lucan, bk. 6, li. 258.—Horace, bk. 4, ode 14, li. 50.

Ibērus, a river of Spain, now called Ebro, which, after the conclusion of the first Punic war, separated the Roman from the Carthaginian possessions in that country. Lucan, bk. 4, li. 335.—Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 3.—Horace, bk. 4, ode 14, li. 50.――A river of Iberia in Asia, flowing from mount Caucasus into the Cyrus. Strabo, bk. 3.――A fabulous king of Spain.

Ibi, an Indian nation.

Ibis, a poem of the poet Callimachus, in which he bitterly satirizes the ingratitude of his pupil the poet Apollonius. Ovid had also written a poem which bears the same name, and which, in the same satirical language, seems, according to the opinion of some, to inveigh bitterly against Hyginus the supposed hero of the composition. Suidas.

Iby̆cus, a lyric poet of Rhegium, about 540 years before Christ. He was murdered by robbers, and at the moment of death he implored the assistance of some cranes which at that moment flew over his head. Some time after, as the murderers were in the market-place, one of them observed some cranes in the air, and said to his companions, αἰ Ἰβυκου ἐκδικοι παρεισιν, there are the birds that are conscious of the death of Ibycus. These words and the recent murder of Ibycus raised suspicions in the people; the assassins were seized and tortured, and they confessed their guilt. Cicero, Tusculanæ Disputationes, bk. 4, ch. 43.—Ælian, Varia Historia.――The husband of Chloris, whom Horace ridicules, bk. 3, ode 15.

Icadius, a robber killed by a stone, &c. Cicero, De Fato, ch. 3.

Icăria, a small island in the Ægean sea, between Chio, Samos, and Myconus, where the body of Icarus was thrown by the waves, and buried by Hercules. Ptolemy, bk. 5, ch. 2.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.—Strabo, bks. 10 & 14.

Icăris and Icariotis, a name given to Penelope as daughter of Icarius.

Icărium mare, a part of the Ægean sea near the islands of Mycone and Gyaros. See: Icarus.

Icărius, an Athenian, father of Erigone. He gave wine to some peasants, who drank it with the greatest avidity, ignorant of its intoxicating nature. They were soon deprived of their reason, and the fury and resentment of their friends and neighbours were immediately turned upon Icarius, who perished by their hands. After death he was honoured with public festivals, and his daughter was led to discover the place of his burial by means of his faithful dog Mœra. Erigone hung herself in despair, and was changed into a constellation called Virgo. Icarius was changed into the star Bootes, and the dog Mœra into the star Canis. Hyginus, fable 130.—Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 14.――A son of Œbalus of Lacedæmon. He gave his daughter Penelope in marriage to Ulysses king of Ithaca, but he was so tenderly attached to her, that he wished her husband to settle at Lacedæmon. Ulysses refused, and when he saw the earnest petitions of Icarius, he told Penelope as they were going to embark, that she might choose freely either to follow him to Ithaca, or to remain with her father. Penelope blushed in the deepest silence, and covered her head with her veil. Icarius upon this permitted his daughter to go to Ithaca, and immediately erected a temple to the goddess of modesty, on the spot where Penelope had covered her blushes with her veil. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 16, li. 435.

Icărus, a son of Dædalus, who, with his father, flew with wings from Crete to escape the resentment of Minos. His flight being too high, proved fatal to him; the sun melted the wax which cemented his wings, and he fell into that part of the Ægean sea which was called after his name. See: Dædalus. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 8, li. 178, &c.――A mountain of Attica.

Iccius, a lieutenant of Agrippa in Sicily. Horace writes to him, bk. 1, ode 29, and ridicules him for abandoning the pursuits of philosophy and the muses for military employments.――One of the Rhemi in Gaul, ambassador to Cæsar. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 2, ch. 3.

Icĕlos, one of the sons of Somnus, who changed himself into all sorts of animals, whence the name (εἰκελος, similis). Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 11, li. 640.

Icēni, a people of Britain who submitted to the Roman power. They inhabited the modern counties of Suffolk, Norfolk, Cambridge, &c. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 12, ch. 31.—Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 5, ch. 21.

Icĕtas, a man who obtained the supreme power at Syracuse after the death of Dion. He attempted to assassinate Timoleon, for which he was conquered, &c., B.C. 340. Cornelius Nepos, Timoleon.

Ichnæ, a town of Macedonia, whence Themis and Nemesis are called Ichnæa. Homer, Hymn 3 to Apollo.

Ichnūsa, an ancient name of Sardinia, which it received from its likeness to a human foot. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 17.—Silius Italicus, bk. 12, li. 358.—Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 7.

Ichonūphys, a priest of Heliopolis, at whose house Eudoxus resided when he visited Egypt with Plato. Diogenes Laërtius.

Ichthyophăgi, a people of Æthiopia, who received this name from their eating fishes. There was also an Indian nation of the same name, who made their houses with the bones of fishes. Diodorus, bk. 3.—Strabo, bks. 2 & 12.—Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 23; bk. 15, ch. 7.

Ichthys, a promontory of Elis in Achaia. Strabo, bk. 11.

Lucius Icilius, a tribune of the people who made a law, A.U.C. 397, by which mount Aventine was given to the Roman people to build houses upon. Livy, bk. 3, ch. 54.――A tribune who made a law, A.U.C. 261, that forbade any man to oppose or interrupt a tribune while he was speaking in an assembly. Livy bk. 2, ch. 58.――A tribune who signalized himself by his inveterate enmity against the Roman senate. He took an active part in the management of affairs after the murder of Virginia, &c.

Icius, a harbour in Gaul, on the modern straits of Dover, from which Cæsar crossed into Britain.

Iconium, the capital of Lycaonia, now Koniech. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 27.

Icos, a small island near Eubœa. Strabo, bk. 9.

Ictinus, a celebrated architect, 430 years B.C. He built a famous temple to Minerva at Athens, &c.

Ictumulōrum vicus, a place at the foot of the Alps, abounding in gold mines.

Iculisma, a town of Gaul, now Angoulesme, on the Charente.

Ida, a nymph of Crete, who went into Phrygia, where she gave her name to a mountain of that country. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 8, li. 177.――The mother of Minos II.――A celebrated mountain, or more properly a ridge of mountains in Troas, chiefly in the neighbourhood of Troy. The abundance of its waters became the source of many rivers, and particularly of the Simois, Scamander, Æsepus, Granicus, &c. It was on mount Ida that the shepherd Paris adjudged the prize of beauty to the goddess Venus. It was covered with green woods, and the elevation of its top opened a fine extensive view of the Hellespont and the adjacent countries, from which reason the poets say that it was frequented by the gods during the Trojan war. Strabo, bk. 13.—Mela, bk. 1, ch. 18.—Homer, Iliad, bk. 14, li. 283.—Virgil, Æneid, bks. 3, 5, &c.—Ovid, Fasti, bk. 4, li. 79.—Horace, bk. 3, ode 11.――A mountain of Crete, the highest in the island, where it was reported that Jupiter was educated by the Corybantes, who, on that account, were called Idæi. Strabo, bk. 10.

Idæa, the surname of Cybele, because she was worshipped on mount Ida. Lucretius, bk. 2, li. 611.

Idæus, a surname of Jupiter. An arm-bearer and charioteer of king Priam, killed during the Trojan war. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 487.――One of the attendants of Ascanius. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 500.

Idalis, the country round mount Ida. Lucan, bk. 3, li. 204.

Idălus, a mountain of Cyprus, at the foot of which is Idalium, a town with a grove sacred to Venus, who was called Idalæa. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 685.—Catullus, poems 37 & 62.—Propertius, bk. 2, poem 13.

Idanthyrsus, a powerful king of Scythia, who refused to give his daughter in marriage to Darius I. king of Persia. This refusal was the cause of a war between the two nations, and Darius marched against Idanthyrsus, at the head of 700,000 men. He was defeated, and retired to Persia, after an inglorious campaign. Strabo, bk. 13.

Idarnes, an officer of Darius, by whose negligence the Macedonians took Miletus. Curtius, bk. 4, ch. 5.

Idas, a son of Aphareus and Arane, famous for his valour and military glory. He was among the Argonauts, and married Marpessa, the daughter of Evenus king of Ætolia. Marpessa was carried away by Apollo, and Idas pursued his wife’s ravisher with bows and arrows, and obliged him to restore her. See: Marpessa. According to Apollodorus, Idas, with his brother Lynceus, associated with Pollux and Castor to carry away some flocks; but when they had obtained a sufficient quantity of plunder, they refused to divide it into equal shares. This provoked the sons of Leda. Lynceus was killed by Castor, and Idas, to revenge his brother’s death, immediately killed Castor, and in his turn perished by the hand of Pollux. According to Ovid and Pausanias, the quarrel between the sons of Leda and those of Aphareus arose from a more tender cause. Idas and Lynceus, as they say, were going to celebrate their nuptials with Phœbe and Hilaira the two daughters of Leucippus; but Castor and Pollux, who had been invited to partake the common festivity, offered violence to the brides, and carried them away. Idas and Lynceus fell in the attempt to recover their wives. Homer, Iliad, bk. 9.—Hyginus, fables 14, 100, &c.—Ovid, Fasti, bk. 5, li. 700.—Apollodorus, bks. 1 & 3.—Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 2; bk. 5, ch. 18.――A son of Ægyptus.――A Trojan killed by Turnus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 575.

Idea, or Idæa, a daughter of Dardanus, who became the second wife of Phineus king of Bithynia, and abused the confidence reposed in her by her husband. See: Phineus.――The mother of Teucer by Scamander. Apollodorus.

Idessa, a town of Iberia on the confines of Colchis. Strabo, bk. 11.

Idex, a small river of Italy, now Idice, near Bononia.

Idistavisus, a plain, now Hastenbach, where Germanicus defeated Arminius, near Oldendorp, on the Weser, in Westphalia. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 2, ch. 16.

Idmon, son of Apollo and Asteria, or, as some say, of Cyrene, was the prophet of the Argonauts. He was killed in hunting a wild boar in Bithynia, where his body received a magnificent funeral. He had predicted the time and manner of his own death. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 2.—Orpheus.――A dyer of Colophon, father to Arachne. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 6, li. 8.――A man of Cyzicus, killed by Hercules, &c. Flaccus, bk. 3.――A son of Ægyptus, killed by his wife. See: Danaides.

Idŏmĕne, a daughter of Pheres, who married Amythaon.

Idŏmĕneus, succeeded his father Deucalion on the throne of Crete, and accompanied the Greeks to the Trojan war, with a fleet of 90 ships. During this celebrated war he rendered himself famous by his valour, and slaughtered many of the enemy. At his return he made a vow to Neptune in a dangerous tempest, that if he escaped from the fury of the seas and storms, he would offer to the god whatever living creature first presented itself to his eye on the Cretan shore. This was no other than his own son, who came to congratulate his father upon his safe return. Idomeneus performed his promise to the god, and the inhumanity and rashness of his sacrifice rendered him so odious in the eyes of his subjects, that he left Crete, and migrated in quest of a settlement. He came to Italy, and founded a city on the coast of Calabria, which he called Salentum. He died in an extreme old age, after he had had the satisfaction of seeing his new kingdom flourish, and his subjects happy. According to the Greek scholiast of Lycophron, li. 1217, Idomeneus, during his absence in the Trojan war, entrusted the management of his kingdom to Leucos, to whom he promised his daughter Clisithere in marriage at his return. Leucos at first governed with moderation; but he was persuaded by Nauplius king of Eubœa to put to death Meda the wife of his master, with her daughter Clisithere, and to seize the kingdom. After these violent measures, he strengthened himself on the throne of Crete; and Idomeneus, at his return, found it impossible to expel the usurper. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 13, li. 358.—Hyginus, fable 92.—Homer, Iliad, bk. 11, &c.; Odyssey, bk. 19.—Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 25.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 122.――A son of Priam.――A Greek historian of Lampsacus, in the age of Epicurus. He wrote a history of Samothrace, the life of Socrates, &c.

Idŏthea, a daughter of Prœtus king of Argos. She was restored to her senses with her sisters, by Melampus. See: Prœtides. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 11.――A daughter of Proteus, the god who told Menelaus how he could return to his country in safety. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 4, li. 363.――One of the nymphs who educated Jupiter.

Idrieus, the son of Euromus of Caria, brother to Artimisia, who succeeded to Mausolus, and invaded Cyprus. Diodorus, bk. 16.—Polyænus, bk. 7.

Idubeda, a river and mountain of Spain. Strabo, bk. 3.

Idūme and Idūmēa, a country of Syria, famous for palm trees. Gaza is its capital, where Cambyses deposited his riches, as he was going to Egypt. Lucan, bk. 3, li. 216.—Silius Italicus, bk. 5, li. 600.—Virgil, Georgics, bk. 3, li. 12.

Idya, one of the Oceanides, who married Æetes king of Colchis, by whom she had Medea, &c. Hyginus.—Hesiod.—Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 3.

Jenisus, a town of Syria. Herodotus, bk. 3, ch. 5.

Jera, one of the Nereides. Homer, Iliad, bk. 18.

Jerĭcho, a city of Palestine, besieged and taken by the Romans, under Vespasian and Titus. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 14.—Strabo.

Jerne, a name of Ireland. Strabo, bk. 1.

Jerŏmus and Jerony̆mus, a Greek of Cardia, who wrote a history of Alexander.――A native of Rhodes, disciple of Aristotle, of whose compositions some few historical fragments remain. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 1.

Jerusalem, the capital of Judæa. See: Hierosolyma.

Jetæ, a place of Sicily. Silius Italicus, bk. 14, li. 272.

Igēni, a people of Britain. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 12, &c.

Igilium, now Giglio, an island of the Mediterranean, on the coast of Tuscany. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.—Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 1, ch. 34.

Ignatius, an officer of Crassus in his Parthian expedition.――A bishop of Antioch, torn to pieces in the amphitheatre at Rome, by lions, during a persecution, A.D. 107. His writings were letters to the Ephesians, Romans, &c., and he supported the divinity of Christ, and the propriety of the episcopal order, as superior to priests and deacons. The best edition of his work is that of Oxford, in 8vo, 1708.

Iguvium, a town of Umbria, on the Via Flaminia, now Gubio. Cicero, Letters to Atticus, bk. 7, ltr. 13.—Silius Italicus, bk. 8, li. 460.

Ilaīra, or Hilaira, a daughter of Leucippus, carried away with her sister Phœbe, by the sons of Leda, as she was going to be married, &c.

Ilba, more properly Ilva, an island of the Tyrrhene sea, two miles from the continent. See: Ilua. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 173.

Ilecaones and Ilecaonenses, a people of Spain. Livy, bk. 22, ch. 21.

Ilerda, now Lerida, a town of Spain, the capital of the Ilergetes, on an eminence on the right bank of the river Sicoris in Catalonia. Livy, bk. 21, ch. 23; bk. 22, ch. 21.—Lucan, bk. 4, li. 13.

Ilergetes. See: Ilerda.

Ilia, or Rhea, a daughter of Numitor king of Alba, consecrated by her uncle Amulius to the service of Vesta, which required perpetual chastity, that she might not become a mother to dispossess him of his crown. He was, however, disappointed; violence was offered to Ilia, and she brought forth Romulus and Remus, who drove the usurper from his throne, and restored the crown to their grandfather Numitor, its lawful possessor. Ilia was buried alive by Amulius for violating the laws of Vesta; and because her tomb was near the Tiber, some supposed that she married the god of that river. Horace, bk. 1, ode 2.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 277.—Ovid, Fasti, bk. 2, li. 598.――A wife of Sylla.

Iliăci ludi, games instituted by Augustus, in commemoration of the victory which he had obtained over Antony and Cleopatra. They are supposed to be the same as the Trojani ludi and the Actia; and Virgil says they were celebrated by Æneas, and not because they were instituted at the time when he wrote his poem, but because he wished to compliment Augustus by making the founder of Lavinium solemnize games on the very spot which was, many centuries after, to be immortalized by the trophies of his patron. During these games were exhibited horse-races, and gymnastic exercises. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 280.

Iliăcus, an epithet applied to such as belong to Troy. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 101.

Iliădes, a surname given to Romulus, as son of Ilia. Ovid.――A name given to the Trojan women. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 484.

Ilias, a celebrated poem composed by Homer, upon the Trojan war. It delineates the wrath of Achilles, and all the calamities which befel the Greeks, from the refusal of that hero to appear in the field of battle. It finished at the death of Hector, whom Achilles had sacrificed to the shades of his friend Patroclus. It is divided into 24 books. See: Homerus.――A surname of Minerva, from a temple which she had at Daulis in Phocis.

Ilienses, a people of Sardinia. Livy, bk. 43, ch. 19; bk. 41, chs. 6 & 12.

Ilion, a town of Macedonia. Livy, bk. 31, ch. 27. See: Ilium.

Ilĭone, the eldest daughter of Priam, who married Polymnestor king of Thrace. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 657.

Iliŏneus, a Trojan, son of Phorbas. He came into Italy with Æneas. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 525.――A son of Artabanus, made prisoner by Parmenio, near Damascus. Curtius, bk. 3, ch. 13.――One of Niobe’s sons. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 6, fable 6.

Ilipa, a town of Bætica. Livy, bk. 35, ch. 1.

Ilissus, a small river of Attica, falling into the sea near the Piræus. There was a temple on its banks sacred to the muses. Statius, Thebiad, bk. 4, li. 52.

Ilĭthyīa, a goddess, called also Juno Lucina. Some suppose her to be the same as Diana. She presided over the travails of women; and in her temple at Rome, it was usual to carry a small piece of money as an offering. This custom was first established by Servius Tullius, who, by enforcing it, was enabled to know the exact number of the Roman people. Hesiod, Theogony, li. 450.—Homer, Iliad, bk. 11, ode 19.—Apollodorus, bks. 1 & 2.—Horace, Carmen Sæculare.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 9, li. 283.

Ilium, or Ilion, a citadel of Troy, built by Ilus, one of the Trojan kings, from whom it received its name. It is generally taken for Troy itself; and some have supposed that the town was called Ilium, and the adjacent country Troja. See: Troja. Livy, bk. 35, ch. 43; bk. 37, chs. 9 & 37.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, &c.—Strabo, bk. 13.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 13, li. 505.—Horace, bk. 3, ode 3.—Justin, bk. 11, ch. 5; bk. 31, ch. 8.

Illiberis, a town of Gaul, through which Hannibal passed as he marched into Italy.

Illice, now Elche, a town of Spain, with a harbour and bay, Sinus et Portus Illicitanus, now Alicant. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 3.

Illipŭla, two towns of Spain, one of which is called Major, and the other Minor.

Illiturgis, Iliturgus, or Ilirgia, a city of Spain, near the modern Andujar, on the river Bætis, destroyed by Scipio, for having revolted to the Carthaginians. Livy, bk. 23, ch. 49; bk. 24, ch. 41; bk. 26, ch. 17.

Ilorcis, now Lorca, a town of Spain. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 3.

Illy̆rĭcum, Illy̆ris, and Illy̆ria, a country bordering on the Adriatic sea, opposite Italy, whose boundaries have been different at different times. It became a Roman province, after Gentius its king had been conquered by the pretor Anicius; and it now forms part of Croatia, Bosnia, and Sclavonia. Strabo, bks. 2 & 7.—Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 35.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 2, &c.—Florus, bks. 1, 2, &c.

Illy̆rīcus sinus, that part of the Adriatic which is on the coast of Illyricum.

Illy̆rius, a son of Cadmus and Hermione, from whom Illyricum received its name. Apollodorus.

Ilua, now Elba, an island in the Tyrrhene sea, between Italy and Corsica, celebrated for its iron mines. The people are called Iluates. Livy, bk. 30, ch. 39.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 173.—Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 6; bk. 34, ch. 14.

Iluro, now Oleron, a town of Gascony in France.

Ilus, the fourth king of Troy, was son of Tros by Callirhoe. He married Eurydice the daughter of Adrastus, by whom he had Themis, who married Capys, and Laomedon the father of Priam. He built, or rather embellished, the city of Ilium, called also Troy, from his father Tros. Jupiter gave him the Palladium, a celebrated statue of Minerva, and promised that as long as it remained in Troy, so long would the town remain impregnable. When the temple of Minerva was in flames, Ilus rushed into the middle of the fire to save the Palladium, for which action he was deprived of his sight by the goddess; though he recovered it some time after. Homer, Iliad.—Strabo, bk. 13.—Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 12.—Ovid, Fasti, bk. 4, li. 33; bk. 6, li. 419.――A name of Ascanius, while he was at Troy. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 272.――A friend of Turnus, killed by Pallas. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 400.

Ilyrgis, a town of Hispania Bætica, now Ilora. Polybius.

Imanuentius, a king of part of Britain, killed by Cassivelaunus, &c.—Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 5.

Imaus, a large mountain of Scythia, which is part of mount Taurus. It divides Scythia, which is generally called Intra Imaum, and Extra Imaum. It extends, according to some, as far as the boundaries of the eastern ocean. Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 17.—Strabo, bk. 1.

Imbărus, a part of mount Taurus in Armenia.

Imbrăsĭdes, a patronymic given to Asius, as son of Imbracus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 123.

Imbrăsĭdes, a patronymic given to Glaucus and Lades, as sons of Imbrasus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 12, li. 343.

Imbrăsus, or Parthenius, a river of Samos. Juno, who was worshipped on its banks, received the surname of Imbrasia. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 4.――The father of Pirus, the leader of the Thracians during the Trojan war. Virgil, Æneid, bks. 10 & 12.—Homer, Iliad, bk. 4, li. 520.

Imbreus, one of the Centaurs, killed by Dryas at the nuptials of Pirithous. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12, li. 310.

Imbrex Caius Licinius, a poet. See: Licinius.

Imbrius, a Trojan, killed by Teucer son of Mentor. He had married Medesicaste, Priam’s daughter. Homer, Iliad, bk. 13.

Imbrivium, a place of Samnium.

Imbros, now Embro, an island of the Ægean sea, near Thrace, 32 miles from Samothrace, with a small river and town of the same name. Imbros was governed for some time by its own laws, but afterwards subjected to the power of Persia, Athens, Macedonia, and the kings of Pergamus. It afterwards became a Roman province. The divinities particularly worshipped there were Ceres and Mercury. Thucydides, bk. 8.—Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12.—Homer, Iliad, bk. 13.—Strabo, bk. 2.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.—Ovid, Tristia, bk. 1, poem 10, li. 18.

Inăchi, a name given to the Greeks, particularly the Argives, from king Inachus.

Inachia, a name given to Peloponnesus, from the river Inachus.――A festival in Crete in honour of Inachus; or, according to others, of Ino’s misfortunes.――A courtesan in the age of Horace, Epode 12.

Inăchĭdæ, the name of the eight first successors of Inachus, on the throne of Argos.

Inăchĭles, a patronymic of Epaphus, as grandson of Inachus. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 1, li. 704.――Also of Perseus, descended from Inachus. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 4, fable 11.

Inăchis, a patronymic of Io, as daughter of Inachus. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 1, li. 454.

Inăchium, a town of Peloponnesus.

Inăchus, a son of Oceanus and Tethys, father of Io, and also of Phoroneus and Ægialeus. He founded the kingdom of Argos, and was succeeded by Phoroneus, B.C. 1807, and gave his name to a river of Argos, of which he became the tutelar deity. He reigned 60 years. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 3, li. 151.—Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 3.—Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 15.――A river of Argos.――Another in Epirus.

Inamămes, a river in the east of Asia, as far as which Semiramis extended her empire. Polyænus.

Inarĭme, an island near Campania, with a mountain under which Jupiter confined the giant Typhœus. It is now called Ischia, and is remarkable for its fertility and population. There was formerly a volcano in the middle of the island. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 716.

Inărus, a town of Egypt, in whose neighbourhood the town of Naucratis was built by the Milesians.――A tyrant of Egypt, who died B.C. 456.

Incitātus, a horse of the emperor Caligula, made high priest.

Indathyrsus. See: Idanthyrsus.

India, the most celebrated and opulent of all the countries of Asia, bounded on one side by the Indus, from which it derives its name. It is situate at the south of the kingdoms of Persia, Parthia, &c., along the maritime coasts. It has always been reckoned famous for the riches it contains; and so persuaded were the ancients of its wealth, that they supposed that its very sands were gold. It contained 9000 different nations, and 5000 remarkable cities, according to geographers. Bacchus was the first who conquered it. In more recent ages, part of it was tributary to the power of Persia. Alexander invaded it; but his conquest was checked by the valour of Porus, one of the kings of the country, and the Macedonian warrior was unwilling or afraid to engage another. Semiramis also extended her empire far in India. The Romans knew little of the country, yet their power was so universally dreaded, that the Indians paid homage by their ambassadors to the emperors Antoninus, Trajan, &c. India is divided into several provinces. There is an India extra Gangem, an India intra Gangem, and an India propria; but these divisions are not particularly noticed by the ancients, who, even in the age of Augustus, gave the name of Indians to the Æthiopian nations. Diodorus, bk. 1.—Strabo, bk. 1, &c.—Mela, bk. 3, ch. 7.—Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 28.—Curtius, bk. 8, ch. 10.—Justin, bk. 1, ch. 2; bk. 12, ch. 7.

Indibĭlis, a princess of Spain betrothed to Albutius.

Indĭgĕtes, a name given to those deities who were worshipped only in some particular places, or who were become gods from men, as Hercules, Bacchus, &c. Some derive the word from Inde et geniti, born at the same place where they received their worship. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 1, li. 498.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 14, li. 608.

Indĭgĕti, a people of Spain.

Indus, now Sinde, a large river of Asia, from which the adjacent country has received the name of India. It falls into the Indian ocean by two mouths. According to Plato, it was larger than the Nile; and Pliny says that 19 rivers discharge themselves into it, before it falls into the sea. Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 2, ch. 52.—Strabo, bk. 15.—Curtius, bk. 8, ch. 9.—Diodorus, bk. 2.—Ovid, Fasti, bk. 3, li. 720.—Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 20.――A river of Caria. Livy, bk. 38, ch. 14.

Indutiomarus, a Gaul, conquered by Cæsar, &c. Cæsar, Gallic War.

Inferum mare, the Tuscan sea.

Ino, a daughter of Cadmus and Harmonia, who nursed Bacchus. She married Athamas king of Thebes, after he had divorced Nephele, by whom he had two children, Phryxus and Helle. Ino became mother of Melicerta and Learchus, and soon conceived an implacable hatred against the children of Nephele, because they were to ascend the throne in preference to her own. Phryxus and Helle were informed of Ino’s machinations, and they escaped to Colchis on a golden ram. See: Phryxus. Juno, jealous of Ino’s prosperity, resolved to disturb her peace; and more particularly because she was of the descendants of her greatest enemy, Venus. Tisiphone was sent, by order of the goddess, to the house of Athamas; and she filled the whole palace with such fury, that Athamas, taking Ino to be a lioness, and her children whelps, pursued her, and dashed her son Learchus against a wall. Ino escaped from the fury of her husband, and from a high rock she threw herself into the sea, with Melicerta in her arms. The gods pitied her fate, and Neptune made her a sea deity, which was afterwards called Leucothoe. Melicerta became also a sea god, known by the name of Palæmon. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 5.—Cicero, Tusculanæ Disputationes; de Natura Deorum, bk. 3, ch. 48.—Plutarch, Convivium Septem Sapientium, ch. 5.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 4, fable 13, &c.—Pausanias, bks. 1, 2, &c.—Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 4.—Hyginus, fables 12, 14, & 15.

Inōa, festivals in memory of Ino, celebrated yearly with sports and sacrifices at Corinth. An anniversary sacrifice was also offered to Ino at Megara, where she was first worshipped, under the name of Leucothoe.――Another in Laconia, in honour of the same. It was usual at the celebration to throw cakes of flour into a pond, which, if they sunk, were presages of prosperity; but if they swam on the surface of the waters, they were inauspicious and very unlucky.

Inous, a patronymic given to the god Palæmon, as son of Ino. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 5, li. 823.

Inōpus, a river of Delos, which the inhabitants suppose to be the Nile, coming from Egypt under the sea. It was near its banks that Apollo and Diana were born. Pliny, bk. 2, ch. 103.—Flaccus, bk. 5, li. 105.—Strabo, bk. 6.—Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 4.

Insŭbres, the inhabitants of Insubria, a country near the Po, supposed to be of Gallic origin. They were conquered by the Romans, and their country became a province, where the modern towns of Milan and Pavia were built. Strabo, bk. 5.—Tacitus, Annals, bk. 11, ch. 23.—Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 17.—Livy, bk. 5, ch. 34.—Ptolemy, bk. 3, ch. 1.

Intaphernes, one of the seven Persian noblemen who conspired against Smerdis, who usurped the crown of Persia. He was so disappointed for not obtaining the crown, that he fomented seditions against Darius, who had been raised to the throne after the death of the usurper. When the king had ordered him and all his family to be put to death, his wife, by frequently visiting the palace, excited the compassion of Darius, who pardoned her, and permitted her to redeem from death any one of her relations whom she pleased. She obtained her brother; and when the king expressed his astonishment, because she preferred him to her husband and children, she replied that she could procure another husband, and children likewise; out that she could never have another brother, as her father and mother were dead. Intaphernes was put to death. Herodotus, bk. 3.

Intemelium, a town at the west of Liguria, on the sea-shore. Cicero, ♦Letters to his Friends, bk. 8, ch. 14.

♦ ‘Div.’ replaced with ‘Letters to his Friends’

Interamna, an ancient city of Umbria, the birthplace of the historian Tacitus, and of the emperor of the same name. It is situate between two branches of the Nar (interamnes), whence its name. Varro, de Lingua Latina, bk. 4, ch. 5.—Tacitus, Histories, bk. 2, ch. 64.――A colony on the confines of Samnium, on the Liris.

Intercatia, a town of Spain.

Interrex, a supreme magistrate at Rome, who was intrusted with the care of the government after the death of a king, till the election of another. This office was exercised by the senators alone, and none continued in power longer than five days, or, according to Plutarch, only 12 hours. The first interrex mentioned in Roman history, is after the death of Romulus, when the Romans quarrelled with the Sabines concerning the choice of a king. There was sometimes an interrex during the consular government; but this happened only to hold assemblies in the absence of the magistrates, or when the election of any of the acting officers was disputed. Livy, bk. 1, ch. 17.—Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 2, ch. 15.

Inui castrum. See: Castrum Inui. It received its name from Inuus, a divinity supposed to be the same as the Faunus of the Latins, and worshipped in this city.

Inȳcus, a city of Sicily. Herodotus.

Io, daughter of Inachus, or, according to others, of Jasus or Pirenes, was priestess of Juno at Argos. Jupiter became enamoured of her; but Juno, jealous of his intrigues, discovered the object of his affections, and surprised him in the company of Io, though he had shrouded himself in all the obscurity of clouds and thick mists. Jupiter changed his mistress into a beautiful heifer; and the goddess, who well knew the fraud, obtained from her husband the animal whose beauty she had condescended to commend. Juno commanded the hundred-eyed Argus to watch the heifer; but Jupiter, anxious for the situation of Io, sent Mercury to destroy Argus, and to restore her to liberty. See: Argus. Io, freed from the vigilance of Argus, was now persecuted by Juno; who sent one of the furies, or rather a malicious insect, to torment her. She wandered over the greatest part of the earth, and crossed over the sea, till at last she stopped on the banks of the Nile, still exposed to the unceasing torments of Juno’s insect. Here she entreated Jupiter to restore her to her ancient form; and when the god had changed her from a heifer into a woman, she brought forth Epaphus. Afterwards she married Telegonus king of Egypt, or Osiris, according to others, and she treated her subjects with such mildness and humanity, that after death she received divine honours, and was worshipped under the name of Isis. According to Herodotus, Io was carried away by Phœnician merchants, who wished to make reprisals for Europa, who had been stolen from them by the Greeks. Some suppose that Io never came to Egypt. She is sometimes called Phoronis, from her brother Phoroneus. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 1, li. 748.—Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 25; bk. 3, ch. 18.—Moschus.—Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 1.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 789.—Hyginus, fable 145.

Iobates and Jobates, a king of Lycia, father of Stenobœa, the wife of Prœtus king of Argos. He was succeeded on the throne by Bellerophon, to whom he had given one of his daughters, called Philonoe, in marriage. See: Bellerophon. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 2.—Hyginus, fable 57.

Iobes, a son of Hercules by a daughter of Thespius. He died in his youth. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 7.

Jocasta, a daughter of Menœceus, who married Laius king of Thebes, by whom she had Œdipus. She afterwards married her son Œdipus, without knowing who he was, and had by him Eteocles, Polynices, &c. See: Laius, Œdipus. When she discovered that she had married her own son, and had been guilty of incest, she hanged herself in despair. She is called Epicasta by some mythologists. Statius, Thebiad, bk. 8, li. 42.—Seneca & Sophocles, Œdipus.—Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 5.—Hyginus, fable 66, &c.—Homer, Odyssey, bk. 11.

Iolaia, a festival at Thebes, the same as that called Heracleia. It was instituted in honour of Hercules and his friend Iolas, who assisted him in conquering the hydra. It continued during several days, on the first of which were offered solemn sacrifices. The next day horse-races and athletic exercises were exhibited. The following day was set apart for wrestling; the victors were crowned with garlands of myrtle, generally used at funeral solemnities. They were sometimes rewarded with tripods of brass. The place where the exercises were exhibited was called Iolaion, where there were to be seen the monument of Amphitryon, and the cenotaph of Iolas, who was buried in Sardinia. These monuments were strewed with garlands and flowers on the day of the festival.

Iŏlas, or Iolāus, a son of Iphiclus king of Thessaly, who assisted Hercules in conquering the hydra, and burnt with a hot iron the place where the heads had been cut off, to prevent the growth of others. See: Hydra. He was restored to his youth and vigour by Hebe, at the request of his friend Hercules. Some time afterwards, Iolas assisted the Heraclidæ against Eurystheus, and killed the tyrant with his own hand. According to Plutarch, Iolas had a monument in Bœotia and Phocis, where lovers used to go and bind themselves by the most solemn oaths of fidelity, considering the place as sacred to love and friendship. According to Diodorus and Pausanias, Iolas died and was buried in Sardinia, where he had gone to make a settlement at the head of the sons of Hercules by the 50 daughters of Thespius. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 9, li. 399.—Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 4.—Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 17.――A compiler of a Phœnician history.――A friend of Æneas, killed by Catillus in the Rutulian wars. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 11, li. 640.――A son of Antipater, cup-bearer to Alexander. Plutarch.

Iolchos, a town of Magnesia, above Demetrias, where Jason was born. It was founded by Cretheus son of Æolus and Enaretta. Mela mentions it as at some distance from the sea, though all the other ancient geographers place it on the sea-shore. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 2.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9.—Strabo, bk. 8.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 3.—Lucan, bk. 3, li. 192.

Iŏle, a daughter of Eurytus king of Œchalia. Her father promised her in marriage to Hercules, but he refused to perform his engagements, and Iole was carried away by force. See: Eurytus. It was to extinguish the love of Hercules for Iole that Dejanira sent him the poisoned tunic, which caused his death. See: Hercules and Dejanira. After the death of Hercules, Iole married his son Hyllus by Dejanira. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 7.—Ovid Metamorphoses, bk. 9, li. 279.

Ion, a son of Xuthus and Creusa daughter of Erechtheus, who married Helice, the daughter of Selinus king of Ægiale. He succeeded on the throne of his father-in-law, and built a city, which he called Helice, on account of his wife. His subjects from him received the name of Ionians, and the country that of Ionia. See: Iones and Ionia. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 7.—Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 1.—Strabo, bk. 7.—Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 94; bk. 8, ch. 44.――A tragic poet of Chios, whose tragedies, when represented at Athens, met with universal applause. He is mentioned and greatly commended by Aristophanes and Athenæus, &c. Athenæus, bk. 10, &c.――A native of Ephesus, introduced in Plato’s dialogues as reasoning with Socrates.

Iōne, one of the Nereides.

Iōnes, a name originally given to the subjects of Ion, who dwelt at Helice. In the age of Ion the Athenians made a war against the people of Eleusis, and implored his aid against their enemies. Ion conquered the Eleusinians and Eumolpus, who was at their head; and the Athenians, sensible of his services, invited him to come and settle among them; and the more strongly to show their affection, they assumed the name of Ionians. Some suppose that, after this victory, Ion passed into Asia Minor, at the head of a colony. When the Achæans were driven from Peloponnesus by the Heraclidæ, 80 years after the Trojan war, they came to settle among the Ionians, who were then masters of Ægialus. They were soon dispossessed of their territories by the Achæans, and went to Attica, where they met with a cordial reception. Their migration from Greece to Asia Minor was about 60 years after the return of the Heraclidæ, B.C. 1044, and 80 years after the departure of the Æolians; and they therefore finally settled themselves, after a wandering life of about 30 years.

Iōnia, a country of Asia Minor, bounded on the north by Æolia, on the west by the Ægean and Icarian seas, on the south by Caria, and on the east by Lydia and part of Caria. It was founded by colonies from Greece, and particularly Attica, by the Ionians, or subjects of Ion. Ionia was divided into 12 small states, which formed a celebrated confederacy, often mentioned by the ancients. These 12 states were Priene, Miletus, Colophon, Clazomenæ, Ephesus, Lebedos, Teos, Phocæa, Erythræ, Smyrna, and the capitals of Samos and Chios. The inhabitants of Ionia built a temple, which they called Pan Ionium, from the concourse of people that flocked there from every part of Ionia. After they had enjoyed for some time their freedom and independence, they were made tributary to the power of Lydia by Crœsus. The Athenians assisted them to shake off the slavery of the Asiatic monarchs; but they soon forgot their duty and relation to their mother country, and joined Xerxes when he invaded Greece. They were delivered from the Persian yoke by Alexander, and restored to their original independence. They were reduced by the Romans under the dictator Sylla. Ionia has been always celebrated for the salubrity of the climate, the fruitfulness of the ground, and the genius of its inhabitants. Herodotus, bk. 1, chs. 6 & 28.—Strabo, bk. 14.—Mela, bk. 1, ch. 2, &c.—Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 1.――An ancient name given to Hellas, or Achaia, because it was for some time the residence of the Ionians.

Iōnium mare, a part of the Mediterranean sea, at the bottom of the Adriatic, lying between Sicily and Greece. That part of the Ægean sea which lies on the coast of Ionia, in Asia, is called the sea of Ionia, and not the Ionian sea. According to some authors, the Ionian sea receives its name from Io, who swam across there, after she had been metamorphosed into a heifer. Strabo, bk. 7, &c.—Dionysius Periegetes.

Iōpas, a king of Africa, among the suitors of Dido. He was an excellent musician, poet, and philosopher, and he exhibited his superior abilities at the entertainment which Dido gave to Æneas. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 744.

Iōpe and Joppa, now Jafa, a famous town of Phœnicia, more ancient than the deluge, according to some traditions. It was about 40 miles from the capital of Judæa, and was remarkable for a seaport much frequented, though very dangerous on account of the great rocks that lie before it. Strabo, bk. 16, &c.—Propertius, bk. 2, poem 28, li. 51.――A daughter of Iphicles, who married Theseus. Plutarch.

Iŏphon, a son of Sophocles, who accused his father of imprudence in the management of his affairs, &c. Lucian, de Macrobii.――A poet of Gnossus, in Crete. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 34.

Jordānes, a river of Judæa, illustrious in sacred history. It rises near mount Libanus, and after running through the lake Samachonitis, and that of Tiberias, it falls, after a course of 150 miles, into the Dead sea. Strabo, bk. 16.

Jornandes, an historian who wrote a book on the Goths. He died A.D. 552.

Ios, now Nio, an island in the Myrtoan sea, at the south of Naxos, celebrated, as some say, for the tomb of Homer, and the birth of his mother. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12.

Josēphus Flavius, a celebrated Jew, born in Jerusalem, who signalized his military abilities in supporting a siege of 47 days against Vespasian and Titus, in a small town of Judæa. When the city surrendered, there were not found less than 40,000 Jews slain, and the number of captives amounted to 1200. Josephus saved his life by flying into a cave, where 40 of his countrymen had also taken refuge. He dissuaded them from committing suicide, and when they had all drawn lots to kill one another, Josephus fortunately remained the last, and surrendered himself to Vespasian. He gained the conqueror’s esteem, by foretelling that he would become one day the master of the Roman empire. Josephus was present at the siege of Jerusalem by Titus, and received all the sacred books which it contained from the conqueror’s hands. He came to Rome with Titus, where he was honoured with the name and privileges of a Roman citizen. Here he made himself esteemed by the emperors Vespasian and Titus, and dedicated his time to study. He wrote the history of the wars of the Jews, first in Syriac, and afterwards translated it into Greek. This composition so pleased Titus, that he authenticated it by placing his signature upon it, and preserving it in one of the public libraries. He finished another work, which he divided into 20 books, containing the history of the Jewish antiquities, in some places subversive of the authority and miracles mentioned in the scriptures. He also wrote two books to defend the Jews against Apion their greatest enemy; besides an account of his own life, &c. Josephus has been admired for his lively and animated style, the bold propriety of his expressions, the exactness of his descriptions, and the persuasive eloquence of his orations. He has been called the Livy of the Greeks. Though in some cases inimical to the christians, yet he has commended our Saviour so warmly, that St. Jerome calls him a christian writer. Josephus died A.D. 93, in the 56th year of his age. The best editions of his works are Hudson’s, 2 vols., folio, Oxford, 1720, and Havercamp’s, 2 vols., folio, Amsterdam, 1726. Suetonius, Vespasian, &c.

Joviānus Flavius Claudius, a native of Pannonia, elected emperor of Rome by the soldiers after the death of Julian. He at first refused to be invested with the imperial purple, because his subjects followed the religious principles of the late emperor; but they removed his groundless apprehensions, and when they assured him that they were warm for christianity, he accepted the crown. He made a disadvantageous treaty with the Persians, against whom Julian was marching with a victorious army. Jovian died seven months and 20 days after his ascension, and was found in his bed suffocated by the vapour of charcoal, which had been lighted in the room, A.D. 364. Some attribute his death to intemperance, and say that he was the son of a baker. He burned a celebrated library at Antioch. Marcellinus.

Iphianassa, a daughter of Prœtus king of Argos, who, with her sisters Iphinoe and Lysippe, ridiculed Juno, &c. See: Prœtides.――The wife of Endymion.

Iphĭclus, or Iphicles, a son of Amphitryon and Alcmena, born at the same birth with Hercules. As these two children were together in the cradle, Juno, jealous of Hercules, sent two large serpents to destroy him. At the sight of the serpents, Iphicles alarmed the house; but Hercules, though not a year old, boldly seized them, one in each hand, and squeezed them to death. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 4.—Theocritus.――A king of Phylace, in Phthiotis, son of Phylacus and Clymene. He had bulls famous for their bigness, and the monster which kept them. Melampus, at the request of his brother [See: Melampus], attempted to steal them away, but he was caught in the act, and imprisoned. Iphicles soon received some advantages from the prophetical knowledge of his prisoner, and not only restored him to liberty, but also presented him with the oxen. Iphicles, who was childless, learned from the soothsayer how to become a father. He had married Automedusa, and afterwards a daughter of Creon king of Thebes. He was father to Podarce and Protesilaus. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 11; Iliad, bk. 13.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9.—Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 36.――A son of Thestius king of Pleuron. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 1.

Iphicrătes, a celebrated general of Athens, who, though son of a shoemaker, rose from the lowest station to the highest offices in the state. He made war against the Thracians, obtained some victories over the Spartans, and assisted the Persian king against Egypt. He changed the dress and arms of his soldiers, and rendered them more alert and expeditious in using their weapons. He married a daughter of Cotys king of Thrace, by whom he had a son called Mnesteus, and died 380 B.C. When he was once reproached for the meanness of his origin, he observed that he would be the first of his family, but that his detractor would be the last of his own. Cornelius Nepos, Iphicrates.――A sculptor of Athens.――An Athenian sent to Darius III. king of Persia, &c. Curtius, bk. 3, ch. 13.

Iphĭdămus, a son of Antenor and Theano, killed by Agamemnon. Homer, Iliad, bk. 11.

Iphĭdĕmīa, a Thessalian woman, ravished by the Naxians, &c.

Iphĭgēnĭa, a daughter of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra. When the Greeks, going to the Trojan war, were detained by contrary winds at Aulis, they were informed by one of the soothsayers, that to appease the gods, they must sacrifice Iphigenia, Agamemnon’s daughter, to Diana. See: Agamemnon. The father, who had provoked the goddess by killing her favourite stag, heard this with the greatest horror and indignation, and rather than to shed the blood of his daughter, he commanded one of his heralds, as chief of the Grecian forces, to order all the assembly to depart each to his respective home. Ulysses and the other generals interfered, and Agamemnon consented to immolate his daughter for the common cause of Greece. As Iphigenia was tenderly loved by her mother, the Greeks sent for her on pretence of giving her in marriage to Achilles. Clytemnestra gladly permitted her departure, and Iphigenia came to Aulis: here she saw the bloody preparations for the sacrifice; she implored the forgiveness and protection of her father, but tears and entreaties were unavailing. Calchas took the knife in his hand, and as he was going to strike the fatal blow, Iphigenia suddenly disappeared, and a goat of uncommon size and beauty was found in her place for the sacrifice. This supernatural change animated the Greeks, the wind suddenly became favourable, and the combined fleet set sail from Aulis. Iphigenia’s innocence had raised the compassion of the goddess on whose altar she was going to be sacrificed, and she carried her to Taurica, where she entrusted her with the care of her temple. In this sacred office Iphigenia was obliged, by the command of Diana, to sacrifice all the strangers who came into that country. Many had already been offered as victims on the bloody altar, when Orestes and Pylades came to Taurica. Their mutual and unparalleled friendship [See: Pylades and Orestes] disclosed to Iphigenia that one of the strangers whom she was going to sacrifice was her brother; and, upon this, she conspired with the two friends to fly from the barbarous country, and carry away the statue of the goddess. They successfully effected their enterprise, and murdered Thoas, who enforced the human sacrifices. According to some authors, the Iphigenia who was sacrificed at Aulis was not a daughter of Agamemnon, but a daughter of Helen by ♦Theseus. Homer does not speak of the sacrifice of Iphigenia, though very minute in the description of the Grecian forces, adventures, &c. The statue of Diana, which Iphigenia brought away, was afterwards placed in the grove of Aricia in Italy. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 22; bk. 3, ch. 16.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12, li. 31.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 2, ch. 116.—Aeschylus.—Euripides.

♦ ‘Thesus’ replaced with ‘Theseus’

Iphĭmĕdīa, a daughter of Tropias, who married the giant Alœus. She fled from her husband, and had two sons, Otus and Ephialtes, by Neptune, her father’s father. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 11, li. 124.—Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 22.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 7.

Iphimedon, a son of Eurystheus, killed in a war against the Athenians and Heraclidæ. Apollodorus.

Iphĭmĕdūsa, one of the daughters of Danaus, who married Euchenor. See: Danaides.

Iphinoe, one of the principal women of Lemnos, who conspired to destroy all the males of the island after their return from a Thracian expedition. Flaccus, bk. 2, li. 163.――One of the daughters of Prœtus. She died of a disease while under the care of Melampus. See: Prœtides.

Iphinous, one of the centaurs. Ovid.

Iphis, son of Alector, succeeded his father on the throne of Argos. He advised Polynices, who wished to engage Amphiaraus in the Theban war, to bribe his wife Eriphyle, by giving her the golden collar of Harmonia. This succeeded, and Eriphyle betrayed her husband. Apollodorus, bk. 3.—Flaccus, bks. 1, 3, & 7.――A beautiful youth of Salamis, of ignoble birth. He became enamoured of Anaxarete, and the coldness and contempt he met with rendered him so desperate that he hung himself. Anaxarete saw him carried to his grave without emotion, and was instantly changed into a stone. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 14, li. 703.――A daughter of Thespius. Apollodorus.――A mistress of Patroclus, given him by Achilles. Homer, Iliad, bk. 9.――A daughter of Ligdus and Telethusa, of Crete. When Telethusa was pregnant, Ligdus ordered her to destroy her child, if it proved a daughter, because his poverty could not afford to maintain a useless charge. The severe orders of her husband alarmed Telethusa, and she would have obeyed, had not Isis commanded her in a dream to spare the life of her child. Telethusa brought forth a daughter, which was given to a nurse, and passed for a boy under the name of Iphis. Ligdus continued ignorant of the deceit, and when Iphis was come to the years of puberty, her father resolved to give her in marriage to Ianthe, the beautiful daughter of Telestes. A day to celebrate the nuptials was appointed, but Telethusa and her daughter were equally anxious to put off the marriage; and, when all was unavailing, they implored the assistance of Isis, by whose advice the life of Iphis had been preserved. The goddess was moved; she changed the sex of Iphis, and, on the morrow, the nuptials were consummated with the greatest rejoicings. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 9, li. 666, &c.

Iphition, an ally of the Trojans, son of Otryntheus and Nais, killed by Achilles. Homer, Iliad, bk. 20, li. 382.

Iphĭtus, a son of Eurytus king of Œchalia. When his father had promised his daughter Iole to him who could overcome him or his sons in drawing the bow, Hercules accepted the challenge, and came off victorious. Eurytus refused his daughter to the conqueror, observing that Hercules had killed one of his wives in a fury, and that Iole might perhaps share the same fate. Some time after, Autolycus stole away the oxen of Eurytus, and Hercules was suspected of the theft. Iphitus was sent in quest of the oxen, and in his search he met with Hercules, whose good favours he had gained by advising Eurytus to give Iole to the conqueror. Hercules assisted Iphitus in seeking the lost animals; but when he recollected the ingratitude of Eurytus, he killed Iphitus by throwing him down from the walls of Tirynthus. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 21.—Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 6.――A Trojan, who survived the ruin of his country, and fled with Æneas to Italy. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 2, li. 340, &c.――A king of Elis, son of Praxonides, in the age of Lycurgus. He re-established the olympic games 338 years after their institution by Hercules, or about 884 years before the christian era. This epoch is famous in chronological history, as everything previous to it seems involved in fabulous obscurity. Paterculus, bk. 1, ch. 8.—Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 4.

Iphthime, a sister of Penelope, who married Eumelus. She appeared, by the power of Minerva, to her sister in a dream, to comfort her in the absence of her son Telemachus. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 4, li. 795.

Ipsea, the mother of Medea. Ovid, Heroides, poem 17, li. 232.

Ipsus, a place of Phrygia, celebrated for a battle which was fought there, about 301 years before the christian era, between Antigonus and his son, and Seleucus, Ptolemy, Lysimachus, and Cassander. The former led into the field an army of above 70,000 foot and 10,000 horse, with 75 elephants. The latter’s forces consisted of above 64,000 infantry, besides 10,500 horse, 400 elephants, and 120 armed chariots. Antigonus and his son were defeated. Plutarch, Demetrius.

Ira, a city of Messenia, which Agamemnon promised to Achilles, if he would resume his arms to fight against the Trojans. This place is famous in history, as having supported a siege of 11 years against the Lacedæmonians. Its capture, B.C. 671, put an end to the second Messenian war. Homer, Iliad, bk. 9, lis. 150 & 292.—Strabo, bk. 7.

Irenæus, a native of Greece, disciple of Polycarp, and bishop of Lyons in France. He wrote on different subjects; but, as what remains is in Latin, some suppose that he composed in that language, and not in the Greek. Fragments of his works in Greek are, however, preserved, which prove that his style was simple, though clear and often animated. His opinions concerning the soul are curious. He suffered martyrdom, A.D. 202. The best edition of his works is that of Grabe, Oxford, folio, 1702.

Irēne, a daughter of Cratinus the painter. Pliny, bk. 35, ch. 11.――One of the seasons among the Greeks, called by the moderns Horæ. Her two sisters were Dia and Eunomia, all daughters of Jupiter and Themis. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 3.

Iresus, a delightful spot in Libya, near Cyrene, where Battus fixed his residence. The Egyptians were once defeated there by the inhabitants of Cyrene. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 158, &c.

Iris, a daughter of Thaumas and Electra, one of the Oceanides, messenger of the gods, and more particularly of Juno. Her office was to cut the thread which seemed to detain the soul in the body of those that were expiring. She is the same as the rainbow, and, from that circumstance, she is represented with wings, with all the variegated and beautiful colours of the rainbow, and appears sitting behind Juno ready to execute her commands. She is likewise described as supplying the clouds with water to deluge the world. Hesiod, Theogony, li. 266.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 1, li. 271 et seq.; bk. 4, li. 481; bk. 10, li. 585.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 4, li. 694.――A river of Asia Minor, rising in Cappadocia, and falling into the Euxine sea. Flaccus, bk. 5, li. 121.――A river of Pontus.

Irus, a beggar of Ithaca, who executed the commissions of Penelope’s suitors. When Ulysses returned home, disguised in a beggar’s dress, Irus hindered him from entering the gates, and even challenged him. Ulysses brought him to the ground with a blow, and dragged him out of the house. From his poverty originates the proverb, Iro pauperior. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 8, lis. 1 & 35.—Ovid, Tristia, bk. 3, poem 7, li. 42.――A mountain of India.

Is, a small river falling into the Euphrates. Its waters abound with bitumen. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 179.――A small town on the river of the same name. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 179.

Isădas, a Spartan, who, upon seeing the Thebans entering the city, stripped himself naked, and with a spear and sword engaged the enemy. He was rewarded with a crown for his valour. Plutarch.

Isæa, one of the Nereides.

Isæus, an orator of Chalcis, in Eubœa, who came to Athens, and became there the pupil of Lysias, and soon after the master of Demosthenes. Some suppose that he reformed the dissipation and imprudence of his early years by frugality and temperance. Demosthenes imitated him in preference to Isocrates, because he studied force and energy of expression rather than floridness of style. Ten of his 64 orations are extant. Juvenal, satire 3, li. 74.—Plutarch, Lives of the Ten Orators.—Demosthenes.――Another Greek orator, who came to Rome, A.D. 17. He is greatly recommended by Pliny the younger, who observes that he always spoke extempore, and wrote with elegance, unlaboured ease, and great correctness.

Isamus, a river of India.

Isander, a son of Bellerophon, killed in the war which his father made against the Solymi. Homer, Iliad, bk. 6.

Isāpis, a river of Umbria. Lucan, bk. 2, li. 406.

Isar and Isara, the Isore, a river of Gaul, where Fabius routed the Allobroges. It rises at the east of Savoy, and falls into the Rhone near Valence. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 4.—Lucan, bk. 1, li. 399.――Another called the Oyse, which falls into the Seine below Paris.

Isar and Isæus, a river of Vindelicia. Strabo, bk. 4.

Isarchus, an Athenian archon, B.C. 424.

Isaura (a, or orum), the chief town of Isauria. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 27.

Isauria, a country of Asia Minor, near mount Taurus, whose inhabitants were bold and warlike. The Roman emperors, particularly Probus and Gallus, made war against them and conquered them. Florus, bk. 3, ch. 6.—Strabo.—Cicero, bk. 15, Letters to his Friends, ltr. 2.

Isaurĭcus, a surname of Publius Servilius, from his conquests over the Isaurians. Ovid, bk. 1, Fasti, li. 594.—Cicero, bk. 5, Letters to Atticus, ltr. 21.

Isaurus, a river of Umbria, falling into the Adriatic.――Another in Magna Græcia. Lucan, bk. 2, li. 406.

Ischenia, an annual festival at Olympia, in honour of Ischenus the grandson of Mercury and Hiera, who, in a time of famine, devoted himself for his country, and was honoured with a monument near Olympia.

Ischolaus, a brave and prudent general of Sparta, &c. Polyænus.

Ischomăchus, a noble athlete of Crotona, about the consulship of Marcus Valerius and Publius Posthumius.

Ischopŏlis, a town of Pontus.

Iscia. See: Œnotrides.

Isdegerdes, a king of Persia, appointed by the will of Arcadius, guardian to Theodosius II. He died in his 31st year, A.D. 408.

Isia, certain festivals observed in honour of Isis, which continued nine days. It was usual to carry vessels full of wheat and barley, as the goddess was supposed to be the first who taught mankind the use of corn. These festivals were adopted by the Romans, among whom they soon degenerated into licentiousness. They were abolished by a decree of the senate, A.U.C. 696. They were introduced again, about 200 years after, by Commodus.

Isiacōrum portus, a harbour on the shore of the Euxine, near Dacia.

Isidōrus, a native of Charax, in the age of Ptolemy Lagus, who wrote some historical treatises, besides a description of Parthia.――A disciple of Chrysostom, called Pelusiota, from his living in Egypt. Of his epistles 2012 remain written in Greek, with conciseness and elegance. The best edition is that of Paris, folio, 1638.――A christian Greek writer, who flourished in the seventh century. He is surnamed Hispalensis. His works have been edited, folio, de Breul, Paris, 1601.

Isis, a celebrated deity of the Egyptians, daughter of Saturn and Rhea, according to Diodorus of Sicily. Some suppose her to be the same as Io, who was changed into a cow, and restored to her human form in Egypt, where she taught agriculture, and governed the people with mildness and equity, for which reason she received divine honours after death. According to some traditions mentioned by Plutarch, Isis married her brother Osiris, and was pregnant by him even before she had left her mother’s womb. These two ancient deities, as some authors observe, comprehended all nature, and all the gods of the heathens. Isis was the Venus of Cyprus, the Minerva of Athens, the Cybele of the Phrygians, the Ceres of Eleusis, the Proserpine of Sicily, the Diana of Crete, the Bellona of the Romans, &c. Osiris and Isis reigned conjointly in Egypt; but the rebellion of Typhon the brother of Osiris proved fatal to this sovereign. See: Osiris and Typhon. The ox and cow were the symbols of Osiris and Isis, because these deities, while on earth, had diligently applied themselves in cultivating the earth. See: Apis. As Isis was supposed to be the moon, and Osiris the sun, she was represented as holding a globe in her hand, with a vessel full of ears of corn. The Egyptians believed that the yearly and regular inundations of the Nile proceeded from the abundant tears which Isis shed for the loss of Osiris, whom Typhon had basely murdered. The word Isis, according to some, signifies ancient, and, on that account, the inscriptions on the statues of the goddess were often in these words: I am all that has been, that shall be, and none among mortals has hitherto taken off my veil. The worship of Isis was universal in Egypt; the priests were obliged to observe perpetual chastity, their head was closely shaved, and they always walked barefooted, and clothed themselves in linen garments. They never ate onions, they abstained from salt with their meat, and were forbidden to eat the flesh of sheep and of hogs. During the night they were employed in continual devotion near the statue of the goddess. Cleopatra the beautiful queen of Egypt was wont to dress herself like this goddess, and affected to be called a second Isis. Cicero, De Divinatione, bk. 1.—Plutarch, De Iside et Osiride.—Diodorus, bk. 1.—Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 1.—Herodotus, bk. 2, ch. 59.—Lucan, bk. 1, li. 831.

Ismărus (Ismăra, plural), a rugged mountain of Thrace, covered with vines and olives, near the Hebrus, with a town of the same name. Its wines are excellent. The word Ismarius is indiscriminately used for Thracian. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 9.—Virgil, Georgics, bk. 2, li. 37; Æneid, bk. 10, li. 351.――A Theban, son of Astacus.――A son of Eumolpus. Apollodorus.――A Lydian who accompanied Æneas to Italy, and fought with great vigour against the Rutuli. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 139.

Ismēne, a daughter of Œdipus and Jocasta, who, when her sister Antigone had been condemned to be buried alive by Creon, for giving burial to her brother Polynices against the tyrant’s positive orders, declared herself as guilty as her sister, and insisted upon being equally punished with her. This instance of generosity was strongly opposed by Antigone, who wished not to see her sister involved in her calamities. Sophocles, Antigone.—Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 5.――A daughter of the river Asopus, who married the hundred-eyed Argus, by whom she had Jasus. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 2.

Ismēnias, a celebrated musician of Thebes. When he was taken prisoner by the Scythians, Atheas the king of the country observed that he liked the music of Ismenias better than the braying of an ass. Plutarch, Apophthegmata Laconica.――A Theban, bribed by Timocrates of Rhodes, that he might use his influence to prevent the Athenians and some other Grecian states from assisting Lacedæmon, against which Xerxes was engaged in war. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 9.――A Theban general, sent to Persia with an embassy by his countrymen. As none were admitted into the king’s presence without prostrating themselves at his feet, Ismenias had recourse to artifice to avoid doing an action which would have proved disgraceful to his country. When he was introduced he dropped his ring, and the motion he made to recover it from the ground was mistaken for the most submissive homage, and Ismenias had a satisfactory audience of the monarch.――A river of Bœotia, falling into the Euripus, where Apollo had a temple, from which he was called Ismenius. A youth was yearly chosen by the Bœotians to be the priest of the god, an office to which Hercules was once appointed. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 10.—Ovid, Metamorphoses bk. 2.—Strabo, bk. 9.

Ismenĭdes, an epithet applied to the Theban women, as being near the Ismenus, a river of Bœotia. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 4, li. 31.

Ismenius, a surname of Apollo at Thebes, where he had a temple on the borders of the Ismenus.

Ismēnus, a son of Apollo and Melia, one of the Nereides, who gave his name to the Ladon, a river of Bœotia, near Thebes, falling into the Asopus, and thence into the Euripus. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 10.――A son of Asopus and Metope. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 12.――A son of Amphion and Niobe, killed by Apollo. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 5.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 6, fable 6.

Isŏcrătes, a celebrated orator, son of Theodorus, a rich musical instrument maker at Athens. He was taught in the schools of Georgias and Prodicus, but his oratorical abilities were never displayed in public, and Isocrates was prevented by an unconquerable timidity from speaking in the popular assemblies. He opened a school of eloquence at Athens, where he distinguished himself by the number, character, and fame of his pupils, and by the immense riches which he amassed. He was intimate with Philip of Macedon, and regularly corresponded with him; and to his familiarity with that monarch the Athenians were indebted for some of the few peaceful years which they passed. The aspiring ambition of Philip, however, displeased Isocrates, and the defeat of the Athenians at Cheronæa had such an effect upon his spirits, that he did not survive the disgrace of his country, but died, after he had been four days without taking any aliment, in the 99th year of his age, about 338 years before Christ. Isocrates has always been much admired for the sweetness and graceful simplicity of his style, for the harmony of his expressions, and the dignity of his language. The remains of his orations extant inspire the world with the highest veneration for his abilities as a moralist, an orator, and, above all, as a man. His merit, however, is lessened by those who accuse him of plagiarism from the works of Thucydides, Lysias, and others, seen particularly in his panegyric. He was so studious of correctness, that his lines are sometimes poetry. The severe conduct of the Athenians against Socrates highly displeased him, and, in spite of all the undeserved unpopularity of that great philosopher, he put on mourning the day of his death. About 31 of his orations are extant. Isocrates was honoured after death with a brazen serpent by Timotheus, one of his pupils, and Aphareus his adopted son. The best editions of Isocrates are that of Battie, 2 vols., 8vo, Cambridge, 1729, and that of Auger, 3 vols., 8vo, Paris, 1782. Plutarch, Lives of the Ten Orators, &c.—Cicero, Orator, ch. 20 ; De Inventione, bk. 2, ch. 126; Brutus, ch. 15; On Oratory, bk. 2, ch. 6.—Quintilian, bk. 2, &c.—Paterculus, bk. 1, ch. 16.――One of the officers of the Peloponnesian fleet, &c. Thucydides.――One of the disciples of Isocrates.――A rhetorician of Syria, enemy to the Romans, &c.

Issa, now Lissa, an island in the Adriatic sea, on the coast of Dalmatia.――A town of Illyricum. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.—Strabo, bk. 1, &c.—Marcellinus, bk. 26, ch. 25.

Isse, a daughter of Macareus the son of Lycaon. She was beloved by Apollo, who, to obtain her confidence, changed himself into the form of a shepherd, to whom she was attached. This metamorphosis of Apollo was represented on the web of Arachne. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 6, li. 124.

Issus, now Aisse, a town of Cilicia, on the confines of Syria, famous for a battle fought there between Alexander the Great and the Persians under Darius their king, in October, B.C. 333, in consequence of which it was called Nicopolis. In this battle the Persians lost, in the field of battle, 100,000 foot and 10,000 horse, and the Macedonians only 300 foot and 150 horse, according to Diodorus Siculus. The Persian army, according to Justin, consisted of 400,000 foot and 100,000 horse, and 61,000 of the former and 10,000 of the latter were left dead on the spot, and 40,000 were taken prisoners. The loss of the Macedonians, as he further adds, was no more than 130 foot and 150 horse. According to Curtius, the Persians slain amounted to 100,000 foot and 10,000 horse; and those of Alexander to 32 foot and 150 horse killed, and 504 wounded. This spot is likewise famous for the defeat of Niger by Severus, A.D. 194. Plutarch, Alexander.—Justin, bk. 11, ch. 9.—Curtius, bk. 3, ch. 7.—Arrian.—Diodorus, bk. 17.—Cicero, bk. 5, Letters to Atticus, ltr. 20; Letters to his Friends, bk. 2, ltr. 10.

Ister and Istrus, an historian, disciple to Callimachus. Diogenes Laërtius.――A large river of Europe, falling into the Euxine sea, called also the Danube. See: Danubius.――A son of Ægyptus. Apollodorus.

Isthmia, sacred games among the Greeks, which received their names from the Isthmus of Corinth, where they were observed. They were celebrated in commemoration of Melicerta, who was changed into a sea deity, when his mother Ino had thrown herself into the sea with him in her arms. The body of Melicerta, according to some traditions, when cast upon the sea-shore, received an honourable burial, in memory of which the Isthmian games were instituted, B.C. 1326. They were interrupted after they had been celebrated with great regularity during some years, and Theseus at last reinstituted them in honour of Neptune, whom he publicly called his father. These games were observed every third, or rather fifth, year, and held so sacred and inviolable that even a public calamity could not prevent the celebration. When Corinth was destroyed by Mummius the Roman general, they were observed with the usual solemnity, and the Sicyonians were entrusted with the superintendence, which had been before one of the privileges of the ruined Corinthians. Combats of every kind were exhibited, and the victors were rewarded with garlands of pine leaves. Some time after the custom was changed, and the victor received a crown of dry and withered parsley. The years were reckoned by the celebration of the Isthmian games, as among the Romans from the consular government. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 44; bk. 2, chs. 1 & 2.—Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 5.—Plutarch, Theseus.

Isthmius, a king of Messenia, &c. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 3.

Isthmus, a small neck of land which joins one country to another, and prevents the sea from making them separate, such as that of Corinth, called often the Isthmus by way of eminence, which joins Peloponnesus to Greece. Nero attempted to cut it across and make a communication between the two seas, but in vain. It is now called Hexamili. Strabo, bk. 1.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 2.—Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 4.—Lucan, bk. 1, li. 101.

Istiæotis, a country of Greece, near Ossa. See: Histiæotis.

Istria, a province at the west of Illyricum, at the top of the Adriatic sea, whose inhabitants were originally pirates, and lived on plunder. They were not subjected to Rome till six centuries after the foundation of that city. Strabo, bk. 1.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 3.—Livy, bk. 10, &c.—Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 19.—Justin, bk. 9, ch. 2.

Istropŏlis, a city of Thrace near the mouth of the Ister, founded by a Milesian colony. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 11.

Isus and Antĭphus, sons of Priam, the latter by Hecuba, and the former by a concubine. They were seized by Achilles, as they fed their father’s flocks on mount Ida; but they were redeemed by Priam, and fought against the Greeks. They were both killed by Agamemnon. Homer, Iliad, bk. 11.――A city of Bœotia. Strabo, bk. 9.

Itălia, a celebrated country of Europe, bounded by the Adriatic and Tyrrhene seas, and by the Alpine mountains. It has been compared, and with some similitude, to a man’s leg. It has borne, at different periods, the different names of Saturnia, Œnotria, Hesperia, Ausonia, and Tyrrhenia, and it received the name of Italy either from Italus, a king of the country, or from Italos, a Greek word which signifies an ox, an animal very common in that part of Europe. The boundaries of Italy appear to have been formed by nature itself, which seems to have been particularly careful in supplying this country with whatever may contribute not only to the support, but also to the pleasures and luxuries of life. It has been called the garden of Europe; and the panegyric which Pliny bestows upon it seems not in any degree exaggerated. The ancient inhabitants called themselves Aborigines, offspring of the soil, and the country was soon after peopled by colonies from Greece. The Pelasgi and the Arcadians made settlements there, and the whole country was divided into as many different governments as there were towns, till the rapid increase of the Roman power [See: Roma] changed the face of Italy, and united all its states in support of one common cause. Italy has been the mother of arts as well as of arms, and the immortal monuments which remain of the eloquence and poetical abilities of its inhabitants are universally known. It was divided into 11 small provinces or regions by Augustus, though sometimes known under the three greater divisions of Cisalpine Gaul, Italy properly so called, and Magna Græcia. The sea above was called Superum, and that at the south Inferum. Ptolemy, bk. 3, ch. 1.—Dionysius of Halicarnassus.—Diodorus, bk. 4.—Justin, bk. 4, &c.—Cornelius Nepos, Dion, Alcibiades, &c.—Livy, bk. 1, ch. 2, &c.—Varro, de Re Rustica, bk. 2, chs. 1 & 5.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, &c.—Polybius, bk. 2.—Florus, bk. 2.—Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 1, ch. 16.—Lucan, bk. 2, li. 397, &c.—Pliny, bk. 3, chs. 5 & 8.

Italĭca, a town of Italy, called also Corfinium.――A town of Spain, now Sevilla la Vieja, built by Scipio for the accommodation of his wounded soldiers. Aulus Gellius, bk. 16, ch. 13.—Appian, Wars in Spain.

Italĭcus, a poet. See: Silius Italicus.

Itălus, a son of Telegonus. Hyginus, fable 127.――An Arcadian prince, who came to Italy, where he established a kingdom, called after him. It is supposed that he received divine honours after death, as Æneas calls upon him among the deities to whom he paid his adoration when he entered Italy. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 178.――A prince, whose daughter Roma by his wife Leucaria is said to have married Æneas or Ascanius. Plutarch, Romulus.――A king of the Cherusci, &c. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 1, ch. 16.

Itargris, a river of Germany.

Itea, a daughter of Danaus. Hyginus, fable 170.

Itemales, an old man who exposed Œdipus on mount Cithæron, &c. Hyginus, fable 65.

Ithăca, a celebrated island in the Ionian sea, on the western parts of Greece, with a city of the same name, famous for being part of the kingdom of Ulysses. It is very rocky and mountainous, measures about 25 miles in circumference, and is now known by the name of Isola del Compare, or Thiachi. Homer, Iliad, bk. 2, li. 139; Odyssey, bk. 1, li. 186; bk. 4, li. 601; bk. 9, li. 20.—Strabo, bks. 1 & 8.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.

Ithacesiæ, three islands opposite Vibo, on the coast of the Brutii.――Baiæ was called also Ithacesiæ, because built by Bajus the pilot of Ulysses. Silius Italicus, bk. 8, li. 540; bk. 12, li. 113.

Ithobălus, a king of Tyre, who died B.C. 595. Josephus.

Ithōme, a town of Phthiotis. Homer, Iliad, bk. 2.――Another of Messenia, which surrendered, after 10 years’ siege, to Lacedæmon, 724 years before the christian era. Jupiter was call Ithomates, from a temple which he had there, where games were also celebrated, and the conqueror rewarded with an oaken crown. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 32.—Statius, Thebiad, bk. 4, li. 179.—Strabo, bk. 8.

Ithomaia, a festival in which musicians contended, observed at Ithome, in honour of Jupiter, who had been nursed by the nymphs Ithome and Neda, the former of whom gave her name to a city, and the latter to a river.

Ithyphallus, an obscene name of Priapus. Columella, bk. 10.—Diodorus, bk. 1.

Itius Portus, a town of Gaul, now Wetsand, or Boulogne, in Picardy. Cæsar set sail from thence on his passage into Britain. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 4, ch. 21; bk. 5, chs. 2 & 5.

Itōnia, a surname of Minerva, from a place in Bœotia, where she was worshipped.

Itōnus, a king of Thessaly, son of Deucalion, who first invented the manner of polishing metals. Lucan, bk. 6, li. 402.

Ituna, a river of Britain, now Eden, in Cumberland.

Itūræa, a country of Palestine, whose inhabitants were very skilful in drawing the bow. Lucan, bk. 7, lis. 230 & 514.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 2, li. 448.—Strabo, bk. 17.

Itūrum, a town of Umbria.

Ity̆lus, a son of Zetheus and Ædon, killed by his mother. See: Ædon. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 19, li. 462.

Ityræi, a people of Palestine. See: Ituræa.

Itys, a son of Tereus king of Thrace by Procne, daughter of Pandion king of Athens. He was killed by his mother when he was about six years old, and served up as meat before his father. He was changed into a pheasant, his mother into a swallow, and his father into an owl. See: Philomela. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 6, li. 620; Amores, bk. 2, poem 14, li. 29.—Horace, bk. 4, ode 12.――A Trojan who came to Italy with Æneas, and was killed by Turnus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 574.

Juba, a king of Numidia and Mauritania, who succeeded his father Hiempsal, and favoured the cause of Pompey against Julius Cæsar. He defeated Curio, whom Cæsar had sent to Africa, and after the battle of Pharsalia, he joined his forces to those of Scipio. He was conquered in a battle at Thapsus, and totally abandoned by his subjects. He killed himself with Petreius, who had shared his good fortune and his adversity. His kingdom became a Roman province, of which Sallust was the first governor. Plutarch, Pompey & Cæsar.—Florus, bk. 4, ch. 12.—Suetonius, Cæsar, ch. 35.—Dio Cassius, bk. 41.—Mela, bk. 1, ch. 6.—Lucan, bk. 3, &c.—Cæsar, Civil War, bk. 2.—Paterculus, bk. 2, ch. 54.――The second of that name was the son of Juba I. He was led among the captives to Rome, to adorn the triumph of Cæsar. His captivity was the source of the greatest honours, and his application to study procured him more glory than he could have obtained from the inheritance of a kingdom. He gained the hearts of the Romans by the courteousness of his manners, and Augustus rewarded his fidelity by giving him in marriage Cleopatra the daughter of Antony, and conferring upon him the title of king, and making him master of all the territories which his father once possessed. His popularity was so great, that the Mauritanians rewarded his benevolence by making him one of their gods. The Athenians raised him a statue, and the Æthiopians worshipped him as a deity. Juba wrote a history of Rome in Greek, which is often quoted and commended by the ancients, but of which only a few fragments remain. He also wrote on the history of Arabia and the antiquities of Assyria, chiefly collected from Berosus. Besides these he composed some treatises upon the drama, Roman antiquities, the nature of animals, painting, grammar, &c., now lost. Strabo, bk. 17.—Suetonius, Caligula, ch. 26.—Pliny, bk. 5, chs. 25 & 32.—Dio Cassius, bk. 51, &c.

Judacilius, a native of Asculum celebrated for his patriotism, in the age of Pompey, &c.

Judæa, a famous country of Assyria, bounded by Arabia, Egypt, Phœnicia, the Mediterranean sea, and part of Syria. The inhabitants, whose history is best collected from the Holy Scriptures, were chiefly governed after their Babylonish captivity by the high priests, who raised themselves to the rank of princes, B.C. 153, and continued in the enjoyment of regal power till the age of Augustus. Plutarch, de Iside et Osiride.—Strabo, bk. 16.—Dio Cassius, bk. 36.—Tacitus, Histories, bk. 5, ch. 6.—Lucan, bk. 2, li. 593.

Jugālis, a surname of Juno, because she presided over marriage. Festus, Lexicon of Festus.

Jugantes, a people of Britain. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 12, ch. 32.

Jugarius, a street in Rome, below the Capitol.

Jugurtha, the illegitimate son of Manastabal the brother of Micipsa. Micipsa and Manastabal were the sons of Masinissa king of Numidia. Micipsa, who had inherited his father’s kingdom, educated his nephew with his two sons, Adherbal and Hiempsal; but, as he was of an aspiring disposition, he sent him with a body of troops to the assistance of Scipio, who was besieging Numantia, hoping to lose a youth whose ambition seemed to threaten the tranquillity of his children. His hopes were frustrated; Jugurtha showed himself brave and active, and endeared himself to the Roman general. Micipsa appointed him successor to his kingdom with his two sons, but the kindness of the father proved fatal to the children. Jugurtha destroyed Hiempsal, and stripped Adherbal of his possessions, and obliged him to fly to Rome for safety. The Romans listened to the well-grounded complaints of Adherbal, but Jugurtha’s gold prevailed among the senators, and the suppliant monarch, forsaken in his distress, perished by the snares of his enemy. Cæcilius Metellus was at last sent against Jugurtha, and his firmness and success soon reduced the crafty Numidian, and obliged him to fly among his savage neighbours for support. Marius and Sylla succeeded Metellus, and fought with equal success. Jugurtha was at last betrayed by his father-in-law Bocchus, from whom he claimed assistance, and he was delivered into the hands of Sylla, after carrying on a war of five years. He was exposed to the view of the Roman people, and dragged in chains to adorn the triumph of Marius. He was afterwards put in a prison, where he died six days after of hunger, B.C. 106. The name and the wars of Jugurtha have been immortalized by the pen of Sallust. Sallust, Jugurthine War.—Florus, bk. 3, ch. 1.—Paterculus, bk. 2, ch. 10, &c.—Plutarch, Caius Marius & Sulla.—Eutropius, bk. 4, ch. 3.

Julia lex, prima de provinciis, by Julius Cæsar, A.U.C. 691. It confirmed the freedom of all Greece; it ordained that the Roman magistrates should act there as judges, and that the towns and villages through which the Roman magistrates and ambassadors passed should maintain them during their stay; that the governors, at the expiration of their office, should leave a scheme of their accounts in two cities of their province, and deliver a copy of it at the public treasury; that the provincial governors should not accept of a golden crown unless they were honoured with a triumph by the senate; that no supreme commander should go out of his province, enter any dominions, lead an army, or engage in a war, without the previous approbation and command of the Roman senate and people.――Another, de sumptibus, in the age of Augustus. It limited the expense of provisions on the dies profesti, or days appointed for the transaction of business, to 200 sesterces; on common calendar festivals to 300; and on all extraordinary occasions, such as marriages, births, &c., to 1000.――Another, de provinciis, by Julius Cæsar Dictator. It ordained that no pretorian province should be held more than one year, and a consular province more than two years.――Another, called also Campana agraria, by the same, A.U.C. 691. It required that all the lands of Campania, formerly rented according to the estimation of the state, should be divided among the plebeians, and that all the members of the senate should bind themselves by an oath to establish, confirm, and protect that law.――Another, de civitate, by Lucius Julius Cæsar, A.U.C. 664. It rewarded with the name and privileges of citizens of Rome all such as, during the civil wars, had remained the constant friends of the republican liberty. When that civil war was at an end, all the Italians were admitted as free denizens, and composed eight new tribes.――Another, de judicibus, by Julius Cæsar. It confirmed the Pompeian law in a certain manner, requiring the judges to be chosen from the richest people in every century, allowing the senators and knights in the number, and excluding the tribuni ærarii.――Another, de ambitu, by Augustus. It restrained the illicit measures used at elections, and restored to the comitia their ancient privileges, which had been destroyed by the ambition and bribery of Julius Cæsar.――Another, by Augustus, de adulterio & pudicitiâ. It punished adultery with death. It was afterwards confirmed and enforced by Domitian. Juvenal, satire 2, li. 30, alludes to it.――Another, called also Papia, or Papia Poppæa, which was the same as the following, only enlarged by the consuls Papius and Poppæus, A.U.C. 762.――Another, de maritandis ordinibus, by Augustus. It proposed rewards to such as engaged in matrimony, of a particular description. It inflicted punishment on celibacy, and permitted the patricians, the senators and sons of senators excepted, to intermarry with the libertini, or children of those that had been liberti, or servants manumitted. Horace alludes to it when he speaks of lex marita.――Another, de majestate, by Julius Cæsar. It punished with aquæ & ignis interdictio all such as were found guilty of the crimen majestatis, or treason against the state.

Julia, a daughter of Julius Cæsar, by Cornelia, famous for her personal charms and for her virtues. She married Cornelius Cæpio, whom her father obliged her to divorce to marry Pompey the Great. Her amiable disposition more strongly cemented the friendship of the father and of the son-in-law; but her sudden death in child-bed, B.C. 53, broke all ties of intimacy and relationship, and soon produced a civil war. Plutarch.――The mother of Marcus Antony, whose humanity is greatly celebrated in saving her brother-in-law Julius Cæsar from the cruel prosecutions of her son.――An aunt of Julius Cæsar, who married Caius Marius. Her funeral oration was publicly pronounced by her nephew.――The only daughter of the emperor Augustus, remarkable for her beauty, genius, and debaucheries. She was tenderly loved by her father, who gave her in marriage to Marcellus; after whose death she was given to Agrippa, by whom she had five children. She became a second time a widow, and was married to Tiberius. Her lasciviousness and debaucheries so disgusted her husband, that he retired from the court of the emperor; and Augustus, informed of her lustful propensities and infamy, banished her from his sight, and confined her in a small island on the coast of Campania. She was starved to death, A.D. 14, by order of Tiberius, who had succeeded to Augustus as emperor of Rome. Plutarch.――A daughter of the emperor Titus, who prostituted herself to her brother Domitian.――A daughter of Julia the wife of Agrippa, who married Lepidas, and was banished for her licentiousness.――A daughter of Germanicus and Agrippina, born in the island of Lesbos, A.D. 17. She married a senator called Marcus Vinucius, at the age of 16, and enjoyed the most unbounded favours in the court of her brother Caligula, who is accused of being her first seducer. She was banished by Caligula on suspicion of conspiracy. Claudius recalled her; but she was soon after banished by the powerful intrigues of Messalina, and put to death about the 24th year of her age. She was no stranger to the debaucheries of the age, and she prostituted herself as freely to the meanest of the people as to the nobler companions of her brother’s extravagance. Seneca, as some suppose, was banished to Corsica for having seduced her.――A celebrated woman, born in Phœnicia. She is also called Domna. She applied herself to the study of geometry and philosophy, &c., and rendered herself conspicuous, as much by her mental as by her personal charms. She came to Rome, where her learning recommended her to all the literati of the age. She married Septimius Severus, who, 20 years after this matrimonial connection, was invested with the imperial purple. Severus was guided by the prudence and advice of Julia, but he was blind to her foibles, and often punished with the greatest severity those vices which were enormous in the empress. She is even said to have conspired against the emperor, but she resolved to blot out, by patronizing literature, the spots which her debauchery and extravagance had rendered indelible in the eyes of virtue. Her influence, after the death of Severus, was for some time productive of tranquillity and cordial union between his two sons and successors. Geta at last, however, fell a sacrifice to his brother Caracalla, and Julia was even wounded in the arm while she attempted to screen her favourite son from his brother’s dagger. According to some, Julia committed incest with her son Caracalla, and publicly married him. She starved herself when her ambitious views were defeated by Macrinus, who aspired to the empire in preference to her, after the death of Caracalla.――A town of Gallia Togata.

Juliacum, a town of Germany, now Juliers.

Juliānus, a son of Julius Constantius, the brother of Constantine the Great, born at Constantinople. The massacre which attended the elevation of the sons of Constantine the Great to the throne, nearly proved fatal to Julian and to his brother Gallus. The two brothers were privately educated together, and taught the doctrines of the christian religion, and exhorted to be modest, temperate, and to despise the gratification of all sensual pleasures. Gallus received the instructions of his pious teachers with deference and submission, but Julian showed his dislike for christianity by secretly cherishing a desire to become one of the votaries of paganism. He gave sufficient proofs of this propensity when he went to Athens in the 24th year of his age, where he applied himself to the study of magic and astrology. He was some time after appointed over Gaul, with the title of Cæsar, by Constans, and there he showed himself worthy of the imperial dignity by his prudence, valour, and the numerous victories which he obtained over the enemies of Rome in Gaul and Germany. His mildness, as well as his condescension, gained him the hearts of his soldiers; and when Constans, to whom Julian was become suspected, ordered him to send him part of his forces to go into the east, the army immediately mutinied, and promised immortal fidelity to their leader, by refusing to obey the order of Constans. They even compelled Julian, by threats and entreaties, to accept of the title of independent emperor and of Augustus; and the death of Constans, which soon after happened, left him sole master of the Roman empire, A.D. 261. Julian then disclosed his religious sentiments, and publicly disavowed the doctrines of christianity, and offered solemn sacrifices to all the gods of ancient Rome. This change of religious opinion was attributed to the austerity with which he received the precepts of christianity, or, according to others, to the literary conversation and persuasive eloquence of some of the Athenian philosophers. From this circumstance, therefore, Julian has been called Apostate. After he had made his public entry at Constantinople, he determined to continue the Persian war, and check those barbarians, who had for 60 years derided the indolence of the Roman emperors. When he had crossed the Tigris, he burned his fleet, and advanced with boldness into the enemy’s country. His march was that of a conqueror; he met with no opposition from a weak and indigent enemy; but the country of Assyria had been left desolate by the Persians, and Julian, without corn or provisions, was obliged to retire. As he could not convey his fleet again over the streams of the Tigris, he took the resolution of marching up the source of the river, and imitating the bold return of the 10,000 Greeks. As he advanced through the country he defeated the officers of Sapor the king of Persia; but an engagement proved fatal to him, and he received a deadly wound as he animated his soldiers to battle. He expired the following night, the 27th of June, A.D. 363 in the 32nd year of his age. His last moments were spent in a conversation with a philosopher about the immortality of the soul, and he breathed his last without expressing the least sorrow for his fate, or the suddenness of his death. Julian’s character has been admired by some and censured by others, but the malevolence of his enemies arises from his apostacy. As a man and as a monarch he demands our warmest commendations; but we must blame his idolatry, and despise his bigoted principles. He was moderate in his successes, merciful to his enemies, and amiable in his character. He abolished the luxuries which reigned in the court of Constantinople, and dismissed with contempt the numerous officers who waited upon Constantius, to anoint his head or perfume his body. He was frugal in his meals and slept little, reposing himself on a skin spread on the ground. He awoke at midnight, and spent the rest of the night in reading or writing, and issued early from his tent to pay his daily visit to the guards around the camp. He was not fond of public amusements, but rather dedicated his time to study and solitude. When he passed through Antioch in his Persian expedition, the inhabitants of the place, offended at his religious sentiments, ridiculed his person and lampooned him in satirical verses. The emperor made use of the same arms for his defence, and rather than destroy his enemies by the sword, he condescended to expose them to derision, and unveil their follies and debaucheries in a humerous work, which he called Misopogon, or beard-hater. He imitated the virtuous example of Scipio and Alexander, and laid no temptation for his virtue by visiting some female captives that had fallen into his hands. In his matrimonial connections, Julian rather consulted policy than inclination, and his marriage with the sister of Constantius arose from his unwillingness to offend his benefactor, rather than to obey the laws of nature. He was buried at Tarsus, and afterwards his body was conveyed to Constantinople. He distinguished himself by his writings, as well as by his military character. Besides his Misopogon, he wrote the history of Gaul. He also wrote two letters to the Athenians; and, besides, there are now extant 64 of his letters on various subjects. His Cæsars is the most famous of all his compositions, being a satire upon all the Roman emperors from Julius Cæsar to Constantine. It is written in the form of a dialogue, in which the author severely attacks the venerable character of Marcus Aurelius, whom he had proposed to himself as a pattern, and speaks in scurrilous and abusive language of his relation Constantine. It has been observed of Julian that, like Cæsar, he could employ at the same time his hand to write, his ear to listen, his eyes to read, and his mind to dictate. The best edition of his works is that of Spanheim, folio, Leipsic, 1696; and of the Cæsars, that of Heusinger, 8vo, Gothæ, 1741. Julian.—Socrates.—Eutropius.—Ammianus Marcellinus.—Libanius, &c.――A son of Constantine.――A maternal uncle of the emperor Julian.――A Roman emperor. See: Didius.――A Roman, who proclaimed himself emperor in Italy during the reign of Diocletian, &c.――A governor of Africa.――A counsellor of the emperor Adrian.――A general in Dacia, in Domitian’s reign.

Julii, a family of Alba, brought to Rome by Romulus, where they soon rose to the greatest honours of the state. Julius Cæsar and Augustus were of this family; and it was said, perhaps through flattery, that they were lineally descended from Æneas the founder of Lavinium.

Jūliomăgus, a city of Gaul, now Angers, in Anjou.

Juliopŏlis, a town of Bithynia, supposed by some to be the same as Tarsus of Cilicia.

Jūlis, a town of the island of Cos, which gave birth to Simonides, &c. The walls of this city were all marble, and there are now some pieces remaining entire above 12 feet in height, as the monuments of its ancient splendour. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12.

Jūlius Cæsar. See: Cæsar.――Agricola, a governor of Britain, A.C. 80, who first discovered that Britain was an island by sailing round it. His son-in-law, the historian Tacitus, has written an account of his life. Tacitus, Agricola.――Obsequens, a Latin writer who flourished A.D. 214. The best edition of his book de prodigiis is that of Oudendorp, 8vo, Leiden, 1720.――Sextus, a pretor, &c. Cicero, Rhetorica ad Herennium, bk. 2, ch. 13.――Agrippa, banished from Rome by Nero, after the discovery of the Pisonian conspiracy. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 15, ch. 71.――Solinus, a writer. See: Solinus.――Titianus, a writer in the age of Diocletian. His son became famous for his oratorical powers, and was made preceptor in the family of Maximinus. Julius wrote a history of all the provinces of the Roman empire, greatly commended by the ancients. He also wrote some letters, in which he happily imitated the style and elegance of Cicero, for which he was called the ape of his age.――Africanus, a chronologer, who flourished A.D. 220.――Constantius, the father of the emperor Julian, was killed at the accession of the sons of Constantine to the throne, and his son nearly shared his fate.――Pollux, a grammarian of Naupactus, in Egypt. See: Pollux.――Canus, a celebrated Roman, put to death by order of Caracalla. He bore the undeserved punishment inflicted on him with the greatest resignation, and even pleasure.――Proculus, a Roman, who solemnly declared to his countrymen, after Romulus had disappeared, that he had seen him above a human shape, and that he had ordered him to tell the Romans to honour him as a god. Julius was believed. Plutarch, Romulus.—Ovid.――Florus. See: Florus.――Lucius Cæsar, a Roman consul, uncle to Antony the triumvir the father of Cæsar the dictator. He died as he was putting on his shoes.――Celsus, a tribune imprisoned for conspiring against Tiberius. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 6, ch. 14.――Maximinus, a Thracian, who, from a shepherd, became an emperor of Rome. See: Maximinus.

Iūlus, the name of Ascanius the son of Æneas. See: Ascanius.――A son of Ascanius, born in Lavinium. In the succession to the kingdom of Alba, Æneas Sylvius the son of Æneas and Lavinia was preferred to him. He was, however, made chief priest. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 1.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 271.――A son of Antony the triumvir and Fulvi. See: Antonius Julius.

Jūnia lex, Sacrata, by Lucius Junius Brutus the first tribune of the people, A.U.C. 260. It ordained that the person of the tribune should be held sacred and inviolable; that an appeal might be made from the consuls to the tribunes; and that no senator should be able to exercise the office of a tribune.――Another, A.U.C. 627, which excluded all foreigners from enjoying the privileges or names of Roman citizens.

Junia, a niece of Cato of Utica, who married Cassius, and died 64 years after her husband had killed himself at the battle of Philippi.――Calvina, a beautiful Roman lady, accused of incest with her brother Silanus. She was descended from Augustus. She was banished by Claudius, and recalled by Nero. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 2, ch. 4.

Junius Blæsus, a proconsul of Africa under the emperors. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 3, ch. 35.――Lupus, a senator who accused Vitellius of aspiring to the sovereignty, &c. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 12, ch. 42.――Decimus Silanus, a Roman who committed adultery with Julia the granddaughter of Augustus, &c. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 3, ch. 24.――Brutus. See: Brutus.

Jūno, a celebrated deity among the ancients, daughter of Saturn and Ops. She was sister to Jupiter, Pluto, Neptune, Vesta, Ceres, &c. She was born at Argos, or, according to others, in Samos, and was entrusted to the care of the Seasons, or, as Homer and Ovid mention, to Oceanus and Tethys. Some of the inhabitants of Argolis supposed that she had been brought up by the three daughters of the river Asterion; and the people of Stymphalus, in Arcadia, maintained that she had been educated under the care of Temenus the son of Pelasgus. Juno was devoured by Saturn, according to some mythologists; and according to Apollodorus she was again restored to the world by means of a potion which Metis gave to Saturn, to make him throw up the stone which his wife had given him to swallow instead of Jupiter. See: Saturnus. Jupiter was not insensible to the charms of his sister; and the more powerfully to gain her confidence he changed himself into a cuckoo, and raised a great storm, and made the air unusually chill and cold. Under this form he went to the goddess, all shivering. Juno pitied the cuckoo, and took him into her bosom. When Jupiter had gained these advantages, he resumed his original form, and obtained the gratification of his desires, after he had made a solemn promise of marriage to his sister. The nuptials of Jupiter and Juno were celebrated with the greatest solemnity: the gods, all mankind, and all the brute creation, attended. Chelone, a young woman, was the only one who refused to come, and who derided the ceremony. For this impiety Mercury changed her into a tortoise, and condemned her to perpetual silence; from which circumstance the tortoise has always been used as a symbol of silence among the ancients. By her marriage with Jupiter, Juno became the queen of all the gods, and mistress of heaven and earth. Her conjugal happiness, however, was frequently disturbed by the numerous amours of her husband, and she showed herself jealous and inexorable in the highest degree. Her severity to the mistresses and illegitimate children of her husband was unparalleled. She persecuted Hercules and his descendants with the most inveterate fury; and her resentment against Paris, who had given the golden apple to Venus in preference to herself, was the cause of the Trojan war and of all the miseries which happened to the unfortunate house of Priam. Her severities to Alcmena, Ino, Athamas, Semele, &c., are also well known. Juno had some children by Jupiter. According to Hesiod she was mother of Mars, Hebe, and Ilithyia, or Lucina; and besides these, she brought forth Vulcan, without having any commerce with the other sex, but only by smelling a certain plant. This was in imitation of Jupiter, who had produced Minerva from his brain. According to others, it was not Vulcan, but Mars, or Hebe, whom she brought forth in this manner, and this was after eating some lettuces at the table of Apollo. The daily and repeated debaucheries of Jupiter at last provoked Juno to such a degree, that she retired to Eubœa, and resolved for ever to forsake his bed. Jupiter produced a reconciliation, after he had applied to Cithæron for advice, and after he had obtained forgiveness by fraud and artifice. See: Dædala. This reconciliation, however cordial ♦it might appear, was soon dissolved by new offences; and, to stop the complaints of the jealous Juno, Jupiter had often recourse to violence and blows. He even punished the cruelties which she had exercised upon his son Hercules, by suspending her from the heavens by a golden chain, and tying a heavy anvil to her feet. Vulcan was punished for assisting his mother in this degrading situation, and he was kicked down from heaven by his father, and broke his leg by the fall. This punishment rather irritated than pacified Juno. She resolved to revenge it, and she engaged some of the gods to conspire against Jupiter and to imprison him, but Thetis delivered him from this conspiracy, by bringing to his assistance the famous Briareus. Apollo and Neptune were banished from heaven for joining in the conspiracy, though some attribute their exile to different causes. The worship of Juno was universal, and even more than that of Jupiter, according to some authors. Her sacrifices were offered with the greatest solemnity. She was particularly worshipped at Argos, Samos, Carthage, and afterwards at Rome. The ancients generally offered on her altars a ewe lamb and a sow the first day of every month. No cows were ever immolated to her, because she assumed the nature of that animal when the gods fled into Egypt in their war with the giants. Among the birds, the hawk, the goose, and particularly the peacock, often called Junonia avis [See: Argus], were sacred to her. The dittany, the poppy, and the lily were her favourite flowers. The latter flower was originally of the colour of the crocus; but, when Jupiter placed Hercules to the breasts of Juno while asleep, some of her milk fell down upon earth, and changed the colour of the lilies from purple to a beautiful white. Some of the milk also dropped in that part of the heavens which, from its whiteness, still retains the name of the milky way, lactea via. As Juno’s power was extended over all the gods, she often made use of the goddess Minerva as her messenger, and even had the privilege of hurling the thunder of Jupiter when she pleased. Her temples were numerous, the most famous of which were at Argos, Olympia, &c. At Rome, no woman of debauched character was permitted to enter her temple, or even to touch it. The surnames of Juno are various; they are derived either from the function or things over which she presided, or from the places where her worship was established. She was the queen of the heavens; she protected cleanliness, and presided over marriage and child-birth, and particularly patronized the most faithful and virtuous of the sex, and severely punished incontinence and lewdness in matrons. She was the goddess of all power and empire, and she was also the patroness of riches. She is represented sitting on a throne with a diadem on her head and a golden sceptre in her right hand. Some peacocks generally sat by her, and a cuckoo often perched on her sceptre, while Iris behind her displayed the thousand colours of her beautiful rainbow. She is sometimes carried through the air in a rich chariot drawn by peacocks. The Roman consuls, when they entered upon office, were always obliged to offer her a solemn sacrifice. The Juno of the Romans was called Matrona or Romana. She was generally represented as veiled from head to foot, and the Roman matrons always imitated this manner of dressing themselves, and deemed it indecent in any married woman to leave any part of her body but her face uncovered. She has received the surnames of Olympia, Sarnia, Lacedæmonia, Argiva, Telchinia, Candrena, Rescinthes, Prosymna, Imbrasia, Acrea, Cithæroneia, Bunea, Ammonia, Fluonia, Anthea, Migale, Gemelia, Tropeia, Boopis, Parthenos, Teleia, Xera, Egophage, Hyperchinia, Juga, Ilithyia, Lucina, Pronuba, Caprotina, Mena, Populonia, Lacinia, Sospita, Moneta, Curis, Domiduca, Februa, Opigenia, &c. Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 2.—Pausanias, bk. 2, &c.—Apollodorus, bks. 1, 2, 3.—Apollonius, bk. 1.—Argon.—Homer, Iliad, bk. 1, &c.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, &c.—Herodotus, bks. 1, 2, 4, &c.—Silius Italicus, bk. 1.—Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 1.—Livy, bks. 23, 24, 27, &c.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 1, &c.; Fasti, bk. 5.—Plutarch, Quæstiones Romanæ.—Tibullus, bk. 4, poem 13.—Athenæus, bk. 15.—Pliny, bk. 34.

♦ ‘in’ replaced with ‘it’

Junonālia and Junonia, festivals at Rome in honour of Juno, the same as the Heræa of the Greeks. See: Heræa. Livy, bk. 27, ch. 37.

Junōnes, a name of the protecting genii of the women among the Romans. They generally swore by them, as the men by their genii. There were altars often erected to their honour. Pliny, bk. 2, ch. 7.—Seneca, ltr. 110.

Junōnia, two islands, supposed to be among the Fortunate Islands.――A name which Gracchus gave to Carthage, when he went with 6000 Romans to rebuild it.

Junonigĕna, a surname of Vulcan, as son of Juno. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 4, li. 173.

Junōnis promontorium, a promontory of Peloponnesus.――Laciniæ templum, a temple of Juno in Italy, between Crotona and the Lacinian promontory.

Jūpĭter, the most powerful of all the gods of the ancients. According to Varro, there were no less than 300 persons of that name; Diodorus mentions two; and Cicero three, two of Arcadia, and one of Crete. To that of Crete, who passed for the son of Saturn and Ops, the actions of the rest have been attributed. According to the opinion of the mythologists, Jupiter was saved from destruction by his mother, and entrusted to the care of the Corybantes. Saturn, who had received the kingdom of the world from his brother Titan, on condition of not raising male children, devoured all his sons as soon as born; but Ops, offended at her husband’s cruelty, secreted Jupiter, and gave a stone to Saturn, which he devoured on the supposition that it was a male child. Jupiter was educated in a cave on mount Ida, in Crete, and fed upon the milk of the goat Amalthæa, or upon honey, according to others. He received the name of Jupiter, quasi juvans pater. His cries were drowned by the noise of cymbals and drums, which the Corybantes beat at the express command of Ops. See: Corybantes. As soon as he was a year old, Jupiter found him sufficiently strong to make war against the Titans, who had imprisoned his father because he had brought up male children. The Titans were conquered, and Saturn set at liberty by the hands of his son. Saturn, however, soon after, apprehensive of the power of Jupiter, conspired against his life, and was, for this treachery, driven from his kingdom, and obliged to fly for safety into Latium. Jupiter, now become the sole master of the empire of the world, divided it with his brothers. He reserved for himself the kingdom of heaven, and gave the empire of the sea to Neptune, and that of the infernal regions to Pluto. The peaceful beginning of his reign was soon interrupted by the rebellion of the giants, who were sons of the earth, and who wished to revenge the death of their relations the Titans. They were so powerful that they hurled rocks, and heaped up mountains upon mountains, to scale heaven, so that all the gods, to avoid their fury, fled to Egypt, where they escaped from the danger by assuming the form of different animals. Jupiter, however, animated them, and by the assistance of Hercules, he totally overpowered the gigantic race, which had proved such tremendous enemies. See: Gigantes. Jupiter, now freed from every apprehension, gave himself up to the pursuit of pleasures. He married Metis, Themis, Eurynome, Ceres, Mnemosyne, Latona, and Juno. See: Juno. He became a Proteus to gratify his passions. He introduced himself to Danae in a shower of gold; he corrupted Antiope in the form of a satyr, and Leda in the form of a swan; he became a bull to seduce Europa, and he enjoyed the company of Ægina in the form of a flame of fire. He assumed the habit of Diana to corrupt Callisto, and became Amphitryon to gain the affections of Alcmena. His children were also numerous as well as his mistresses. According to Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 3, he was father of the Seasons, Irene, Eunomia, the Fates, Clotho, Lachesis, and Atropos by Themis; of Venus by Dione; of the Graces, Aglaia, Euphrosyne, and Thalia, by Eurynome the daughter of Oceanus; of Proserpine by Styx; of the nine muses by Mnemosyne, &c. See: Niobe, Laodamia, Pyrrha, Protogenia, Electra, Maia, Semele, &c. The worship of Jupiter was universal; he was the Ammon of the Africans, the Belus of Babylon, the Osiris of Egypt, &c. His surnames were numerous, many of which he received from the place or function over which he presided. He was severally called Jupiter Feretrius, Inventor, Elicius, Capitolinus, Latialis, Pistor, Sponsor, Herceus, Anxurus, Victor, Maximus, Optimus, Olympius, Fluvialis, &c. The worship of Jupiter surpassed that of the other gods in solemnity. His altars were not, like those of Saturn and Diana, stained with the blood of human victims, but he was delighted with the sacrifice of goats, sheep, and white bulls. The oak was sacred to him because he first taught mankind to live upon acorns. He is generally represented as sitting upon a golden or ivory throne, holding in one hand thunderbolts just ready to be hurled, and in the other, a sceptre of cypress. His looks express majesty, his beard flows long and neglected, and the eagle stands with expanded wings at his feet. He is sometimes represented with the upper parts of his body naked, and those below the waist carefully covered, as if to show that he is visible to the gods above, but that he is concealed from the sight of the inhabitants of the earth. Jupiter had several oracles, the most celebrated of which were at Dodona, and Ammon, in Libya. As Jupiter was the king and father of gods and men, his power was extended over the deities, and everything was subservient to his will, except the Fates. From him mankind received their blessings and their miseries, and they looked upon him as acquainted with everything past, present, and future. He was represented at Olympia with a crown like olive branches; his mantle was variegated with different flowers, particularly by the lily, and the eagle perched on the top of the sceptre which he held in his hand. The Cretans represented Jupiter without ears, to signify that the sovereign master of the world ought not to give a partial ear to any particular person, but be equally candid and propitious to all. At Lacedæmon he appeared with four heads, that he might seem to hear with greater readiness the different prayers and solicitations which were daily poured to him from every part of the earth. It is said that Minerva came all armed from his brains when he ordered Vulcan to open his head. Pausanias, bks. 1, 2, &c.—Livy, bks. 1, 4, 5, &c.—Diodorus, bks. 1 & 3.—Homer, Iliad, bks. 1, 5, &c.; Odyssey, bks. 1, 4, &c.; Hymn 23 to Zeus.—Orpheus.—Callimachus, Hymn to Zeus.—Pindar, Olympian, bks. 1, 3, 5.—Apollonius, bk. 1, &c.—Hesiod, Theogony; Shield of Heracles; Works and Days.—Lycophron, Cassandra.—Virgil, Æneid, bks. 1, 2, &c.; Georgics, bk. 3.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 1, fable 1, &c.—Horace, bk. 3, ode 1, &c.

Jura, a high ridge of mountains separating the Helvetii from the Sequani, or Switzerland from Burgundy. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 1, ch. 2.

Justīnus Marcus Junianus, a Latin historian in the age of Antoninus, who epitomized the history of Trogus Pompeius. This epitome, according to some traditions, was the cause that the comprehensive work of Trogus was lost. It comprehends the history of the Assyrian, Persian, Grecian, Macedonia, and Roman empires, &c., in a neat and elegant style. It is replete with many judicious reflections and animated harangues, but the author is often too credulous, and sometimes examines events too minutely, while others are related only in a few words too often obscure. The indecency of many of his expressions is deservedly censured. The best editions of Justin are that of Abraham Gronovius, 8vo, Leiden, 1719, that of Hearne, 8vo, Oxford, 1703, and that of Barbou, 12mo, Paris, 1770.――Martyr, a Greek father, formerly a Platonic philosopher, born at Palestine. He died in Egypt, and wrote two apologies for the christians, besides his dialogue with a Jew; two treatises, &c., in a plain, unadorned style. The best editions of Justin Martyr are that of Paris, folio, 1636; that of his apologies, 2 vols., 8vo, 1700 & 1703; and Jebb’s dialogue with Trypho, published in London, 1722.――An emperor of the east, who reigned nine years, and died A.D. 526.――Another, who died A.D. 564, after a reign of 38 years.――Another, who died 577 A.D., after a reign of 13 years.

Juturna, a sister of Turnus king of the Rutuli. She heard with contempt the addresses of Jupiter, or, according to others, she was not unfavourable to his passion, so that the god rewarded her love with immortality. She was afterwards changed into a fountain of the same name near the Numicus, falling into the Tiber. The waters of that fountain were used in sacrifices, and particularly in those of Vesta. They had the power to heal diseases. Varro, de Lingua Latina, bk. 1, ch. 10.—Ovid, Fasti, bk. 1, li. 708; bk. 2, li. 585.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 12, li. 139.—Cicero, For Aulus Cluentius, ch. 36.

Juvenālis Decius Junius, a poet born at Aquinum in Italy. He came early to Rome, and passed some time in declaiming; after which he applied himself to write satires, 16 of which are extant. He spoke with virulence against the partiality of Nero for the pantomime Paris, and though all his satire and declamation were pointed against this ruling favourite of the emperor, yet Juvenal lived in security during the reign of Nero. After the death of Nero, the effects of the resentment of Paris were severely felt, and the satirist was sent by Domitian as governor on the frontiers of Egypt. Juvenal was then in the 80th year of his age, and he suffered much from the trouble which attended his office, or rather his exile. He returned, however, to Rome, after the death of Paris, and died in the reign of Trajan, A.D. 128. His writings are fiery and animated, and they abound with humour. He is particularly severe upon the vice and dissipation of the age he lived in; but the gross and indecent manner in which he exposed to ridicule the follies of mankind, rather encourages than disarms the debauched and licentious. He wrote with acrimony against all his adversaries, and whatever displeased or offended him was exposed to his severest censure. It is to be acknowledged that Juvenal is far more correct than his contemporaries, a circumstance which some have attributed to his judgment and experience, which were uncommonly mature, as his satires were the productions of old age. He may be called, and with reason, perhaps, the last of the Roman poets. After him poetry decayed, and nothing more claims our attention as a perfect poetical composition. The best editions are those of Casaubon, 4to, Leiden, 1695, with Persius, and of Hawkey, Dublin, 12mo, 1746, and of Grævius, cum notis variorum, 8vo, Leiden, 1684.

Juventas, or Juventus, a goddess at Rome who presided over youth and vigour. She is the same as the Hebe of the Greeks, and represented as a beautiful nymph, arrayed in variegated garments. Livy, bk. 5, ch. 54; bk. 21, ch. 62; bk. 36, ch. 36.—Ovid, ex Ponto, bk. 1, ltr. 9, li. 12.

Juverna, or Hibernia, an island at the west of Britain, now called Ireland. Juvenal, satire 2, li. 160.

Ixibatæ, a people of Pontus.

Ixīon, a king of Thessaly, son of Phlegas, or, according to Hyginus, of Leontes, or, according to Diodorus, of Antion, by Perimela daughter of Amythaon. He married Dia daughter of Eioneus or Deioneus, and promised his father-in-law a valuable present for the choice he had made of him to be his daughter’s husband. His unwillingness, however, to fulfil his promises obliged Deioneus to have recourse to violence to obtain it, and he stole away some of his horses. Ixion concealed his resentment under the mask of friendship; he invited his father-in-law to a feast at Larissa, the capital of his kingdom, and when Deioneus was come, according to the appointment, he threw him into a pit, which he had previously filled with wood and burning coals. This premeditated treachery so irritated the neighbouring princes, that all of them refused to perform the usual ceremony, by which a man was then purified of murder, and Ixion was shunned and despised by all mankind. Jupiter had compassion upon him, and he carried him to heaven, and introduced him at the table of the gods. Such a favour, which ought to have awakened gratitude in Ixion, served only to inflame his lust; he became enamoured of Juno, and attempted to seduce her. Juno was willing to gratify the passion of Ixion, though according to others she informed Jupiter of the attempts which had been made upon her virtue. Jupiter made a cloud in the shape of Juno, and carried it to the place where Ixion had appointed to meet Juno. Ixion was caught in the snare and from his embrace with the cloud, he had the Centaurs, or, according to others, Centaurus. See: Centauri. Jupiter, displeased with the insolence of Ixion, banished him from heaven; but when he heard that he had seduced Juno, the god struck him with his thunder, and ordered Mercury to tie him to a wheel in hell which continually whirls round. The wheel was perpetually in motion, therefore the punishment of Ixion was eternal. Diodorus, bk. 4.—Hyginus, fable 62.—Pindar, bk. 2, Pythian, poem 2.—Virgil, Georgics, bk. 4, li. 484; Æneid, bk. 6, li. 601.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12, lis. 210 & 338.—Philostratus, Imagines, bk. 2, ch. 3.—Lactantius [Placidus] on [Statius’] Thebaid, bk. 2.――One of the Heraclidæ, who reigned at Corinth for 57 or 37 years. He was son of Alethes.

Ixīŏnĭdes, the patronymic of Pirithous son of Ixion. Propertius, bk. 2, poem 1, li. 38.

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Laander, a youth, brother to Nicocrates tyrant of Cyrene &c.—Polyænus, bk. 8.

Laarchus, the guardian of Battus of Cyrene. He usurped the sovereign power for some time, and endeavoured to marry the mother of Battus, the better to establish his tyranny. The queen gave him a friendly invitation, and caused him to be assassinated, and restored the power to Battus. Polyænus.

Labaris, a king of Egypt after Sesostris.

Labda, a daughter of Amphion, one of the Bacchiadæ, born lame. She married Ection, by whom she had a son whom she called Cypselus because she saved his life in a coffer. See: Cypselus. This coffer was preserved at Olympia. Herodotus, bk. 5, ch. 92.—Aristotle, Politics, bk. 5.

Labdacĭdes, a name given to Œdipus, as descended from Labdacus.

Labdăcus, a son of Polydorus by Nycteis, the daughter of Nycteus king of Thebes. His father and mother died during his childhood, and he was left to the care of Nycteus, who at his death left his kingdom in the hands of Lycus, with orders to restore it to Labdacus as soon as of age. He was father to Laius. It is unknown whether he ever sat on the throne of Thebes. According to Statius his father’s name was Phœnix. His descendants were called Labdacides. Statius, Thebiad, bk. 6, li. 451.—Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 5.—Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 6; bk. 9, ch. 5.

Labdalon, a promontory of Sicily, near Syracuse. Diodorus, bk. 13.

Labeālis, a lake in Dalmatia, now Scutari, of which the neighbouring inhabitants were called Labeates. Livy, bk. 44, ch. 31; bk. 45, ch. 26.

Lăbeo Antistius, a celebrated lawyer in the age of Augustus, whose views he opposed, and whose offers of the consulship he refused. His works are lost. He was wont to enjoy the company and conversation of the learned for six months, and the rest of the year was spent in writing and composing. His father, of the same name, was one of Cæsar’s murderers. He killed himself at the battle of Philippi. Horace, bk. 1, satire 3, li. 82, has unjustly taxed him with insanity because, no doubt, he inveighed against his patrons. Appian, The Civil Wars, bk. 4.—Suetonius, Augustus, ch. 45.――A tribune of the people at Rome, who condemned the censor Metellus to be thrown down from the Tarpeian rock, because he had expelled him from the senate. This rigorous sentence was stopped by the interference of another of the tribunes.――Quintus Fabius, a Roman consul, A.U.C. 571, who obtained a naval victory over the fleet of the Cretans. He assisted Terence in composing his comedies, according to some.――Actius, an obscure poet who recommended himself to the favour of Nero by an incorrect translation of Homer into Latin. The work is lost, and only this curious line is preserved by an old scholiast, Persius, bk. 1, li. 4, Crudum manducus Priamum, Priamique Pisinnos.

Lăbĕrius J. Decimus, a Roman knight famous for his poetical talents in writing pantomimes. Julius Cæsar compelled him to act one of his characters on the stage. The poet consented with great reluctance, but he showed his resentment during the acting of the piece by throwing severe aspersions upon Julius Cæsar, by warning the audience against his tyranny, and by drawing upon him the eyes of the whole theatre. Cæsar, however, restored him to the rank of knight which he had lost by appearing on the stage; but to his mortification, when he went to take his seat among the knights, no one offered to make room for him, and even his friend Cicero said, Recepissem te nisi angustè sederem. Laberius was offended at the affectation and insolence of Cicero, and reflected upon his unsettled and pusillanimous behaviour during the civil wars of Cæsar and Pompey, by the reply of Mirum si angustè sedes, qui soles duabas sellis sedere. Laberius died 10 months after the murder of Julius Cæsar. Some fragments remain of his poetry. Macrobius, Saturnalia, bk. 2, chs. 3 & 7.—Horace, bk. 1, satire 10.—Seneca, de Controversiæ, bk. 7, ch. 3.—Suetonius, Cæsar, ch. 39.――Quintus Durus, a tribune of the soldiers in Cæsar’s legions, killed in Britain. Cæsar, Gallic War.

Labīcum, now Colonna, a town of Italy, called also Lavicum, between Gabii and Tusculum, which became a Roman colony about four centuries B.C. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 796.—Livy, bk. 2, ch. 39; bk. 4, ch. 47.

Lăbiēnus, an officer of Cæsar in the wars of Gaul. He deserted to Pompey, and was killed at the battle of Munda. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 6, &c.—Lucan, bk. 5, li. 346.――A Roman who followed the interest of Brutus and Cassius, and became general of the Parthians against Rome. He was conquered by the officers of Augustus. Strabo, bks. 12 & 14.—Dio Cassius, bk. 48.――Titus, an historian and orator at Rome in the age of Augustus, who admired his own compositions with all the pride of superior genius and incomparable excellence. The senate ordered his papers to be burnt on account of their seditious contents; and Labienus, unable to survive the loss of his writings, destroyed himself. Suetonius, Caligula, ch. 16.—Seneca.

Labinētus, or Labynētus, a king of Babylon, &c. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 74.

Labotas, a river near Antioch in Syria. Strabo, bk. 16.――A son of Echestratus, who made war against Argos, &c.

Labradeus, a surname of Jupiter in Caria. The word is derived from labrys which in the language of the country signifies a hatchet, which Jupiter’s statue held in its hand. Plutarch.

Labron, a part of Italy on the Mediterranean, supposed to be Leghorn. Cicero bk. 2, Letters to his brother Quintus, ltr. 6.

Lăby̆rinthus, a building whose numerous passages and perplexing windings render the escape from it difficult, and almost impracticable. There were four very famous among the ancients; one near the city of Crocodiles or Arsinoe, another in Crete, a third at Lemnos, and a fourth in Italy, built by Porsenna. That of Egypt was the most ancient, and Herodotus, who saw it, declares that the beauty and art of the building were almost beyond belief. It was built by 12 kings, who at one time reigned in Egypt, and it was intended for the place of their burial, and to commemorate the actions of their reign. It was divided into 12 halls, or, according to Pliny, into 16, or, as Strabo mentions, into 27. The halls were vaulted, according to the relation of Herodotus. They had each six doors, opening to the north, and the same number to the south, all surrounded by one wall. The edifice contained 3000 chambers, 1500 in the upper part, and the same number below. The chambers above were seen by Herodotus, and astonished him beyond conception, but he was not permitted to see those below, where were buried the holy crocodiles and the monarchs whose munificence had raised the edifice. The roofs and walls were encrusted with marble, and adorned with sculptured figures. The halls were surrounded with stately and polished pillars of white stone, and, according to some authors, the opening of the doors was artfully attended with a terrible noise like peals of thunder. The labyrinth of Crete was built by Dædalus, in imitation of that of Egypt, and it is the most famous of all in classical history. It was the place of confinement for Dædalus himself, and the prison of the Minotaur. According to Pliny the labyrinth of Lemnos surpassed the others in grandeur and magnificence. It was supported by 40 columns of uncommon height and thickness, and equally admirable for their beauty and splendour. Modern travellers are still astonished at the noble and magnificent ruins which appear of the Egyptian labyrinth, at the south of the lake Mœris, about 30 miles from the ruins of Arsinoe. Mela, bk. 1, ch. 9.—Pliny, bk. 36, ch. 13.—Strabo, bk. 10.—Diodorus, bk. 1.—Herodotus, bk. 2, ch. 148.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 5, li. 588.

Lăcæna, an epithet applied to a female native of Laconia, and, among others, to Helen. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 511.

Lăcĕdæemon, a son of Jupiter and Taygeta the daughter of Atlas, who married Sparta the daughter of Eurotas, by whom he had Amyclas and Eurydice the wife of Acrisius. He was the first who introduced the worship of the Graces in Laconia, and who first built them a temple. From Lacedæmon and his wife, the capital of Laconia was called Lacedæmon and Sparta. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 10.—Hyginus, fable 155.—Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 1.――A noble city of Peloponnesus, the capital of Laconia called also Sparta, and now known by the name of Misitra. It has been severally known by the name of Lelegia, from the Leleges the first inhabitants of the country, or from Lelex one of their kings; and Œbalia, from Œbalus the sixth king from Eurotas. It was also called Hecatompolis from the 100 cities which the whole province once contained. Lelex is supposed to have been the first king. His descendants, 13 in number, reigned successively after him, till the reign of the sons of Orestes, when the Heraclidæ recovered the Peloponnesus, about 80 years after the Trojan war. Procles and Eurysthenes, the descendants of the Heraclidæ, enjoyed the crown together, and after them it was decreed that the two families should always sit on the throne together. See: Eurysthenes. These two brothers began to reign B.C. 1102. Their successors in the family of Procles were called Proclidæ, and afterwards Eurypontidæ, and those of Eurysthenes, Eurysthenidæ, and afterwards Agidæ. The successors of Procles on the throne began to reign in the following order: Sous 1060 B.C., after his father had reigned 42 years; Eurypon, 1028; Prytanis, 1021; Eunomus, 986; Polydectes, 907; Lycurgus, 898; Charilaus, 873; Nicander, 809; Theopompus, 770; Zeuxidamus, 723; Anaxidamus, 690; Archidamus, 651; Agasicles, 605; Ariston, 564; Demaratus, 526; Leotychides, 491; Archidamus, 469; Agis, 427; Agesilaus, 397; Archidamus, 361; Agis II., 338; Eudamidas, 330; Archidamus, 295; Eudamidas II., 268; Agis, 244; Archidamus, 230; Euclidus, 225; Lycurgus, 219. The successors of Eurysthenes were Agis, 1059; Echestratus, 1058; Labotas, 1023; Doryssus, 986; Agesilaus, 957; Archelaus, 913; Teleclus, 853; Alcamenes, 813; Polydorus, 776; Eurycrates, 724; Anaxander, 687; Eurycrates II., 644; Leon, 607; Anaxandrides, 563; Cleomenes, 530; Leonidas, 491; Plistarchus, under guardianship of Pausanius, 480; Plistoanax, 466; Pausanius, 408; Agesipolis, 397; Cleombrotus, 380; Agesipolis II., 371; Cleomenes II., 370; Aretus or Areus, 309; Acrotatus, 265; Areus II., 264; Leonidas, 257; Cleombrotus, 243; Leonidas restored, 241; Cleomenes, 235; Agesipolis, 219. Under the two last kings, Lycurgus and Agesipolis, the monarchical power was abolished, though Machanidas the tyrant made himself absolute, B.C. 210, and Nabis, 206, for 14 years. In the year 191 B.C. Lacedæmon joined the Achæan league, and about three years after the walls were demolished by order of Philopœmen. The territories of Laconia shared the fate of the Achæn confederacy, and the whole was conquered by Mummius, 147 B.C., and converted into a Roman province. The inhabitants of Lacedæmon have rendered themselves illustrious for their courage and intrepidity, for their love of honour and liberty, and for their aversion to sloth and luxury. They were inured from their youth to labour, and their laws commanded them to make war their profession. They never applied themselves to any trade, but their only employment was arms, and they left everything else to the care of their slaves. See: Helotæ. They hardened their body by stripes and other manly exercises, and accustomed themselves to undergo hardships, and even to die, without fear or regret. From their valour in the field, and their moderation and temperance at home, they were courted and revered by all the neighbouring princes, and their assistance was severally implored to protect the Sicilians, Carthaginians, Thracians, Egyptians, Cyreneans, &c. They were forbidden by the laws of their country [See: Lycurgus] to visit foreign states, lest their morals should be corrupted by an intercourse with effeminate nations. The austere manner in which their children were educated, rendered them undaunted in the field of battle, and from this circumstance, Leonidas, with a small band, was enabled to resist the millions of the army of Xerxes at Thermopylæ. The women were as courageous as the men, and many a mother has celebrated with festivals the death of her son who had fallen in battle, or has coolly put him to death, if, by a shameful flight or loss of his arms, he brought disgrace upon his country. As to domestic manners, the Lacedæmonians as widely differed from their neighbours as in political concerns, and their noblest women were not ashamed to appear on the stage hired for money. In the affairs of Greece, the interest of the Lacedæmonians was often powerful, and obtained the superiority for 500 years. Their jealousy of the power and greatness of the Athenians is well known. The authority of their monarchs was checked by the watchful eye of the Ephori, who had the power of imprisoning the kings themselves if guilty of misdemeanours. See: Ephori. The Lacedæmonians are remarkable for the honour and reverence which they paid to old age. The names of Lacedæmon and Sparta are promiscuously applied to the capital of Laconia, and often confounded together. The latter was applied to the metropolis, and the former was reserved for the inhabitants of the suburbs, or rather of the country contiguous to the walls of the city. This propriety of distinction was originally observed, but in process of time it was totally lost, and both appellatives were soon synonymous, and indiscriminately applied to the city and country. See: Sparta, Laconia. The place where the city stood is now called Paleo Chori (the old town), and the new one erected on its ruins at some distance on the west is called Misatra. Livy, bk. 34, ch. 33; bk. 45, ch. 28.—Strabo, bk. 8.—Thucydides, bk. 1.—Pausanias, bk. 3.—Justin, bks. 2, 3, &c.—Herodotus, bk. 1, &c.—Plutarch, Lycurgus, &c.—Diodorus.—Mela, bk. 2. There were some festivals celebrated at Lacedæmon, the names of which are not known. It was customary for the women to drag all the old bachelors round the altars, and beat them with their fists, that the shame and ignominy to which they were exposed might induce them to marry, &c. Athenæus, bk. 13.

Lăcĕdæmŏnii and Lăcĕdæmŏnes, the inhabitants of Lacedæmon. See: Lacedæmon.

Lăcĕdæmŏnius, a son of Cimon by Clitoria. He received this name from his father’s regard for the Lacedæmonians. Plutarch.

Lăcerta, a soothsayer in Domitian’s age, who acquired immense riches by his art. Juvenal, satire 7, li. 114.

Lacetania, a district at the north of Spain. Livy, bk. 21, ch. 23.

Lachăres, a man who seized the supreme power at Athens when the city was in discord, and was banished B.C. 296. Polyænus, bk. 4.――An Athenian three times taken prisoner. He deceived his keepers, and escaped, &c. Polyænus, bk. 3.――A son of Mithridates king of Bosphorus. He was received into alliance by Lucullus.――A robber condemned by Marcus Antony.――An Egyptian, buried in the labyrinth near Arsinoe.

Laches, an Athenian general in the age of Epaminondas. Diodorus, bk. 12.――An Athenian sent with Carias at the head of a fleet in the first expedition undertaken against Sicily in the Peloponnesian war. Justin, bk. 4, ch. 3.――An artist who finished the Colossus of Rhodes.

Lăchĕsis, one of the Parcæ, whose name is derived from λαχειν, to measure out by lot. She presided over futurity, and was represented as spinning the thread of life, or, according to others, holding the spindle. She generally appeared covered with a garment variegated with stars, and holding spindles in her hand. See: Parcæ. Statius, Thebiad, bk. 2, li. 249.—Martial, bk. 4, ltr. 54.

Lacidas, a Greek philosopher of Cyrene, who flourished B.C. 241. His father’s name was Alexander. He was disciple of Arcesilaus, whom he succeeded in the government of the second academy. He was greatly esteemed by king Attalus, who gave him a garden where he spent his hours in study. He taught his disciples to suspend their judgment, and never speak decisively. He disgraced himself by the magnificent funeral with which he honoured a favourite goose. He died through excess of drinking. Diogenes Laërtius, bk. 4.

Lacīdes, a village near Athens, which derived its name from Lacius, an Athenian hero, whose exploits are unknown. Here Zephyrus had an altar sacred to him, and likewise Ceres and Proserpine a temple. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 37.

Lăcīnia, a surname of Juno from her temple at Lacinium in Italy, which the Crotonians held in great veneration, and where there was a famous statue of Helen by Zeuxis. See: Zeuxis. On an altar near the door were ashes which the wind could not blow away. Fulvius Flaccus took away a marble piece from this sacred place, to finish a temple that he was building at Rome to Fortuna Equestris; and it is said that, for this sacrilege, he afterwards led a miserable life, and died in the greatest agonies. Strabo, bk. 6.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 15, lis. 12 & 702.—Livy, bk. 42, ch. 3.—Valerius Maximus, bk. 1, ch. 1.

Lacīnienses, a people of Liburnia.

Lacīnium, a promontory of Magna Græcia, now cape Colonna, the southern boundary of Tarentum in Italy, where Juno Lacinia had a temple held in great veneration. It received its name from Lacinius, a famous robber killed there by Hercules. Livy, bk. 24, ch. 3; bk. 27, ch. 5; bk. 30, ch. 20.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 522.

Lacmon, a part of mount Pindus where the Inachus flows. Herodotus, bk. 9, ch. 93.

Laco, a favourite of Galba, mean and cowardly in his character. He was put to death.――An inhabitant of Laconia or Lacedæmon.

Lacobriga, a city of Spain, where ♦Sertorius was besieged by Metellus.

♦ ‘Sertorious’ replaced with ‘Sertorius’

Lacōnia, Lacōnĭca, and Lacedæmon, a country in the southern parts of Peloponnesus, having Argos and Arcadia on the north, Messenia on the west, the Mediterranean on the south, and the bay of Argos at the east. Its extent from north to south was about 50 miles. It is watered by the river Eurotas. The capital is called Sparta, or Lacedæmon. The inhabitants never went on an expedition or engaged an enemy but at the full moon. See: Lacedæmon. The brevity with which they always expressed themselves is now become proverbial, and by the epithet of Laconic we understand whatever is concise and not loaded with unnecessary words. The word Laconicum is applied to some hot baths used among the ancients, and first invented at Lacedæmon. Cicero, bk. 4, Letters to Atticus, ltr. 10.—Strabo, bk. 1.—Ptolemy, bk. 3, ch. 16.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 3.

Lacrătes, a Theban, general of a detachment sent by Artaxerxes to the assistance of the Egyptians. Diodorus, bk. 16.

Lacrĭnes, a Lacedæmonian ambassador to Cyrus. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 152.

Lactantius, a celebrated christian writer, whose principal works are de irâ divinâ, de Dei operibus, and his divine institutions, in seven books, in which he proves the truth of the christian religion, refutes objections, and attacks the illusions and absurdities of paganism. The expressive purity, elegance, and energy of his style have gained him the name of the christian Cicero. He died A.D. 325.――The best editions of his works are that of Sparke, 8vo, Oxford, 1684; that of Bimeman, 2 vols., 8vo, Lipscomb, 1739; and that of Du Fresnoy, 2 vols., 4to, Paris, 1748.

Lacter, a promontory of the island of Cos.

Lacydes, a philosopher. See: Lacidas.

Lacȳdus, an effeminate king of Argos.

Ladas, a celebrated courier of Alexander, born at Sicyon. He was honoured with a brazen statue, and obtained a crown of Olympia. Martial, bk. 10, ltr. 10.—Juvenal, satire 13, li. 97.

Lade, an island of the Ægean sea, on the coast of Asia Minor, where was a naval battle between the Persians and Ionians. Herodotus, bk. 6, ch. 7.—Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 35.—Strabo, bk. 17.

Lades, a son of Imbrasus, killed by Turnus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 12, li. 343.

Ladocea, a village of Arcadia. Pausanias.

Ladon, a river of Arcadia, falling into the Alpheus. The metamorphosis of Daphne into a laurel, and of Syrinx into a reed, happened near its banks. Strabo, bk. 1.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 3.—Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 25.— Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 1, li. 659.――An Arcadian who followed Æneas into Italy, where he was killed. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 413.――One of Actæon’s dogs. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 3, li. 216.

Lælaps, one of Actæon’s dogs. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 3.――The dog of Cephalus, given him by Procis. See: Lelaps, &c. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 7.

Lælia, a vestal virgin.

Læliānus, a general, proclaimed emperor in Gaul by his soldiers, A.D. 268, after the death of Gallienus. His triumph was short; he was conquered and put to death after a few months’ reign by another general called Posthumus, who aspired to the imperial purple as well as himself.

Caius Lælius, a Roman consul, A.U.C. 614, surnamed Sapiens, so intimate with Africanus the younger, that Cicero represents him in his treatise De Amicitiâ, as explaining the real nature of friendship, with its attendant pleasures. He made war with success against Viriathus. It is said that he assisted Terence in the composition of his comedies. His modesty, humanity, and the manner in which he patronized letters, are as celebrated as his greatness of mind and integrity in the character of a statesman. Cicero, On Oratory.――Another consul, who accompanied Scipio Africanus the elder in his campaigns in Spain and Africa.――Archelaus, a famous grammarian. Suetonius.

Læna and Leæna, the mistress of Harmodius and Aristogiton. Being tortured because she refused to discover the conspirators, she bit off her tongue, totally to frustrate the violent efforts of her executioners.――A man who was acquainted with the conspiracy formed against Cæsar.

Lænas, a surname of the Popilii at Rome.

Læneus, a river of Crete, where Jupiter brought the ravished Europa. Strabo.

Læpa Magna, a town of Spain. Mela, bk. 3, ch. 1.

Laertes, a king of Ithaca, son of Arcesius and Chalcomedusa, who married Anticlea the daughter of Autolycus. Anticlea was pregnant by Sisyphus when she married Laertes, and eight months after her union with the king of Ithaca, she brought forth a son called Ulysses. See: Anticlea. Ulysses was treated with paternal care by Laertes, though not really his son, and Laertes ceded to him his crown and retired into the country where he spent his time in gardening. He was found in this mean employment by his son at his return from the Trojan war, after 20 years’ absence, and Ulysses, at the sight of his father, whose dress and old age declared his sorrow, long hesitated whether he should suddenly introduce himself as his son, or whether he should, as a stranger, gradually awaken the paternal feelings of Laertes, who had believed that his son was no more. This last measure was preferred, and when Laertes had burst into tears at the mention which was made of his son, Ulysses threw himself on his neck, exclaiming, “O father, I am he for whom you weep.” This welcome declaration was followed by a recital of all the hardships which Ulysses had suffered, and immediately after the father and son repaired to the palace of Penelope the wife of Ulysses, whence all the suitors who daily importuned the princess were forcibly removed. Laertes was one of the Argonauts, according to Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9. Homer, Odyssey, bks. 11 & 24.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 13, li. 32; Heroides, poem 1, li. 98.――A city of Cilicia, which gave birth to Diogenes, surnamed Laërtius from the place of his birth.

Laërtius Diogenes, a writer born at Laertes. See: Diogenes.

Læstry̆gŏnes, the most ancient inhabitants of Sicily. Some suppose them to be the same as the people of Leontium, and to have been neighbours to the Cyclops. They fed on human flesh, and when Ulysses came on their coasts, they sunk his ships and devoured his companions. See: Antiphates. They were of a gigantic stature, according to Homer, who, however, does not mention their country, but only speaks of Lamus as their capital. A colony of them, as some suppose, passed over into Italy, with Lamus at their head, where they built the town of Formiæ, whence the epithet of Læstrygonia is often used for that of Formiana. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 5.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 14, li. 233, &c.; Fasti, bk. 4; ex Ponto, bk. 4, ltr. 10.—Tzetzes, On Lycophron, lis. 662 & 818.—Homer, Odyssey, bk. 10, li. 81.—Silius Italicus, bk. 7, li. 276.

Læta, the wife of the emperor Gratian, celebrated for her humanity and generous sentiments.

Lætoria lex, ordered that proper persons should be appointed to provide for the security and the possession of such as were insane, or squandered away their estates. It made it a high crime to abuse the weakness of persons under such circumstances. Cicero, de Officiis, bk. 3.

Lætus, a Roman whom Commodus condemned to be put to death. This violence raised Lætus against Commodus; he conspired against him, and raised Pertinax to the throne.――A general of the emperor Severus, put to death for his treachery to the emperor; or, according to others, on account of his popularity.

Lævi, the ancient inhabitants of Gallia Transpadana.

Lævīnus, a Roman consul sent against Pyrrhus, A.U.C. 474. He informed the monarch that the Romans would not accept him as an arbitrator in the war with Tarentum, and feared him not as an enemy. He was defeated by Pyrrhus.――Publius Valerius, a man despised at Rome, because he was distinguished by no good quality. Horace, bk. 1, satire 6, li. 12.

Lagaria, a town of Lucania.

Lagia, a name of the island Delos. See: Delos.

Lagĭdes. See: Lagus.

Laginia, a town of Caria.

Lagus, a Macedonian of mean extraction. He received in marriage Arsinoe the daughter of Meleager, who was then pregnant by king Philip, and being willing to hide the disgrace of his wife, he exposed the child in the woods. An eagle preserved the life of the infant, fed him with her prey, and sheltered him with her wings against the inclemency of the air. This uncommon preservation was divulged by Lagus, who adopted the child as his own, and called him Ptolemy, conjecturing that as his life had been so miraculously preserved, his days would be spent in grandeur and affluence. This Ptolemy became king of Egypt after the death of Alexander. According to other accounts Arsinoe was nearly related to Philip king of Macedonia, and her marriage with Lagus was not considered as dishonourable, because he was opulent and powerful. The first of the Ptolemies is called Lagus, to distinguish him from his successors of the same name. Ptolemy, the first of the Macedonian kings of Egypt, wished it to be believed that he was the legitimate son of Lagus, and he preferred the name of Lagides to all other appellations. It is even said that he established a military order in Alexandria, which was called Lageion. The surname of Lagides was transmitted to all his descendants on the Egyptian throne till the reign of Cleopatra, Antony’s mistress. Plutarch mentions an anecdote which serves to show how far the legitimacy of Ptolemy was believed in his age. A pedantic grammarian, says the historian, once displaying his great knowledge of antiquity in the presence of Ptolemy, the king suddenly interrupted him with the question of, “Pray tell me, sir, who was the father of Peleus?” “Tell me,” replied the grammarian, without hesitation, “tell me, if you can, O king! who the father of Lagus was.” This reflection on the meanness of the monarch’s birth did not in the least irritate his resentment, though the courtiers all glowed with indignation. Ptolemy praised the humour of the grammarian, and showed his moderation and the mildness of his temper by taking him under his patronage. Pausanias, Attica.—Justin, bk. 13.—Curtius, bk. 4.—Plutarch, De Cohibenda Ira.—Lucan, bk. 1, li. 684.—Silius Italicus, bk. 1, li. 196.――A Rutulian, killed by Pallas son of Evander. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 381.

Lagūsa, an island in the Pamphylian sea.――Another near Crete. Strabo, bk. 10.—Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 31.

Lagȳra, a city of Taurica Chersonesus.

Laiădes, a patronymic of Œdipus son of Laius. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 6, fable 18.

Laias, a king of Arcadia, who succeeded his father Cypselus, &c. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 5.――A king of Elis, &c.

Lais, a celebrated courtesan, daughter of Timandra the mistress of Alcibiades, born at Hyccara in Sicily. She was carried away from her native country into Greece, when Nicias the Athenian general invaded Sicily. She first began to sell her favours at Corinth, for 10,000 drachmas, and the immense number of princes, noblemen, philosophers, orators, and plebeians who courted her embraces, show how much commendation is owed to her personal charms. The expenses which attended her pleasures gave rise to the proverb of Non cuivis homini contingit adire Corinthum. Even Demosthenes himself visited Corinth for the sake of Lais, but when he was informed by the courtesans that admittance to her bed was to be bought at the enormous sum of about 300l. English money, the orator departed, and observed that he would not buy repentance at so dear a price. The charms which had attracted Demosthenes to Corinth, had no influence upon Xenocrates. When Lais saw the philosopher unmoved by her beauty, she visited his house herself; but there she had no reason to boast of the licentiousness or easy submission of Xenocrates. Diogenes the cynic was one of her warmest admirers, and though filthy in his dress and manners, yet he gained her heart and enjoyed her most unbounded favours. The sculptor Mycon also solicited the favours of Lais, but he met with coldness; he, however, attributed the cause of his ill reception to the whiteness of his hair, and dyed it of a brown colour, but to no purpose. “Fool that thou art,” said the courtesan, “to ask what I refused yesterday to thy father.” Lais ridiculed the austerity of philosophers, and laughed at the weakness of those who pretend to have gained a superiority over their passions, by observing that the sages and philosophers of the age were not above the rest of mankind, for she found them at her door as often as the rest of the Athenians. The success which her debaucheries met at Corinth encouraged Lais to pass into Thessaly, and more particularly to enjoy the company of a favourite youth called Hippostratus. She was, however, disappointed: the women of the place, jealous of her charms, and apprehensive of her corrupting the fidelity of their husbands, assassinated her in the temple of Venus, about 340 years before the christian era. Some suppose that there were two persons of this name, a mother and her daughter. Cicero, Letters to his Friends, bk. 9, ltr. 26.—Ovid, Amores, bk. 1, poem 5.—Plutarch, Alcibiades.—Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 2.

Lāius, a son of Labdacus, who succeeded to the throne of Thebes, which his grandfather Nycteus had left to the care of his brother Lycus, till his grandson came of age. He was driven from his kingdom by Amphion and Zethus, who were incensed against Lycus for the indignities which Antiope had suffered. He was afterwards restored, and married Jocasta the daughter of Creon. An oracle informed him that he should perish by the hand of his son, and in consequence of this dreadful intelligence he resolved never to approach his wife. A day spent in debauch and intoxication made him violate his vow, and Jocasta brought forth a son. The child as soon as born was given to a servant, with orders to put him to death. The servant was moved with compassion, and only exposed him on mount Cithæron, where his life was preserved by a shepherd. The child, called Œdipus, was educated in the court of Polybus, and an unfortunate meeting with his father in a narrow road proved his ruin. Œdipus ordered his father to make way for him without knowing who he was. Laius refused, and was instantly murdered by his irritated son. His armour-bearer or charioteer shared his fate. See: Œdipus. Sophocles, Œdipus.—Hyginus, fables 9 & 66.—Diodorus, bk. 4.—Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 5.—Pausanias, bk. 9, chs. 5 & 26.—Plutarch, de Curiositate.

Lalăge, one of Horace’s favourite mistresses. Horace, bk. 1, ode 22, &c.—Propertius, bk. 4, poem 7.――A woman censured for her cruelty. Martial, bk. 2, ltr. 66.

Lalassis, a river of Isauria.

Lamăchus, a son of Xenophanes, sent into Sicily with Nicias. He was killed B.C. 414, before Syracuse, where he had displayed much courage and intrepidity. Plutarch, Alcibiades.――A governor of Heraclea in Pontus, who betrayed his trust to Mithridates, after he had invited all the inhabitants to a sumptuous feast.

Lamalmon, a large mountain of Æthiopia.

Lambrāni, a people of Italy near the Lambrus. Suetonius, Cæsar.

Lambrus, a river of Cisalpine Gaul, falling into the Po.

Lămia, a town of Thessaly at the bottom of the Sinus Maliacus or Lamiacus, and north of the river Sperchius, famous for a siege which it supported after Alexander’s death. See: Lamiacum. Diodorus, bk. 16, &c.—Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 6.――A river of Greece opposite mount Œta.――A daughter of Neptune, mother of Hierophile, an ancient Sibyl, by Jupiter. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 12.――A famous courtesan, mistress to Demetrius Poliorcetes. Plutarch, Demetrius.—Athenæus, bk. 13.—Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 13, ch. 9.

Lamia and Auxesia, two deities of Crete, whose worship was the same as at Eleusis. The Epidaurians made them two statues of an olive tree given them by the Athenians, provided they came to offer a sacrifice to Minerva at Athens. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 30, &c.

Lamiăcum bellum, happened after the death of Alexander, when the Greeks, and particularly the Athenians, incited by their orators, resolved to free Greece from the garrisons of the Macedonians. Leosthenes was appointed commander of a numerous force, and marched against Antipater, who then presided over Macedonia. Antipater entered Thessaly at the head of 13,000 foot and 600 horse, and was beaten by the superior force of the Athenians and of their Greek confederates. Antipater after this blow fled to Lamia, B.C. 323, where he resolved, with all the courage and sagacity of a careful general, to maintain a siege with about the 8000 or 9000 men that had escaped from the field of battle. Leosthenes, unable to take the city by storm, began to make a regular siege. His operations were delayed by the frequent sallies of Antipater; and Leosthenes being killed by the blow of a stone, Antipater made his escape out of Lamia, and soon after, with the assistance of the army of Craterus brought from Asia, he gave the Athenians battle near Cranon, and though only 500 of their men were slain, yet they became so dispirited, that they sued for peace from the conqueror. Antipater at last with difficulty consented, provided they raised taxes in the usual manner, received a Macedonian garrison, defrayed the expenses of the war, and lastly, delivered into his hands Demosthenes and Hyperides, the two orators, whose prevailing eloquence had excited their countrymen against him. These disadvantageous terms were accepted by the Athenians, yet Demosthenes had time to escape and poison himself. Hyperides was carried before Antipater, who ordered his tongue to be cut off, and afterwards put him to death. Plutarch, Demosthenes.—Diodorus, bk. 17.—Justin, bk. 11, &c.

Lămiæ, small islands in the Ægean, opposite Troas. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 31.――A celebrated family at Rome, descended from Lamus.――Certain monsters of Africa, who had the face and breast of a woman, and the rest of their body like that of a serpent. They allured strangers to come to them, that they might devour them; and though they were not endowed with the faculty of speech, yet their hissings were pleasing and agreeable. Some believed them to be witches, or rather evil spirits, who, under the form of a beautiful woman, enticed young children and devoured them. According to some, the fable of the Lamiæ is derived from the amours of Jupiter with a certain beautiful woman called Lamia, whom the jealousy of Juno rendered deformed, and whose children she destroyed; upon which Lamia became insane, and so desperate that she ate up all the children that came in her way. They are also called Lemures. See: Lemures. Philostratus, Life of Apollonius.—Horace, Art of Poetry, li. 340.—Plutarch, de Curiositate.—Dion.

Lămias Ælius, a governor of Syria under Tiberius. He was honoured with a public funeral by the senate; and as having been a respectable and useful citizen, Horace has dedicated his ode 26, bk. 1, to his praises, as also bk. 3, ode 17.—Tacitus, Annals, bk. 6, ch. 27.――Another during the reign of Domitian, put to death, &c.

Lamīrus, a son of Hercules by Iole.

Lampĕdo, a woman of Lacedæmon, who was daughter, wife, sister, and mother of a king. She lived in the age of Alcibiades. Agrippina the mother of Claudius could boast the same honours. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 12, chs. 22 & 37.—Plutarch, Agesilaus.—Plato, bk. 1, Alcibiades.—Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 41.

Lampĕtia, a daughter of Apollo and Neæra. She, with her sister Phaetusa, guarded her father’s flocks in Sicily when Ulysses arrived on the coasts of that island. These flocks were 14 in number, seven herds of oxen, and seven flocks of sheep, consisting each of 50. They fed by night as well as by day, and it was deemed unlawful and sacrilegious to touch them. The companions of Ulysses, impelled by hunger, paid no regard to their sanctity, or to the threats and entreaties of their chief; but they carried away and killed some of the oxen. The watchful keepers complained to their father, and Jupiter, at the request of Apollo, punished the offence of the Greeks. The hides of the oxen appeared to walk, and the flesh, which was roasting by the fire, began to bellow, and nothing was heard but dreadful noises and loud lowings. The companions of Ulysses embarked on board their ships, but here the resentment of Jupiter followed them. A storm arose, and they all perished except Ulysses, who saved himself on the broken piece of a mast. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 12, ch. 119.—Propertius, bk. 3, poem 12.――According to Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 2, li. 349, Lampetia is one of the Heliades, who was changed into a poplar tree at the death of her brother Phaeton.

Lampeto and Lampedo, a queen of the Amazons, who boasted herself to be the daughter of Mars. She gained many conquests in Asia, where she founded several cities. She was surprised afterwards by a band of barbarians, and destroyed with her female attendants. Justin, bk. 2, ch. 4.

Lampeus and Lampia, a mountain of Arcadia. Statius, bk. 8.

Lampon, Lampos, or Lampus, one of the horses of Diomedes,――of Hector,――of Aurora. Homer, Iliad, bk. 8; Odyssey, bk. 23.――A son of Laomedon, father of Dolops.――A soothsayer of Athens in the age of Socrates. Plutarch, Pericles.

Lampōnia and Lampōnium, a city of Troas. Herodotus, bk. 5, ch. 26.――An island on the coast of Thrace. Strabo, bk. 13.

Lamponius, an Athenian general, sent by his countrymen to attempt the conquest of Sicily. Justin, bk. 4, ch. 3.

Lampridius Ælius, a Latin historian in the fourth century, who wrote the lives of some of the Roman emperors. His style is inelegant, and his arrangements injudicious. His life of Commodus, Heliogabalus, Alexander Severus, &c., is still extant, and to be found in the works of the Historiæ Augustæ Scriptores.

Lamprus, a celebrated musician, &c.—Cornelius Nepos, Epaminondas.

Lampsăcus and Lampsăcum, now Lamsaki, a town of Asia Minor on the borders of the Propontis, at the north of Abydos. Priapus was the chief deity of the place, of which he was reckoned by some the founder. His temple there was the asylum of lewdness and debauchery, and exhibited scenes of the most unnatural lust, and hence the epithet Lampsacius is usual to express immodesty and wantonness. Alexander resolved to destroy the city on account of the vices of its inhabitants, and more probably for its firm adherence to the interest of Persia. It was, however, saved from ruin by the artifice of Anaximenes. See: Anaximenes. It was formerly called Pityusa, and received the name of Lampsacus, from Lampsace, a daughter of Mandron, a king of Phrygia, who gave information to some Phoceans who dwelt there, that the rest of the inhabitants had conspired against their life. This timely information saved them from destruction. The city afterwards bore the name of their preserver. The wine of Lampsacus was famous and therefore a tribute of wine was granted from the city by Xerxes to maintain the table of Themistocles. Mela, bk. 1, ch. 19.—Strabo, bk. 13.—Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 31.—Herodotus, bk. 5, ch. 117.—Cornelius Nepos, Themistocles, ch. 10.—Ovid, bk. 1, Tristia, poem 9, li. 26; Fasti, bk. 8, li. 345.—Livy, bk. 33, ch. 38; bk. 35, ch. 42.—Martial, bk. 11, poems 17, 52.

Lamptera, a town of Phocæa in Ionia. Livy, bk. 37, ch. 31.

Lamptĕria, a festival at Pellene, in Achaia, in honour of Bacchus, who was surnamed Lampter, from λαμπειν, to shine, because, during this solemnity, which was observed in the night, the worshippers went to the temple of Bacchus, with lighted torches in their hands. It was also customary to place vessels full of wine in several parts of every street in the city. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 21.

Lampus, a son of Ægyptus.――A man of Elis.――A son of Prolaus.

Lămus, a king of the Læstrygones, who is supposed by some to have founded Formiæ in Italy. The family of the Lamiæ at Rome was, according to the opinion of some, descended from him. Horace, bk. 3, ode 17.――A son of Hercules and Omphale, who succeeded his mother on the throne of Lydia. Ovid, Heroides, poem 9, li. 54.――A Latin chief killed by Nisus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 334.――A river of Bœotia. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 31.――A Spartan general hired by Nectanebus king of Egypt. Diodorus, bk. 16.――A city of Cilicia.――A town near Formiæ built by the Læstrygones.

Lămy̆rus, buffoon, a surname of one of the Ptolemies.――One of the auxiliaries of Turnus, killed by Nisus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 334.

Lanassa, a daughter of Cleodæus, who married Pyrrhus the son of Achilles by whom she had eight children. Plutarch, Pyrrhus.—Justin, bk. 17, ch. 3.――A daughter of Agathocles, who married Pyrrhus, whom she soon after forsook for Demetrius. Plutarch.

Lancēa, a fountain, &c. Pausanias.

Lancia, a town of Lusitania. Florus, bk. 4, ch. 12.

Landi, a people of Germany conquered by Cæsar.

Langia, a river of Peloponnesus, falling into the bay of Corinth.

Langobardi, a warlike nation of Germany, along the Sprhe, called improperly Lombards by some. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 2, ch. 45; Germania, ch. 40.

Langrobriga, a town of Lusitania.

Lanŭvium, a town of Latium, about 16 miles from Rome on the Appian road. Juno had there a celebrated temple, which was frequented by the inhabitants of Italy, and particularly by the Romans, whose consuls on first entering upon office offered sacrifices to the goddess. The statue of the goddess was covered with a goat’s skin, and armed with a buckler and spear, and wore shoes which were turned upwards in the form of a cone. Cicero, For Lucius Murena; de Natura Deorum, bk. 1, ch. 29; For Milo, ch. 10.—Livy, bk. 8, ch. 14.—Silius Italicus, bk. 13, li. 364.

Laobōtas, or Lābotas, a Spartan king, of the family of the Agidæ, who succeeded his father Echestratus, B.C. 1023. During his reign war was declared against Argos, by Sparta. He sat on the throne for 37 years, and was succeeded by Doryssus his son. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 2.

Lāŏcoon, a son of Priam and Hecuba, or, according to others, of Antenor, or of Capys. As being priest of Apollo, he was commissioned by the Trojans to offer a bullock to Neptune to render him propitious. During the sacrifice two enormous serpents issued from the sea, and attacked Laocoon’s two sons, who stood next to the altar. The father immediately attempted to defend his sons, but the serpents, falling upon him, squeezed him in their complicated wreaths, so that he died in the greatest agonies. This punishment was inflicted upon him for his temerity in dissuading the Trojans to bring into the city the fatal wooden horse which the Greeks had consecrated to Minerva, as also for his impiety in hurling a javelin against the sides of the horse as it entered within the walls. Hyginus attributes this to his marriage against the consent of Apollo, or, according to others, for his polluting the temple by his commerce with his wife Antiope before the statue of the god. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 2, lis. 41 & 201.—Hyginus, fable 135.

Laodămas, a son of Alcinous king of the Phæacians, who offered to wrestle with Ulysses, while at his father’s court. Ulysses, mindful of the hospitality of Alcinous, refused the challenge of Laodamas. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 7, li. 170.――A son of Eteocles king of Thebes. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 15.

Lāŏdămīa, a daughter of Acastus and Astydamia, who married Protesilaus, the son of Iphiclus king of a part of Thessaly. The departure of her husband for the Trojan war was the source of grief to her, but when she heard that he had fallen by the hand of Hector, her sorrow was increased. To keep alive the memory of her husband whom she had tenderly loved, she ordered a wooden statue to be made and regularly placed in her bed. This was seen by one of her servants, who informed Iphiclus that his daughter’s bed was daily defiled by an unknown stranger. Iphiclus watched his daughter, and when he found that the intelligence was false, he ordered the wooden image to be burned, in hopes of dissipating his daughter’s grief. He did not succeed. Laodamia threw herself into the flames with the image and perished. This circumstance has given occasion to fabulous traditions related by the poets, which mention that Protesilaus was restored to life, and to Laodamia, for three hours, and that when he was obliged to return to the infernal regions, he persuaded his wife to accompany him. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 447.—Ovid, Heroides, poem 13.—Hyginus, fable 104.—Propertius, bk. 1, poem 19.――A daughter of Bellerophon, by Achemone the daughter of king Iobates. She had a son by Jupiter, called Sarpedon. She dedicated herself to the service of Diana, and hunted with her; but her haughtiness proved fatal to her, and she perished by the arrows of the goddess. Homer, Iliad, bks. 6, 12 & 16.――A daughter of Alexander king of Epirus, by Olympia the daughter of Pyrrhus. She was assassinated in the temple of Diana, where she had fled for safety during a sedition. Her murderer, called Milo, soon after turned his dagger against his own breast and killed himself. Justin, bk. 28, ch. 3.

Lāŏdĭce, a daughter of Priam and Hecuba, who became enamoured of Acamas son of Theseus, when he came with Diomedes from the Greeks to Troy with an embassy to demand the restoration of Helen. She obtained an interview and the gratification of her desires at the house of Philebia, the wife of a governor of a small town of Troas, which the Greek ambassador had visited. She had a son by Acamas, whom she called Munitus. She afterwards married Helicaon, son of Antenor and Telephus king of Mysia. Some call her Astyoche. According to the Greek scholiast of Lycophron, Laodice threw herself down from the top of a tower and was killed, when Troy was sacked by the Greeks. Dictys Cretensis, bk. 1.—Pausanias, bk. 13, ch. 26.—Homer, Iliad, bks. 3 & 6.――One of the Oceanides.――A daughter of Cinyras, by whom Elatus had some children. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 14.――A daughter of Agamemnon, called also Electra. Homer, Iliad, bk. 9.――A sister of Mithridates, who married Ariarathes king of Cappadocia, and afterwards her own brother Mithridates. During the secret absence of Mithridates, she prostituted herself to her servants, in hopes that her husband was dead; but when she saw her expectations frustrated, she attempted to poison Mithridates, for which she was put to death.――A queen of Cappadocia, put to death by her subjects for poisoning five of her children.――A sister and wife of Antiochus II. She put to death Berenice, whom her husband had married. See: Antiochus II. She was murdered by order of Ptolemy Evergetes, B.C. 246.――A daughter of Demetrius, shamefully put to death by Ammonius, the tyrannical minister of the vicious Alexander Bala king of Syria.――A daughter of Seleucus.――The mother of Seleucus. Nine months before she brought forth she dreamt that Apollo had introduced himself into her bed, and had presented her with a precious stone, on which was engraved the figure of an anchor, commanding her to deliver it to her son as soon as born. This dream appeared the more wonderful, when in the morning she discovered in her bed a ring answering the same description. Not only the son that she brought forth, called Seleucus, but also all his successors of the house of the Seleucidæ, had the mark of an anchor upon their thigh. Justin. Appian, Syrian Wars mentions this anchor, though in a different manner.

Lāŏdĭcēa, now Ladik, a city of Asia, on the borders of Caria, Phrygia, and Lydia, celebrated for its commerce, and the fine soft and black wool of its sheep. It was originally called Diospolis, and afterwards Rhoas; and received the name of Laodicea, in honour of Laodice the wife of Antiochus. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 29.—Strabo, bk. 12.—Mela, bk. 1, ch. 12.—Cicero, bk. 5, Letters to Atticus, ltr. 15, For Flaccus.――Another in Media, destroyed by an earthquake in the age of Nero.――Another in Syria, called by way of distinction Laodicea Cabiosa, or ad Libanum.――Another on the borders of Cœlosyria. Strabo.

Lāŏdĭcēne, a province of Syria, which receives its name from Laodicea, its capital.

Laodŏchus, a son of Antenor, whose form Minerva borrowed to advise Pandarus to break the treaty which subsisted between the Greeks and Trojans. Homer, Iliad, bk. 4.――An attendant of Antilochus.――A son of Priam. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 12.――A son of Apollo and Phthia. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 7.

Laogōnus, a son of Bias, brother to Dardanus, killed by Achilles at the siege of Troy. Homer, Iliad, bk. 20, li. 461.――A priest of Jupiter, killed by Merion in the Trojan war. Homer, Iliad, bk. 16, li. 604.

Laogŏras, a king of the Dryopes, who accustomed his subjects to become robbers. He plundered the temple of Apollo at Delphi, and was killed by Hercules. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 7.—Diodorus, bk. 4.

Laogŏre, a daughter of Cinyras and Metharme daughter of Pygmalion. She died in Egypt. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 14.

Lāŏmĕdon, son of Ilus king of Troy, married Strymon, called by some Placia, or Leucippe, by whom he had Podarces, afterwards known by the name of Priam, and Hesione. He built the walls of Troy, and was assisted by Apollo and Neptune, whom Jupiter had banished from heaven, and condemned to be subservient to the will of Laomedon for one year. When the walls were finished, Laomedon refused to reward the labours of the gods, and soon after his territories were laid waste by the god of the sea, and his subjects were visited by a pestilence sent by Apollo. Sacrifices were offered to the offended divinities, but the calamities of the Trojans increased; and nothing could appease the gods, according to the words of the oracle, but annually to expose to a sea monster a Trojan virgin. Whenever the monster appeared, the marriageable maidens were assembled, and the lot decided which of them was doomed to death for the good of her country. When this calamity had continued for five or six years, the lot fell upon Hesione, Laomedon’s daughter. The king was unwilling to part with a daughter whom he loved with uncommon tenderness, but his refusal would irritate more strongly the wrath of the gods. In the midst of his fears and hesitations, Hercules came and offered to deliver the Trojans from this public calamity, if Laomedon promised to reward him with a number of fine horses. The king consented, but when the monster was destroyed, he refused to fulfil his engagements, and Hercules was obliged to besiege Troy and take it by force of arms. Laomedon was put to death after a reign of 29 years, his daughter Hesione was given in marriage to Telamon, one of the conqueror’s attendants, and Podarces was ransomed by the Trojans, and placed upon his father’s throne. According to Hyginus, the wrath of Neptune and Apollo was kindled against Laomedon, because he refused to offer on their altars, as a sacrifice, all the first-born of his cattle, according to a vow which he had made. Homer, Iliad, bk. 21.—Virgil, Æneid, bks. 2 & 9.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 11, fable 6.—Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 5.—Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 20.—Horace, bk. 3, ode 3.—Hyginus, fable 89.――A demagogue of Messina in Sicily.――A satrap of Phœnicia, &c. Curtius, bk. 10, ch. 10.――An Athenian, &c. Plutarch.――An Orchomenian. Plutarch.

Laŏmĕdonteus, an epithet applied to the Trojans from their king Laomedon. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 4, li. 542; bk. 7, li. 105; bk. 8, li. 18.

Laŏmĕdontiădæ, a patronymic given to the Trojans from Laomedon their king. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 248.

Laonŏme, the wife of Polyphemus, one of the Argonauts.

Laonŏmēne, a daughter of Thespius, by whom Hercules had two sons, Teles and Menippides, and two daughters, Lysidice and Stendedice. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 7.

Laŏthoe, a daughter of Altes, a king of the Leleges, who married Priam and became mother of Lycaon and Polydorus. Homer, Iliad, bk. 21, li. 85.――One of the daughters of Thespius, mother of Antidus by Hercules. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 7.

Laous, a river of Lacedæmon.

Lapăthus, a city of Cyprus.

Laphria, a surname of Diana at Patræ in Achaia, where she had a temple with a statue of gold and ivory, which represented her in the habit of a huntress. The statue was made by Menechmus and Soidas, two artists of celebrity. This name was given the goddess from Laphrius the son of Delphus, who consecrated the statue to her. There was a festival of the goddess there, called also Laphria, of which Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 18, gives an account.

Laphystium, a mountain in Bœotia, where Jupiter had a temple, whence he was called Laphystius. It was here that Athamas prepared to immolate Phryxus and Helle, whom Jupiter saved by sending them a golden ram; whence the surname, and the homage paid to the god. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 34.

Lapideus, a surname of Jupiter among the Romans.

Lăpĭthæ, a people of Thessaly. See: Lapithus.

Lapĭtho, a city of Cyprus.

Lăpĭthus, a son of Apollo by Stilbe. He was brother to Centaurus, and married Orsinome daughter of Euronymus, by whom he had Phorbas and Periphas. The name of Lapithæ was given to the numerous children of Phorbas and Periphas, or rather to the inhabitants of the country, of which they had obtained the sovereignty. The chief of the Lapithæ assembled to celebrate the nuptials of Pirithous, one of their number, and among them were Theseus, Dryas, Hopleus, Mopsus, Phalerus, Exadius, Prolochus, Titaresius, &c. The Centaurs were also invited to partake the common festivity, and the amusements would have been harmless and innocent, had not one of the intoxicated Centaurs offered violence to Hippodamia the wife of Pirithous. The Lapithæ resented the injury, and the Centaurs supported their companions, upon which the quarrel became universal, and ended in blows and slaughter. Many of the Centaurs were slain, and they at last were obliged to retire. Theseus among the Lapithæ showed himself brave and intrepid in supporting the cause of his friends, and Nestor also was not less active in the protection of chastity and innocence. This quarrel arose from the resentment of Mars, whom Pirithous forgot or neglected to invite among the other gods at the celebration of his nuptials, and therefore the divinity punished the insult by sowing dissension among the festive assembly. See: Centauri. Hesiod has described the battle of the Centaurs and Lapithæ, as also Ovid in a more copious manner. The invention of bits and bridles for horses is attributed to the Lapithæ. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 3, li. 115; Æneid, bk. 6, li. 601; bk. 7, li. 305.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12, li. 530; bk. 14, li. 670.—Hesiod, Shield of Heracles.—Diodorus, bk. 4.—Pindar, bk. 2, Pythian.—Strabo, bk. 9.—Statius, Thebiad, bk. 7, li. 304.

Lapithæum, a town of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 20.

Lara, or Laranda, one of the Naiads, daughter of the river Almon in Latium, famous for her beauty and her loquacity, which her parents long endeavoured to correct, but in vain. She revealed to Juno the amours of her husband Jupiter with Juturna, for which the god cut off her tongue, and ordered Mercury to conduct her to the infernal regions. The messenger of the gods fell in love with her by the way, and gratified his passion. Lara became mother of two children, to whom the Romans have paid divine honours, according to the opinion of some, under the name of Lares. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 2, li. 599.

Larentia and Laurentia, a courtesan in the first ages of Rome. See: Acca.

Lăres, gods of inferior power at Rome, who presided over houses and families. They were two in number, sons of Mercury by Lara. See: Lara. In process of time their power was extended not only over houses, but also over the country and the sea, and we find Lares Urbani to preside over the cities, Familiares over houses, Rustici over the country, Compitales over cross-roads, Marini over the sea, Viales over the roads, Patellarii, &c. According to the opinion of some, the worship of the gods Lares, who are supposed to be the same as the manes, arises from the ancient custom among the Romans and other nations of burying their dead in their houses, and from their belief that their spirits continually hovered over their houses, for the protection of the inhabitants. The statues of the Lares resembling monkeys, and covered with the skin of a dog, were placed in a niche behind the doors of the houses, or around the hearths. At the feet of the Lares was the figure of a dog barking, to intimate their care and vigilance. Incense was burnt on their altars, and a sow was also offered on particular days. Their festivals were observed at Rome in the month of May, when their statues were crowned with garlands of flowers, and offerings of fruit presented. The word Lares seems to be derived from the Etruscan word Lars, which signifies conductor, or leader. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 5, li. 129.—Juvenal, satire 8, li. 8.—Plutarch, Quæstiones Romanæ.—Varro, de Lingua Latina, bk. 4, ch. 10.—Horace, bk. 3, ode 23.—Plautus, Aulularia & Cistellaria.

Largra, a well-known prostitute in Juvenal’s age. Juvenal, satire 4, li. 25.

Largus, a Latin poet, who wrote a poem on the arrival of Antenor in Italy, where he built the town of Padua. He composed with ease and elegance. Ovid, ex Ponto, bk. 4, ltr. 16, li. 17.

Larīdes, a son of Daucus or Daunus, who assisted Turnus against Æneas, and had his hand cut off with one blow by Pallas the son of Evander. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 391.

Lārīna, a virgin of Italy, who accompanied Camilla in her war against Æneas. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 11, li. 655.

Larīnum, or Lārīna, now Larino, a town of the Frentani on the Tifernus, before it falls into the Adriatic. The inhabitants were called Larinates. Silius Italicus, bk. 15, li. 565.—Cicero, For Aulus Cluentius, chs. 63, 64; Letters to Atticus, ltr. 12; bk. 7, ltr. 13.—Livy, bk. 22, ch. 18; bk. 27, ch. 40.—Cæsar, Civil War, bk. 1, ch. 23.

Larissa, a daughter of Pelasgus, who gave her name to some cities in Greece. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 23.――A city between Palestine and Egypt, where Pompey was murdered and buried, according to some accounts.――A large city on the banks of the Tigris. It had a small pyramid near it, greatly inferior to those of Egypt.――A city of Asia Minor, on the southern confines of Troas. Strabo, bk. 13.――Another in Æolia, 70 stadia from Cyme. It is surnamed Phriconis by Strabo, by way of distinction. Strabo, bk. 13.—Homer, Iliad, bk. 2, li. 640.――Another near Ephesus.――Another on the borders of the Peneus in Thessaly, also called Cremaste from its situation (Pensilis), the most famous of all the cities of that name. It was here that Acrisius was inadvertently killed by his grandson Perseus. Jupiter had there a famous temple, on account of which he is called Larissæus. The same epithet is also applied to Achilles, who reigned there. It is still extant, and bears the same name. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 2, li. 542.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 2, li. 197.—Lucan, bk. 6.—Livy, bk. 31, ch. 46; bk. 42, ch. 56.――A citadel of Argos, built by Danaus.

Larissæus. See: Larissa.

Larissus, a river of Peloponnesus flowing between Elis and Achaia. Strabo, bk. 8.—Livy, bk. 27, ch. 31.—Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 43.

Larius, a large lake of Cisalpine Gaul, through which the Addua runs in its way into the Po, above Cremona. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 2, li. 159.

Larnos, a small desolate island on the coast of Thrace.

Laronia, a shameless courtesan in Juvenal’s age. Juvenal, satire 2, li. 86.

Lars Tolumnius, a king of the Veientes, conquered by the Romans, and put to death, A.U.C. 329. Livy, bk. 4, chs. 17 & 19.

Titus Lartius Flavius, a consul who appeased a sedition raised by the poorer citizens, and was the first dictator ever chosen at Rome, B.C. 498. He made Spurius Cassius his master of horse. Livy, bk. 2, ch. 18.――Spurius, one of the three Romans who alone withstood the fury of Porsenna’s army at the head of a bridge, while the communication was cutting down behind them. His companions were Cocles and Herminius. See: Cocles. Livy, bk. 2, chs. 10 & 18.—Dionysius of Halicarnassus.—Valerius Maximus, bk. 3, ch. 2.――The name of Lartius has been common to many Romans.

Lartolætani, a people of Spain.

Larvæ, a name given to the wicked spirits and apparitions which, according to the notions of the Romans, issued from their graves in the night and came to terrify the world. As the word larva signifies a mask, whose horrid and uncouth appearance often serves to frighten children, that name has been given to the ghosts or spectres which superstition believes to hover around the graves of the dead. Some call them Lemures. Servius, Commentary on the Aeneid of Vergil, bk. 5, li. 64; bk. 6, li. 152.

Larymna, a town of Bœotia, where Bacchus had a temple and a statue.――Another in Caria. Strabo, bks. 9 & 16.—Mela, bk. 1, ch. 16; bk. 2, ch. 3.

Larysium, a mountain of Laconia. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 22.

Lassia, an ancient name of Andros.

Lassus, or Lasus, a dithyrambic poet, born at Hermione, in Peloponnesus, about 500 years before Christ, and reckoned among the wise men of Greece by some. He is particularly known by the answer he gave to a man who asked him what could best render life pleasant and comfortable? “Experience.” He was acquainted with music. Some fragments of his poetry are to be found in Athenæus. He wrote an ode upon the Centaurs, and a hymn to Ceres, without inserting the letter S in the composition. Athenæus, bk. 10.

Lasthĕnes, a governor of Olynthus, corrupted by Philip king of Macedonia.――A Cretan demagogue, conquered by Metellus the Roman general.――A cruel minister at the court of the Seleucidæ, kings of Syria.

Lasthĕnīa, a woman who disguised herself to come and hear Plato’s lectures. Diogenes Laërtius.

Latăgus, a king of Pontus, who assisted Æetes against the Argonauts, and was killed by Darapes. Flaccus, bk. 5, li. 584.――One of the companions of Æneas, killed by Mezentius. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 697.

Laterānus Plautus, a Roman consul elect, A.D. 65. A conspiracy with Piso against the emperor Nero proved fatal to him. He was led to execution, where he refused to confess the associates of the conspiracy, and did not even frown at the executioner who was as guilty as himself; but when a first blow could not sever his head from his body, he looked at the executioner, and shaking his head, he returned it to the hatchet with the greatest composure, and it was cut off. There exists now a celebrated palace at Rome, which derives its name from its ancient possessors the Laterani.

Latĕrium, the villa of Quintus Cicero at Arpinum, near the Liris. Cicero, Letters to Atticus, bk. 10, ltr. 1; bk. 4, ltr. 7; Letters to his Friends, bk. 3, ltr. 1.—Pliny, bk. 15, ch. 15.

Latiālis, a surname of Jupiter, who was worshipped by the inhabitants of Latium upon mount Albanus at stated times. The festivals, which were first instituted by Tarquin the Proud, lasted 15 days. Livy, bk. 21. See: Feriæ Latinæ.

Latīni, the inhabitants of Latium. See: Latium.

Latīnus Latiaris, a celebrated informer, &c. Tacitus.

Latīnus, a son of Faunus by Marica, king of the Aborigines in Italy, who from him were called Latini. He married Amata, by whom he had a son and a daughter. The son died in his infancy, and the daughter, called Lavinia, was secretly promised in marriage by her mother to Turnus king of the Rutuli, one of her most powerful admirers. The gods opposed this union, and the oracles declared that Lavinia must become the wife of a foreign prince. The arrival of Æneas in Italy seemed favourable to this prediction, and Latinus, by offering his daughter to the foreign prince, and making him his friend and ally, seemed to have fulfilled the commands of the oracle. Turnus, however, disapproved of the conduct of Latinus; he claimed Lavinia as his lawful wife, and prepared to support his cause by arms. Æneas took up arms in his own defence, and Latium was the seat of the war. After mutual losses it was agreed that the quarrel should be decided by the two rivals, and Latinus promised his daughter to the conqueror. Æneas obtained the victory and married Lavinia. Latinus soon after died, and was succeeded by his son-in-law. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, &c.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 13, &c.; Fasti, bk. 2, &c.—Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 1, ch. 13.—Livy, bk. 1, ch. 1, &c.—Justin, bk. 43, ch. 1.――A son of Sylvius Æneas, surnamed also Sylvius. He was the fifth king of the Latins, and succeeded his father. He was father to Alba his successor. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 1, ch. 15.—Livy, bk. 2, ch. 3.――A son of Ulysses and Circe also bore this name.

Lătium, a country of Italy near the river Tiber. It was originally very circumscribed, extending only from the Tiber to Circeii, but afterwards it comprehended the territories of the Volsci, Æqui, Hernici, Ausones, Umbri, and Rutuli. The first inhabitants were called Aborigines, and received the name of Latini, from Latinus their king. According to others the word is derived from lateo, to conceal, because Saturn concealed himself there when flying the resentment of his son Jupiter. Laurentum was the capital of the country in the reign of Latinus, Lavinium under Æneas, and Alba under Ascanius. See: Alba. The Latins, though originally known only among their neighbours, soon rose in consequence when Romulus had founded the city of Rome in their country. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 38; bk. 8, li. 322.—Strabo, bk. 5.—Dionysius of Halicarnassus.—Justin, bk. 20, ch. 1.—Plutarch, Romulus.—Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 12.—Tacitus, bk. 4, Annals, ch. 5.

Latius, a surname of Jupiter at Rome. Statius, bk. 5, Sylvæ, poem 2, li. 392.

Latmus, a mountain of Caria near Miletus. It is famous for the residence of Endymion, whom Diana regularly visited in the night, whence he is often called Latmius Heros. See: Endymion. Mela, bk. 1, ch. 17.—Ovid, Tristia, bk. 2, li. 299; Ars Amatoria, bk. 3, li. 83.—Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 29.—Strabo, bk. 14.—Cicero, bk. 1, Tusculanæ Disputationes, ch. 28.

Latobius, the god of health among the Corinthians.

Latobrigri, a people of Belgic Gaul.

Latōis, a name of Diana, as being the daughter of Latona.――A country house near Ephesus.

Latomiæ. See: ♦Lautumiæ.

♦ ‘Latumiæ’ replaced with ‘Lautumiæ’

Latōna, a daughter of Cœus the Titan and Phœbe, or, according to Homer, of Saturn. She was admired for her beauty, and celebrated for the favours which she granted to Jupiter. Juno, always jealous of her husband’s amours, made Latona the object of her vengeance, and sent the serpent Python to disturb her peace and persecute her. Latona wandered from place to place in the time of her pregnancy, continually alarmed for fear of Python. She was driven from heaven, and Terra, influenced by Juno, refused to give her a place where she might find rest and bring forth. Neptune, moved with compassion, struck with his trident, and made immovable the island of Delos, which before wandered in the Ægean, and appeared sometimes above, and sometimes below, the surface of the sea. Latona, changed into a quail by Jupiter, came to Delos, where she resumed her original shape, and gave birth to Apollo and Diana, leaning against a palm tree or an olive. Her repose was of short duration. Juno discovered the place of her retreat, and obliged her to fly from Delos. She wandered over the greatest part of the world, and in Caria, where her fatigue compelled her to stop, she was insulted and ridiculed by peasants of whom she asked for water, while they were weeding a marsh. Their refusal and insolence provoked her, and she intreated Jupiter to punish their barbarity. They were all changed into frogs. She was exposed to repeated insults by Niobe, who boasted herself greater than the mother of Apollo and Diana, and ridiculed the presents which the piety of her neighbours had offered to Latona. See: Niobe. Her beauty proved fatal to the giant Tityus, whom Apollo and Diana put to death. See: Tityus. At last Latona, though persecuted and exposed to the resentment of Juno, became a powerful deity, and saw her children receive divine honours. Her worship was generally established where her children received adoration, particularly at Argos, Delos, &c., where she had temples. She had an oracle in Egypt, celebrated for the true, decisive answers which it gave. Diodorus, bk. 5.—Herodotus, bk. 2, ch. 155.—Pausanias, bks. 2 & 3.—Homer, Iliad, bk. 21; Hymns to Aphrodite & Artemis.—Hesiod, Theogony.—Apollodorus, bk. 3, chs. 5 & 10.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 6, li. 160.—Hyginus, fable 140.

Latopŏlis, a city of Egypt. Strabo.

Latous, a name ♦given to Apollo, as son of Latona. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 6, fable 9.

♦ ‘give’ replaced with ‘given’

Latreus, one of the Centaurs, who, after killing Halesus, was himself slain by Cæneus. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12, li. 463.

Laudămia, a daughter of Alexander king of Epirus, and Olympias daughter of Pyrrhus, killed in a temple of Diana, by the enraged populace. Justin, bk. 28, ch. 3.――The wife of Protesilaus. See: Laodamia.

Laudice. See: Laodice.

Laverna, the goddess of thieves and dishonest persons at Rome. She did not only preside over robbers, called from her Laverniones, but she protected such as deceived others, or performed their secret machinations in obscurity and silence. Her worship was very popular, and the Romans raised her an altar near one of the gates of the city, which from that circumstance was called the gate of Laverna. She was generally represented by a head without a body. Horace, bk. 1, ltr. 16, li. 60.—Varro, de Lingua Latina, bk. 4.――A place mentioned by Plutarch, &c.

Lavernium, a temple of Laverna, near Formiæ. Cicero, bk. 7, Letters to Atticus, ltr. 8.

Laufella, a wanton woman, &c. Juvenal, satire 6, li. 319.

Laviana, a province of Armenia Minor.

Lăvīnia, a daughter of king Latinus and Amata. She was betrothed to her relation king Turnus, but because the oracle ordered her father to marry her to a foreign prince, she was given to Æneas after the death of Turnus. See: Latinus. At her husband’s death she was left pregnant, and being fearful of the tyranny of Ascanius her son-in-law, she fled into the woods, where she brought forth a son called Æneas Sylvius. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 1.—Virgil, Æneid, bks. 6 & 7.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 14, li. 507.—Livy, bk. 1, ch. 1.

Lavīnium, or Lavīnum, a town of Italy, built by Æneas, and called by that name in honour of Lavinia, the founder’s wife. It was the capital of Latium during the reign of Æneas. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 262.—Strabo, bk. 5.—Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 1.—Livy, bk. 1, ch. 2.—Justin, bk. 43, ch. 2.

Laura, a place near Alexandria in Egypt.

Laureacum, a town at the confluence of the Ens and the Danube, now Lorch.

Laurentālia, certain festivals celebrated at Rome in honour of Laurentia, on the last day of April and the 23rd of December. They were, in process of time, part of the Saturnalia. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 3, li. 57.

Laurentes agri, the country in the neighbourhood of Laurentum. Tibullus, bk. 2, poem 5, li. 41.

Laurentia. See: Acca.

Laurentīni, the inhabitants of Latium. They received this name from the great number of laurels which grew in the country. King Latinus found one of uncommon largeness and beauty, when he was going to build a temple to Apollo, and the tree was consecrated to the god, and preserved with the most religious ceremonies. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 59.

Laurentius, belonging to Laurentum or Latium. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 709.

Laurentum, now Paterno, the capital of the kingdom of Latium in the reign of Latinus. It is on the sea coast, east of the Tiber. See: Laurentini. Strabo, bk. 5.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 4.—Livy, bk. 1, ch. 1.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 171.

Laurion, a place of Attica, where were gold mines, from which the Athenians drew considerable revenues, and with which they built their fleets by the advice of Themistocles. These mines failed before the age of Strabo. Thucydides, bk. 2.—Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 1.—Strabo, bk. 9.

Lauron, a town of Spain, where Pompey’s son was conquered by Cæsar’s army.

Laus, now Laino, a town on the river of the same name, which forms the southern boundary of Lucania. Strabo, bk. 6.

Laus Pompeia, a town of Italy, founded by a colony sent thither by Pompey.

Lausus, a son of Numitor and brother of Ilia. He was put to death by his uncle Amulius, who usurped his father’s throne. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 4, li. 54.――A son of Mezentius king of the Tyrrhenians, killed by Æneas in the war which his father and Turnus made against the Trojans. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 649; bk. 10, li. 426, &c.

Lautium, a city of Latium.

Lautumiæ, or Latomiæ, a prison at Syracuse, cut out of the solid rock by Dionysius, and now converted into a subterraneous garden filled with numerous shrubs, flourishing in luxuriant variety. Cicero, Against Verres, bk. 5, ch. 27.—Livy, bk. 26, ch. 27; bk. 32, ch. 26.

Leades, a son of Astacus, who killed Eteoclus. Apollodorus.

Lēæi, a nation of Pæonia, near Macedonia.

Leæna, an Athenian harlot. See: Læna.

Leander, a youth of Abydos, famous for his amours with Hero. See: Hero.――A Milesian who wrote an historical commentary upon his country.

Leandre, a daughter of Amyclas, who married Arcas. Apollodorus.

Leandrias, a Lacedæmonian refugee of Thebes, who declared, according to an ancient oracle, that Sparta would lose the superiority over Greece when conquered by the Thebans at Leuctra. Diodorus, bk. 15.

Leanira, a daughter of Amyclas. See: Leandre.

Learchus, a son of Athamas and Ino, crushed to death against a wall by his father, in a fit of madness. See: Athamas. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 6, li. 490.

Lebădēa, now Lioadias, a town of Bœotia, near mount Helicon. It received this name from the mother of Aspledon, and became famous for the oracle and cave of Trophonius. No moles could live there, according to Pliny. Strabo, bk. 9.—Pliny, bk. 16, ch. 36.—Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 59.

Lebĕdus, or Lebĕdos, a town of Ionia, at the north of Colophon, where festivals were yearly observed in honour of Bacchus, and where Trophonius had a cave and a temple. Lysimachus destroyed it, and carried part of the inhabitants to Ephesus. It had been founded by an Athenian colony, under one of the sons of Codrus. Strabo, bk. 14.—Horace, bk. 1, ltr. 11, li. 7.—Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 142.—Cicero, bk. 1, Divination, ch. 33.

Lebēna, a commercial town of Crete, with a temple sacred to Æsculapius. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 26.

Lĕbinthos and Lebynthos, an island in the Ægean sea, near Patmos. Strabo, bk. 10.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 8, li. 222.

Lechæum, now Pelago, a port of Corinth in the bay of Corinth. Statius, Thebiad, bk. 2, li. 381.—Livy, bk. 32, ch. 23.

Lectum, a promontory, now cape Baba, separating Troas from Æolia. Livy, bk. 37, ch. 37.

Lecythus, a town of Eubœa.

Leda, a daughter of king Thespius and Eurythemis, who married Tyndarus king of Sparta. She was seen bathing in the river Eurotas by Jupiter, when she was some few days advanced in her pregnancy, and the god, struck with her beauty, resolved to deceive her. He persuaded Venus to change herself into an eagle, while he assumed the form of a swan, and, after this metamorphosis, Jupiter, as if fearful of the tyrannical cruelty of the bird of prey, fled through the air into the arms of Leda, who willingly sheltered the trembling swan from the assaults of his superior enemy. The caresses with which the naked Leda received the swan, enabled Jupiter to avail himself of his situation, and nine months after this adventure, the wife of Tyndarus brought forth two eggs, of one of which sprang Pollux and Helena, and of the other Castor and Clytemnestra. The two former were deemed the offspring of Jupiter, and the others claimed Tyndarus for their father. Some mythologists attributed this amour to Nemesis, and not to Leda; and they further mention, that Leda was entrusted with the education of the children which sprang from the eggs brought forth by Nemesis. See: Helena. To reconcile this diversity of opinions, others maintain that Leda received the name of Nemesis after death. Homer and Hesiod make no mention of the metamorphosis of Jupiter into a swan, whence some have imagined that the fable was unknown to these two ancient poets, and probably invented since their age. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 8; bk. 3, ch. 10.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 6, li. 109.—Hesiod, bk. 17, li. 55.—Hyginus, fable 77.—Isocrates, Helen.—Homer, Odyssey, bk. 11.—Euripides, Helen.――A famous dancer in the age of Juvenal, satire 6, li. 63.

Ledæa, an epithet given to Hermione, &c., as related to Leda. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 328.

Ledus, now Lez, a river of Gaul, near the modern Montpelier. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 5.

Lĕgio, a corps of soldiers in the Roman armies, whose numbers have been different at different times. The legion under Romulus consisted of 3000 foot and 300 horse, and was soon after augmented to 4000, after the admission of the Sabines into the city. When Annibal was in Italy it consisted of 5000 soldiers, and afterwards it decreased to 4000, or 4500. Marius made it consist of 6200, besides 700 horse. This was the period of its greatness in numbers. Livy speaks of 10, and even 18, legions kept at Rome. During the consular government it was usual to levy and fit up four legions, which were divided between the two consuls. This number was, however, often increased, as time and occasion required. Augustus maintained a standing army of 23 or 25 legions, and this number was seldom diminished. In the reign of Tiberius there were 27 legions, and the peace establishment of Adrian maintained no less than 30 of these formidable brigades. They were distributed over the Roman empire, and their stations were settled and permanent. The peace of Britain was protected by three legions; 16 were stationed on the banks of the Rhine and Danube, viz. two in Lower, and three in Upper Germany; one in Noricum, one in Rhætia, three in Mœsia, four in Pannonia, and two in Dacia. Eight were stationed on the Euphrates, six of which remained in Syria, and two in Cappadocia; while the remote provinces of Egypt, Africa, and Spain were guarded each by a single legion. Besides these the tranquillity of Rome was preserved by 20,000 soldiers, who, under the titles of city cohorts and of pretorian guards, watched over the safety of the monarch and of the capital. The legions were distinguished by different appellations, and generally borrowed their name from the order in which they were first raised, as prima, secunda, tertia, quarta, &c. Besides this distinction, another more expressive was generally added, as from the name of the emperor who embodied them, as Augusta, Claudiana, Galbiana, Flavia, Ulpia, Trajana, Antoniana, &c.; from the provinces or quarters where they were stationed, as Britannica, Cyreniaca, Gallica, &c.; from the provinces which had been subdued by their valour, as Parthica, Scythica, Arabica, Africana, &c.; from the names of the deities whom their generals particularly worshipped, as Minervia, Apollinaris, &c.; or from more trifling accidents, as Martia, Fulminatrix, Rapax, Adjutrix, &c. Each legion was divided into 10 cohorts, each cohort into three manipuli, and every manipulus into two centuries or ordines. The chief commander of the legion was called legatus, lieutenant. The standards borne by the legions were various. In the first ages of Rome a wolf was the standard, in honour of Romulus; after that a hog, because that animal was generally sacrificed at the conclusion of a treaty, and therefore it indicated that war is undertaken for the obtaining of peace. A minotaur was sometimes the standard, to intimate the secrecy with which the general was to act, in commemoration of the labyrinth. Sometimes a horse or boar was used, till the age of Marius, who changed all these for the eagle, being a representation of that bird in silver, holding sometimes a thunderbolt in its claws. The Roman eagle ever after remained in use, though Trajan made use of the dragon.

Leitus, or Letus, a commander of the Bœotians at the siege of Troy. He was saved from the victorious hand of Hector and from death by Idomeneus. Homer, Iliad, bks. 2, 6 & 17.――One of the Argonauts, son of Alector. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 9.

Lelaps, a dog that never failed to seize and conquer whatever animal he was ordered to pursue. It was given to Procris by Diana, and Procris reconciled herself to her husband by presenting him with that valuable present. According to some, Procris had received it from Minos, as a reward for the dangerous wounds of which she had cured him. Hyginus, fable 128.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 7, li. 771.—Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 19.――One of Actæon’s dogs. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 3, li. 211.

Lĕlĕges (a λεγω, to gather), a wandering people, composed of different unconnected nations. They were originally inhabitants of Caria, and went to the Trojan war with Altes their king. Achilles plundered their country, and obliged them to retire to the neighbourhood of Halicarnassus, where they fixed their habitation. The inhabitants of Laconia and Megara bore this name for some time, from Lelex, one of their kings. Strabo, bks. 7 & 8.—Homer, Iliad, bk. 21, li. 85.—Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 7; bk. 5, ch. 30.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 8, li. 725.—Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 1.

Lelegeis, a name applied to Miletus, because once possessed by the Leleges. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 29.

Lelex, an Egyptian, who came with a colony to Megara, where he reigned about 200 years before the Trojan war. His subjects were called from him Leleges, and the place Lelegeia mœnia. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 1.――A Greek, who was the first king of Laconia in Peloponnesus. His subjects were also called Leleges, and the country where he reigned Lelegia. Pausanias.

Lemanis, a place in Britain, where Cæsar is supposed to have first landed, and therefore placed by some at Lime in Kent.

Lemannus, a lake in the country of the Allobroges, through which the Rhone flows by Geneva. It is now called the lake of Geneva or Lausanne. Lucan, bk. 1, li. 396.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 5.

Lemnos, an island in the Ægean sea between Tenedos, Imbros, and Samothrace. It was sacred to Vulcan, called Lemnius pater, who fell there when kicked down from heaven by Jupiter. See: Vulcanus. It was celebrated for two horrible massacres; that of the Lemnian women murdering their husbands [See: ♦Hypsipyle], and that of the Lemnians, or Pelasgi, in killing all the children they had had by some Athenian women, whom they had carried away to become their wives. These two acts of cruelty have given rise to the proverb of Lemnian actions, which is applied to all barbarous and inhuman deeds. The first inhabitants of Lemnos were the Pelasgi, or rather the Thracians, who were murdered by their wives. After them came the children of the Lemnian widows by the Argonauts, whose descendants were at last expelled by the Pelasgi, about 1100 years before the christian era. Lemnos is about 112 miles in circumference, according to Pliny, who says that it is often shadowed by mount Athos, though at the distance of 87 miles. It has been called ♦Hypsipyle, from queen ♦Hypsipyle. It is famous for a certain kind of earth or chalk, called terra Lemnia or terra sigillata, from the seal or impression which it can bear. As the inhabitants were blacksmiths, the poets have taken occasion to fix the forges of Vulcan in that island, and to consecrate the whole country to his divinity. Lemnos is also celebrated for a labyrinth, which, according to some traditions, surpassed those of Crete and Egypt. Some remains of it were still visible in the age of Pliny. The island of Lemnos, now called Stalimene, was reduced under the power of Athens by Miltiades, and the Carians, who then inhabited it, were obliged to emigrate. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 8, li. 454.—Homer, Iliad, bk. 1, li. 593.—Cornelius Nepos, Miltiades.—Strabo, bks. 1, 2, & 7.—Herodotus, bk. 6, ch. 140.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.—Apollonius, bk. 1, Argonautica.—Flaccus, bk. 2, li. 78.—Ovid, Ars Amatoria, bk. 3, li. 672.—Statius, bk. 3, Thebiad, li. 274.

♦ ‘Hipsipyle’ replaced with ‘Hypsipyle’ for consistency

Lemovices, a people of Gaul, now Limousin and Limoges. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 7; ch. 4.

Lemovii, a nation of Germany. Tacitus, Germania.

Lĕmŭres, the manes of the dead. The ancients supposed that the souls after death wandered all over the world, and disturbed the peace of its inhabitants. The good spirits were called Lares familiares, and the evil ones were known by the name of Larvæ, or Lemures. They terrified the good, and continually haunted the wicked and impious; and the Romans had the superstition to celebrate festivals in their honour, called Lemuria, or ♦Lemuralia, in the month of May. They were first instituted by Romulus to appease the manes of his brother Remus, from whom they were called Remuria, and, by corruption, Lemuria. These solemnities continued three nights, during which the temples of the gods were shut and marriages prohibited. It was usual for the people to throw black beans on the graves of the deceased, or to burn them, as the smell was supposed to be insupportable to them. They also muttered magical words, and, by beating kettles and drums, they believed that the ghosts would depart and no longer come to terrify their relations upon earth. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 5, li. 421, &c.—Horace, bk. 2, ltr. 2, li. 209.—Persius, bk. 5, li. 185.

♦ ‘Lemurialia’ replaced with ‘Lemuralia’

Lĕmūria and Lĕmŭrālia. See: Lemures.

Lenæus, a surname of Bacchus, from ληνος, a wine-press. There was a festival called Lenæa, celebrated in his honour, in which the ceremonies observed at the other festivals of the god chiefly prevailed. There were, besides, poetical contentions, &c. Pausanias.—Virgil, Georgics, bk. 2, li. 4; Æneid, bk. 4, li. 207.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 4, li. 14.――A learned grammarian, ordered by Pompey to translate into Latin some of the physical manuscripts of Mithridates king of Pontus.

Lentŭlus, a celebrated family at Rome, which produced many great men in the commonwealth. The most illustrious were Lucius Cornelius Lentulus, a consul, A.U.C. 427, who dispersed some robbers who infested Umbria.――Batiatus Lentulus, a man who trained up some gladiators at Capua, which escaped from his school.――Cornelius Lentulus, surnamed Sura. He joined in Catiline’s conspiracy, and assisted in corrupting the Allobroges. He was convicted in full senate by Cicero, and put in prison and afterwards executed.――A consul who triumphed over the Samnites.――Cnæus Lentulus, surnamed Gætulicus, was made consul A.D. 26, and was some time after put to death by Tiberius, who was jealous of his great popularity. He wrote a history mentioned by Suetonius, and attempted also poetry.――Lucius Lentulus, a friend of Pompey, put to death in Africa.――Publius Cornelius Lentulus, a pretor, defeated by the rebellious slaves in Sicily.――Lentulus Spinther, a senator, kindly used by Julius Cæsar, &c.――A tribune at the battle of Cannæ.――Publius Lentulus, a friend of Brutus, mentioned by Cicero (On Oratory, bk. 1, ch. 48) as a great and consummate statesman.――Besides these, there are a few others, whose name is only mentioned in history, and whose life was not marked by any uncommon event. The consulship was in the family of the Lentuli in the years of Rome 427, 479, 517, 518, 553, 555, 598, &c. Tacitus, Annals.—Livy.—Florus.—Pliny.—Plutarch.—Eutropius.

Leo, a native of Byzantium, who flourished 350 years before the christian era. His philosophical and political talents endeared him to his countrymen, and he was always sent upon every important occasion as ambassador to Athens, or to the court of Philip king of Macedonia. This monarch, well acquainted with the abilities of Leo, was sensible that his views and claims to Byzantium would never succeed while it was protected by the vigilance of such a patriotic citizen. To remove him he had recourse to artifice and perfidy. A letter was forged, in which Leo made solemn promises of betraying his country to the king of Macedonia for money. This was no sooner known than the people ran enraged to the house of Leo, and the philosopher, to avoid their fury, and without attempting his justification, strangled himself. He had written some treatises upon physic, and also the history of his country, and the wars of Philip in seven books, which have been lost. Plutarch.――A Corinthian at Syracuse, &c.――A king of Sparta.――A son of Eurycrates. Athenæus, bk. 12.—Philostratus.――An emperor of the east, surnamed the Thracian. He reigned 17 years, and died A.D. 474, being succeeded by Leo II. for 10 months, and afterwards by Zeno.

Leocorion, a monument and temple erected by the Athenians to Pasithea, Theope, and Eubele, daughters of Leos, who immolated themselves when an oracle had ordered that, to stop the raging pestilence, some of the blood of the citizens must be shed. Ælian, bk. 12, ch. 28.—Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 3, ch. 19.

Leocrătes, an Athenian general, who flourished B.C. 460, &c. Diodorus, bk. 11.

Leodămas, a son of Eteocles, one of the seven Theban chiefs who defended the city against the Argives. He killed Ægialeus, and was himself killed by Alcmæon.――A son of Hector and Andromache. Dictys Cretensis.

Leodŏcus, one of the Argonauts. Flaccus.

Leogŏras, an Athenian debauchee, who maintained the courtesan Myrrhina.

Leon, a king of Sparta. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 204.――A town of Sicily, near Syracuse. Livy, bk. 24, ch. 25.

Leona, a courtesan, called also Læna. See: Læna.

Leonătus, one of Alexander’s generals. His father’s name was Eunus. He distinguished himself in Alexander’s conquest of Asia, and once saved the king’s life in a dangerous battle. After the death of Alexander, at the general division of the provinces, he received for his portion that part of Phrygia which borders on the Hellespont. He was empowered by Perdiccas to assist Eumenes in making himself master of the province of Cappadocia, which had been allotted to him. Like the rest of the generals of Alexander, he was ambitious of power and dominion. He aspired to the sovereignty of Macedonia, and secretly communicated to Eumenes the different plans he meant to pursue to execute his designs. He passed from Asia into Europe to assist Antipater against the Athenians, and was killed in a battle which was fought soon after his arrival. Historians have mentioned, as an instance of the luxury of Leonatus, that he employed a number of camels to procure some earth from Egypt to wrestle upon, as, in his opinion, it seemed better calculated for that purpose. Plutarch, Alexander.—Curtius, bk. 3, ch. 12; bk. 6, ch. 8.—Justin, bk. 13, ch. 2.—Diodorus, bk. 18.—Cornelius Nepos, Eumenes.――A Macedonian with Pyrrhus in Italy against the Romans.

Leonĭdas, a celebrated king of Lacedæmon, of the family of the Eurysthenidæ, sent by his countrymen to oppose Xerxes king of Persia, who had invaded Greece with about five millions of souls. He was offered the kingdom of Greece by the enemy, if he would not oppose his views; but Leonidas heard the proposal with indignation, and observed, that he preferred death for his country, to an unjust though extensive dominion over it. Before the engagement Leonidas exhorted his soldiers, and told them all to dine heartily, as they were to sup in the realms of Pluto. The battle was fought at Thermopylæ, and the 300 Spartans who alone had refused to abandon the scene of action, withstood the enemy with such vigour, that they were obliged to retire wearied and conquered during three successive days, till Ephialtes, a Trachinian, had the perfidy to conduct a detachment of Persians by a secret path up the mountains, whence they suddenly fell upon the rear of the Spartans, and crushed them to pieces. Only one escaped of the 300; he returned home, where he was treated with insult and reproaches, for flying ingloriously from a battle in which his brave companions, with their royal leader, had perished. This celebrated battle, which happened 480 years before the christian era, taught the Greeks to despise the number of the Persians, and to rely upon their own strength, and intrepidity. Temples were raised to the fallen hero, and festivals, called Leonidea, yearly celebrated at Sparta, in which free-born youths contended. Leonidas, as he departed for the battle from Lacedæmon, gave no other injunction to his wife but, after his death, to marry a man of virtue and honour, to raise from her children deserving of the name and greatness of her first husband. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 120, &c.—Cornelius Nepos, Themistocles.—Justin, bk. 2.—Valerius Maximus, bk. 1, ch. 6.—Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 4.—Plutarch, Lycurgus & Cleomenes.――A king of Sparta after Areus II., ♦257 years before Christ. He was driven from his kingdom by Cleombrotus his son-in-law, and afterwards re-established.――A preceptor to Alexander the Great.――A friend of Parmenio, appointed commander, by Alexander, of the soldiers who lamented the death of Parmenio, and who formed a separate cohort. Curtius, bk. 7, ch. 2.――A learned man of Rhodes, greatly commended by Strabo, &c.

♦ omitted word ‘years’ added

Leontium and Leontīni, a town of Sicily, about five miles distant from the sea-shore. It was built by a colony from Chalcis in Eubæa, and was, according to some accounts, once the habitation of the Lætrygones, for which reason the neighbouring fields are often called Læstrygonii campi. The country was extremely fruitful, whence Cicero calls it the grand magazine of Sicily. The wine which it produced was the best of the island. The people of Leontium implored the assistance of the Athenians against the Syracusans, B.C. 427. Thucydides, bk. 6.—Polybius, bk. 7.—Ovid, Fasti, bk. 4, li. 467.—Silius Italicus, bk. 14, li. 126.—Cicero, Against Verres, bk. 5.

Leontium, a celebrated courtesan of Athens, who studied philosophy under Epicurus, and became one of his most renowned pupils. She prostituted herself to the philosopher’s scholars, and even to Epicurus himself, if we believe the reports which were raised by some of his enemies. See: Epicurus. Metrodorus shared her favours in the most unbounded manner, and by him she had a son, to whom Epicurus was so partial, that he recommended him to his executors on his dying bed. Leontium not only professed herself a warm admirer and follower of the doctrines of Epicurus, but she even wrote a book in support of them against Theophrastus. This book was valuable, if we believe the testimony and criticism of Cicero, who praised the purity and elegance of its style, and the truly Attic turn of the expressions. Leontium had also a daughter called Danae, who married Sophron. Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 1, ch. 33.

Leontocephălus, a strongly fortified city of Phrygia. Plutarch.

Leonton, or Leontopŏlis, a town of Egypt where lions were worshipped. Ælian, De Natura Animalium, bk. 12, ch. 7.—Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 10.

Leontychides. See: Leotychides.

Leos, a son of Orpheus, who immolated his three daughters for the good of Athens. See: Leocorion.

Leosthĕnes, an Athenian general, who, after Alexander’s death, drove Antipater to Thessaly, where he besieged him in the town of Lamia. The success which for a while attended his arms was soon changed by a fatal blow, which he received from a stone thrown by the besieged, B.C. 323. The death of Leosthenes was followed by the total defeat of the Athenian forces. The funeral oration over his body was pronounced at Athens by Hyperides, in the absence of Demosthenes, who had been lately banished for taking a bribe from Harpalus. See: Lamiacum. Diodorus, bks. 17 & 18.—Strabo, bk. 9.――Another general of Athens, condemned on account of the bad success which attended his arms against Peparethos.

Leotychĭdes, a king of Sparta, son of Menares, of the family of the Proclidæ. He was set over the Grecian fleet, and, by his courage and valour, he put an end to the Persian war at the famous battle of Mycale. It is said that he cheered the spirits of his fellow-soldiers at Mycale, who were anxious for their countrymen in Greece, by raising a report that a battle had been fought at Platæa, in which the barbarians had been defeated. This succeeded, and though the information was premature, yet a battle was fought at Platæa, in which the Greeks obtained the victory the same day that the Persian fleet was destroyed at Mycale. Leotychides was accused of a capital crime by the Ephori, and, to avoid the punishment which his guilt seemed to deserve, he fled to the temple of Minerva at Tegea, where he perished, B.C. 469, after a reign of 22 years. He was succeeded by his grandson Archidamus. Pausanias, bk. 3, chs. 7 & 8.—Diodorus, bk. 11.――A son of Agis king of Sparta by Timæa. The legitimacy of his birth was disputed by some, and it was generally believed that he was the son of Alcibiades. He was prevented from ascending the throne of Sparta by Lysander, though Agis had declared him upon his death-bed his lawful son and heir, and Agesilaus was appointed in his place. Cornelius Nepos, Agesilaus.—Plutarch.—Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 8.

Lephyrium, a city of Cilicia.

Lepĭda, a noble woman, accused of attempts to poison her husband, from whom she had been separated for 20 years. She was condemned under Tiberius. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 3, ch. 22.――A woman who married Scipio.――Domitia, a daughter of Drusus and Antonia, great niece to Augustus, and aunt to the emperor Nero. She is described by Tacitus as a common prostitute, infamous in her manners, violent in her temper, and yet celebrated for her beauty. She was put to death by means of her rival Agrippina, Nero’s mother. Tacitus.――A wife of Galba the emperor.――A wife of Cassius, &c.

Lepĭdus Marcus Æmĭlius, a Roman, celebrated as being one of the triumvirs with Augustus and Antony. He was of an illustrious family, and, like the rest of his contemporaries, he was remarkable for his ambition, to which were added a narrowness of mind, and a great deficiency of military abilities. He was sent against Cæsar’s murderers, and some time after, he leagued with Marcus Antony, who had gained the heart of his soldiers by artifice, and that of their commander by his address. When his influence and power among the soldiers had made him one of the triumvirs, he showed his cruelty, like his colleagues, by his proscriptions, and even suffered his own brother to be sacrificed to the dagger of the triumvirate. He received Africa as his portion in the division of the empire; but his indolence soon rendered him despicable in the eyes of his soldiers and of his colleagues; and Augustus, who was well acquainted with the unpopularity of Lepidus, went to his camp and obliged him to resign the power to which he was entitled as being a triumvir. After this degrading event, he sunk into obscurity, and retired, by order of Augustus, to Cerceii, a small town on the coast of Latium, where he ended his days in peace, B.C. 13, and where he was forgotten as soon as out of power. Appian.—Plutarch, Life of Augustus.—Florus, bk. 4, chs. 6 & 7.――A Roman consul, sent to be the guardian of young Ptolemy Epiphanes, whom his father had left to the care of the Roman people. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 2, ch. 67.—Justin, bk. 30, ch. 3.――A son of Julia the granddaughter of Augustus. He was intended by Caius as his successor in the Roman empire. He committed adultery with Agrippina when young. Dio Cassius, bk. 59.――An orator mentioned by Cicero, Brutus.――A censor, A.U.C. 734.

Lepīnus, a mountain of Italy. Columella, bk. 10.

Lepontii, a people at the source of the Rhine. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 20.

Lepreos, a son of Pyrgeus, who built a town in Elis, which he called after his own name. He laid a wager that he would eat as much as Hercules; upon which he killed an ox and ate it up. He afterwards challenged Hercules to a trial of strength, and was killed. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 5.

Leprium, or Lepreos, a town of Elis. Cicero, bk. 6, Letters to Atticus, ltr. 2.—Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 5.

Leptĭnes, a general of Demetrius, who ordered Cnæus Octavius, one of the Roman ambassadors, to be put to death.――A son of Hermocrates of Syracuse, brother to Dionysius. He was sent by his brother against the Carthaginians, and experienced so much success, that he sunk 50 of their ships. He was afterwards defeated by Mago, and banished by Dionysius. He always continued a faithful friend to the interests of his brother, though naturally an avowed enemy to tyranny and oppression. He was killed in a battle with the Carthaginians. Diodorus, bk. 15.――A famous orator at Athens, who endeavoured to set the people free from oppressive taxes. He was opposed by Demosthenes.――A tyrant of Appollonia in Sicily, who surrendered to Timoleon. Diodorus, bk. 16.

Leptis, the name of two cities of Africa, one of which, called Major, now Lebida, was near the Syrtes, and had been built by a Tyrian or Sidonian colony. The other, called Minor, now Lemta, was about 18 Roman miles from Adrumentum. It paid every day a talent to the republic of Carthage, by way of tribute. Lucan, bk. 2, li. 251.—Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 19.—Sallust, Jugurthine War, ch. 77.—Mela, bk. 1, ch. 8.—Strabo, bk. 3, li. 256.—Cæsar. Civil Wars, bk. 2, ch. 38.—Cicero, bk. 5, Against Verres, ch. 59.

Leria, an island in the Ægean sea, on the coast of Caria, about 18 miles in circumference, peopled by a Milesian colony. Its inhabitants were very dishonest. Strabo, bk. 10.—Herodotus, bk. 5, ch. 125.

Lerĭna, or Planasia, a small island in the Mediterranean, on the coast of Gaul, at the east of the Rhone. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 1, ch. 3.

Lerna, a country of Argolis, celebrated for a grove and a lake, where, according to the poets, the Danaides threw the heads of their murdered husbands. It was there also that Hercules killed the famous hydra. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 803; bk. 12, li. 517.—Strabo, bk. 8.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 3.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 1, li. 597.—Lucretius, bk. 5.—Statius, Thebiad, bk. 4, li. 638.—Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 15.――There was a festival, called Lernæa, celebrated there in honour of Bacchus, Proserpine, and Ceres. The Argives used to carry fire to this solemnity from a temple upon mount Crathis, dedicated to Diana. Pausanias.

Lero, a small island on the coast of Gaul, called also Lerina.

Leros. See: Leria.

Lesbos, a large island in the Ægean sea, now known by the name of Metelin, 168 miles in circumference. It has been severally called Ægira, Lasia, Æthiope, and Pelasgia, from the Pelasgi, by whom it was first peopled, Macaria, from Macareus who settled in it, and Lesbos, from the son-in-law and successor of Macareus, who bore the same name. The chief towns of Lesbos were Methymna and Mitylene. Lesbos was originally governed by kings, but they were afterwards subjected to the neighbouring powers. The wine which it produced was greatly esteemed by the ancients, and still is in the same repute among the moderns. The Lesbians were celebrated among the ancients for their skill in music, and their women for their beauty; but the general character of the people was so debauched and dissipated, that the epithet of Lesbian was often used to signify debauchery and extravagance. Lesbos has given birth to many illustrious persons, such as Arion, Terpander, &c. The best verses were by way of eminence often called Lesboum carmen, from Alcæus and Sappho, who distinguished themselves for their poetical compositions, and were also natives of the place. Diodorus, bk. 5.—Strabo, bk. 13.—Virgil, Georgics, bk. 2, li. 90.—Horace, bk. 1, ltr. 11.—Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 160.

Lesbus, or Lesbos, a son of Lapithas, grandson of Æolus, who married Methymna daughter of Macareus. He succeeded his father-in-law, and gave his name to the island over which he reigned.

Lesches, a Greek poet of Lesbos, who flourished B.C. 600. Some suppose him to be the author of the little Iliad, of which only few verses remain, quoted by Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 25.

Lestrȳgŏnes. See: Læstrygones.

Letānum, a town of Propontis, built by the Athenians.

Lethæus, a river of Lydia, flowing by Magnesia into the Mæander. Strabo, bk. 10, &c.――Another of Macedonia,――of Crete.

Lēthe, one of the rivers of hell, whose waters the souls of the dead drank after they had been confined for a certain space of time in Tartarus. It had the power of making them forget whatever they had done, seen, or heard before, as the name implies, ληθη, oblivion.――Lethe is a river of Africa, near the Syrtes, which runs under the ground, and some time after rises again, whence the origin of the fable of the Lethean streams of oblivion.――There is also a river of that name in Spain.――Another in Bœotia, whose waters were drunk by those who consulted the oracle of Trophonius. Lucan, bk. 9, li. 355.—Ovid, Tristia, bk. 4, poem 1, li. 47.—Virgil, Georgics, bk. 4, li. 545; Æneid, bk. 6, li. 714.—Silius Italicus, bk. 1, li. 235; bk. 10, li. 555.—Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 39.—Horace, bk. 4, ode 7, li. 27.

Letus, a mountain of Liguria. Livy, bk. 41, ch. 18.

Levāna, a goddess of Rome, who presided over the action of the person who took up from the ground a newly born child, after it had been placed there by the midwife. This was generally done by the father, and so religiously observed was this ceremony, that the legitimacy of a child could be disputed without it.

Leuca, a town of the Salentines, near a cape of the same name in Italy. Lucan, bk. 5, li. 376.――A town of Ionia,――of Crete,――of Argolis. Strabo, bk. 6, &c.

Leucas, or Leucadia, an island of the Ionian sea, now called St. Maura, near the coast of Epirus, famous for a promontory called Leucate, Leucas, or Leucates, where desponding lovers threw themselves into the sea. Sappho had recourse to this leap to free herself from the violent passion which she entertained for Phaon. The word is derived from λευκος, white, on account of the whiteness of its rocks. Apollo had a temple on the promontory, whence he is often called Leucadius. The island was formerly joined to the continent by a narrow isthmus, which the inhabitants dug through after the Peloponnesian war. Ovid, Heroides, poem 15, li. 171.—Strabo, bk. 6, &c.—Silius Italicus, bk. 15, li. 302.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 274; bk. 8, li. 677.――A town of Phœnicia.

Leucasion, a village of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 25.

Leucaspis, a Lycian, one of the companions of Æneas, drowned in the Tyrrhene sea. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 334.

Leucate. See: Leucas.

Leuce, a small island in the Euxine sea, of a triangular form, between the mouths of the Danube and the Borysthenes. According to the poets, the souls of the ancient heroes were placed there as in the Elysian fields, where they enjoyed perpetual felicity, and reaped the repose to which their benevolence to mankind, and their exploits during life, seemed to entitle them. From that circumstance it has often been called the island of the blessed, &c. According to some accounts Achilles celebrated there his nuptials with Iphigenia, or rather Helen, and shared the pleasures of the place with the manes of Ajax, &c. Strabo, bk. 2.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.—Ammianus, bk. 22.—Quintus Calaber [Smyrnæus], bk. 2, li. 773.――One of the Oceanides whom Pluto carried into his kingdom.

Leuci, a people of Gaul, between the Moselle and the Maese. Their capital is now called Toul. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 1, ch. 40.――Mountains on the west of Crete, appearing at a distance like white clouds, whence the name.

Leucippe, one of the Oceanides.

Leucippĭdes, the daughters of Leucippus. See: Leucippus.

Leucippus, a celebrated philosopher of Abdera, about 428 years before Christ, disciple to Zeno. He was the first who invented the famous system of atoms and of a vacuum, which was afterwards more fully explained by Democritus and Epicurus. Many of his hypotheses have been adopted by the moderns, with advantage. Diogenes Laërtius has written his life.――A brother of Tyndarus king of Sparta, who married Philodice daughter of Inachus, by whom he had two daughters, Hilaira and Phœbe, known by the patronymic of Leucippides. They were carried away by their cousins Castor and Pollux, as they were going to celebrate their nuptials with Lynceus and Idas. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 4, li. 701.—Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 10, &c.—Pausanias, bk. 3, chs. 17 & 26.――A son of Xanthus, descended from Bellerophon. He became deeply enamoured of one of his sisters, and when he was unable to restrain his unnatural passion, he resolved to gratify it. He acquainted his mother with it, and threatened to murder himself if she attempted to oppose his views or remove the object of his affection. The mother, rather than lose a son whom she tenderly loved, cherished his passion, and by her consent her daughter yielded herself to the arms of her brother. Some time after the father resolved to give his daughter in marriage to a Lycian prince. The future husband was informed that the daughter of Xanthus secretly entertained a lover, and he communicated the intelligence to the father. Xanthus upon this secretly watched his daughter, and when Leucippus had introduced himself to her bed, the father, in his eagerness to discover the seducer, occasioned a little noise in the room. The daughter was alarmed, and as she attempted to escape she received a mortal wound from her father, who took her to be the lover. Leucippus came to her assistance, and stabbed his father in the dark, without knowing who he was. This accidental parricide obliged Leucippus to fly from his country. He came to Crete, where the inhabitants refused to give him an asylum, when acquainted with the atrociousness of his crime, and he at last came to Ephesus, where he died in the greatest misery and remorse. Hermesianax referenced by Parthenius, ch. 5.――A son of Œnomaus, who became enamoured of Daphne, and to obtain her confidence disguised himself in a female dress, and attended his mistress as a companion. He gained the affections of Daphne by his obsequiousness and attention, but his artifice at last proved fatal through the influence and jealousy of his rival Apollo; for when Daphne and her attendants were bathing in the Ladon, the sex of Leucippus was discovered, and he perished by the darts of the females. Parthenius, Narrationes Amatoriæ, ch. 15.—Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 20.――A son of Hercules by Marse, one of the daughters of Thespius. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 7.

Leucŏla, a part of Cyprus.

Leucon, a tyrant of Bosphorus, who lived in great intimacy with the Athenians. He was a firm patron of the useful arts, and greatly encouraged commerce. Strabo.—Dio Cassius, bk. 14.――A son of Athamas and Themisto. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 22.――A king of Pontus killed by his brother, whose bed he had defiled. Ovid, Ibis, li. 3.――A town of Africa near Cyrene. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 160.

Leucōne, a daughter of Aphidas, who gave her name to a fountain of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 44.

Leucōnes, a son of Hercules. Apollodorus.

Leuconoe, a daughter of Lycambes. The Leuconoe to whom Horace addressed his bk. 1, ode 11, seems to be a fictitious name.

Leucopĕtra, a place on the isthmus of Corinth, where the Achæans were defeated by the consul Mummius.――A promontory six miles east from Rhegium in Italy, where the Apennines terminate and sink into the sea.

Leucŏphrys, a temple of Diana, with a city of the same name, near the Mæander. The goddess was represented under the figure of a woman with many breasts, and crowned with victory.――An ancient name of Tenedos. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 14.—Strabo, bks. 13 & 14.

Leucopŏlis, a town of Caria.

Leucos, a river of Macedonia near Pydna.――A man, &c. See: Idomeneus.

Leucosia, a small island in the Tyrrhene sea. It received its name from one of the companions of Æneas, who was drowned there, or from one of the Sirens, who was thrown there by the sea. Strabo, bk. 5.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 15, li. 708.

Leucosy̆rii, a people of Asia Minor, called afterwards Cappadocians. Strabo, bk. 12.――The same name is given to the inhabitants of Cilicia, where it borders on Cappadocia. Cornelius Nepos, bk. 14, ch. 1.

Leucŏthoe, or Leucothea, the wife of Athamas, changed into a sea deity. See: Ino. She was called Matuta by the Romans, who raised her a temple, where all the people, particularly women, offered vows to their brother’s children. They did not entreat the deity to protect their own children, because Ino had been unfortunate in hers. No female slaves were permitted to enter the temple; or if their curiosity tempted them to transgress this rule, they were beaten away with the greatest severity. To this supplicating for other people’s children, Ovid alludes in these lines, Fasti, bk. 6:

Non tamen hanc pro stirpe suâ pia mater adorat,

Ipsa parum felix visa fuisse parens.

――A daughter of king Orchamus by Eurynome. Apollo became enamoured of her, and to introduce himself to her with greater facility, he assumed the shape and features of her mother. Their happiness was complete, when Clytia, who tenderly loved Apollo, and was jealous of his amours with Leucothoe, discovered the whole intrigue to her father, who ordered his daughter to be buried alive. The lover, unable to save her from death, sprinkled nectar and ambrosia on her tomb, which, penetrating as far as the body, changed it into a beautiful tree, which bears frankincense. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 4, li. 196.――An island in the Tyrrhene sea, near Capreæ.――A fountain of Samos.――A town of Egypt,――of Arabia. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.――A part of Asia which produces frankincense.

Leuctra, a village of Bœotia, between Platæa and Thespia, famous for the victory which Epaminondas the Theban general obtained over the superior force of Cleombrotus king of Sparta, on the 8th of July, B.C. 371. In this famous battle 4000 Spartans were killed with their king Cleombrotus, and no more than 300 Thebans. From that time the Spartans lost the empire of Greece, which they had obtained for nearly 500 years. Plutarch, Pelopidas & Agesilaus.—Cornelius Nepos, Epaminondas.—Justin, bk. 6, ch. 6.—Xenophon, Hellenica.—Diodorus, bk. 15.—Pausanias, Laconia.—Cicero, de Officiis, bk. 1, ch. 18; Tusculanæ Disputationes, bk. 1, ch. 46; Letters to Atticus, bk. 6, ltr. 1.—Strabo, bk. 9.

Leuctrum, a town of Laconia. Strabo, bk. 8.

Leucus, one of the companions of Ulysses, killed before Troy by Antiphus son of Priam. Homer, Iliad, bk. 4, li. 491.

Leucyanias, a river of Peloponnesus, flowing into the Alpheus. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 21.

Levinus. See: Lævinus.

Leutychĭdes, a Lacedæmonian, made king of Sparta on the expulsion of Demaratus. Herodotus, bk. 6, ch. 65, &c. See: Leotychides.

Lexovii, a people of Gaul, at the mouth of the Seine, conquered with great slaughter by a lieutenant of Julius Cæsar. Cæsar, Gallic War.

Libānius, a celebrated sophist of Antioch in the age of the emperor Julian. He was educated at Athens, and opened a school at Antioch, which produced some of the best and most learned of the literary characters of the age. Libanius was naturally vain and arrogant, and he contemptuously refused the offers of the emperor Julian, who wished to purchase his friendship and intimacy by raising him to offices of the highest splendour and affluence in the empire. When Julian had imprisoned the senators of Antioch for their impertinence, Libanius undertook the defence of his fellow-citizens, and paid a visit to the emperor, in which he astonished him by the boldness and independence of his expressions, and the firmness and resolution of his mind. Some of his orations, and above 1600 of his letters, are extant; they discover much affectation and obscurity of style, and we cannot perhaps much regret the loss of writings which afforded nothing but a display of pedantry, and quotations from Homer. Julian submitted his writings to the judgment of Libanius with the greatest confidence, and the sophist freely rejected or approved, and showed that he was more attached to the person than the fortune and greatness of his prince. The time of his death is unknown. The best edition of Libanius seems to be that of Paris, folio, 1606, with a second volume published by Morell, 1627. His epistles have been edited by Wolf, folio, 1738.

Libănus, a high mountain of Syria, famous for its cedars. Strabo, bk. 6.

Libentīna, a surname of Venus, who had a temple at Rome, where the young women used to dedicate the toys and childish amusements of their youth, when arrived at nubile years. Varro, de Lingua Latina, bk. 5, ch. 6.

Līber, a surname of Bacchus, which signifies free. He received this name from his delivering some cities of Bœotia from slavery, or, according to others, because wine, of which he was the patron, delivered mankind from their cares, and made them speak with freedom and unconcern. The word is often used for wine itself. Seneca, de Tranquilitate Animi.

Libĕra, a goddess, the same as Proserpine. Cicero, Against Verres, bk. 4, ch. 48.――A name given to Ariadne by Bacchus, or Liber, when he had married her. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 3, li. 513.

Libĕrālia, festivals yearly celebrated in honour of Bacchus, the 17th of March. Slaves were then permitted to speak with freedom, and everything bore the appearance of independence. They were much the same as the Dionysia of the Greeks. Varro.

Libertas, a goddess of Rome who had a temple on mount Aventine, raised by Tiberius Gracchus, and improved and adorned by Pollio with many elegant statues and brazen columns, and a gallery in which were deposited the public acts of the state. She was represented as a woman in a light dress, holding a rod in one hand and a cap in the other, both signs of independence, as the former was used by the magistrates in the manumission of slaves, and the latter was worn by slaves, who were soon to be set at liberty. Sometimes a cat was placed at her feet, as this animal is very fond of liberty, and impatient when confined. Livy, bk. 24, ch. 16; bk. 25, ch. 7.—Ovid, Tristia, bk. 3, poem 1, li. 72.—Plutarch, Gracchus.—Dio Cassius, bk. 44.

Lībēthra, a fountain of Magnesia in Thessaly, or of Bœotia, according to some, sacred to the muses, who from thence are called Libethrides. Virgil, Eclogues, poem 7, li. 21.—Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 9.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 3.—Strabo, bks. 9 & 10.

Lībethrĭdes, a name given to the Muses from the fountain Libethra, or from mount Libethrus in Thrace.

Libici, Libecii, or Libri, a people of Gaul who passed into Italy, A.U.C. 364. Livy, bk. 5, ch. 35; bk. 21, ch. 38.—Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 17.—Polybius, bk. 2.

Libĭtīna, a goddess at Rome, who presided over funerals. According to some, she is the same as Venus, or rather Proserpine. Servius Tullius first raised her a temple at Rome, where everything necessary for funerals was exposed to sale, and where the registers of the dead were usually kept. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 4.—Livy, bk. 40, ch. 19.—Valerius Maximus, bk. 5, ch. 2.—Plutarch, Quæstiones Romanæ.

Libo, a friend of Pompey, who watched over the fleet, &c. Plutarch.――A Roman citizen, &c. Horace, bk. 1, ltr. 19.――A friend of the first triumvirate, who killed himself and was condemned after death.

Libon, a Greek architect who built the famous temple of Jupiter Olympius. He flourished about 450 years before the christian era.

Libophœnīces, the inhabitants of the country near Carthage.

Liburna, a town of Dalmatia.

Liburnia, now Croatia, a country of Illyricum, between Istria and Dalmatia, whence a colony came to settle in Apulia, in Italy. There were at Rome a number of men whom the magistrates employed as public heralds, who were called Liburni, probably from being originally of Liburnian extraction. Some ships of a light construction but with strong beaks were also called Liburnian. Propertius, bk. 2, poem 11, li. 44.—Juvenal, satire 4, li. 75.—Martial, bk. 1, ltr. 50, li. 33.—Horace, bk. 1, ode 37, li. 30; Epode 1, li. 1.—Lucan, bk. 3, li. 534.—Pliny the Younger, bk. 6, ltr. 16.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 3.—Strabo, bk. 7.—Ptolemy, bk. 2, ch. 17.

Liburnĭdes, an island on the coast of Liburnia, in the Adriatic. Strabo, bk. 5.

Liburnum mare, the sea which borders on the coasts of Liburnia.

Liburnus, a mountain of Campania.

Lĭbya, a daughter of Epaphus and ♦Cassiope, who became mother of Agenor and Belus by Neptune. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 1; bk. 3, ch. 1.—Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 44.――A name given to Africa, one of the three grand divisions of the ancient globe. Libya, properly speaking, is only a part of Africa, bounded on the east by Egypt, and on the west by that part called by the moderns the kingdom of Tripoli. The ancients, according to some traditions mentioned by Herodotus and others, sailed round Africa, by steering westward from the Red sea, and entered the Mediterranean by the columns of Hercules, after a perilous navigation of three years. From the word Libya, are derived the epithets of Libys, Libyssa, Libysis, Libystis, Libycus, Libysticus, Libystinus, Libystæus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 4, li. 106; bk. 5, li. 37.—Lucan, bk. 4.—Sallust, &c.

♦ ‘Cassiopea’ replaced with ‘Cassiope’ for consistency

Liby̆cum mare, that part of the Mediterranean which lies on the coast of Cyrene. Strabo, bk. 2.

Libycus and Libystis. See: Libya.

Libys, a sailor, &c. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 3.

Libyssa, a river of Bithynia, with a town of the same name, where was the tomb of Annibal, still extant in the age of Pliny.

Licates, a people of Vindelicia.

Licha, a city near Lycia.

Lichades, small islands near Cæneum, a promontory of Eubœa, called from Lichas. See: Lichas. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 9, lis. 155, 218.—Strabo, bk. 9.

Lichas, a servant of Hercules who brought him the poisoned tunic from Dejanira. He was thrown by his master into the sea with great violence, and changed into a rock in the Eubœan sea, by the compassion of the gods. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 9, li. 211.

Liches, an Arcadian who found the bones of Orestes buried at Tegea, &c. Herodotus.

Licĭnia lex, was enacted by Lucius Licinius Crassus and Quintus Mutius, consuls, A.U.C. 659. It ordered all the inhabitants of Italy to be enrolled on the list of citizens in their respective cities.――Another, by Caius Licinius Crassus the tribune, A.U.C. 608. It transferred the right of choosing priests from the college to the people. It was proposed, but did not pass.――Another, by Caius Licinius Stolo the tribune. It forbade any person to possess 500 acres of land, or keep more than 100 head of large cattle, or 500 of small.――Another, by Publius Licinius Varus, A.U.C. 545, to settle the day for the celebration of the Ludi Apollinares, which was before uncertain.――Another, by Publius Licinius Crassus Dives, B.C. 110. It was the same as the Fannian law, and further required that no more than 30 asses should be spent at any table on the Calends, nones, or nundinæ, and only three pounds of fresh and one of salt meat, on ordinary days. None of the fruits of the earth were forbidden.――Another, de sodalitiis, by Marcus Licinius the consul, 692. It imposed a severe penalty on party clubs, or societies assembled or frequented for election purposes, as coming under the definition of ambitus, and of offering violence in some degree to the freedom and independence of the people.――Another, called also Æbutia, by Licinius and Æbutius the tribunes. It enacted, that when any law was proffered with respect to any office or power, the person who proposed the bill, as well as his colleagues in office, his friends and relations, should be declared incapable of being invested with the said office or power.

Licĭnia, the wife of Caius Gracchus, who attempted to dissuade her husband from his seditious measures by a pathetic speech. She was deprived of her dowry after the death of Caius.――A vestal virgin accused of incontinence, but acquitted, A.U.C. 636.――Another vestal, put to death for her lasciviousness under Trajan.――The wife of Mæcenas, distinguished for conjugal tenderness. She was sister to Proculeius, and bore also the name of Terentia. Horace, bk. 2, ode 12, li. 13.

Caius Licĭnius, a tribune of the people, celebrated for the consequence of his family, for his intrigues and abilities. He was a plebeian, and was the first of that body who was raised to the office of a master of horse to the dictator. He was surnamed Stolo, or useless sprout, on account of the law which he had enacted during his tribuneship. See: Licinia lex, by Stolo. He afterwards made a law which permitted the plebeians to share the consular dignity with the patricians, A.U.C. 388. He reaped the benefit of this law, and was one of the first plebeian consuls. This law was proposed and passed by Licinius, as it is reported, at the instigation of his ambitious wife, who was jealous of her sister, who had married a patrician, and who seemed to be of a higher dignity in being the wife of a consul. Livy, bk. 6, ch. 34.—Plutarch.――Caius Calvus, a celebrated orator and poet in the age of Cicero. He distinguished himself by his eloquence in the forum, and his poetry, which some of the ancients have compared to Catullus. His orations are greatly commended by Quintilian. Some believe that he wrote annals quoted by Dionysius of Halicarnassus. He died in the 30th year of his age. Quintilian.—Cicero, Brutus, ch. 81.――Macer, a Roman accused by Cicero when pretor. He derided the power of his accuser, but when he saw himself condemned he grew so desperate that he killed himself. Plutarch.――Publius Crassus, a Roman sent against Perseus king of Macedonia. He was at first defeated, but afterwards repaired his losses and obtained a complete victory, &c.――A consul sent against Annibal.――Another, who defeated the robbers that infested the Alps.――A high priest.――Caius Imbrex, a comic poet in the age of Africanus, preferred by some in merit to Ennius and Terence. His Nævia and Neæra are quoted by ancient authors, but of all his poetry only two verses are preserved. Aulus Gellius.――A consul, &c.――Lucullus. See: Lucullus.――Crassus. See: Crassus.――Mucianus, a Roman who wrote about the history and geography of the eastern countries, often quoted by Pliny. He lived in the reign of Vespasian.――Publius Tegula, a comic poet of Rome about 200 years before Christ. He is ranked as the fourth of the best comic poets which Rome produced. Few lines of his compositions are extant. He wrote an ode, which was sung all over the city of Rome by nine virgins during the Macedonian war. Livy, bk. 31, ch. 12.――Varro Muræna, a brother of Proculeius, who conspired against Augustus with Fannius Cæpio, and suffered for his crime. Horace addressed his bk. 2, ode 10 to him, and recommended equanimity in every situation. Dio Cassius, bk. 54.――Caius Flavius Valerianus, a celebrated Roman emperor. His father was a poor peasant of Dalmatia, and himself a common soldier in the Roman armies. His valour recommended him to the notice of Galerius Maximianus, who had once shared with him the inferior and subordinate offices of the army, and had lately been invested with the imperial purple by Diocletian. Galerius loved him for his friendly services, particularly during the Persian war, and he showed his regard for his merit by taking him as a colleague in the empire, and appointing him over the province of Pannonia and Rhœtia. Constantine, who was also one of the emperors, courted the favour of Licinius, and made his intimacy more durable by giving him his sister Constantia in marriage, A.D. 313. The continual successes of Licinius, particularly against Maximinus, increased his pride, and rendered him jealous of the greatness of his brother-in-law. The persecutions of the christians, whose doctrines Constantine followed, soon caused a rupture, and Licinius had the mortification to lose two battles, one in Pannonia, and the other near Adrianopolis. Treaties of peace were made between the contending powers, but the restless ambition of Licinius soon broke them; and after many engagements a decisive battle was fought near Chalcedonia. Ill fortune again attended Licinius, who was conquered, and fled to Nicomedia, where soon the conqueror obliged him to surrender, and to resign the imperial purple. The tears of Constantia obtained forgiveness for her husband, yet Constantine knew what a turbulent and active enemy had fallen into his hands therefore he ordered him to be strangled at Thessalonica, A.D. 324. His family was involved in his ruin. The avarice, licentiousness, and cruelty of Licinius are as conspicuous as his misfortunes. He was an enemy to learning, and this aversion totally proceeded from his ignorance of letters, and the rusticity of his education. His son by Constantia bore also the same name. He was honoured with the title of Cæsar when scarce 20 months old. He was involved in his father’s ruin, and put to death by order of Constantine.

Licīnus, a barber and freedman of Augustus, raised by his master to the rank and dignity of a senator, merely because he hated Pompey’s family. Horace, Art of Poetry, li. 301.

Licymnius, a son of Electryon and brother of Alcmena. He was so infirm in his old age, that when he walked, he was always supported by a slave. Triptolemus son of Hercules, seeing the slave inattentive to his duty, threw a stick at him, which unfortunately killed Licymnius. The murderer fled to Rhodes. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 7.—Diodorus, bk. 5.—Homer, Iliad, bk. 2.—Pindar, Olympian, poem 7.

Lide, a mountain of Caria. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 105.

Quintus Ligarius, a Roman proconsul of Africa, after Confidius. In the civil wars he followed the interest of Pompey, and was pardoned when Cæsar had conquered his enemies. Cæsar, however, and his adherents were determined upon the ruin of Ligarius; but Cicero, by an eloquent oration, still extant, defeated his accusers, and he was pardoned. He became afterwards one of Cæsar’s murderers. Cicero, For Ligarius.—Plutarch, Cæsar.

Ligea, one of the Nereides. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 4.

Liger, a Rutulian killed by Æneas. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 576.

Liger, or Ligĕris, now La Loire, a large river of Gaul, falling into the Atlantic ocean near Nantes. Strabo, bk. 4.—Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 18.—Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 7, chs. 55 & 75.

Ligŏras, an officer of Antiochus king of Syria, who took the town of Sardis by stratagem, &c.

Ligŭres, the inhabitants of Liguria. See: Liguria.

Ligŭria, a country on the west of Italy, bounded on the east by the river Macra, on the south by part of the Mediterranean called the Ligustic sea, on the west by the Varus, and on the north by the Po. The commercial town of Genoa was anciently and is now the capital of the country. The origin of the inhabitants is not known, though in their character they are represented as vain, unpolished, and addicted to falsehood. According to some they were descended from the ancient Gauls and Germans, or, as others support, they were of Greek origin, perhaps the posterity of the Ligyes mentioned by Herodotus. Liguria was subdued by the Romans, and its chief harbour now bears the name of Leghorn. Lucan, bk. 1, li. 442.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 1.—Strabo, bk. 4, &c.—Tacitus, Histories, bk. 2, ch. 15.—Pliny, bk. 2, ch. 5, &c.—Livy, bk. 5, ch. 35; bk. 22, ch. 33; bk. 39, ch. 6, &c.—Cornelius Nepos, Hannibal.—Florus, bk. 2, ch. 8.

Ligurīnus, a poet. Martial, bk. 3, ltr. 50.――A beautiful youth in the age of Horace, bk. 4, ode 1, li. 33.

Ligus, a woman who inhabited the Alps. She concealed her son from the pursuit of Otho’s soldiers, &c. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 2, ch. 13.

Ligustĭcæ Alpes, a part of the Alps which borders on Liguria, sometimes called Maritimi.

Ligusticum mare, the north part of the Tyrrhene sea, now the gulf of Genoa. Pliny, bk. 2, ch. 47.

Ligyes, a people of Asia who inhabited the country between Caucasus and the river Phasis. Some suppose them to be a colony of the Ligyes of Europe, more commonly called Ligures. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 72.—Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 1, ch. 10.—Strabo, bk. 4.—Diodorus, bk. 4.

Ligyrgum, a mountain of Arcadia.

Lilæa, a town of Achaia near the Cephisus. Statius, Thebiad, bk. 7, li. 348.

Lĭly̆bæum, now Boco, a promontory of Sicily, with a town of the same name near the Ægates, now Marsalla. The town was strong and very considerable, and it maintained long sieges against the Carthaginians, Romans, &c., particularly one of 10 years against Rome in the first Punic war. It had a port large and capacious, which the Romans, in the wars with Carthage, endeavoured in vain to stop and fill up with stones, on account of its convenience and vicinity to the coast of Africa. Nothing now remains of this once powerful city but the ruins of temples and aqueducts. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 706.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.—Strabo, bk. 6.—Cicero, Against Verres, bk. 5.—Cæsar, African War.—Diodorus, bk. 22.

Limæa, a river of Lusitania. Strabo, bk. 3.

Limenia, a town of Cyprus. Strabo, bk. 14.

Limnæ, a fortified place on the borders of Laconia and Messenia. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 14.――A town of the Thracian Chersonesus.

Limnæum, a temple of Diana at Limnæ, from which the goddess was called Limnæa, and worshipped under that appellation at Sparta and in Achaia. The Spartans wished to seize the temple in the age of Tiberius, but the emperor interfered, and gave it to its lawful possessors the Messenians. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 14; bk. 7, ch. 20.—Tacitus, Annals, bk. 4, ch. 43.

Limnatidia, a festival in honour of Diana, surnamed Limnatis, from Limnæ, a school of exercise at Trœzene, where she was worshipped, or from λιμναι, ponds, because she presided over fishermen.

Limniăce, the daughter of the Ganges, mother of Atys. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 5, li. 48.

Limnonia, one of the Nereides. Homer, Iliad, bk. 18.

Limon, a place of Campania between Neapolis and Puteoli. Statius, bk. 3, Sylvæ, poem 1.

Limonum, a town of Gaul, afterwards Pictavi, Poictiers. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 8, ch. 26.

Limyra, a town of Lycia at the mouth of the Limyrus. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 9, li. 645.—Velleius, bk. 2, ch. 102.

Lincasii, a people of Gaul Narbonensis.

Lindum, a colony of Britain, now Lincoln.

Lindus, a city on the south-east part of Rhodes, built by Cercaphus son of Sol and Cydippe. The Danaides built there a temple to Minerva, and one of its colonies founded Gela in Sicily. It gave birth to Cleobulus, one of the seven wise men, and to Chares and Laches, who were employed in making and finishing the famous Colossus of Rhodes. Strabo, bk. 14.—Homer, Iliad, bk. 2.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.—Pliny, bk. 34.—Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 153.――A grandson of Apollo. Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 3.

Lingrŏnes, now Langres, a people of Gallia Belgica, made tributary to Rome by Julius Cæsar. They passed into Italy, where they made some settlements near the Alps at the head of the Adriatic. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 4, ch. 55.—Martial, bk. 11, ltr. 57, li. 9; bk. 14, ltr. 159.—Lucan, bk. 1, li. 398.—Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 1, ch. 26.

Linterna palus, a lake of Campania. Silius Italicus, bk. 7, li. 278.

Linternum, a town of Campania at the mouth of the river Clanis, where Scipio Africanus died and was buried. Livy, bk. 34, ch. 45.—Silius Italicus, bk. 6, li. 654; bk. 7, li. 278.—Cicero, bk. 10, Letters to Atticus, ltr. 13.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 15, li. 713.

Linus. This name is common to different persons whose history is confused, and who are often taken one for the other. One was son of Urania and Amphimarus the son of Neptune. Another was son of Apollo by Psammathe, daughter of Crotopus king of Argos. Martial mentions him in his ltr. 78, bk. 9. The third, son of Ismenius, and born at Thebes in Bœotia, taught music to Hercules, who in a fit of anger struck him on the head with his lyre and killed him. He was son of Mercury and Urania, according to Diogenes, who mentions some of his philosophical compositions, in which he asserted that the world had been created in an instant. He was killed by Apollo for presuming to compare himself to him. Apollodorus, however, and Pausanius mention that his ridicule of Hercules on his awkwardness in holding the lyre was fatal to him. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 4.—Diogenes Laërtius, bk. 1.—Virgil, Eclogues, poem 4.—Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 15; bk. 9, ch. 20.――A fountain in Arcadia, whose waters were said to prevent abortion. Pliny, bk. 31, ch. 2.

Liodes, one of Penelope’s suitors, killed by Ulysses. Homer, Odyssey, 22, &c.

Lipăra, the largest of the Æolian islands, on the coast of Sicily, now called the Lipari. It had a city of the same name, which, according to Diodorus, it received from Liparus the son of Auson, king of these islands, whose daughter Cyane was married by his successor Æolus, according to Pliny. The inhabitants of this island were powerful by sea, and from the great tributes which they paid to Dionysius the tyrant of Syracuse, they may be called very opulent. The island was celebrated for the variety of its fruits, and its raisins are still in general repute. It had some convenient harbours, and a fountain whose waters were much frequented on account of their medicinal powers. According to Diodorus, Æolus reigned at Lipara before Liparus. Livy, bk. 5, ch. 28.—Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 9.—Silius Italicus, bk. 14, li. 57.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 56; bk. 8, li. 417.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.—Strabo, bk. 6.――A town of Etruria.

Lipăris, a river of Cilicia, whose waters were like oil. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 27.—Vitruvius, bk. 8, ch. 3.

Liphlum, a town of the Æqui, taken by the Romans.

Lipodorus, one of the Greeks settled in Asia by Alexander, &c.

Liquentia, now Livenza, a river of Cisalpine Gaul, falling into the Adriatic sea. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 18.

Lircæus, a fountain near Nemæa. Statius, Thebiad, bk. 4, li. 711.

Liriŏpe, one of the Oceanides, mother of Narcissus by the Cephisus. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 3, li. 311.――A fountain of Bœotia on the borders of Thespis, where Narcissus was drowned, according to some accounts.

Liris, now Garigliano, a river of Campania, which it separates from Latium. It falls into the Mediterranean sea. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 4.—Horace, bk. 3, ode 17.—Lucan, bk. 2, li. 424.――A warrior killed by Camilla, &c. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 11, li. 670.

Lisinias, a town of Thessaly. Livy, bk. 32, ch. 14.

Lissa, the name of a fury which Euripides introduces on the stage, as conducted by Iris at the command of Juno, to inspire Hercules with that fatal rage which ended in his death.

Lisson, a river of Sicily.

Lissus, now Alesso, a town of Macedonia, on the confines of Illyricum. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 2.—Livy, bk. 44, ch. 10.—Lucan, bk. 5, li. 719.――A river of Thrace, falling into the Ægean sea, between Thasos and Samothracia. It was dried up by the army of Xerxes, when he invaded Greece. Strabo, bk. 7.—Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 109.

Lista, a town of the Sabines, whose inhabitants are called Listini.

Litabrum, now Buitrago, a town of Spain Tarraconensis. Livy, bk. 32, ch. 14; bk. 35, ch. 22.

Litana, a wood in Gallia Togata. Livy, bk. 23, ch. 24.

Litavĭcus, one of the Ædui, who assisted Cæsar with 10,000 men. Cæsar, Gallic Wars, bk. 7, ch. 37.

Liternum, a town of Campania.

Lithobŏlia, a festival celebrated at Trœzene in honour of Lamia and Auxesia, who came from Crete, and were sacrificed by the fury of the seditious populace, and stoned to death. Hence the name of the solemnity, λιθοβολια, lapidation.

Lithrus, a town of Armenia Minor. Strabo.

Lithubium, a town of Liguria. Livy, bk. 32, ch. 29.

Lityersas, an illegitimate son of Midas king of Phrygia. He made strangers prepare his harvest, and afterwards put them to death. He was at last killed by Hercules. Theocritus, Idylls, poem 10.

Līvia Drusilla, a celebrated Roman lady, daughter of Lucius Drusus Calidianus. She married Tiberius Claudius Nero, by whom she had the emperor Tiberius and Drusus Germanicus. The attachment of her husband to the cause of Antony was the beginning of her greatness. Augustus saw her as she fled from the danger which threatened her husband, and he resolved to marry her, though she was then pregnant. He divorced his wife Scribonia, and with the approbation of the augurs, he celebrated his nuptials with Livia. She now took advantage of the passion of Augustus, in the share that she enjoyed of his power and imperial dignity. Her children by Drusus were adopted by the complying emperor; and, that she might make the succession of her son Tiberius more easy and undisputed, Livia is accused of secretly involving in one common ruin the heirs and nearest relations of Augustus. Her cruelty and ingratitude are still more strongly marked, when she is charged with having murdered her own husband to hasten the elevation of Tiberius. If she was anxious for the aggrandizement of her son, Tiberius proved ungrateful, and hated a woman to whom he owed his life, his elevation, and his greatness. Livia died in the 86th year of her age, A.D. 29. Tiberius showed himself as undutiful after her death as before, for he neglected her funeral, and expressly commanded that no honours, either private or public, should be paid to her memory. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 1, ch. 3.—Suetonius, Augustus and Tiberias.—Dio Cassius.――Another. See: Drusilla.――Another, called Horestilla, &c. She was debauched by Galba, as she was going to marry Piso. Suetonius, Galba, ch. 25.――Another, called also Ocellina. She was Galba’s stepmother, and committed adultery with him. Suetonius, Galba, ch. 3.

Līvia lex, de sociis, proposed to make all the inhabitants of Italy free citizens of Rome. Marcus Livius Drusus, who framed it, was found murdered in his house before it passed.――Another by Marcus Livius Drusus the tribune, A.U.C. 662, which required that the judicial power should be lodged in the hands of an equal number of knights and senators.

Livineius, a friend of Pompey, &c. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 3, ch. 11, &c.

Livilla, a daughter of Drusus.――A sister of Caligula, &c. See: Julia.

Līvius Andronīcus, a dramatic poet, who flourished at Rome about 240 years before the christian era. He was the first who turned the personal satires and fescennine verses, so long the admiration of the Romans, into the form of a proper dialogue and regular play. Though the character of a player, so valued and applauded in Greece, was reckoned vile and despicable among the Romans, Andronicus acted a part in his dramatic compositions and engaged the attention of his audience, by repeating what he had laboriously formed after the manner of the Greeks. Andronicus was the freedman of Marcus Livius Salinator, whose children he educated. His poetry was grown obsolete in the age of Cicero, whose nicety and judgment would not even recommend the reading of it. Some few of his verses are preserved in the Corpus Poetarum.――Marcus Salinator, a Roman consul, sent against the Illyrians. The success with which he finished the campaign, and the victory which some years after he obtained over Asdrubal, who was passing into Italy with a reinforcement for his brother Annibal, show how deserving he was to be at the head of the Roman armies. Livy.――Drusus, a tribune who joined the patricians in opposing the ambitious views of Caius Gracchus. Plutarch, Tiberius Gracchus.――An uncle of Cato of Utica. Plutarch.――Titus, a native of Padua, celebrated for his writings. He passed the greatest part of his life at Naples and Rome, but more particularly at the court of Augustus, who liberally patronized the learned, and encouraged the progress of literature. Few particulars of his life are known, yet his fame was so universally spread even in his lifetime, that an inhabitant of Gades traversed Spain, Gaul, and Italy, merely to see the man whose writings had given him such pleasure and satisfaction in the perusal. Livy died at Padua, in his 67th year, and according to some, on that same day Rome was also deprived of another of its brightest ornaments, by the death of the poet Ovid, A.D. 17. It is said that Livia had appointed Livy to be the preceptor to young Claudius the brother of Germanicus, but death prevented the historian from enjoying an honour to which he was particularly entitled by his learning and his universal knowledge. The name of Livy is rendered immortal by his history of the Roman empire. Besides this, he wrote some philosophical treatises and dialogues, with a letter addressed to his son, on the merit of authors, which ought to be read by young men. This letter is greatly commended by Quintilian, who expatiates with great warmth on the judgment and candour of the author. His Roman history was comprehended in 140 books, of which only 35 are extant. It began with the foundation of Rome, and was continued till the death of Drusus in Germany. The merit of this history is well known, and the high rank which Livy holds among historians will never be disputed. He is always great; his style is clear and intelligible, laboured without affectation, diffusive without tediousness, and argumentative without pedantry. In his harangues he is bold and animated, and in his narrations and descriptions he claims a decided superiority. He is always elegant, and though many have branded his provincial words with the name of Patavinity, yet the expressions, or rather the orthography of words, which in Livy are supposed to distinguish a native of a province of Italy from a native of Rome, are not loaded with obscurity, and the perfect classic is as familiarly acquainted with the one as with the other. Livy has been censured, and perhaps with justice, for being too credulous, and burdening his history with vulgar notions and superstitious tales. He may disgust when he mentions that milk and blood were rained from heaven, or that an ox spoke, or a woman changed her sex, yet he candidly confesses that he recorded only what made an indelible impression upon the minds of a credulous age. His candour has also been called in question, and he has sometimes shown himself too partial to his countrymen, but everywhere he is an indefatigable supporter of the cause of justice and virtue. The works of Livy have been divided by some of the moderns into 14 decades, each consisting of 10 books. The first decade comprehends the history of 460 years. The second decade is lost, and the third comprehends the history of the second Punic war, which includes about 18 years. In the fourth decade, Livy treats of the wars with Macedonia and Antiochus, which contain about 23 years. For the first five books of the fifth decade, we are indebted to the researches of the moderns. They were found at Worms, A.D. 1431. These are the books that remain of Livy’s history, and the loss which the celebrated work has sustained by the ravages of time, has in some measure been compensated by the labours of Johann Freinshemius, who with great attention and industry has made an epitome of the Roman history, which is now incorporated with the remaining books of Livy. The third decade seems to be superior to the others, yet the author has not scrupled to copy from his contemporaries and predecessors, and we find many passages taken word for word from Polybius, in which the latter has shown himself more informed in military affairs, and superior to his imitator. The best editions of Livy will be found to be those of Maittaire, 6 vols., 12mo, London, 1722; of Drakenborch, 7 vols., 4to, Amsterdam, 1731; and of Ruddiman, 4 vols., 12mo, Edinburgh, 1751.――A governor of Tarentum, who delivered his trust to Annibal, &c.――A high priest who devoted Decius to the Dii Manes.――A commander of a Roman fleet sent against Antiochus in the Hellespont.

Lixus, a river of Mauritania, with a city of the same name. Antæus had a palace there, and according to some accounts it was in the neighbourhood that Hercules conquered him. Silius Italicus, bk. 3, li. 258.—Mela, bk. 3, ch. 10.—Strabo, bk. 2.――A son of Ægyptus. Apollodorus.

Lobon, a native of Argos, who wrote a book concerning poets. Diogenes Laërtius.

Lŏceus, a man who conspired against Alexander with Dymnus, &c. Curtius, bk. 6, ch. 7.

Locha, a large city of Africa, taken and plundered by Scipio’s soldiers.

Lochias, a promontory and citadel of Egypt near Alexandria.

Locri, a town of Magna Græcia in Italy on the Adriatic, not far from Rhegium. It was founded by a Grecian colony about 757 years before the christian era, as some suppose. The inhabitants were called Locri or Locrenses. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 399—Strabo.—Pliny.—Livy, bk. 22, ch. 6; bk. 23, ch. 30.――A town of Locris in ♦Greece.

♦ ‘Greeee’ replaced with ‘Greece’

Locris, a country of Greece, whose inhabitants are known by the name of Ozolæ, Epicnemidii, and Opuntii. The country of the Ozolæ, called also Epizephyrii from their westerly situation, was at the north of the bay of Corinth, and extended above 12 miles northward. On the west it was separated from Ætolia by the Evenus, and it had Phocis at the east. The chief city was called Naupactus. The Epicnemidii were at the north of the Ozolæ, and had the bay of Malia at the east, and Œta on the north. They received their name from the situation of their residence, near a mountain called Cnemis. They alone, of all the Locrians, had the privilege of sending members to the council of the Amphictyons. The Opuntii, who received their name from their chief city called Opus, were situated on the borders of the Euripus, and near Phocis and Eubœa. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 5.—Strabo, bk. 6, &c.—Ptolemy.—Mela.—Livy, bk. 26, ch. 26; bk. 28, ch. 6.—Pausanias, Achaia & Phocis.

Locusta, a celebrated woman at Rome in the favour of Nero. She poisoned Claudius and Britannicus, and at last attempted to destroy Nero himself, for which she was executed. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 12, ch. 66, &c.—Suetonius, Nero, ch. 33.

Locutius. See: Aius.

Lollia Paulīna, a beautiful woman, daughter of Marcus Lollius, who married Caius Memmius Regulus, and afterwards Caligula. She was divorced and put to death by means of Agrippina. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 12, ch. 1, &c.

Lolliānus Spurius, a general proclaimed emperor by his soldiers in Gaul, and soon after murdered, &c.――A consul, &c.

Marcus Lollius, a companion and tutor of Caius Cæsar the son-in-law of Tiberius. He was consul, and offended Augustus by his rapacity in the provinces. Horace has addressed two of his epistles to him, &c. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 3.

Londīnum, the capital of Britain, founded, as some suppose, between the age of Julius Cæsar and Nero. It has been severally called Londinium, Lundinum, &c. Ammianus calls it vetustum oppidum. It is represented as a considerable, opulent, and commercial town, in the age of Nero. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 14, ch. 33.—Ammianus.

Longārēnus, a man guilty of adultery with Fausta, Sylla’s daughter. Horace, bk. 1, satire 2, li. 67.

Longimănus, a surname of Artaxerxes, from his having one hand longer than the other. The Greeks called him Macrochir. Cornelius Nepos, Kings.

Longīnus Dionysius Cassius, a celebrated Greek philosopher and critic of Athens. He was preceptor of the Greek language, and afterwards minister, to Zenobia the famous queen of Palmyra, and his ardent zeal and spirited activity in her cause proved at last fatal to him. When the emperor Aurelian entered victorious the gates of Palmyra, Longinus was sacrificed to the fury of the Roman soldiers, A.D. 273. At the moment of death he showed himself great and resolute, and with a philosophical and unparalleled firmness of mind, he even repressed the tears and sighs of the spectators who pitied his miserable end. Longinus has rendered his name immortal by his critical remarks on ancient authors. His treatise on the sublime gives the world reason to lament the loss of his other valuable compositions. The best editions of this author are that of Tollius, 4to, Traja. ad Rhen. 1694, and that of Toup, 8vo, Oxford, 1778.――Cassius, a tribune driven out of the senate for favouring the interest of Julius Cæsar. He was made governor of Spain by Cæsar, &c.――A governor of Judæa.――A proconsul.――A lawyer whom, though blind and respected, Nero ordered to be put to death, because he had in his possession a picture of Cassius, one of Cæsar’s murderers. Juvenal, satire 10, li. 6.

Longobardi, a nation of Germany. Tacitus, Germania.

Longŭla, a town of Latium on the borders of the Volsci. Livy, bk. 2, chs. 33 & 39; bk. 9, ch. 39.

Longuntĭca, a maritime city of Spain Tarraconensis. Livy, bk. 22, ch. 20.

Longus, a Roman consul, &c.――A Greek author who wrote a novel called the amours of Daphnis and Chloe. The age in which he lived is not precisely known. The best editions of this pleasing writer are that of Paris, 4to, 1754, and that of Villoison, 8vo, Paris, 1778.

Lordi, a people of Illyricum.

Lory̆ma, a town of Doris. Livy, bk. 37, ch. 17.

Lotis, or Lotos, a beautiful nymph, daughter of Neptune. Priapus offered her violence, and to save herself from his importunities she implored the gods, who changed her into a tree called Lotus, consecrated to Venus and Apollo. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 9, li. 348.

Lotŏphăgi, a people on the coast of Africa near the Syrtes. They received this name from their living upon the lotus. Ulysses visited their country, at his return from the Trojan war. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 177.—Strabo, bk. 17.—Mela, bk. 1, ch. 7.—Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 7; bk. 13, ch. 17.

Lōus, or Aous, a river of Macedonia near Apollonia.

Lua, a goddess at Rome, who presided over things which were purified by lustrations, whence the name (à luendo). She is supposed to be the same as Ops or Rhea.

Luca, now Lucca, a city of Etruria on the river Arnus. Livy, bk. 21, ch. 5; bk. 41, ch. 13.—Cicero, bk. 13, Letters to his Friends, ltr. 13.

Lucăgus, one of the friends of Turnus, killed by Æneas. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 575.

Lūcāni, a people of Italy, descended from the Samnites, or from the Brutii.

Lūcānia, a country of Italy between the Tyrrhene and Sicilian seas, and bounded by Pucetia, the Picentini, and the country of the Brutii. The country was famous for its grapes. Strabo, bk. 6.—Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 5.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 4.—Livy, bk. 8, ch. 17; bk. 9, ch. 2; bk. 10, ch. 11.—Horace, bk. 2, ltr. 2, li. 178.

Quintus Lucanius, a centurion in Cæsar’s army, &c. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 5.

Lūcānus Marcus Annæus, a native of Corduba in Spain. He was early removed to Rome, where his rising talents, and more particularly his lavished praises and panegyrics, recommended him to the emperor Nero. This intimacy was soon productive of honour, and Lucan was raised to the dignity of an augur and questor before he had attained the proper age. The poet had the imprudence to enter the lists against his imperial patron; he chose for his subject Orpheus, and Nero took the tragical story of Niobe. Lucan obtained an easy victory, but Nero became jealous of his poetical reputation, and resolved upon revenge. The insults to which Lucan was daily exposed, provoked at last his resentment, and he joined Piso in a conspiracy against the emperor. The whole was discovered, and the poet had nothing left but to choose the manner of his execution. He had his veins opened in a warm bath, and as he expired he pronounced with great energy the lines which, in his Pharsalia, bk. 3, lis. 639‒642, he had put into the mouth of a soldier, who died in the same manner as himself. Some have accused him of pusillanimity at the moment of his death, and say that, to free himself from the punishment which threatened him, he accused his own mother, and involved her in the crime of which he was guilty. This circumstance, which throws an indelible blot upon the character of Lucan, is not mentioned by some writers, who observe that he expired with all the firmness of a philosopher. He died in his 26th year, A.D. 65. Of all his compositions none but his Pharsalia remains. This poem, which is an account of the civil wars of Cæsar and Pompey, is unfinished. Opinions are various as to the merit of the poetry. It possesses neither the fire of Homer, nor the melodious numbers of Virgil. If Lucan had lived to a greater age, his judgment and genius would have matured, and he might have claimed a more exalted rank among the poets of the Augustan age. His expressions, however, are bold and animated, his poetry entertaining, though his irregularities are numerous, and, to use the words of Quintilian, he is more an orator than a poet. He wrote a poem upon the burning of Rome, now lost. It is said that his wife Polla Argentaria not only assisted him in the composition of his poem, but even corrected it after his death. Scaliger says that Lucan rather barks than sings. The best editions of Lucan are those of Oudendorp, 4to, Leiden, 1728; of Bentley, 4to, printed at Strawberry-hill, 1760; and of Barbou, 12mo, Paris, 1767. Quintilian, bk. 10.—Suetonius.—Tacitus, Annals, bk. 15, &c.—Martial, bk. 7, ltr. 20.――Ocellus, or Ucellus, an ancient Pythagorean philosopher, whose age is unknown. He wrote, in the Attic dialect, a book on the nature of the universe, which he deemed eternal, and from it were drawn the systems adopted by Aristotle, Plato, and Philo Judæus. This work was first translated into Latin by Nogarola. Another book of Ocellus on laws, written in the Doric dialect, was greatly esteemed by Archytas and Plato, a fragment of which has been preserved by Stobæus, of which, however, Ocellus is disputed to be the author. There is an edition of Ocellus, with a learned commentary, by C. Emman. Vizzanius, Bononiæ, 1646, in 4to.

Lŭcăria, or Lŭcĕria, festivals at Rome, celebrated in a large grove between the Via Salaria and the Tiber, where the Romans hid themselves when besieged by the Gauls. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 1, ch. 77.

Lucius Lucceius, a celebrated historian, asked by Cicero to write a history of his consulship. He favoured the cause of Pompey, but was afterwards pardoned by Julius Cæsar. Cicero, Letters to his Friends, bk. 5, ltr. 12, &c.

Lucceius Albīnus, a governor of Mauritania after Galba’s death, &c. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 2, ch. 58.

Lucentum (or ia), a town of Spain, now Alicant.

Lŭcĕres, a body of horse, composed of Roman knights, first established by Romulus and Tatius. It received its name either from Lucumo, an Etrurian who assisted the Romans against the Sabines, or from lucus, a grove where Romulus had erected an asylum, or a place of refuge for all fugitives, slaves, homicides, &c., that he might people his city. The Luceres were some of these men, and they were incorporated with the legions. Propertius, bk. 4, poem 1, li. 31.

Lucĕria, a town of Apulia, famous for wool. Livy, bk. 9, chs. 2 & 12; bk. 10, ch. 35.—Horace, bk. 3, ode 15, li. 14.—Lucan, bk. 2, li. 473.

Lucerius, a surname of Jupiter, as the father of light.

Lucetius, a Rutulian killed by Ilioneus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 570.

Luciānus, a celebrated writer of Samosata. His father was poor in his circumstances, and Lucian was early bound to one of his uncles, who was a sculptor. This employment highly displeased him; he made no proficiency in the art, and resolved to seek his livelihood by better means. A dream in which Learning seemed to draw him to her, and to promise fame and immortality, confirmed his resolutions, and he began to write. The artifices and unfair dealings of a lawyer, a life which he had embraced, disgusted him, and he began to study philosophy and eloquence. He visited different places, and Antioch, Ionia, Greece, Italy, Gaul, and more particularly Athens, became successively acquainted with the depth of his learning and the power of his eloquence. The emperor Marcus Aurelius was sensible of his merit, and appointed him registrar to the Roman governor of Egypt. He died A.D. 180, in his 90th year, and some of the moderns have asserted that he was torn to pieces by dogs for his impiety, particularly for ridiculing the religion of Christ. The works of Lucian, which are numerous, and written in the Attic dialect, consist partly of dialogues, in which he introduces different characters with much dramatic propriety. His style is easy, simple, elegant, and animated, and he has stored his compositions with many lively sentiments, and much of the true Attic wit. His frequent obscenities, and his manner of exposing to ridicule, not only the religion of his country, but also that of every nation, have deservedly drawn upon him the censure of every age, and branded him with the appellation of atheist and blasphemer. He also wrote the life of Sostrates, a philosopher of Bœotia, as also that of the philosopher Demonax. Some have also attributed to him, with great impropriety, the life of Apollonius Thyaneus. The best editions of Lucian are that of Grævius, 2 vols., 8vo, Amsterdam, 1687, and that of Reitzius, 4 vols., 4to, Amsterdam, 1743.

Lūcĭfer, the name of the planet Venus, or morning star. It is called Lucifer, when appearing in the morning before the sun; but when it follows it, and appears some time after its setting, it is called Hesperus. According to some mythologists, Lucifer was son of Jupiter and Aurora.――A christian writer, whose work was edited by the Coleti, folio, Venice, 1778.

Lucifĕri fanum, a town of Spain.

Caius Lūcīlius, a Roman knight born at Aurunca, illustrious not only for the respectability of his ancestors, but more deservedly for the uprightness and the innocence of his own immaculate character. He lived in the greatest intimacy with Scipio the first Africanus, and even attended him in his war against Numantia. He is looked upon as the founder of satire, and as the first great satirical writer among the Romans. He was superior to his poetical predecessors at Rome; and though he wrote with great roughness and inelegance, but with much facility, he gained many admirers, whose praises have been often lavished with too liberal a hand. Horace compares him to a river which rolls upon its waters precious sand, accompanied with mire and dirt. Of the 30 satires which he wrote, nothing but a few verses remain. He died at Naples, in the 46th year of his age, B.C. 103. His fragments have been collected and published with notes by Franciscus Dousa, 4to, Leiden, 1597, and lastly by the Vulpii, 8vo, Patavium, 1735. Quintilian, bk. 10, ch. 1.—Cicero, On Oratory, bk. 2.—Horace.――Lucilius, a famous Roman, who fled with Brutus after the battle of Philippi. They were soon after overtaken by a party of horse, and Lucilius suffered himself to be severely wounded by the dart of the enemy, exclaiming that he was Brutus. He was taken and carried to the conquerors, whose clemency spared his life. Plutarch.――A tribune who attempted in vain to elect Pompey to the dictatorship.――A centurion, &c.――A governor of Asia under Tiberius.――A friend of Tiberius.

Lucilla, a daughter of Marcus Aurelius, celebrated for the virtues of her youth, her beauty, debaucheries, and misfortunes. At the age of 16 her father sent her to Syria to marry the emperor Verus, who was then employed in a war with the Parthians and ♦Armenians. The conjugal virtues of Lucilla were great at first, but when she saw Verus plunge himself into debauchery and dissipation, she followed his example and prostituted herself. At her return to Rome she saw the incestuous commerce of her husband with her mother, &c., and at last poisoned him. She afterwards married an old but virtuous senator, by order of her father, and was not ashamed soon to gratify the criminal sensualities of her brother Commodus. The coldness and indifference with which Commodus treated her afterwards determined her on revenge, and she with many illustrious senators conspired against his life A.D. 185. The plot was discovered, Lucilla was banished, and soon after put to death by her brother, in the 38th year of her age.

♦ ‘Arminians’ replaced with ‘Armenians’

Lūcīna, a goddess, daughter of Jupiter and Juno, or, according to others, of Latona. As her mother brought her into the world without pain, she became the goddess whom women in labour invoked, and she presided over the birth of children. She receives this name either from lucus, or from lux, as Ovid explains it:

Gratia Lucinæ, dedit hæc tibi nomina lucus;

Aut quia principium tu, Dea, lucis habes.

Some suppose her to be the same as Diana and Juno, because these two goddesses were also sometimes called Lucina, and presided over the labours of women. She is called Ilythia by the Greeks. She had a famous temple at Rome, raised A.U.C. 396. Varro, de Lingua Latina, bk. 4.—Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 2, ch. 27.—Ovid, Fasti, bk. 2, li. 449.—Horace, Carmen Sæculare.

Lucius, a Roman soldier killed at the siege of Jerusalem, by saving in his arms a man who jumped down from one of the walls. Josephus.――A brother of Marcus Antony. See: Lucius Antonius.――A Roman general, who defeated the Etrurians, &c.――A relation of Julius Cæsar. A Roman ambassador, murdered by the Illyrians.――A consul, &c.――A writer, called by some Saturantius Apuleius. He was born in Africa, on the borders of Numidia. He studied poetry, music, geometry, &c., at Athens, and warmly embraced the tenets of the Platonists. He cultivated magic, and some miracles are attributed to his knowledge of enchantments. He wrote in Greek and Latin with great ease and simplicity; his style, however, is sometimes affected, though his eloquence was greatly celebrated in his age. Some fragments of his compositions are still extant. He flourished in the reign of Marcus Aurelius.――A brother of Vitellius, &c.――A son of Agrippa, adopted by Augustus.――A man put to death for his incontinence, &c.――The word Lucius is a prænomen common to many Romans, of whom an account is given under their family names.

Lūcrētia, a celebrated Roman lady, daughter of Lucretius and wife of Tarquinius Collatinus. Her accomplishments proved fatal to her, and the praises which a number of young nobles at Ardea, among whom were Collatinus and the sons of Tarquin, bestowed upon the domestic virtues of their wives at home, were productive of a revolution in the state. While every one was warm with the idea, it was universally agreed to leave the camp and to go to Rome, to ascertain the veracity of their respective assertions. Collatinus had the pleasure to see his expectations fulfilled in the highest degree, and while the wives of the other Romans were involved in the riot and dissipation of a feast, Lucretia was found at home, employed in the midst of her female servants, and easing their labour by sharing it herself. The beauty and innocence of Lucretia inflamed the passion of Sextus the son of Tarquin, who was a witness of her virtues and industry. He cherished his flame, and he secretly retired from the camp, and came to the house of Lucretia, where he met with a kind reception. He showed himself unworthy of such a treatment, and in the dead of night he introduced himself to Lucretia, who refused to his intreaties what her fear of shame granted to his threats. She yielded to her ravisher when he threatened to murder her, and to slay one of her slaves, and put him in her bed, that this apparent adultery might seem to have met with the punishment it deserved. Lucretia, in the morning, sent for her husband and her father, and, after she had revealed to them the indignities she had suffered from the son of Tarquin, and entreated them to avenge her wrongs, she stabbed herself with a dagger which she had previously concealed under her clothes. This fatal blow was the signal of rebellion. The body of the virtuous Lucretia was exposed to the eyes of the senate, and the violence and barbarity of Sextus, joined with the unpopularity and oppression of his father, so irritated the Roman populace, that that moment they expelled the Tarquins for ever from Rome. Brutus, who was present at the tragical death of Lucretia, kindled the flames of rebellion, and the republican or consular government was established at Rome A.U.C. 244. Livy, bk. 1, ch. 57, &c.—Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 4, ch. 15.—Ovid, Fasti, bk. 2, li. 741.—Valerius Maximus, bk. 6, ch. 1.—Plutarch.—Augustine, City of God, bk. 1, ch. 19.――The wife of Numa. Plutarch.

Lŭcrētĭlis, now Libretti, a mountain in the country of the Sabines, hanging over a pleasant valley, near which the house and farm of Horace were situated. Horace, bk. 1, ode 17, li. 1.—Cicero, bk. 7, Letters to Atticus, ltr. 11.

Titius Lŭcrētius Carus, a celebrated Roman poet and philosopher, who was early sent to Athens, where he studied under Zeno and Phædrus. The tenets of Epicurus and Empedocles, which then prevailed at Athens, were warmly embraced by Lucretius, and when united with the infinite of Anaximander and the atoms of Democritus, they were explained and elucidated in a poem, in six books, which is called De rerum naturâ. In this poem the masterly genius and unaffected elegance of the poet are everywhere conspicuous; but the opinions of the philosopher are justly censured, who gives no existence of power to a supreme Being, but is the devoted advocate of atheism and impiety, and earnestly endeavours to establish the mortality of the soul. This composition, which has little claim to be called an heroic poem, was written and finished while the poet laboured under a violent delirium, occasioned by a philter, which the jealousy of his mistress or his wife Lucilia had administered. It is said that he destroyed himself in the 44th year of his age, about 54 years before Christ. Cicero, after his death, revised and corrected his poems, which had been partly written in the lucid intervals of reason and of sense. Lucretius, whose poem shows that he wrote Latin better than any other man ever did, would have proved no mean rival to Virgil, had he lived in the polished age of Augustus. The best editions of his works are that of Creech, 8vo, Oxford, 1695; that of Havercamp, 2 vols., 4to, Leiden, 1725; and that of Glasgow, 12mo, 1759. Paterculus, bk. 2, ch. 36.—Quintilian, bk. 3, ch. 1; bk. 10, ch. 1.――Quintus, a Roman who killed himself because the inhabitants of Sulmo, over which he was appointed with a garrison, seemed to favour the cause of Julius Cæsar. Cæsar, Civil War, bk. 1, ch. 18. He is also called Vespillo.――Spurius Tricipitinus, father of Lucretia wife of Collatinus, was made consul after the death of Brutus, and soon after died himself. Horatius Pulvillus succeeded him. Livy, bk. 1, ch. 58.—Plutarch, Publicola.――An interrex at Rome.――A consul.――Osella, a Roman, put to death by Sylla because he had applied for the consulship without his permission. Plutarch.

Lucrīnum, a town of Apulia.

Lūcrīnus, a small lake of Campania, opposite Puteoli. Some believe that it was made by Hercules when he passed through Italy with the bulls of Geryon. It abounded with excellent oysters, and was united by Augustus to the Avernus, and a communication formed with the sea, near a harbour called Julius Portus. The Lucrine lake disappeared on the 30th of September, 1538, in a violent earthquake, which raised on the spot a mountain four miles in circumference, and about 1000 feet high, with a crater in the middle. Cicero, bk. 4, Letters to Atticus, ltr. 10.—Strabo, bks. 5 & 6.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 4.—Propertius, bk. 1, poem 11, li. 10.—Virgil, Georgics, bk. 2, li. 161.—Horace, bk. 2, ode 15.

Caius Luctātius Catŭlus, a Roman consul with Marius. He assisted his colleague in conquering the Cimbrians. See: Cimbricum bellum. He was eloquent as well as valiant, and his history of his consulship, which he wrote with great veracity, convinces us of his literary talents. That history is lost. Cicero, On Oratory.—Varro, de Lingua Latina.—Florus, bk. 2, ch. 2.――Caius Catulus, a Roman consul, who destroyed the Carthaginian fleet. See: Catulus.

Lucullea, a festival established by the Greeks in honour of Lucullus, who had behaved with great prudence and propriety in his province. Plutarch, Lucullus.

Luculli horti, gardens of Lucullus, situate near Neapolis, &c. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 11, ch. 1.――Villa, a country seat near mount Misenus, where Tiberius died. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 6, ch. 50.

Lucullus Lucius Licinius, a Roman celebrated for his fondness of luxury and for his military talents. He was born about 115 years before the christian era, and soon distinguished himself by his proficiency in the liberal arts, particularly eloquence and philosophy. His first military campaign was in the Marsian war, where his valour and cool intrepidity recommended him to public notice. His mildness and constancy gained him the admiration and confidence of Sylla, and from this connection he derived honour, and during his questorship in Asia and pretorship in Africa, he rendered himself more conspicuous by his justice, moderation, and humanity. He was raised to the consulship A.U.C. 680, and entrusted with the care of the Mithridatic war, and first displayed his military talents in rescuing his colleague Cotta, whom the enemy had besieged in Chalcedonia. This was soon followed by a celebrated victory over the forces of Mithridates, on the borders of the Granicus, and by the conquest of the Bithynia. His victories by sea were as great as those by land, and Mithridates lost a powerful fleet near Lemnos. Such considerable losses weakened the enemy, and Mithridates retired with precipitation towards Armenia to the court of king Tigranes his father-in-law. His flight was perceived, and Lucullus crossed the Euphrates with great expedition, and gave battle to the numerous forces which Tigranes had already assembled to support the cause of his son-in-law. According to the exaggerated account of Plutarch, no less than 100,000 foot and near 55,000 horse of the Armenians lost their lives in that celebrated battle. All this carnage was made by a Roman army amounting to no more than 18,000 men, of whom only five were killed and 100 wounded during the combat. The taking of Tigranocerta the capital of Armenia was the consequence of this immortal victory, and Lucullus there obtained the greatest part of the royal treasures. This continual success, however, was attended with serious consequences. The severity of Lucullus, and the haughtiness of his commands, offended his soldiers, and displeased his adherents at Rome. Pompey was soon after sent to succeed him, and to continue the Mithridatic war, and the interview which he had with Lucullus began with acts of mutual kindness, and ended in the most inveterate reproaches and open enmity. Lucullus was permitted to retire to Rome, and only 1600 of the soldiers who had shared his fortune and his glories were suffered to accompany him. He was received with coldness at Rome, and he obtained with difficulty a triumph which was deservedly claimed by his fame, his successes, and his victories. In this ended the days of his glory; he retired to the enjoyment of ease and peaceful society, and no longer interested himself in the commotions which disturbed the tranquillity of Rome. He dedicated his time to studious pursuits, and to literary conversation. His house was enriched with a valuable library, which was opened for the service of the curious, and of the learned. Lucullus fell into a delirium in the last part of his life, and died in the 67th or 68th year of his age. The people showed their respect for his merit by their wish to give him an honourable burial in the Campus Martius; but their offers were rejected, and he was privately buried, by his brother, on his estate at Tusculum. Lucullus has been admired for his many accomplishments, but he has been censured for his severity and extravagance. The expenses of his meals were immoderate; his halls were distinguished by the different names of the gods; and, when Cicero and Pompey attempted to surprise him, they were astonished at the costliness of a supper which had been prepared upon the word of Lucullus, who had merely said to his servant that he would sup in the hall of Apollo. In his retirement Lucullus was fond of artificial variety; subterraneous caves and passages were dug under the hills on the coast of Campania, and the sea water was conveyed round the house and pleasure grounds, where the fishes flocked in such abundance, that not less than 25,000 pounds worth were sold at his death. In his public character Lucullus was humane and compassionate, and he showed his sense of the vicissitudes of human affairs by shedding tears at the sight of one of the cities of Armenia, which his soldiers reduced to ashes. He was a perfect master of the Greek and Latin languages, and he employed himself for some time to write a concise history of the Marsic war in Greek hexameters. Such are the striking characteristics of a man who meditated the conquest of Parthia, and for a while gained the admiration of all the inhabitants of the east by his justice and moderation, and who might have disputed the empire of the world with a Cæsar or Pompey, had not, at last, his fondness for retirement withdrawn him from the reach of ambition. Cicero, For Archias, ch. 4; Quæstiones Academicæ, bk. 2, ch. 1.—Plutarch, Lives.—Florus, bk. 3, ch. 5.—Strabo.—Appian, Mithridatic Wars, &c.—Orosius, bk. 6, &c.――A consul who went to Spain, &c.――A Roman put to death by Domitian.――A brother of Lucius Lucullus, lieutenant under Sylla.――A pretor of Macedonia.

Lŭcŭmo, the first name of Tarquinius Priscus, afterwards changed into Lucius. The word is Etrurian, and signifies prince or chief. Plutarch, Romulus.

Lucus, a king of ancient Gaul.――A town of Gaul at the foot of the Alps.

Lugdunensis Gallia, a part of Gaul, which received its name from Lugdunum, the capital city of the province. It was anciently called Celtica. See: Gallia.

Lugdūnum, a town of Gallia Celtica, built at the confluence of the Rhone and the Arar, or Saone, by Manutius Plancus, when he was governor of the province. This town, now called Lyons, is the second city of France in point of population. Juvenal, satire 1, li. 44.—Strabo, bk. 4.――Batavorum, a town on the Rhine, just as it falls into the ocean. It is now called Leyden, and is famous for its university.――Convenarum, a town at the foot of the Pyrenees, now St. Bertrand in Gascony.

Lūna (the moon), was the daughter of Hyperion and Terra, and was the same, according to some mythologists, as Diana. She was worshipped by the ancient inhabitants of the earth with many superstitious forms and ceremonies. It was supposed that magicians and enchanters, particularly those of Thessaly, had an uncontrollable power over the moon, and that they could draw her down from heaven at pleasure by the mere force of their incantations. Her eclipses, according to their opinion, proceeded from thence; and on that account it was usual to beat drums and cymbals to ease her labours, and to render the power of magic less effectual. The Arcadians believed that they were older than the moon. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12, li. 263, &c.—Tibullus, bk. 1, poem 8, li. 21.—Hesiod, Theogony.—Virgil, Eclogues, poem 8, li. 69.――A maritime town of Etruria, famous for the white marble which it produced, and called also Lunensis portus. It contained a fine, capacious harbour, and abounded in wine, cheese, &c. The inhabitants were naturally given to augury, and the observation of uncommon phenomena. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 4.—Lucan, bk. 1, li. 586.—Pliny, bk. 14, ch. 6.—Livy, bk. 34, ch. 8.—Silius Italicus, bk. 8, li. 481.

Lupa (a she-wolf), was held in great veneration at Rome, because Romulus and Remus, according to an ancient tradition, were suckled and preserved by one of these animals. This fabulous story arises from the surname of Lupa, prostitute, which was given to the wife of the shepherd Fastulus, to whose care and humanity these children owed their preservation. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 2, li. 415.—Plutarch, Romulus.

Lupercal, a place at the foot of mount Aventine sacred to Pan, where festivals called Lupercalia were yearly celebrated, and where the she-wolf was said to have brought up Romulus and Remus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 8, li. 343.

Lupercālia, a yearly festival observed at Rome the 15th of February, in honour of the god Pan. It was usual first to sacrifice two goats and a dog, and to touch with a bloody knife the foreheads of two illustrious youths, who always were obliged to smile while they were touched. The blood was wiped away with soft wool dipped in milk. After this the skins of the victims were cut into thongs, with which whips were made for the youths. With these whips the youths ran about the streets all naked except the middle, and whipped freely all those whom they met. Women in particular were fond of receiving the lashes, as they superstitiously believed that they removed barrenness, and eased the pains of child-birth. This excursion in the streets of Rome was performed by naked youths, because Pan is always represented naked, and a goat was sacrificed because that deity was supposed to have the feet of a goat. A dog was added, as a necessary and useful guardian of the sheepfold. This festival, as Plutarch mentions, was first instituted by the Romans in honour of the she-wolf which suckled Romulus and Remus. This opinion is controverted by others, and Livy, with Dionysius of Halicarnassus, observes that they were introduced into Italy by Evander. The name seems to be borrowed from the Greek name of Pan, Lycæus, from λυκος, a wolf; not only because these ceremonies were like the Lycæan festivals observed in Arcadia, but because Pan, as god of shepherds, protected the sheep from the rapacity of the wolves. The priests who officiated at the Lupercalia were called Luperci. Augustus forbade any person above the age of 14 to appear naked or to run about the streets during the Lupercalia. Cicero, in his Philippics, reproaches Antony for having disgraced the dignity of the consulship by running naked, and armed with a whip, about the streets. It was during the celebration of these festivals that Antony offered a crown to Julius Cæsar, which the indignation of the populace obliged him to refuse. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 2, li. 427.—Varro, de Lingua Latina, bk. 5, ch. 3.

Luperci, a number of priests at Rome, who assisted at the celebration of the Lupercalia, in honour of the god Pan, to whose service they were dedicated. This order of priests was the most ancient and respectable of all the sacerdotal offices. It was divided into two separate colleges, called Fabiani and Quintiliani, from Fabius and Quintilius, two of their high priests. The former was instituted in honour of Romulus, and the latter of Remus. To these two sacerdotal bodies Julius Cæsar added a third, called from himself the Julii, and this action contributed not a little to render his cause unpopular, and to betray his ambitious and aspiring views. See: Lupercalia. Plutarch, Romulus.—Dio Cassius, bk. 45.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 8, li. 663.

Lupercus, a grammarian in the reign of the emperor Gallienus. He wrote some grammatical pieces, which some have preferred to Herodian’s compositions.

Lupias, or Lupia, now Lippe, a town of Germany, with a small river of the same name falling into the Rhine. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 1, &c.

Lupus, a general of the emperor Severus.――A governor of Britain.――A questor in the reign of Tiberius, &c.――A comic writer of Sicily, who wrote a poem on the return of Menelaus and Helen to Sparta, after the destruction of Troy. Ovid, ex Ponto, bk. 4, ltr. 16, li. 26.――Publius Rutilius, a Roman, who, contrary to the omens, marched against the Marsi, and was killed with his army. He has been taxed with impiety, and was severely censured in the Augustan age. Horace, bk. 2, satire 1, li. 68.

Lusitania, a part of ancient Spain, whose extent and situation have not been accurately defined by the ancients. According to the more correct descriptions it extended from the Tagus to the sea of Cantabria, and comprehended the modern kingdom of Portugal. The inhabitants were warlike, and were conquered by the Roman army under Dolabella, B.C. 99, with great difficulty. They generally lived upon plunder, and were rude and unpolished in their manners. It was usual among them to expose their sick in the high-roads, that their diseases might be cured by the directions and advice of travellers. They were very moderate in their meals, and never ate but of one dish. Their clothes were commonly black, and they generally warmed themselves by means of stones heated in the fire. Strabo, bk. 3.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 6; bk. 3, ch. 1.—Livy, bk. 21, ch. 43; bk. 27, ch. 20.

Lusius, a river of Arcadia. Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 3, ch. 22.—Pausanias, Arcadia, ch. 28.

Lusones, a people of Spain, near the Iberus.

Lustricus Brutianus, a Roman poet. Martial, bk. 4, ltr. 23.

Lutātius Catŭlus, a Roman who shut the temple of Janus after peace had been made with Carthage. See: Luctatius.

Luterius, a general of the Gauls, defeated by Cæsar, &c.

Lūtetia, a town of Belgic Gaul, on the confluence of the rivers Sequana and Matrona, which received its name, as some suppose, from the quantity of clay, lutum, which is in its neighbourhood. Julius Cæsar fortified and embellished it, from which circumstance some authors call it Julii Civitas. Julian the apostate resided there some time. It is now called Paris, the capital of France. Cæsar, Gallic War, bks. 6 & 7.—Strabo, bk. 4.—Ammianus, bk. 20.

Caius Lutorius Priscus, a Roman knight, put to death by order of Tiberius, because he had written a poem in which he had bewailed the death of Germanicus, who then laboured under a severe illness. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 3, ch. 49, &c.

Lyæus, a surname of Bacchus. It is derived from λυειν, solvere, because wine, over which Bacchus presides, gives freedom to the mind, and delivers it from all cares and melancholy. Horace, epode 9.—Lucan, bk. 1, li. 675.

Lybas, one of the companions of Ulysses, &c.

Lybya, or Lybissa, a small village of Bithynia, where Annibal was buried.

Lycăbas, an Etrurian who had been banished from his country for murder. He was one of those who offered violence to Bacchus, and who were changed into dolphins. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 4, li. 624.――One of the Lapithæ who ran away from the battle which was fought at the nuptials of Pirithous. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12, li. 302.

Lycabētus, a mountain of Attica, near Athens. Statius.

Lycæa, festivals in Arcadia, in honour of Pan the god of shepherds. They are the same as the Lupercalia of the Romans.――A festival at Argos in honour of Apollo Lycæus, who delivered the Argives from wolves, &c.

Lycæum, a celebrated place near the banks of the Ilissus in Attica. It was in this pleasant and salubrious spot that Aristotle taught philosophy, and as he generally instructed his pupils in walking, they were called Peripatetics, ἀ περιπατεω, ambulo. The philosopher continued his instructions for 12 years, till, terrified by the false accusations of Eurymedon, he was obliged to fly to Chalcis.

Lycæus, a mountain of Arcadia, sacred to Jupiter, where a temple was built in honour of the god by Lycaon the son of Pelasgus. It was also sacred to Pan, whose festivals, called Lycæa, were celebrated there. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 1, li. 16; Æneid, bk. 8, li. 343.—Strabo, bk. 8.—Horace, bk. 1, ode 17, li. 2.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 1, li. 698.

Ly̆cambes, the father of Neobule. He promised his daughter in marriage to the poet Archilochus, and afterwards refused to fulfil his engagement when she had been courted by a man whose opulence had more influence than the fortune of the poet. This irritated Archilochus; he wrote a bitter invective against Lycambes and his daughter, and rendered them both so desperate by the satire of his composition, that they hanged themselves. Horace, epode 6, li. 13.—Ovid, Ibis, li. 52.—Aristotle, Rhetoric, bk. 3.

Ly̆cāon, the first king of Arcadia, son of Pelasgus and Melibœa. He built a town called Lycosura on the top of mount Lycæus, in honour of Jupiter. He had many wives, by whom he had a daughter called Callisto, and 50 sons. He was succeeded on the throne by Nyctimus, the eldest of his sons. He lived about 1820 years before the christian era. Apollodorus, bk. 3.—Hyginus, fable 176.—Catullus, poem 76.—Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 2, &c.――Another king of Arcadia, celebrated for his cruelties. He was changed into a wolf by Jupiter, because he offered human victims on the altars of the god Pan. Some attribute this metamorphosis to another cause. The sins of mankind, as they relate, were become so enormous, that Jupiter visited the earth to punish their wickedness and impiety. He came to Arcadia, where he was announced as a god, and the people began to pay proper adoration to his divinity. Lycaon, however, who used to sacrifice all strangers to his wanton cruelty, laughed at the pious prayers of his subjects, and, to try the divinity of the god, he served up human flesh on his table. This impiety so irritated Jupiter, that he immediately destroyed the house of Lycaon, and changed him into a wolf. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 1, li. 198, &c. These two monarchs are often confounded together, though it appears that they were two different characters, and that not less than an age elapsed between their reigns.――A son of Priam and Laothoe. He was taken by Achilles and carried to Lemnos, whence he escaped. He was afterwards killed by Achilles in the Trojan war. Homer, Iliad, bk. 21, &c.――The father of Pandarus, killed by Diomedes before Troy.――A Gnossian artist, who made the sword which Ascanius gave to Euryalus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 304.

Ly̆cāŏnia, a country of Asia, between Cappadocia, Pisidia, Pamphylia, and Phrygia, made a Roman province under Augustus. Iconium was the capital. Strabo, bk. 10.—Mela, bk. 1, ch. 2.—Livy, bk. 27, ch. 54; bk. 38, ch. 39.――Arcadia bore also that name, from Lycaon, one of its kings. Dionysius of Halicarnassus.――An island in the Tiber.

Ly̆cas, a priest of Apollo in the interest of Turnus. He was killed by Æneas. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 315.――Another officer of Turnus. Æneid, bk. 10, ch. 561.

Ly̆caste, an ancient town of Crete, whose inhabitants accompanied Idomeneus to the Trojan war. Homer, Iliad, bk. 2.――A daughter of Priam by a concubine. She married Polydamas the son of Antenor.――A famous courtesan of Drepanum, called Venus on account of her great beauty. She had a son called Eryx, by Butes son of Amycus.

Lycastum, a town of Cappadocia.

Lycastus, a son of Minos I. He was father of Minos II., by Ida the daughter of Corybas. Diodorus, bk. 4.――A son of Minos and Philonome daughter of Nyctimus. He succeeded his father on the throne of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 8, chs. 3 & 4.

Lyce, one of the Amazons, &c. Flaccus, bk. 6, li. 374.

Lyces, a town of Macedonia. Livy, bk. 31, ch. 33.

Lycēum. See: Lycæum.

Lychnīdus, now Achridna, a city with a lake of the same name, in Illyricum. Livy, bk. 27, ch. 32; bk. 44, ch. 15.

Ly̆cia, a country of Asia Minor, bounded by the Mediterranean on the south, Caria on the west, Pamphylia on the east, and Phrygia on the north. It was anciently called Milyas and Tremile, from the Milyæ or Solymi, a people of Crete, who came to settle there. The country received the name of Lycia, from Lycus the son of Pandion, who established himself there. The inhabitants have been greatly commended by all the ancients, not only for their sobriety and justice, but their great dexterity in the management of the bow. They were conquered by Crœsus king of Lydia, and afterwards by Cyrus. Though they were subject to the power of Persia, yet they were governed by their own kings, and only paid a yearly tribute to the Persian monarch. They became part of the Macedonian empire when Alexander came into the east, and afterwards were ceded to the house of the Seleucidæ. The country was reduced into a Roman province by the emperor Claudius. Apollo had there his celebrated oracle at Patara, and the epithet hiberna is applied to the country, because the god was said to pass the winter in his temple. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 4, lis. 143 & 446; bk. 7, li. 816.—Statius, Thebiad, bk. 6, li. 686.—Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 173.—Strabo, bk. 13.—Livy, bk. 37, ch. 16; bk. 38, ch. 39.

Lycĭdas, a centaur, killed by the Lapithæ at the nuptials of Pirithous. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12, li. 310.――A shepherd’s name. Virgil, Eclogues.――A beautiful youth, the admiration of Rome in the age of Horace. Horace, bk. 1, ode 4, li. 19.

Lycimna, a town of Peloponnesus.

Lycimnia, a slave, mother of Helenor by a Lydian prince. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 446.

Lyciscus, an Athenian archon.――A Messenian of the family of the Æpytidæ. When his daughters were doomed by lot to be sacrificed for the good of their country, he fled with them to Sparta, and Aristodemus upon this cheerfully gave his own children and soon after succeeded to the throne. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 9.――A youth of whom Horace was enamoured.

Ly̆cius, a son of Hercules and Toxicreta.――A son of Lycaon.――An epithet given to Apollo from his temple in Lycia, where he gave oracles, particularly at Patara, where the appellation of Lyciæ sortes was given to his answers, and even to the will of the fates. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 4, li. 346.――A surname of Danaus.

Ly̆cŏmēdes, a king of Scyros, an island in the Ægean sea, son of Apollo and Parthenope. He was secretly entrusted with the care of young Achilles, whom his mother Thetis had disguised in woman’s clothes, to remove him from the Trojan war, where she knew he must unavoidably perish. Lycomedes has rendered himself infamous for his treachery to Theseus, who had implored his protection when driven from the throne of Athens by the usurper Mnestheus. Lycomedes, as it is reported, either envious of the fame of his illustrious guest, or bribed by the emissaries of Mnestheus, led Theseus to an elevated place, on pretence of showing him the extent of his dominions, and perfidiously threw him down a precipice, where he was killed. Plutarch, Theseus.—Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 17; bk. 7, ch. 4.――Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 13.――An Arcadian, who, with 500 chosen men, put to flight 1000 Spartans and 500 Argives, &c. Diodorus, bk. 15.――A seditious person at Tegea.――A Mantinean general, &c.――An Athenian, the first who took one of the enemy’s ships at the battle of Salamis. Plutarch.

Lycon, a philosopher of Troas, son of Astyonax, in the age of Aristotle. He was greatly esteemed by Eumenes, Antiochus, &c. He died in the 74th year of his age. Diogenes Laërtius, Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers.――A man who wrote the life of Pythagoras.――A poet.――A writer of epigrams.――A player, greatly esteemed by Alexander. A Syracusan who assisted in murdering Dion.――A peripatetic philosopher.

Lycōne, a city of Thrace.――A mountain of Argolis. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 24.

Ly̆cōphron, a son of Periander king of Corinth. The murder of his mother Melissa by his father had such an effect upon him, that he resolved never to speak to a man who had been so wantonly cruel against his relations. This resolution was strengthened by the advice of Procles his maternal uncle, and Periander at last banished to Corcyra a son whose disobedience and obstinacy had rendered him odious. Cypselus, the eldest son of Periander, being incapable of reigning, Lycophron was the only surviving child who had any claim to the crown of Corinth. But when the infirmities of Periander obliged him to look for a successor, Lycophron refused to come to Corinth while his father was there, and he was induced to leave Corcyra, only on promise that Periander would come and dwell there while he remained master of Corinth. This exchange, however, was prevented. The Corcyreans, who were apprehensive of the tyranny of Periander, murdered Lycophron before he left that island. Herodotus, bk. 3.—Aristotle.――A brother of Thebe, the wife of Alexander tyrant of Pheræ. He assisted his sister in murdering her husband, and he afterwards seized the sovereignty. He was dispossessed by Philip of Macedonia. Plutarch.—Diodorus, bk. 16.――A general of Corinth, killed by Nicias. Plutarch, Nicias.――A native of Cythera, son of Mastor. He went to the Trojan war with Ajax the son of Telamon, after the accidental murder of one of his citizens. He was killed, &c. Homer, Iliad, bk. 15, li. 450.――A famous Greek poet and grammarian, born at Chalcis, in Eubœa. He was one of the poets who flourished under Ptolemy Philadelphus, and who, from their number, obtained the name of Pleiades. Lycophron died by the wound of an arrow. He wrote tragedies, the titles of 20 of which have been preserved. The only remaining composition of this poet is called Cassandra or Alexandra. It contains 1474 verses, whose obscurity has procured the epithet of Tenebrosus to its author. It is a mixture of prophetical effusions, which, as he supposes, were given by Cassandra during the Trojan war. The best editions of Lycophron are that of Basil, 1546, folio, enriched with the Greek commentary of Tzetzes; that of Canter, 8vo, apud Commelin. 1596; and that of Potter, folio, Oxford, 1702. Ovid, Ibis, li. 533.—Statius, bk. 5, Sylvæ, poem 3.

Lycopŏlis, now Siut, a town of Egypt. It received this name on account of the immense number of wolves, λυκοι, which repelled an army of Æthiopians, who had invaded Egypt. Diodorus, bk. 1.—Strabo, bk. 17.

Lycopus, an Ætolian who assisted the Cyreneans against Ptolemy. Polyænus, bk. 8.

Lycorea, a town of Phocis at the top of Parnassus, where the people of Delphi took refuge during Deucalion’s deluge, directed by the howlings of wolves. Pausanias, Phocis, ch. 6.

Lycoreus, the supposed founder of Lycorea, on mount Parnassus, was son of Apollo and Corycia. Hyginus, fable 161.

Ly̆cōrias, one of the attendant nymphs of Cyrene. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 4, li. 339.

Ly̆cōris, a freedwoman of the senator Volumnius, also called Cytheris, and Volumnia, from her master. She is celebrated for her beauty and intrigues. The poet Gallus was greatly enamoured of her, and his friend Virgil, in his 10th eclogue, comforts him for the loss of the favours of Cytheris, who followed Marcus Antony’s camp, and was become the Aspasia of Rome. The charms of Cleopatra, however, prevailed over those of Cytheris, and the unfortunate courtesan lost the favours of Antony and of all the world at the same time. Lycoris was originally a comedian. Virgil, Eclogues, poem 10.—Ovid, Ars Amatoria, bk. 3, li. 537.

Lycormas, a river of Ætolia, whose sands were of a golden colour. It was afterwards called Evenus, from king Evenus, who threw himself into it. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 2, li. 245.

Lycortas, the father of Polybius, who flourished B.C. 184. He was chosen general of the Achæan league, and he revenged the death of Philopœmen, &c. Plutarch.

Lycosūra, a city built by Lycaon on mount Lycæus in Arcadia.

Lyctus, a town of Crete, the country of Idomeneus, whence he is often called Lyctius. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 401.

Lycurgrĭdes, annual days of solemnity, appointed in honour of the lawgiver of Sparta.――A patronymic of a son of Lycurgus. Ovid, Ibis, li. 503.

Lycurgus, a king of Nemæa, in Peloponnesus. He was raised from the dead by Æsculapius. Statius, Thebiad, bk. 5, li. 638.――A giant killed by Osiris in Thrace. Diodorus, bk. 1.――A king of Thrace, son of Dryas. He has been represented as cruel and impious, on account of the violence which he offered to Bacchus. He, according to the opinion of the mythologists, drove Bacchus out of his kingdom, and abolished his worship, for which impiety he was severely punished by the gods. He put his own son Dryas to death in a fury, and he cut off his own legs, mistaking them for vine boughs. He was put to death in the greatest torments by his subjects, who had been informed by the oracle that they should not taste wine till Lycurgus was no more. This fable is explained by observing that the aversion of Lycurgus for wine, over which Bacchus presided, arose from the filthiness and disgrace of intoxication, and therefore the monarch wisely ordered all the vines of his dominions to be cut down, that himself and his subjects might be preserved from the extravagance and debauchery which are produced by too free a use of wine. Hyginus, fable 132.—Homer, Iliad, bk. 6, li. 130.—Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 5.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 4, li. 22.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 14.—Horace, bk. 2, ode 19.――A son of Hercules and Praxithea daughter of Thespius. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 7.――A son of Pheres the son of Cretheus. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9.――An orator of Athens, surnamed Ibis, in the age of Demosthenes, famous for his justice and impartiality when at the head of the government. He was one of the 30 orators whom the Athenians refused to deliver up to Alexander. Some of his orations are extant. He died about 330 years before Christ. Diodorus, bk. 16.――A king of Tegea, son of Aleus, by Neæra the daughter of Pereus. He married Cleophile, called also Eurynome, by whom he had Amphidamas, &c. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 9.—Homer, Iliad, bk. 7.――A celebrated lawgiver of Sparta, son of king Eunomus and brother to Polydectes. He succeeded his brother on the Spartan throne; but when he saw that the widow of Polydectes was pregnant, he kept the kingdom not for himself, but till Charilaus his nephew was arrived to years of maturity. He had previously refused to marry his brother’s widow, who wished to strengthen him on his throne by destroying her own son Charilaus, and leaving him in the peaceful possession of the crown. The integrity with which he acted, when guardian of his nephew Charilaus, united with the disappointment and the resentment of the queen, raised him many enemies, and he at last yielded to their satire and malevolence, and retired to Crete. He travelled like a philosopher, and visited Asia and Egypt without suffering himself to be corrupted by the licentiousness and luxury which prevailed there. The confusion which followed his departure from Sparta now had made his presence totally necessary, and he returned home at the earnest solicitations of his countrymen. The disorders which reigned at Sparta induced him to reform the government; and the more effectually to execute his undertaking, he had recourse to the oracle of Delphi. He was received by the priestess of the god with every mark of honour, his intentions were warmly approved by the divinity, and he was called the friend of gods, and himself rather god than man. After such a reception from the most celebrated oracle of Greece, Lycurgus found no difficulty in reforming the abuses of the state, and all were equally anxious in promoting a revolution which had received the sanction of heaven. This happened 884 years before the christian era. Lycurgus first established a senate, which was composed of 28 senators, whose authority preserved the tranquillity of the state, and maintained a due and just equilibrium between the kings and the people, by watching over the intrusions of the former, and checking the seditious convulsions of the latter. All distinctions were destroyed, and by making an equal and impartial division of the land among the members of the commonwealth, Lycurgus banished luxury, and encouraged the useful arts. The use of money, either of gold or silver, was totally forbidden, and the introduction of heavy brass and iron coin brought no temptations to the dishonest, and left every individual in the possession of his effects without any fears of robbery or violence. All the citizens dined in common, and no one had greater claims to indulgence or luxury than another. The intercourse of Sparta with other nations was forbidden, and few were permitted to travel. The youths were entrusted to the public master as soon as they had attained their seventh year, and their education was left to the wisdom of the laws. They were taught early to think, to answer in a short and laconic manner, and to excel in sharp repartee. They were instructed and encouraged to carry things by surprise, but if ever the theft was discovered they were subjected to a severe punishment. Lycurgus was happy and successful in establishing and enforcing these laws, and by his prudence and administration the face of affairs in Lacedæmon was totally changed, and it gave rise to a set of men distinguished for their intrepidity, their fortitude, and their magnanimity. After this, Lycurgus retired from Sparta to Delphi, or, according to others, to Crete, and before his departure he bound all the citizens of Lacedæmon by a solemn oath, that neither they nor their posterity would alter, violate, or abolish the laws which he had established before his return. He soon after put himself to death, and he ordered his ashes to be thrown into the sea, fearful lest, if they were carried to Sparta, the citizens would call themselves freed from the oath which they had taken, and empowered to make a revolution. The wisdom and the good effect of the laws of Lycurgus have been firmly demonstrated at Sparta, where for 700 years they remained in full force, but the legislator has been censured as cruel and impolitic. He has shown himself inhumane in ordering mothers to destroy such of their children whose feebleness or deformity in their youth seemed to promise incapability of action in maturer years, and to become a burden to the state. His regulations about marriage must necessarily be censured, and no true conjugal felicity can be expected from the union of a man with a person whom he perhaps never knew before, and whom he was compelled to choose in a dark room, where all the marriageable women in the state assembled on stated occasions. The peculiar dress which was appointed for the females might be termed improper; and the law must for ever be called injudicious, which ordered them to appear naked on certain days of festivity, and wrestle in a public assembly promiscuously, with boys of equal age with themselves. These things indeed contributed as much to corrupt the morals of the Lacedæmonians, as the other regulations seemed to be calculated to banish dissipation, riot, and debauchery. Lycurgus has been compared to Solon, the celebrated legislator of Athens, and it has been judiciously observed, that the former gave his citizens morals conformable to the laws which he had established, and that the latter had given the Athenians laws which coincided with their customs and manners. The office of Lycurgus demanded resolution, and he showed himself inexorable and severe. In Solon artifice was requisite, and he showed himself mild and even voluptuous. The moderation of Lycurgus is greatly commended, particularly when we recollect that he treated with the greatest humanity and confidence Alcander, a youth who had put out one of his eyes in a seditious tumult. Lycurgus had a son called Antiorus, who left no issue. The Lacedæmonians showed their respect for their great legislator, by yearly celebrating a festival in his honour, called Lycurgidæ or Lycurgides. The introduction of money into Sparta in the reign of Agis the son of Archidamus was one of the principal causes which corrupted the innocence of the Lacedæmonians, and rendered them the prey of intrigue and of faction. The laws of Lycurgus were abrogated by Philopœmen, B.C. 188, but only for a little time, as they were soon after re-established by the Romans. Plutarch, Lives.—Justin, bk. 3, ch. 2, &c.—Strabo, bks. 8, 10, 15, &c.—Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 2.—Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 2.

Lycus, a king of Bœotia, successor to his brother Nycteus, who left no male issue. He was entrusted with the government only during the minority of Labdacus, the son of the daughter of Nycteus. He was further enjoined to make war against Epopeus, who had carried away by force Antiope the daughter of Nycteus. He was successful in this expedition. Epopeus was killed, and Lycus recovered Antiope and married her, though she was his niece. This new connection highly displeased his first wife Dirce, and Antiope was delivered to the unfeeling queen and tortured in the most cruel manner. Antiope at last escaped, and entreated her sons Zethus and Amphion to avenge her wrongs. The children, incensed on account of the cruelties which their mother had suffered, besieged Thebes, killed Lycus, and tied Dirce to the tail of a wild bull, which dragged her till she died. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 5.—Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 5.――A king of Libya, who sacrificed whatever strangers came upon his coast. When Diomedes, at his return from the Trojan war, had been shipwrecked there, the tyrant seized him and confined him. He, however, escaped by means of Callirhoe, the tyrant’s daughter, who was enamoured of him, and who hung herself when she saw herself deserted.――A son of Neptune by Celæno, made king of a part of Mysia by Hercules. He offered violence to Megara the wife of Hercules, for which he was killed by the incensed hero. Lycus gave a kind reception to the Argonauts. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 10.—Hyginus, fables 18, 31, 32, 137.――A son of Ægyptus,――of Mars,――of Lycaon king of Arcadia,――of Pandion king of Athens.――The father of Arcesilaus.――One of the companions of Æneas. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 3.—Pausanias, bk. 1, &c.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, &c.—Hyginus, fable 97 & 159.――An officer of Alexander in the interest of Lysimachus. He made himself master of Ephesus by the treachery of Andron, &c. Polyænus, bk. 5.――One of the Centaurs.――A son of Priam.――A river of Phrygia, which disappears near Colosse, and rises again at the distance of about four stadia, and at last falls into the Mæander. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 15, li. 273.――A river of Sarmatia, falling into the Palus Mæotis.――Another in Paphlagonia, near Heraclea. Ovid, bk. 4, ex Ponto, poem 1, li. 47.――Another in Assyria.――Another in Armenia, falling into the Euxine near the Phasis. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 4, li. 367.――One of the friends of Æneas, killed by Turnus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 545.――A youth beloved by Alcæus. Horace, bk. 1, ode 32.――A town of Crete.

Lyde, the wife of the poet Antimachus, &c. Ovid, Tristia, bk. 1, poem 5.――A woman in Domitian’s reign, who pretended that she could remove barrenness by medicines. Juvenal, satire 2, li. 141.

Lȳdia, a celebrated kingdom of Asia Minor, whose boundaries were different at different times. It was first bounded by Mysia Major, Caria, Phrygia Major, and Ionia, but in its more flourishing times it contained the whole country which lies between the Halys and the Ægean sea. It was anciently called Mæonia, and received the name of Lydia from Lydus, one of its kings. It was governed by monarchs who, after the fabulous ages, reigned for 249 years in the following order: Ardysus began to reign 797 B.C.; Alyattes, 761; Meles, 747; Candaules, 735; Gyges, 718; Ardysus II., 680; Sadyattes, 631; Alyattes II., 619; and Crœsus, 562, who was conquered by Cyrus, B.C. 548, when the kingdom became a province of the Persian empire. There were three different races that reigned in Lydia, the Atyadæ, Heraclidæ, and Mermnadæ. The history of the first is obscure and fabulous; the Heraclidæ began to reign about the Trojan war, and the crown remained in their family for about 505 years, and was always transmitted from father to son. Candaules was the last of the Heraclidæ; and Gyges the first, and Crœsus the last, of the Mermnadæ. The Lydians were great warriors in the reign of the Mermnadæ. They invented the art of coining gold and silver, and were the first who exhibited public sports, &c. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 6; bk. 3, ch. 90; bk. 7, ch. 74.—Strabo, bks. 2, 5, & 13.—Mela, bk. 1, ch. 2.—Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 5.—Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 1.—Diodorus, bk. 4.—Justin, bk. 13, ch. 4.――A mistress of Horace, &c., bk. 1, ode 8.

Lydias, a river of Macedonia.

Lȳdius, an epithet applied to the Tiber, because it passed near Etruria, whose inhabitants were originally a Lydian colony. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 2, li. 781; bk. 8, li. 479.

Lydus, a son of Atys and Callithea, king of Mæonia, which from him received the name of Lydia. His brother Tyrrhenus led a colony to Italy, and gave the name of Tyrrhenia to the settlement which he made on the coast of the Mediterranean. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 74.――A eunuch, &c.

Lygdamis, or Lygdamus, a man who made himself absolute at Naxos. Polyænus.――A general of the Cimmerians who passed into Asia Minor, and took Sardis in the reign of Ardyes king of Lydia. Callimachus.――An athlete of Syracuse, the father of Artemisia the celebrated queen of Halicarnassus. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 99.――A servant of the poet Propertius, or of his mistress Cynthia.

Lygii, a nation of Germany. Tacitus, Germania, ch. 42.

Lygodesma, a surname of Diana at Sparta, because her statue was brought by Orestes from Taurus, shielded round with osiers. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 26.

Lygus. See: Ligus.

Lymīre, a town of Lycia. Ovid Metamorphoses, bk. 12.

Lymax, a river of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 41.

Lyncīdes, a man at the court of Cepheus. Ovid, Metamorphoses bk. 4, fable 12.

Lyncestæ, a noble family of Macedonia, connected with the royal family. Justin, bk. 11, ch. 2, &c.

Lyncestes, a son of Amyntas, in the army of Alexander, &c. Curtius, bk. 7, &c.――Alexander, a son-in-law of Antipater, who conspired against Alexander and was put to death. Curtius, bk. 7.

Lyncestius, a river of Macedonia, whose waters were of an intoxicating quality. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 17, li. 329.

Lyncēus, son of Aphareus, was among the hunters of the Calydonian boar, and one of the Argonauts. He was so sharp-sighted that, as it is reported, he could see through the earth, and distinguish objects at the distance of above nine miles. He stole some oxen with his brother Idas, and they were both killed by Castor and Pollux, when they were going to celebrate their nuptials with the daughters of Leucippus. Apollodorus, bks. 1 & 3.—Hyginus, fable.—Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 2.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 3, li. 303.—Apollodorus, Argonautica, bk. 1.――A son of Ægyptus, who married Hypermnestra the daughter of Danaus. His life was spared by the love and humanity of his wife. See: Danaides. He made war against his father-in-law, dethroned him, and seized his crown. Some say that Lynceus was reconciled to Danaus, and that he succeeded him after his death, and reigned 41 years. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 1.—Pausanias, bk. 2, chs. 16, 19, 25.—Ovid, Heroides, poem 14.――One of the companions of Æneas, killed by Turnus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 768.

Lyncus, Lyncæus, or Lynx, a cruel king of Scythia, or, according to others, of Sicily. He received, with feigned hospitality, Triptolemus, whom Ceres had sent all over the world to teach mankind agriculture; and as he was jealous of his commission, he resolved to murder this favourite of the gods in his sleep. As he was going to give the deadly blow to Triptolemus, he was suddenly changed into a lynx, an animal which is the emblem of perfidy and ingratitude. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 5, li. 657.

Lyncus, a town of Macedonia, of which the inhabitants were called Lyncestæ. Pliny, bk. 2, ch. 103; bk. 4, ch. 10.

Lyndus, a town of Sicily.

Lyrcæ, a people of Scythia, who live upon hunting.

Lyrcæus, a mountain of Arcadia. See: Lycæus.――A fountain. Statius, Thebiad, bk. 4, li. 711.

Lyrcea, a town of Peloponnesus, formerly called Lyncea. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 35.

Lyrcus, a king of Caunus in Caria, &c. Parthenius.

Lyrnessus, a city of Cilicia, the native country of Briseis, called from thence Lyrnesseis. It was taken and plundered by Achilles and the Greeks at the time of the Trojan war, and the booty divided among the conquerors. Homer, Iliad, bk. 2, li. 197.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12, li. 108; Heroides, poem 3, li. 5; Tristia, bk. 4, poem 1, li. 15.

Lysander, a celebrated general of Sparta, in the last years of the Peloponnesian war. He drew Ephesus from the interest of Athens, and gained the friendship of Cyrus the younger. He gave battle to the Athenian fleet, consisting of 120 ships, at Ægospotamos, and destroyed it all, except three ships, with which the enemy’s general fled to Evagoras king of Cyprus. In this celebrated battle, which happened 405 years before the christian era, the Athenians lost 3000 men, and with them their empire and influence among the neighbouring states. Lysander well knew how to take advantage of his victory, and the following year Athens, worn out by a long war of 27 years, and discouraged by its misfortunes, gave itself up to the power of the enemy, and consented to destroy the Piræus, to deliver up all its ships, except 12, to recall all those who had been banished, and, in short, to be submissive in every degree to the power of Lacedæmon. Besides these humiliating conditions, the government of Athens was totally changed, and 30 tyrants were set over it by Lysander. This glorious success, and the honour of having put an end to the Peloponnesian war, increased the pride of Lysander. He had already begun to pave his way to universal power by establishing aristocracy in the Grecian cities of Asia, and now he attempted to make the crown of Sparta elective. In the pursuit of his ambition he used prudence and artifice; and as he could not easily abolish a form of government which ages and popularity had confirmed, he had recourse to the assistance of the gods. His attempts, however, to corrupt the oracles of Delphi, Dodona, and Jupiter Ammon, proved ineffectual, and he was even accused of using bribes by the priests of the Libyan temple. The sudden declaration of war against the Thebans saved him from the accusations of his adversaries, and he was sent, together with Pausanias, against the enemy. The plans of his military operations were discovered, and the Haliartians, whose ruin he secretly meditated, attacked him unexpectedly, and he was killed in a bloody battle, which ended in the defeat of his troops, 394 years before Christ. His body was recovered by his colleague Pausanias, and honoured with a magnificent funeral. Lysander has been commended for his bravery, but his ambition deserves the severest censure, and his cruelty and his duplicity have greatly stained his character. He was arrogant and vain in his public as well as private conduct, and he received and heard with the greatest avidity the hymns which his courtiers and flatterers sung to his honour. Yet in the midst of all his pomp, his ambition, and intrigues, he died extremely poor, and his daughters were rejected by two opulent citizens of Sparta, to whom they had been betrothed during the life of their father. This behaviour of the lovers was severely punished by the Lacedæmonians, who protected from injury the children of a man whom they hated for his sacrilege, his contempt of religion, and his perfidy. The father of Lysander, whose name was Aristoclites or Aristocrates, was descended from Hercules, though not reckoned of the race of the Heraclidæ. Plutarch & Cornelius Nepos, Lives.—Diodorus, bk. 13.――A Trojan chief, wounded by Ajax son of Telamon before Troy. Homer, Iliad, bk. 11, li. 491.――One of the Ephori in the reign of Agis, &c. Plutarch.――A grandson of the great Lysander. Pausanias.

Lysandra, a daughter of Ptolemy Lagus, who married Agathocles the son of Lysimachus. She was persecuted by Arsinoe, and fled to Seleucus for protection. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 9, &c.

Lysaniax, a man made king of Ituræa by Antony, &c.

Lyse, a daughter of Thespius. Apollodorus.

Lysiădes, an Athenian, son of Phædrus the philosopher, &c. Cicero, Philippics, bk. 5.――An Athenian archon.――A tyrant of Megalopolis, who died B.C. 226. Plutarch.

Lysianassa, one of the Nereides. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 2.――A daughter of Epaphus, mother of Busiris. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 5.

Ly̆sias, a celebrated orator, son of Cephalus, a native of Syracuse. His father left Sicily and went to Athens, where Lysias was born and carefully educated. In his 15th year he accompanied the colony which the Athenians sent to Thurium, and after a long residence there he returned home in his 47th year. He distinguished himself by his eloquence, and by the simplicity, correctness, and purity of his orations, of which he wrote no less than 425 according to Plutarch, though the number may with more probability be reduced to 230. Of these 34 are extant, the best editions of which are that of Taylor, 8vo, Cambridge. 1740, and that of Auger, 2 vols., 8vo, Paris, 1783. He died in the 81st year of his age, 378 years before the christian era. Plutarch, Lives of the Ten Orators.—Cicero, Brutus; On Oratory.—Quintilian, bk. 3, &c.—Diogenes Laërtius, bk. 2.――An Athenian general, &c.――A town of Phrygia. Strabo.――Another of Syria, now Berziech, near Emesa.――A tyrant of Tarsus, B.C. 267.

Lysĭcles, an Athenian sent with Chares into Bœotia, to stop the conquests of Philip of Macedonia. He was conquered at Chæronæa, and sentenced to death for his ill conduct there.

Lysĭdĭce, a daughter of Pelops and Hippodamia, who married Mastor the son of Perseus and Andromeda. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 4.—Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 14.――A daughter of Thespius. Apollodorus.

Lysimăche, a daughter of Abas the son of Melampus. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9.――A daughter of Priam. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 12.

Lysimăchia, now Hexamili, a city on the Thracian Chersonesus. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 9.――A town of Ætolia, built by Lysimachus. Strabo, bks. 7 & 10.――Another in Æolia. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 2.

Lysimăchus, a son of Agathocles, who was among the generals of Alexander. After the death of that monarch, he made himself master of part of Thrace, where he built a town which he called Lysimachia. He sided with Cassander and Seleucus against Antigonus and Demetrius, and fought with them at the celebrated battle of Ipsus. He afterwards seized Macedonia, after expelling Pyrrhus from the throne, B.C. 286; but his cruelty rendered him odious, and the murder of his son Agathocles so offended his subjects, that the most opulent and powerful revolted from him and abandoned the kingdom. He pursued them to Asia, and declared war against Seleucus, who had given them a kind reception. He was killed in a bloody battle, 281 years before Christ, in the 80th year of his age, and his body was found in the heaps of slain only by the fidelity of a little dog, which had carefully watched near it. It is said that the love and respect of Lysimachus for his learned master Callisthenes proved nearly fatal to him. He, as Justin mentions, was thrown into the den of a hungry lion, by order of Alexander, for having given Callisthenes poison, to save his life from ignominy and insult; and when the furious animal darted upon him, he wrapped his hand in his mantle, and boldly thrust it into the lion’s mouth, and by twisting his tongue killed an adversary ready to devour him. This act of courage in his self-defence recommended him to Alexander. He was pardoned, and ever after esteemed by the monarch. Justin, bk. 15, ch. 3, &c.—Diodorus, bk. 19, &c. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 10.――An Acarnanian, preceptor to Alexander the Great. He used to call himself Phœnix, his pupil Achilles, and Philip Peleus. Plutarch, Alexander.—Justin, bk. 15, ch. 3.――An historian of Alexandria.――A son of Aristides, rewarded by the Athenians on account of the virtue of his father.――A chief priest among the Jews, about 204 years before Christ, &c. Josephus.――A physician greatly attached to the notions of Hippocrates.――A governor of Heraclea in Pontus, &c.

Lysimelia, a marsh of Sicily near Syracuse.

Lysinoe, now Aglasson, a city of Asia, near Pamphylia. Livy, bk. 38, ch. 15.

Lysippe, a daughter of Prœtus. See: Prœtides.――A daughter of Thespius.

Lysippus, a famous statuary of Sicyon. He was originally a whitesmith, and afterwards applied himself to painting, till his talents and inclination taught him that he was born to excel in sculpture. He flourished about 325 years before the christian era, in the age of Alexander the Great. The monarch was so partial to the artist, that he forbade any sculptor but Lysippus to make his statue. Lysippus excelled in expressing the hair, and he was the first who made the head of his statues less large, and the body smaller than usual, that they might appear taller. This was observed by one of his friends, and the artist gave for answer, that his predecessors had represented men in their natural form, but that he represented them such as they appeared. Lysippus made no less than 600 statues, the most admired of which were those of Alexander; one of Apollo of Tarentum 40 cubits high; one of a man coming out of a bath, with which Agrippa adorned his baths; one of Socrates; and those of the 25 horsemen who were drowned in the Granicus. These were so valued, that in the age of Augustus, they were bought for their weight in gold. Plutarch, Alexander.—Cicero, Brutus, ch. 164; Rhetorica ad Herennium, bk. 4, ch. 148.—Pliny, bk. 37, ch. 7.—Paterculus, bk. 1, ch. 11.—Horace, bk. 2, ltr. 1, li. 240.――A comic poet, some of whose plays are mentioned by Athenæus. Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 37.――A general of the Achæan league.

Lysis, a Pythagorean philosopher, preceptor to Epaminondas. He flourished about 388 years before the christian era. He is supposed by some to be the author of the golden verses which are attributed to Pythagoras. Cornelius Nepos, Epaminondas, ch. 2.

Lysistrătus, an Athenian parasite.――A brother of Lysippus. He was the first artist who ever made a statue with wax. Pliny, bk. 34, ch. 8; bk. 35, ch. 12.

Lysithous, a son of Priam. Apollodorus.

Lyso, a friend of Cicero, &c. Cicero, bk. 13, Letters to his Friends, ltr. 19,

Lystra, a town of Lycaonia.

Lytæa, a daughter of Hyacinthus, put to death by the Athenians. Apollodorus.

Lyzanias, a king of Chalcis, &c.

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